Journal of the Persian Gulf
(Marine Science)/Vol. 4/No. 12/June 2013/8/23-30
Report on the Chromosomes of Liza klunzingeri
(Day, 1888) in Zyarat Estuary, Persian Gulf
Faqih Ahmadani, Ahmad1; Hosseini, Seyed Javad*2,3,
Qasemi, Seyed Ahmad2; Mohammadi, Gholam Hossein4
1- Dept. of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources,
Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, IR Iran
2- Inistitute of Persian Gulf, Persian Gulf University, Busheher, IR Iran
3- Dept. of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Persian Gulf University, Busheher, IR Iran
4- South of Iran Aquaculeare Research Center, Ahvaz, IR Iran
Received: Febrmary 2012
Accepted: December 2012
© 2013 Journal of the Persian Gulf. All rights reserved.
Abstract
This paper reports on the karyotyping of mullet fish species, Liza klunzingeri, endemic of the Persian
Gulf. The metaphase chromosome spreads, obtained from kidney cells of 13 specimens were examined.
The diploid chromosome number was found to be 2n=48. The karyotype was discovered to be consisted of
48 acrocentric chromosome pairs. The arm number was determined to be NF=48. The chromosome
number observed in this fish is the same as the majority of Mugil fish, thus confirming the commonality of
this feature in the family.
Keywords: Liza klunzingeri, Chromosome, Karyotype, Persian Gulf
coasts of the Khuzestan province (Kashy et al.,
2007). This fish is dispersed from the Persian Gulf to
the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman
(Randall, 1995). Catching is done by beach seines,
set nets, and gill nets (Ismail et al., 1998).
Studies worldwide on Liza klunzingeri are done
primarily based on morphological and anatomical
traits, respectively (Ismail et al., 1998; Abou-Seedo
and Dadzie., 2004; Kashi et al., 2007; Valinasab et al.,
2005). Fish chromosome studies is one of the various
applications of genetics in fishery research and has
several applications in taxonomic studies, genetics,
breeding and biotechnology. Many morphologically
similar fish may have different types and numbers of
1. Introduction
Liza klunzingeri belongs to Mugilidae family,
which is distributed in various coastal aquatic
habitats of the world’s tropical, subtropical and
temperate regions. This family includes 17 genera and
72 species (Nelson, 2006). The fish habitat is various
coastal substrata, brackish waters, and lagoons with
high salinity (Golani et al., 2002). Because of the wide
variety and small differences between mullet species,
considerable divergences exist in their systematic
classification. Liza klunzingeri is one of the mullet
fish species that has valuable fisheries catch over the
*
Email: [email protected]
23
Faqih Ahmadani et al. / Report on the Chromosomes of Liza klunzingeri…
identified (Table 1), yet there is no report on the type
and number of chromosomes of Liza klunzingeri. The
aim of this study is to determine the number and type
of the chromosomes of Liza klunzingeri, along with its
karyotype, the number of chromosomal arms (NF),
bases along the chromosomes, and the ratios of long
and short arms.
chromosomes. Therefore, knowledge of normal
karyotype of aquatic species can be instrumental in
such studies. Before applying the method of breeding
fish, acquiring enough information about the type and
number of chromosomes of the species is necessary
(Gold et al., 1990). Karyotype of many mullet fish
species of the genus Mugil and Liza have been
Table 1. Chromosome number in 19 Mugilidae species
Species
2n
Chromosomal
formula
NF
Source
Oedalechilus labeo
48
2St +46a
48
Rossi et al., 2000
Mugil cephalus
48
48a
48
Rossi et al., 1996
M.trichodon
48
48a
48
Nircho et al., 2005
M.speigleri
48
48a
48
Rishi and Singh., 1982
M.platanus
48
48a
48
Jordao et al., 1992
M.parsia
48
48a
48
Khuda-Buksh and manna., 1974
M.liza
48
48a
48
Nirchio and Cequea., 1998
M.gaimardianus
48
48a
48
Nirchio et al., 2003
M.curema
