Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Motivation
Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG)
The main mechanism of HPSG for linguistic analysis lies in its
feature architecture
Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG)
Trees, bar-level distinctions, subcategorization, agreement,
etc. are handled via feature structures
Linguistics 614
Rough comparison to LFG:
With thanks to Detmar Meurers
Similar: use of feature structures, highly lexical
Spring 2015
Introduction
Signs
Different: only one layer of syntax, functions are not
primitives, stronger reliance on structure-sharing
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Motivation
Motivation
Preview: lexical entry for letter
Unpacking letter
word
phon
syn
"
#
head
pernum 3sng
agr 1
gend
neut
* "
#+
1
agr
spr
D
count +
D
E
comps PP
<letter>
noun
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
syn: holds syntactic information (vs. phon or sem)
synsem is also commonly used (e.g., these slides)
head: category & inflectional properties
spr & comps: subcategorization properties
Sometimes 3 lists (subj, spr, comps), sometimes 1 list
(subcat)
Note that detailed properties of selected items can be specified
(This entry more or less follows Carnie (2013) / Sag & Wasow (1999),
which most of the rest of the slides don’t.)
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Components: from a linguistic perspective
Components: from a linguistic perspective
HPSG grammars
Lexical rules
Linguistic perspective
Phrases
Raising/Equi
An HPSG grammar, from a linguistic perspective, consists of
a) a lexicon: licensing basic words
b) lexical rules: licensing derived words
c) immediate dominance (ID) schemata: licensing
constituent structure
d) linear precedence (LP) statements: constraining word
order
e) a set of grammatical principles: expressing generalizations
about linguistic objects
e.g., plural rule (adapted from Carnie 2013):
noun
phon
D1
E
arg-st count +
word
FNPL 1
syn|head|agr|num pl
⇒ phon
Any feature not specified is unchanged
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Components: from a linguistic perspective
Components: from a formal perspective
Grammatical principles
HPSG grammars
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Formal perspective
Grammatical principles allow one to generalize over entire classes
of objects
e.g., every complete sentence in English is tensed
An HPSG grammar formally consists of
These can be interpreted as constraints on the acceptable feature
structures
I. the signature as declaration of the domain, and
HPSG is constraint-based: grammars are sets of constraints
which hold simultaneously
This determines the collections of admissible linguistic
structures
II. the theory constraining the domain.
Constraints do not define an order of the derivation or
generation of linguistic signs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Components: from a formal perspective
Components: from a formal perspective
The signature of an HPSG grammar
Signature: some examples
Signs
sign
phon
list(phonstring)
synsem synsem
The signature
defines the ontology (‘declaration of what exists’):
which kind of objects are distinguished, and
which properties of which objects are modeled.
word
consists of
the type hierarchy (or sort hierarchy) and
the appropriateness conditions, defining which type has
which appropriate attributes (or features) with which
appropriate values.
Part of speech
part-of-speech
adj
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
phrase
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
adv
det
noun
prep
Phrases
Components: from a formal perspective
Components: from a formal perspective
Models of linguistic objects
An example for a typed feature structure
What do the mathematical structures used as model for HPSG
theories look like?
The objects are modeled by typed feature structures, which
can be notated as directed graphs.
These models represent objects in the world → they are total
with respect to the ontology declared in the signature.
Naturally, knowledge about objects in the world is partial.
Formally speaking, the feature structures used as models are
totally well-typed: Every type has every one of the attributes
and their values which are appropriate for it.
sort-resolved: Every type is maximally specific.
type and sort as well as attribute and feature are used synonymously.
verb
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Components: from a formal perspective
Components: from a formal perspective
The theory of an HPSG grammar
How do we express a theory? Descriptions
Raising/Equi
UDCs
A description language describes sets of objects.
The AVM (attribute value matrix) notation is used to
compactly write down these descriptions.
A theory is a set of description language statements, often
referred to as the constraints.
Descriptions consists of three building blocks:
Type descriptions single out all objects of a given type
The theory singles out a subset of the objects declared in the
signature, namely those which are grammatical.
