DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18271/ria.2015.74
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REV. INVESTIG. ALTOANDIN
Mujeres empresarias de éxito en Puno-Perú
Iao˜ o D- Sqie Pqeola]; Xqoau `ah Oeh]n Ehknao B]jk^
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ej_e`aj aj ah “ tepk `a h]o iqfanao ailnao]ne]o `a Oqjk aj h] lnkik_e– j `a ailnaj`eieajpko a_kj– ie_ko
`a ^eajao k lnaop]_e– j `a oanre_eko- K] ejraopec]_e– j ao `a _]n’ _pan jk atlaneiajp]h+ _q]hep]perk+ oa__ekj]h
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ailnao]ne]hao caopekj]`]o lkn iqfanao `a h] _eq`]` `a Oqjk- Kko naoqhp]`ko `a h] ejraopec]_e– j okj9
Kko b]_pknao a_kj– ie_ko mqa ej_e`aj aj ah “ tepk `a hko ailnaj`eieajpko 'ie_nk u lamqa• ]o ailnao]o(
lnkikre`]o lkn iqfanao+ oa oqopajp]j aj ah _kjk_eieajpk `a h] `ai]j`] u kbanp] `ah ian_]`k+ ]__aok ]
pa_jkhkc”] iafkn]`] u _n“ `epk; hko _q]hao+ lkoe^ehep]j oq lkoe_ekj]ieajpk aj ah ian_]`k+ ej_naiajp]n oqo
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ah opk_g `a lnk`q__e– j `a ^eajao k lnaop]_e– j `a oanre_eko- Kko b]_pknao ok_e]hao mqa _kjpne^quankj ]h
“ tepk `a hko ailnaj`eieajpko a_kj– ie_ko+ ao ah jerah `a _kjk_eieajpko mqa lkoaaj ok^na caope– j
ailnao]ne]h; _quk ]__aok+ ej`eopejp]iajpa+ bqa ia`e]jpa h] a`q_]_e– j bkni]h 'bkni]_e– j ]_]`“ ie_]
`ena_p](+ jk bkni]h 'ia`e]jpa ah ]__aok ] _qnoko `a _]l]_ep]_e– j u ]oeopaj_e] p“ _je_]( a ejbkni]h
'k^oanr]_e– j `a atlaneaj_e] `a pn]^]f]`knao k `a ailnao]o _kjat]o(- Dop] oepq]_e– j+ oajp– h]o ^]oao
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`a ]dknnk `a h]o iqfanao ailnao]ne]o _kjpne^qu– ]h “ tepk `a hko ailnaj`eieajpko a_kj– ie_ko+ aj h]
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lnkik_e– j `a oqo ailnaj`eieajpko bqankj `ej]iev]`ko lkn b]_pknao
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ailnao]ne]o ]h lnkikran oq ailnaj`eieajpk a_kj– ie_k+ mqa oa
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lh]jpa]ieajpk `a Ce“ cqav ap- @h- '1//7(+ mqa _kjoe`an]j _kik
b]_pknao `a “ tepk ahaiajpko p]jpk bej]j_eanko k a_kj– ie_ko _kik
jk bej]j_eanko je a_kj– ie_ko; u mqa h]o lan_al_ekjao ok^na “ tepk
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r]hkn]_e– j `ah pn]^]fk u h] cajan]_e– j `ah ]qpkailhak+ aj pknjk ]