24
22m+2Sm
48
Nirchio and Cequea., 1998
M.corsula
48
48a
48
Khuda-Buksh and manna., 1974
M. curema
28
20m+4St+4a
48
Le Grande and Fitzsimons., 1976
Liza aurata
48
2St +46a
48
Choudry et al., 1979
L.saliens
48
2St +46a
48
Gornung et al., 2001
L.saliens
48
46a +2Sm
50
Arefyev., 1989
L.ramada
48
2Sm +46a
48
Rossi et al., 1997
L.ramada
48
46a +2Sm
50
Delgado et al., 1992
Paramugil parmatus
48
48a
48
Choudry et al., 1979
Chelon macrolepis
48
48a
48
Choudry et al., 1979
L.aurata
48
46a+2St
48
Cano et al., 1982
L.aurata
48
46a+2Sm
48
Delgado et al., 1991
L. saliens
48
46a +2St
48
Cataudella et al., 1974
L. ramada
48
46a+2St
48
Cataudella et al., 1973
L. ramada
48
46a +2St
48
Cataudella et al., 1974
L. ramada
48
46a +2Sm
48
Delgado et al., 1991
Chelon labrosus
48
2St+46a
48
Cataudella et al., 1974
Liza klunzingeri
48
48a
48
Present Study
48
46a+2st
48
Nirchio et al., 2008
48
48a
48
Hett et al., 2011
Agonostomus
monticola
M.incilis
24
Journal of the Persian
n Gulf (Marin
ne Science)/Vool. 4/No. 12/Ju
une 2013/8/233-30
trreatments weere determinned to be 50 – 60 and 30
min,
m respectiv
vely. Both thhe types of sllide preparattion
were
w
effectiv
ve in obtainiing well-sprread metaphhase
ch
hromosomess. Analyses of chromo
osome spreeads
reevealed that modal chroomosome num
mber containned
48 (2n=48) (T
Table 2) (Figg. 1).
2. Materialls and Methods
Thirteen specimens of Liza klunzingeri
k
were
m Zyarat Estuuary and tran
nsported alivee to a
caught from
well-aeratedd aquarium in the laborratory with room
temperaturee, before chroomosomal an
nalysis.
Karyologgical study was
w carried out accordinng to
Nirchio aand Colleaggues (2005
5) with some
modificationns. Each fishh was injectted with 25µ
µgr/gr
body weight
ht colchicine solution, and
d scarified aft
fter 60
± 10 min. K
Kidney tissue was then rem
moved and pplaced
in physioloogical serum
m, and cell suspension was
obtained byy repeated pipetting.
p
Thee suspensionn was
centrifuged at 1100 rpm for 10 min att 4 °C. Cell ppellets
were treatedd by suspenssion in hypottonic 0.075 m
molar
KCl solutionn and tested for
f 20, 25, 30 and 35 minuutes at
room tempeerature. Sampples were then
n centrifugedd, and
hypotonic soolution was replaced
r
with
h freshly preepared
methanol-gllacial acetic acid
a (3:1) as a fixative. Sam
mples
were fixed for 40 to 60
6 minutes with
w 2 or 3 time
changes eeach. The suspension obtained was
centrifuged, and the supernatantt was rem
moved.
Afterwards, the cell pelleets were resusspended in thhe few
remaining drops. For
F
chromosomal sppreads
preparation, the cool celll suspension was droppedd onto
pre-warmedd clean slide (45-50
(
°C). In another meethod,
cell suspenssion was drropped onto cold clean slide.
Staining waas performed with 10 and
d 20% Gimsaa in a
Sorenson buuffer (pH 6.8)) for 10 – 20 min. Microsscopic
observationss were doone with a Nikon Light
microscope. Total length
th of each ch
hromosome, short
and long arm
ms length annd arm ration
n were determ
mined
using MicrooMeasure sooftware V3.3 according tto the
Levan methood (Levan et al., 1964).
Table 2. Frequencies distributiions of chromo
osome counts from
f
kiidney cells of Liza
L klunzingerii.
Speciees
Liza klunziingeri
45
3
46
4
2n
47
3
Totaal
48
64
49
2
76
3. Results
Each of the steps innvolved in the chromoosome
study is impportant in atttaining largee number off well
spread metaaphase chrom
mosomes. Am
mong these ssteps,
the colchiciine and hyppotonic treattment were more
important. The optimaal colchicinees and hypootonic
Fiig. 1: Chromoso
omal Spreads (1100X) of Liza kllunzingeri, 2n = 48.
25
Faqih Ahmadani et al. / Report on the Chromosomes of Liza klunzingeri…
data are summarized in Table 3. The chromosomal
spreads obtained allowed us to propose that karyotype
of Liza klunzingeri consist 48 acrocentric and NF=48
(Fig. 2). The ideogram of the L.klunzingeri was made
on the basis of the karyotype (Fig. 3).