Example:
word
Attribute-value pairs describe objects that have a particular
property.
A linguistic object is admissible with respect to a theory iff it
satisfies each of the descriptions in the theory and so does
each of its substructures.
The attribute must be appropriate for the particular type of
object, and the value can be any kind of description.
Example:
h
i
spouse name mary
Tags (structure sharing) to specify token identity
Example: 1
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Components: from a formal perspective
Components: from a formal perspective
Descriptions (cont.)
An example
AVM - The pronoun she
Complex descriptions are obtained through
conjunction (∧)
disjunction (∨)
negation (¬)
In the AVM notation, conjunction is implicit.
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
word
phon
<she>
local
cat
synsem|loc
cont
context
Signs
Aspects of the signature
Aspects of the signature
Signs
Motivating subcat
Aspects of the signature
sign
phon
list(phonstring)
synsem synsem
word
phrase
dtrs constituent-structure
local
category
synsem
head
local
category categoryhead
local
content content subcat list(synsem)
non-local non-local
context context marking marking
(1) a.
b.
c.
d.
I
I
I
I
Raising/Equi
cat
noun
head
case nom
subcat hi
ppro
ref
per third
index 1
num sing
gend fem
restr {}
context
psoa
backgr reln female
inst 1
Phrases
laugh.
saw him.
give her the book.
said that she left.
Raising/Equi
(<NP>)
(<NP NP>)
(<NP NP NP>)
(<NP S[that]>)
Cannot always be derived from semantics:
(2) a.
b.
Paul ate a steak.
Paul ate.
(3) a. Paul devoured a steak.
b. * Paul devoured
UDCs
(<NP>)
(<NP NP>)
(<NP>)
(<NP NP>)
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Aspects of the signature
Aspects of the signature
Syntactic category information
Properties of particular categories
Raising/Equi
UDCs
head
functional
spec synsem
substantive
prd boolean
mod mod-synsem
vform
finite infinitive base
case
gerund present-part. past-part. passive-part. nominative
pform
accusative of
to
...
marker determiner
noun
preposition
...
adjective verb
vform vform case case pform pform
aux
boolean
inv
boolean
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Aspects of the signature
Aspects of the signature
Motivating VFORM
Motivating CASE
(4) a. Peter will win the race.
b. * Peter will won the race.
c. * Peter will to win the race.
(base form)
(5) a. Peter has won the race.
b. * Peter has win the race.
c. Peter has to win the race.
(→ different verb)
(past participle)
Signs
(7) a. He left.
b. * Him left.
(acc)
(to-infinitive)
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Aspects of the signature
Indices
Semantic representations
index
person person
number number
gender gender
there
UDCs
(nom)
Aspects of the signature
referential
Raising/Equi
(8) a. She sees him.
b. * She sees he.
(6) a. Peter seems to win the race.
b. * Peter seems win the race.
c. * Peter seems won the race.
Introduction
Phrases
Raising/Equi
content
quant
it
person
number
gender
first second third
singular plural
masculine feminine neuter
psoa
nom-obj
index
index
restriction set(psoa)
laugh’
give’
think’
laugher ref
giver ref thinker ref
given ref thought psoa
gift ref
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Aspects of the signature
Aspects of the signature
Auxiliary data structures
Abbreviations for describing lists
⊤
boolean
true false
list
...
empty-list non-empty-list
first ⊤
rest list
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
is abbreviated as
e-list, <>
non-empty-list
is abbreviated as
ne-list
is abbreviated as
first 1
rest 2
. . . 1 | hi
is abbreviated as
Alternative names for the attributes first (ft) and rest (rt) of
non-empty-list are head (hd) and tail (tl).