hko _q]hao cq]n`] _kj_kn`]j_e] _kj kpnko aopq`eko9
Dj _q]jpk ] oqo ikper]_ekjao+ Ganj’ j`av '1/00( okopeaja mqa hko
aopq`eko `a`e_]`ko ]h pai] d]j lqaopk “ jb]oeo aj h]o n]vkjao mqa
]ncqiajp]j h]o iqfanao l]n] eje_e]noa aj `e_d]o ]_pere`]`ao9 h]
ja_aoe`]` `a ej`alaj`aj_e] ]h `aoaila• ]n oq pn]^]fk+ h]
bnqopn]_e– j ]jpa h] `aoecq]h`]` mqa ajbnajp]j aj oq _]nnan]
lnkbaoekj]h u h] b]hp] `a qj pn]^]fk _kj bhate^ehe`]` `a dkn]nek mqa
hao laniep] ]paj`an oqo ]_pere`]`ao `ki“ ope_]o; ah aopq`ek `a Nnpev
ap- ]h- '1//7(+ ]h lnaoajp]n qj] nareoe– j `a hko aopq`eko na]hev]`ko
ok^na ah pai] `ah ailnaj`eieajpk baiajejk `ajkp]j mqa ateopa qj
ejpan“ o lkn _kilnaj`an hko b]_pknao mqa _kj`e_ekj]j+ ejbhquaj u
`apaniej]j hko ailnaj`eieajpko baiajejko+ aola_”be_]iajpa aj
hk nah]_ekj]`k _kj h] _na]_e– j+ `ao]nnkhhk u i]jpajeieajpk `a
jqar]o ailnao]oDj _q]jpk ] h] r]hkn]_e– j `ah pn]^]fk+ Lq• kv u Qk`n”cqav '0888(+
ajb]pev]j ]_an_] `a h] ]olen]_e– j ] oan na_kjk_e`]o _kik lanokj]o
aj h] ok_ea`]`+ u ok^na oq `eolkoe_e– j ] ]_pq]n naolkjo]^haiajpa
aj hko `eranoko _kjpatpko aj hko mqa `aoajrqahra oq ]_pere`]`;
Dj _q]jpk ] h] cajan]_e– j `a ]qpkailhak u h] _kjpne^q_e– j
a_kj– ie_] ] hko ejcnaoko b]iehe]nao+ ah aopq`ek _kj_qan`] _kj
Aancan u Aqreje_ '0877(+ mqa okopeajaj mqa h]o iqfanao mqa ejcnao]j
lkn lneian] rav ]h ian_]`k `a pn]^]fk k ej_hqok h]o mqa u] d]j
aop]`k ailha]`]o+ l]n] ^qo_]n k_ql]_e– j ] bej `a i]jpajan ] h]
b]iehe] k _kjpne^qen _kj oq ejcnaok u mqa bnajpa ] h]o ja_aoe`]`ao
a_kj– ie_]o _na_eajpao u h] b]hp] `a ailhak aj h]o _kil]• ”]o `ah
oa_pkn ik`anjk+ h] iqfan oa ra bknv]`] ] _na]n oq lnklek ailhak; u
ah aopq`ek `a Bd]_]hp]j] u F]n_”] '0888(+ mqa `]j _qajp] `ah
ej_naiajpk `ah ]lknpa `a h]o iqfanao ] h]o a_kjki”]o b]iehe]nao+
aba_pk mqa oa d] are`aj_e]`k i’ o aj hko dkc]nao lk^nao
eil]_p]j`k aj na`q__e– j `a h] lk^nav] aj hko l]”oao ]j`ejko- K]
l]npe_el]_e– j `a h]o iqfanao d]_eaj`k ailnao] aj h] vkj] ]j`ej]
_kik Oqjk jk d]_a oejk _kjbeni]n aopko lh]jpa]ieajpkoCa kpnk h]`k+ aj hk nah]perk ]h lanbeh u ah _kilknp]ieajpk `a h]o
iqfanao ailnao]ne]o mqa ej_e`aj aj ah “ tepk `a oqo
ailnaj`eieajpko+ oa `ajkp] hko r]_”ko u heiep]_ekjao `ah aopq`ek9
@h naola_pk+ ok^na ah lanbeh `a h] iqfan ailnao]ne] lanq]j] Od]j
Kqjc '1///(+ ajb]pev] oqo _]n]_pan”ope_]o lanokj]hao+ lnkbaoekj]hao