The chromosomes of 76 chromosomal spreads
were counted, and 64(84.2%) had 48 chromosomes.
Chromosome number varied from 45 to 49 (Table 2).
Figure 1a shows karyotype analysis using
MicroMeasure V3.3. The morphological and numerical
Table 3: Morphometric data of the chromosomes of Liza klunzingeri (2n=48). Relative lengths (RL) (% of the set) and centromeric
indices (CI).
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Length
each
33.5086
32.2939
31.9234
30.0397
28.5103
28.3604
28.2633
27.5744
27.4587
27.3895
27.3293
27.3200
27.0466
26.9051
26.5476
26.4511
25.5193
25.3447
25.2866
25.2676
25.2364
24.4698
24.3814
24.0288
23.9604
23.8563
23.6541443
23.4824
23.4562
23.3939
23.3040
23.2080
23.0900
22.6092
22.2277
22.2101
22.1953
22.0883
21.8451
21.6987
21.1448
20.9747
20.8279
20.3817
19.7821
19.0369
17.8996
15.6710
Relative lengths
% of set
2.8434%
2.7404%
2.7089%
2.5491%
2.4193%
2.4066%
2.3983%
2.3399%
2.3301%
2.3242%
2.3191%
2.3183%
2.2951%
2.2831%
2.2527%
2.2446%
2.1655%
2.1507%
2.1457%
2.1441%
2.1415%
2.0764%
2.0689%
2.0390%
2.0332%
2.0244%
2.0072%
1.9926%
1.9904%
1.9851%
1.9775%
1.9694%
1.9593%
1.9186%
1.8862%
1.8847%
1.8834%
1.8743%
1.8537%
1.8413%
1.7943%
1.7799%
1.7674%
1.7295%
1.6786%
1.6154%
1.5189%
1.3298%
Long arm
33.5086
32.2939
31.9234
30.0397
28.5103
28.3604
28.2633
27.5744
27.4587
27.3895
27.3293
27.3200
27.0466
26.9051
26.5476
26.4511
25.5193
25.3447
25.2866
25.2676
25.2364
24.4698
24.3814
24.0288
23.9604
23.8563
23.6541
23.4824
23.4562
23.3939
23.3040
23.2080
23.0900
22.6092
22.2277
22.2101
22.1953
22.0883
21.8451
21.6987
21.1448
20.9747
20.8279
20.3817
19.7821
19.0369
17.8996
15.6710
26
Short
arm
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Arm Ratio
(L/S)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Cent. Index
(S/(L+S))
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Classification
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Acrocentric
Journal of the Persian
n Gulf (Marin
ne Science)/Vool. 4/No. 12/Ju
une 2013/8/233-30
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
133
14
15
16
17
18
199
20
21
22
23
24
Fig.
F 2: Karyotyppe (100X) Liza klunzingeri, 2n
n = 48.
Fig.
F 3: Ideogram
m of Liza klunzzingeri chromossomes
h 30 min hyppotonic incub
bation. Fixattive
obtained with
trreatment waas not founnd to be ass important as
co
olchicine an
nd hypotoniic treatment in obtainning
ch
hromosome preparation;; but perso
onal experieence
sh
howed that overnight
o
mai
aintenance off cell suspenssion
in
n fixative so
olution in ref
efrigerator reesulted in beetter
sllide preparatiion.
The chrom
mosome numbber of most of
o the speciess in
th
he genus Liiza is 2n=448, 46 pairs of which are
accrocentric. However,
H
alll 48 chrom
mosomes of the
Liza
L
klunzing
geri in this sstudy, are accrocentric. In
I a
reeview study conducted bby Sola et al.
a (2008), thhree
Cytotypes
C
of chromosom
mal formula are defined for
mullet
m
fish: Cytotype
C
A, w
which consists of 48 pairss of
accrocentric ch
hromosomes,, accounted for the greaatest
number (10 species beelonging to four geneera);
Cytotype
C
B which
w
consistts of 46 pairrs of acrocenntric
ch
hromosomes, plus twoo pairs of subtelocenntric
4. Discussioon
Chromosome studies are basically similaar in
methodologyy, almost all including colchhicine,
hypotonic, ffixative treattments, slidee preparationn, and
staining, rrespectively. A simplle method for
Karyologicaal study of fish
f
is the diirect chromoosome
preparation from kidneyy of live sp
pecimens beecause
kidney tissuue in most fishes contains the hematoppoietic
elements, whhich provide numerous bllood cells in aactive
division (Goold et al., 19990a).