Introduction
empty-list
UDCs
first 1
first 2
rest
rest 3
Introduction
is abbreviated as
Signs
Theory: Lexicon
Abbreviations for common AVMs
Theory: The Lexicon
S: 1
VP: 1
abbreviated AVM
synsem
head noun
local category
subcat hi
content|index 1
synsem
head verb
local category subcat hi
content
synsem
local category
content
Introduction
Signs
1 , 2 | 3
word
phon
synsem|loc
head verb
subcat synsem
1
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
An example lexicon
phon <drinks>
verb
head
cat
vform fin
subcat NP[nom] 1 [3rd,sing], NP[acc] 2
s|l
drink’
cont drinker 1
drunken 2
phon <drink>
verb
head
vform fin
cat
W
subcat NP[nom] 1 [plur], NP[acc] 2
s|l
drink’
cont drinker 1
drunken 2
W
phon <give>
verb
head
vform
fin
cat
NP[nom] 1 [plur], NP[acc] 2 ,
subcat
PP[to] 3
s|l
give’
giver
1
cont
gift 2
given 3
verb
head
cat
vform
fin
subcat NP[nom] 1 [3rd,sing]
laugh’
content
laugher 1
<laughs>
Theory: Lexicon
UDCs
... 1
with each of the lexical entries being descriptions, e.g.:
Theory: Lexicon
word →
Raising/Equi
word → lexical-entry 1 ∨ lexical-entry 2 ∨ . . .
1
Phrases
UDCs
The basic lexicon is defined by the Word Principle as part of the
theory. It is an implicational statement defining which of the
ontologically possible words are grammatical:
Pollard and Sag (1994) make use of the following abbreviations for
describing synsem objects:
NP 1
1 | 2
Phrases
Aspects of the signature
Abbrev.
Raising/Equi
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Theory: Lexicon
W
phon
s|l
W
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
<to>
W
preposition
head
cat
pform to
NP[acc]
subcat
1
cont index 1
phon
synsem|loc
phon <think>
verb
head
vform fin
cat
subcat NP[nom] 1 [plur], S[fin]: 2
s|l
think’
cont thinker 1
thought 2
W
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
phon
<poets>
UDCs
Raising/Equi
UDCs
head noun
cat
subcat hi
"
#
per third
cont index
num plur
<wine>
head noun
cat
subcat hi
synsem|loc
"
#
per third
cont index
num sing
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Introduction
Introduction
Different kinds of phrasal constructions in HPSG
The structure of a simple phrase
phrase
phon
synsem
dtrs
For phrases, the dtrs feature has a constituent-structure type:
constituent-structure
head-struc
head-dtr sign
comp-dtrs list(phrase)
head-comps-struc
Introduction
Raising/Equi
Theory: Lexicon
coordinate-structure
conj-dtrs
set(sign)
conjunction-dtr word
head-filler-struc
head-adjunct-struc
head-marker-struc
head-dtr
phrase
phrase
head-dtr phrase
head-dtr
marker-dtr word adjunct-dtr phrase filler-dtr phrase
comp-dtrs elist
comp-dtrs
elist
comp-dtrs elist
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
verb
head
local|cat
vform
fin
subcat elist
head-comp-struc
word
phon
<walks>
head-dtr
verb
synsem|loc|cat|head
vform
fin
+
* phrase
phon
<Kim>
comp-dtrs
noun
synsem|loc|cat|head
case nom
<Kim,walks>
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Introduction
Sketch of an example for head-complement structures
Sketch of an example for head-complement structures with
a ditransitive verb
c
phon <Kim>
"
verb
head
vform fin
synsem|loc|cat
subcat hi
c
h
noun
synsem|loc|cat|head
case nom
phon <walks>
synsem|loc|cat
verb
synsem|loc|cat|head
vform fin
#
head 4
subcat hi
h
phon <John>
synsem 1
"
synsem|loc|cat
h
"
##
head 4
subcat 1
c
c
phon <the book>
phon <her>
synsem
synsem
2
3
verb
head 4 vform fin
synsem|loc|cat
subcat 1 , 2 , 3
phon <gives>
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Introduction
Introduction
Head-Feature Principle:
Subcategorization Principle:
Raising/Equi
UDCs
The head value of any headed phrase is structure-shared with the
head value of the head daughter.