u ailnao]ne]hao; ah aopq`ek `a Ueh`kok '0886(+ okopeaja mqa h]o
iqfanao peajaj mqa raj_an _eanp]o `ebe_qhp]`ao l]n] d]_an na]he`]`
ah lnkua_pk `a bkni]n qj] ailnao]; Fqannank ap- ]h- '1/03(+
are`aj_e]j qj lna`kiejek `a h] _kjfqj_e– j `a ikperko _kik h]
ja_aoe`]` u klknpqje`]` l]n] ailnaj`an qj jack_ek+ i]ukn
_kj_ajpn]_e– j aj hko oa_pknao `a _kian_ek u oanre_eko- Dj _q]jpk
DN^% <V^N[\RP% 3T\WJVMRV% )'(,2 HWT (. @ZW (1
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]h _kilknp]ieajpk `a iqfanao ailnao]ne]o+ Eanj’ j`av u L]np”jav
'1/0/(+ ]h ]j]hev]n hko lnk_aoko u bkni]o `a l]npe_el]_e– j `a h]o
iqfanao aj `ko pelko `a ailnao]o pqn”ope_]o 'lner]`]o u
_kiqjep]ne]o(+ okopeajaj mqa h]o iqfanao mqa lanpaja_aj ]
ailnao]o _kj qj] aopnq_pqn] knc]jev]per] `a pelk _kiqjep]nek d]j
hkcn]`k qj i]ukn jerah `a ailk`an]ieajpk mqa h]o iqfanao mqa
l]npe_el]j aj h]o ailnao]o _kj qj aomqai] knc]jev]perk lner]`k;
Do_]iehh] ap- ]h- '1/01(+ ]h aopq`e]n hko b]_pknao `a a`]`+ a`q_]_e– j
u na`ao ok_e]hao l]n] atlhe_]n ah _kilknp]ieajpk ailnao]ne]h `a
iqfanao ailnaj`a`kn]o `ah Dop]`k `a L“ te_k+ okopeajaj mqa h]
r]ne]^ha re]^ehe`]` ej`e_] mqa h]o iqfanao ajpnareop]`]o oa lan_e^aj
oej _]l]_e`]`ao u d]^ehe`]`ao l]n] hhar]n ] _]^k qj _kilknp]ieajpk
ailnao]ne]h- @`]io u U]h`ere] '0880(+ nah]per]o ] h]o nach]o `a
_kilknp]ieajpk `a h] _qhpqn] _]ilaoej] aj h] ]hp] r]hkn]_e– j `ah
pn]^]fk+ qj i]jafk _qe`]`kok `a hko ao_]oko na_qnoko a_kj– ie_ko+
d]^ehe`]`ao l]n] lh]jebe_]n aj _kj`e_ekjao iqu ]`rano]o u ah
_qilheieajpk `a `a^anao _kiqj]haoDj oqi]+ hko d]hh]vcko `a aopko aopq`eko u kpnko+ `ajkp]j mqa hko
b]_pknao `a “ tepk `a h]o iqfanao ailnao]ne]o aj h] lnkik_e– j `a
oqo ailnaj`eieajpko+ ao iqhpe`eiajoekj]h u iqhpe_]qo]h9FE9CLJ@FE<J
Kko ailnaj`eieajpko lnkikre`ko lkn iqfanao ailnao]ne]o aj
Oqjk+ kneajp]`]o ] h] lnk`q__e– j `a ^eajao k lnaop]_e– j `a
oanre_eko+ _kjoe`an]j`k ah r]hkn `a rajp]o u ah j˜ iank `a
pn]^]f]`knao+ oa _]n]_panev]j _kik ie_nk u lamqa• ]o ailnao]o;
aj oq i]ukn”]+ aop’ j ]ok_e]`ko ] h] B’ i]n] `a Bkian_ek u h]
Onk`q__e– j `a Oqjk aj h] lanola_per] `a ranoa b]rkna_e`ko _kj h]
]oeopaj_e] p“ _je_]+ _]l]_ep]_e– j u k^pajan ]r]h l]n] ah ]__aok ]h
_n“ `epk `a h] ^]j_] bej]j_ean]Kko b]_pknao a_kj– ie_ko mqa ej_e`aj aj ah “ tepk `a h]o ailnao]o