In this stuudy, colchicine treatmen
nt was found to be
important inn obtaining metaphase
m
ch
hromosomess. The
best time foor colchicinee treatment was
w determinned to
be 50 to 660 min. Decreasing tim
me of colchiicines
treatment reesulted in low
l
metaphaase chromossomes
and longerr treatmentt led to more
m
condeensed
chromosom
mes. The besst chromosom
me spreads were
27
Faqih Ahmadani et al. / Report on the Chromosomes of Liza klunzingeri…
that great metacentric or submetacentric chromosomes
have been generated through the reduction in number
of the chromosomes by the Robertsonian fusion
(Doucette and Fitzsimous., 1998). Diversity in the
karyotype of the genus Mugil may be due to the
centromere fusions of the acrocentric chromosomes (Le
Grande and Fitzsimons., 1976). In a report by Legrande
& Fitzsimons (1976), the number of the chromosomes
of M.curema in the Caribbean was 2n=24, while in
another report by Nirchio & Cequea (1998), this
number for the same fish in the Gulf of Mexico was
2n=28. Since the arms of chromosomes in M.curema
were longer than those in grey mullet and M.liza, it
seemed reasonable that the karyotype of this fish might
have evolved more than other species of the mullet
family (Legrande and Fitzsimous., 1976; Nirchio and
Cequea, ., 1998)
Despite their systematic similarities, cytogenetic
information distinguishes M. curema and M.
rubrioclalus (Nirchio et al., 2007). Therefore, we can
conclude that the mullet family, except for the M.
curema, possess 48 pairs of chromosomes, most of
which are acrocentric (Sola et al., 2007, 2008). Like all
other species of the genus Liza, all the chromosomes of
the Liza klunzingeri were determined to be acrocentric.
Complementary information can be obtained through
further research on this species in the Persian Gulf,
Gulf of Oman, Indian Ocean.
(observed in five species belonging to three genera) and
Cytotype C which consists exclusively of biarmed
chromosomes. M. curema from Louisiana and Brazil
(2n=28, NF=48) and from Venezuela (2n=24, NF=48)
display these cytotypes. The karyotype of Liza
klunzingeri can be assigned to cytotype A. It is likely
that other studies around the world on Liza klunzingeri
and comparison of those studies yield different results.
For example, the chromosomal formulae for L. Ramada
was 2n= 48= 46a+ 2st (Cataudella et al.,1973, 1974);
yet for the same species, Delgado et al. (1992) obtained
2n=48=46a+ 2sm. The same is true about L. saliens, for
which the two chromosomal formulae were 2n=
48=46a+2st (Gornug et al., 2001; Cataudella et al.,
1974) and 2n=48=46a + 2sm (Arefyev et al., 1989).
Two different chromosomal formulae for L. aurata are
reported, 2n=48= 46a+ 2sm (Cataudella et al., 1974;
Delgado et al., 1992) and 2n=48=26a+ 2st (Cano et al.,
1982). On the one hand, high concentration and longterm effects of colchicine causes high compression,
shrinkage and shortening of the chromosome arms
(Beck et al., 1980); This makes it difficult to detect the
short arms of the chromosomes; and consequently, the
mistakes in distinguishing different chromosomsl arms
leads to differences observed in the karyotypes (Nirchio
and Cequea., 1998). On the other hand, due to their
small size and high compression, detection of
chromosome arms is very difficult and sometimes it is
impossible to detect homologous chromosomes. To
overcome this problem, method of chromosome
banding could be employed. Provided that the facilities
are available, rating band method could be very useful
in identifying the chromosomes more precisely; since
without such patterns in band rating chromosomal
arms, detecting the chromosomal similarities is only
possible based on the chromosome size and the position
of the centromere (Nirchio et al., 2008). Recent studies
using chromosomal markers through realignment of
chromosomes have shown that the Chromosomal
evolution of mullet is more complex than it was
believed (Sola et al., 2008). Karyologic study of twenty
species of Clupeifromes and Elopifromes has shown
Acknowledgements
This work was granted by the Persian Gulf
University, Grant of 19/63. We would like to thank all
those who assisted in the field collection and laboratory
processing of samples for this project. We are grateful
to Mr. Ali Nakisa for editing the manuscript.
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