In a headed phrase (i.e. a phrasal sign whose dtrs value is of sort
head-struc), the subcat value of the head daughter is the
concatenation of the phrase’s subcat list with the list (in order of
increasing obliqueness) of synsem values of the complement
daughters.
phrase
→
dtrs headed-structure
synsem|loc|cat|head
1
dtrs|head-dtr|synsem|loc|cat|head 1
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
Introduction
Immediate Dominance Schemata
Subcat Principle: (cont.)
Immediate Dominance Principle (for English):
dtrs headed-structure →
synsem|loc|cat|subcat 1
#
"
head-dtr|synsem|loc|cat|subcat 1 ⊕ 2
dtrs
comp-dtrs synsem2sign 2
rest
rest
2
2 ⊕ 3
:= "e-list.
#
first synsem 1
first 1
.
:=
synsem2sign
synsem2sign e-list
rest 2
Introduction
Signs
rest synsem2sign 2
Phrases
Raising/Equi
verb
head
∨
¬
verb
synsem|loc|cat
inv −
subcat hi
head-comp-struc
dtrs
head-dtr phrase
comp-dtrs sign
verb
∨ ¬ verb
synsem|loc|cat head
inv −
∨
subcat synsem
head-comp-struc
dtrs
head-dtr word
and synsem2sign encoding conversion of synsem to sign lists defined
as follows
phrase
→
dtrs headed-struc
with ⊕ standing for list concatenation, i.e., append, defined as
follows
e-list
⊕
:= 1 .
1
first 1
first 1
⊕ 3 :=
.
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Immediate Dominance Schemata
Immediate Dominance Principle (for English):
Head-Subject Phrases (Schema 1)
"
synsem|loc|cat
c
synsem 2
(Head-Subject)
(Head-Complement)
Raising/Equi
Immediate Dominance Schemata
verb
synsem|loc|cat head
inv +
∨
subcat
hi
(Head-Subject-Complement)
head-comp-struc
dtrs
head-dtr word
head-marker-struc
∨ dtrs
(Head-Marker)
marker-dtr|synsem|loc|cat|head marker
head-adjunct-struc
(Head-Adjunct)
∨ dtrs adj-dtr|synsem|loc|cat|head|mod 1
head-dtr|synsem
1
UDCs
head
1
subcat hi
#
h
##
"
head
1
synsem|loc|cat
subcat 2
"
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
Immediate Dominance Schemata
Immediate Dominance Schemata
Head-Complement Phrases (Schema 2)
Head-Subject-Comp Phrases (Schema 3)
"
"
"
"
##
head 1
synsem|loc|cat
subcat 2
c
c
"h
## head 1
synsem 3 .. . synsem n
synsem|loc|cat
subcat 2 , 3 ,..., n
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
"
synsem|loc|cat
#
head 1
subcat hi
c
c
## "h
head 1
synsem
synsem
2
n
..
.
synsem|loc|cat
subcat 2 ,..., n
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
Immediate Dominance Schemata
Immediate Dominance Schemata
Sketch of an example with an auxiliary
Sketch of an example with an inverted auxiliary
c
phon <John>
synsem 1
phon <John, can, go>
head 3
synsem|loc|cat
subcat hi
phon
#
head 3
synsem|loc|cat
subcat 1
<can, go>
"
h
<can>
verb
vform fin
head 3
synsem|loc|cat
+
aux
inv
−
D
subcat 1 NP nom , 2 VP bse
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
UDCs
phon <can, John, go>
head
3
synsem|loc|cat
subcat hi
h
phon
UDCs
h
c
phon <go>
synsem 2
E
Raising/Equi
c
c
phon <go>
phon <can>
phon <John>
synsem
synsem
1
2
verb
head 3vform fin
synsem|loc|cat
+
aux
inv
+
D
E
subcat 1 NP nom , 2 VP bse
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Immediate Dominance Schemata
Immediate Dominance Schemata
Complementizer as heads
Markers
Phrases
Raising/Equi
head
Some verbs select a complementized sentential complement
headed by a verb with a specific verb form:
functional
spec synsem
marker determiner
(9) I demand that he leave/*leaves immediately.