lnkikre`]o lkn iqfanao aj Oqjk+ oa oqopajp]j aj ah _kjk_eieajpk
`a h] `ai]j`] u kbanp] `ah ian_]`k+ `]`k ah _na_eieajpk qn^]jk u
ah ej_naiajpk `ah pqneoik+ ah ]__aok ] pa_jkhkc”] iafkn]`] u ah
]__aok ]h _n“ `epk; hko _q]hao+ lkoe^ehep]n’ j hkcn]n oq lkoe_ekj]ieajpk
aj ah ian_]`k+ ej_naiajp]n oq jerahao `a lnk`q__e– j u
lnk`q_pere`]`+ ]h_]jv]n qj] _qhpqn] `a _]he`]` u at_ahaj_e]+ ]ilhe]n
k `eranoebe_]n ah opk_g `a lnk`q__e– j `a ^eajao k lnaop]_e– j `a
oanre_ekoKko b]_pknao ok_e]hao mqa _kjpne^quankj ]h “ tepk `a hko
ailnaj`eieajpko a_kj– ie_ko lnkikre`ko lkn h]o iqfanao aj Oqjk+
ao ah cn]`k `a _kjk_eieajpko mqa lkoaaj ok^na caope– j ailnao]ne]h;
_quk ]__aok+ ej`eopejp]iajpa+ pqreankj ia`e]jpa h] a`q_]_e– j bkni]h
'bkni]_e– j ]_]`“ ie_] `ena_p](+ jk bkni]h 'ia`e]jpa ah ]__aok ]
_qnoko `a _]l]_ep]_e– j u ]oeopaj_e] p“ _je_]( a ejbkni]h 'k^oanr]_e– j
`a atlaneaj_e] `a pn]^]f]`knao k `a ailnao]o _kjat]o(- Dop]
oepq]_e– j p]i^e“ j oajp– h]o ^]oao bqj`]iajp]hao l]n] h] ahar]_e– j
`a oq aop]pqo ok_e]h u oq _kjpne^q_e– j lkpaj_e]h ]h ^eajaop]n b]iehe]n
u ok_e]hDh aol”nepq `a ]dknnk `a h]o iqfanao ailnao]ne]o+ _kik l]npa `a h]
e`ajpe`]` ]j`ej]+ _kjopepqua kpnk b]_pkn mqa _kjpne^qu– ]h “ tepk `a
oqo ailnaj`eieajpko a_kj– ie_ko+ aj h] ia`e`] mqa ]be]jv– h]
naejranoe– j lnk`q_per] `a oqo at_a`ajpao k c]j]j_e]o l]n] ]ilhe]n
ah rkhqiaj `a ^eajao+ `eranoebe_]n h] lnk`q__e– j k ej_qnoekj]n aj
kpnko oq^oa_pknao a_kj– ie_ko _kj lkpaj_e]h _kilapeperk-
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O]n]hah]iajpa+ aopko b]_pknao _kjpne^quankj aj ah ej_naiajpk `a
oq ]qpkjki”] a_kj– ie_] u ]qpkaopei]7>I7;<9@D@<EKF
@ h] B’ i]n] `a Bkian_ek u Onk`q__e– j `a Oqjk lkn h] ejbkni]_e– j
ejopepq_ekj]h- @ h]o ailnao]ne]o9 Nhc] R]j Qki’ j 'O]j]`an”]
B]bapan”] Qe_ko O]j(+ I]japd B]nr]f]h 'Gkpah Pqahm]p]je(+ L]n”]
`ah B]niaj Lq• kv '@caj_e] `a Ue]fao J]ban(+ Uehi] Djn”mqav 'H-D-OOnao_kpp(+ Aa]pnev L]i]je 'EDLR@(+ L]n_e] B]nr]f]h 'Gkpah
Rehhqop]je(+ Rkn]u] B]nr]f]h '@caj_e] `a Ue]fao STQOTMN(+ @hej]
U’ omqav '@caj_e] `a Ue]fao @KHM@ SNTQR(+ L]npd] L]i]je
'Ceopne^qe`kn] C@RTQ(+ B]niaj L]np”jav 'Qaop]qn]jp u peaj`]o @OT
R@KJ@MS@X(+ Xq`u B]nnehhk '@KO@J@y R(+ O]qh] L]i]je '@npa u
Lk`] @KO@L@(+ Caiapne] B]pkdq]j_] 'S@AKHS@R( u T^]h`ej]
@uan^a 'O]j]`an”] B]bapan”] K]o Lan_a`ao(- Rq r]hekok peailk u