substantive
adjective verb noun preposition . . .
marking
marked
unmarked
comp
that
...
for
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
Immediate Dominance Schemata
Immediate Dominance Schemata
Marking Principle:
Lexical entry of the marker that
In a headed structure, the marking value coincides with that of
the marker daughter if there is one, and with that of the head
daughter otherwise.
phon
synsem—loc—cat
phrase
→
dtrs headed-structure
synsem|loc|cat|marking 1
head-mark-struc
dtrs
marker-dtr|synsem|loc|cat|marking 1
synsem|loc|cat|marking 1
∨
¬head-mark-struc
dtrs
head-dtr|synsem|loc|cat|marking 1
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Determiners
Sketch of an example for a head-marker structure
SPEC Principle:
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
#
"
phrase
dtrs (marker-dtr ∨ comp-dtrs|first) |synsem|loc|cat|head functional
h
mark
head spec 3
subcat hi
marking 1 that
verb
head
vform
fin
∨
bse
loc—cat
marking unmarked
subcat hi
If a nonhead daughter in a headed structure bears a spec value, it
is token-identical to the synsem value of the head daughter.
phon <that,John,laughs>
head 2
s|loc|cat subcat hi
marking 1
m
mark
spec
head
subcat hi
marking that
Signs
Immediate Dominance Schemata
phon <that>
synsem|loc|cat
<that>
UDCs
phon <John laughs>
verb
head 2 vform fin
s 3loc|cat
marking unmarked
subcat hi
Phrases
Raising/Equi
→
"
dtrs
UDCs
Introduction
#
(marker-dtr ∨ comp-dtrs|first) |synsem|loc|cat|head|spec 1
head-dtr|synsem
1
Signs
Determiners
Determiners
Determiners
Determiners (cont.)
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Determiners select their nominal sister:
Common nouns subcategorize for their determiners:
phon <book>
head
noun
*"
#+
cat
head
det
subcat
loc|cat
subcat
hi
synsem|loc
index 1
cont
reln
book
restr
inst 1
phon <every>
det
cat head spec
synsem|loc
subcat hi
quant
cont 5det
restind
qstore 5
"
#
head noun
cat
subcat DetP
loc
cont 2
forall
2
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Determiners
Possessives
Sketch of the head-comp phrase every book
Lexical entry for the possessive pronoun my
phon <every,book>
head
5
cat
subcat hi
s|loc
cont 2
c
h
phon <every>
det
head
cat
spec 3
synsem 4loc
subcat
hi
det
forall
cont
restind 2
Introduction
Signs
phon <book>
cat
s 3loc
cont
Phrases
det
index
head
1
spec
N’:
cat
restr 2
subcat hi
synsem|loc
ref
per
1st
cont|index
3
num sing
context|c-indc|speaker 3
det
the
index
1
qstore
reln
poss
restind
restr possessor 3 ∪ 2
possessed 1
"
#
head 5 noun
subcat 4
2
Raising/Equi
UDCs
phon
Introduction
<my>
Signs
Phrases
Possessives
Lexical entry for possessive ’s
Sketch of an example for a determiner phrase
Signs
Phrases
phon <Mary’s>
det
#
"
1
index
head
spec
N’:
cat
restr 2
subcat
hi
"
#
synsem|loc
npro
cont
3
index
reln
naming
context|backgr bearer 3
name
mary
det
the
index
1
qstore
poss
reln
restind
restr possessor 3 ∪ 2
possessed 1
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Adjuncts
Adjuncts
Lexical entry of an attributive adjective
Semantics Principle
word
phon
synsem|loc
adj
prd
−
#
"
head
noun
D
cat|head
E
cat
loc|cat|head
det
subcat
mod|loc
index 1 index
content
restr 2
index 1
(
)
rel red
cont
restr
∪ 2
arg1 1
<red>
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Raising/Equi
UDCs
phon <’s>
det
head
index
1
spec
N’:
restr
2
cat
+
*
synsem|loc
npro
subcat
NP:
5
index 3
cont
5
det
the
index
1
qstore
reln
poss
restind
restr possessor 3 ∪ 2
possessed 1
Introduction
UDCs
Possessives
Raising/Equi
Phrases
In a headed phrase, the content value is token-identical to that
of the adjunct daughter if the dtrs value is of sort head-adj-struc,
and with that of the head daughter otherwise.
phrase
→
dtrs headed-structure
synsem|loc|content 1
head-adj-struc
dtrs
adjunct-dtr|synsem|loc|content 1
synsem|loc|content 1
∨
¬head-adj-struc
dtrs
head-dtr|synsem|loc|content 1
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Adjuncts
Raising/Equi
Sketch of an example for a head-adjunct structure
Review of ID Schemata
verb
∨ ¬ verb
synsem|loc|cat head
inv −
subcat hi
phrase
→
(Hd-Sbj)
dtrs headed-struc
head-comps-struc
head-dtr phrase
dtrs
comp-dtrs sign
verb
∨ ¬ verb
synsem|loc|cat head
inv −
∨
(Hd-Cmp)
subcat synsem
head-comps-struc
dtrs
head-dtr word
verb
synsem|loc|cat head
inv
+
subcat hi
(Hd-Sbj-Cmp)
∨
head-comps-struc
dtrs
head-dtr word
phon <red, book>
"
#
head 2
cat
subcat 1
s|loc
cont 4
a
h
phon <red>
adj
cat|head prd −
s|loc
mod 3
cont 4
phon <book>
"
"
##
head 2 noun
D s 3 loc|cat
E
subcat 1 loc|cat|head det
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Towards an analysis: Unsaturated Complements
word
phon
synsem
In English, many verbs and adjectives subcategorize for an
unsaturated complement.
a complement can be specified as
hIn other words,
i
subcat NP , rather than subcat hi
The Head-Subject Schema allows for this.
And this will give consider access to the lower subject, as well
as its own subject.
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Subject oriented equi verbs
word
phon
synsem
Introduction
cat
verb
head
vform
D
subcat NP 1 ,
try
tryer
1 ref
soa-arg 2
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
<seem>
synsem
local
cat
local
cont
Signs
cat
verb
head
vform bse
h
D
i E
subcat 1 , VP inf, subcat 1 : 2
seem
soa-arg 2
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Object oriented raising verbs
<try>
synsem
local
cat
local
cont
Signs
Subject oriented raising verbs
Where does it say in these ID schemata that every subcategorized
item must be realized?
Introduction
Introduction
bse
h
i E
VP inf, subcat NP 1 : 2
word
phon
synsem
<believe>
synsem
local
cat
local
cont
cat
verb
head
vform
D
subcat NP 1 ,
believe
believer 1 ref
soa-arg 3
bse
h
i E
2 , VP inf, subcat 2 : 3
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Object oriented equi verbs
word
phon
synsem
Introduction
<persuade>
synsem
local
cat
local
cont
Introduction
Phrases
Phrases
Raising/Equi
phrase
p <It seems to rain>
#
"
head 9
cat
s|l
subc hi
cont 10
c
word
p <it>
"
#
head noun
cat
s 5
subc hi
l
cont index it
h
phrase
p <seems
cat
s|l
cont
h
"
#
head 9
subc 5
to rain>
10
c
phrase
word
p <to rain>
p <seems>
#
"
"
#
verb
verb
9
head
6
head
vform
fin
vform
inf
cat
s 8l
cat
D
i E
h
s|l
subc 5 NP it
subc 5 , 8 VP inf, subc 5 : 7
"
#
cont 7 rain
cont 10 seem
soa-arg 7
UDCs
Analysis of: *It wants to rain
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
phrase
p
<wants to rain>
"
#
head 9
cat
s |l
3
subc
con 10
To account for UDCs, we will use the feature slash.
Named after the categorial grammar categories (S/NP as an S
missing an NP).
c
phrase
word
p <wants>
p <to rain>
"
#
verb
head 9
vform
fin
cat
s 8l cat
h
D
i E
5
11
NP
: 7
subc 3 NP 11 , 8 VP inf, subc
s|l
con
want
con 10wanter 11 ref
soa-arg 7
This is a non-local feature which:
#
"
verb
head 6 vform inf
subc 5 NP it
7 rain
originates with a trace,
gets passed up the tree,
and is finally bound by a filler
Introduction
An example for a strong UDC
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
The bottom of a UDC: Traces
S
f
NP
h
S
c
NP
we
word
phon
synsem
h
VP
h
V
know
UDCs
Unbounded dependency constructions (UDCs)
Johni
UDCs
Signs
Raising/Equi
Analysis of: It seems to rain
cat
verb
head
vform bse
h
D
i E
subcat NP 1 , NP 2 , VP inf, subcat NP 2 : 3
persuade
persuader 1 ref
persuadee 2 ref
soa-arg
3
h
Signs
c
1 NP
she
c
S
loc|cat|subcat hi
h
VP
h
i
loc|cat|subcat 1
h
V
c
2 NP
likes
i
h
i
loc|cat|subcat 1 , 2
hi
local 1
"
#
inherited|slash 1
nonloc
to-bind|slash {}
phonologically null, but structure-shares local and slash
we’ll talk about to-bind later
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
The middle of a UDC
Traces
The Nonlocal Feature Principle (NFP)
Because the local value of a trace is structure-shared with the
slash value, constraints on the trace will be constraints on the
filler.
For each nonlocal feature, the inherited value on the mother is
the union of the inherited values on the daughter minus the
to-bind value on the head daughter.
For example, hates specifies that its object be accusative, and
this case information is local
So, the trace has synsem|local|cat|head|case acc as part
of its entry, and thus the filler will also have to be accusative
(10) *Hei /Him i , John likes
Introduction
Signs
In other words, the slash information (which is part of
inherited) percolates “up” the tree.
This allows the all the local information of a trace to “move
up” to the filler.
i
Phrases
Raising/Equi
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
Raising/Equi
The top of a UDC: Filler-head structures
The top of a UDC: Filler-head structures
Filler-head schema
Explanation of the schema
UDCs
phrase
→
dtrs head-filler-struc
loc|cat
head-dtr|synsem
nonloc
filler-dtr|synsem|local 1
Introduction
Signs
Filler and trace are identified as the exact same thing (as far
as their local structure is concerned)
The trace is “bound” by the to-bind feature; this prevents
the slash value from going any higher in the tree
Only saturated finite verbs (i.e., sentences) license such
structures
verb
head
vform fin
subcat hi
"
#
inherited|slash element 1
to-bind|slash
1
Phrases
Raising/Equi
The top of a UDC: Filler-head structures
Example for a structure licensed by the filler-head schema
UDCs
Introduction
Signs
Phrases
NP
f
local 1
h
"
"
##
inherited|slash . . . , 1 ,. . .
nloc
to-bind|slash
1
Raising/Equi
The analysis of the strong UDC example
f
nloc|inherited|slash {}
UDCs
local
Johni
3
S
nloc|inherited|slash {}
h
"
nloc
c
NP
we
"
h
"
S
##
inherited|slash 3
3
to-bind|slash
h
VP
#
inherited|slash 3
nloc
to-bind|slash {}
V
c
S
know
c
1
NP
she
loc|cat|subcat hi
inherited|slash 3
nloc
to-bind|slash {}
h
VP
loc|cat|subcat 1
inherited|slash 3
nloc
to-bind|slash {}
h
V
loc|cat|subcat 1 , 2
nonloc|to-bind|slash {}
likes
c
NP
loc 3
2
nloc|inher|slash 3
i
UDCs
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