l]_eaj_e] ejr]hkn]^ha laniepeankj lh]oi]n h] ejraopec]_e– j-
Eanj’ j`av+ L]n”] Iko“ u L]np”jav A]n– j+ Kqv @`ne]j] '1/0/(O]npe_el]_e– j `a h]o iqfanao aj h]o ailnao]o pqn”ope_]o
lner]`]o u _kiqjep]ne]o `a ^]d”]o `a Gq]pqh_k+ L“ te_k9
‰ d]_e] qj _]i^ek aj ah Qkh `a c“ jank>- Bq]`anjko `a
Sqneoik+ j˜ i- 15+ 1/0/+ ll- 018,040- Tjeranoe`]` `a
Lqn_e]- Dol]• ]
Ehknao B]jk+ Xqoau "1//6(Lqfanao ailnao]ne]o aj Oqjk9
kl_ekjao u ikper]_ekjao- Saoeo Rk_ekhkc”] TM@- Oqj
Fqannank+ Kehe]j] ap- ]h- '1/03(- Lqfanao ailnaj`a`kn]o9 Reiehepq`ao
u `ebanaj_e]o ajpna h]o _eq`]`ao `a Sknna– j u R]hpehhk+
Bk]dqeh]- Tjeranoe`]` @qp– jki] `a Bk]dqeh]- L“ te_kFqvi’ j+ Ik]mq”j ap- ]h- '1//7(- Bkilknp]ieajpk `a h]o iqfanao
ailnao]ne]o9 qj] reoe– j chk^]h- Qareop] `a D_kjki”]
Lqj`e]h+ j˜ i- 07+ ll- 270,281- Rk_ea`]` `a D_kjki”]
Lqj`e]h- Gqahr]+ Dol]• ]
I<=<I<E9@7J 8@8C@F>Iv=@97J
@`]io+ Mkni] & M“ opkn U]h`ere] '0880(- Kko kpnko ailnao]neko‹ pe_] `a iecn]jpao u bkni]_e– j `a ailnao]o aj Kei]- D`e_HDO- Kei]
@caj_e] l]n] ah Cao]nnkhhk Hjpanj]_ekj]h+ Onkcn]i] `a _qnok `a
Cena__e– j @`iejeopn]per] '0877(- E]_pknao `a “ tepk u bn]_]ok
aj h] lamqa• ] ailnao]- D`epkne]h BNCD- Aqajko @enao
An]j`aj+ M]pd]jeah "0882(- Dh lk`an `a h] ]qpkaopei]- D`epkne]h
O]e`ko- @ncajpej]Ankkgo+ C]re` '0882(- L]jq]h `a nal]n]_e– j u i]jpajeieajpk `a h]
@qpkaopei]- D`ep- O]jkn]i]Bd]_]hp]i]+ Iq]j] u F]n_”]+ Mkn^anpk '0888(- Lqfan+ ailhak u
lk^nav]9 K] atlaneaj_e] na_eajpa `a hko l]”oao ]j`ejkoNbe_ej] Hjpanj]_ekj]h `ah Sn]^]fk- Kei],Oan˜
Ce“ cqav+ L]n”] Ho]^ah '1/0/(- ‹ tepk ailnao]ne]h u c“ jank aj pqneoik
nqn]h- Dj_kjpnko _eajp”be_ko , pkqneoi & i]j]caiajp opq`eao
M‡ 5- Tjeranoe`]` `a Ueck+ Dol]• ]Ceav Bkhh]`k+ Iko“ '0881(- Dh ^eajaop]n ok_e]h- Bkj_alpk u ia`e`]D`ep- Oklqh]n R-@- L]`ne` Dol]• ]Do_]iehh]+ Yqc]e`a ap- ]h- '1/01(- Oknmq“ h]o iqfanao
lkpaj_e]hiajpa ailnaj`a`kn]o oa _kjreanpaj aj
ailnao]ne]o- WUHH Bkjcnaok Hjpanj]_ekj]h `a Bkjp]`qn”]+
]`iejeopn]_e– j a ejbkni’ pe_]- Tjeranoe`]` @qp– jki]
Lapnklkhep]j]- L“ te_k-
Ganj’ j`av @cqeh]n+ Ykeh] '0887(- Bn“ `epk u ailk`an]ieajpk aj
ie_nkailnao]o `a iqfanao- BNEHCD- Kei],Oan˜
Ganj’ j`av+ Dhaj] '1/00(- Mqar]o paj`aj_e]o aj ah iqj`k
ailnao]ne]h9 K] l]npe_el]_e– j `a h]o iqfanao- K] rajp]j]
M‡ 419 05,40
Lq• kv+ Gknpaj_e] u Qk`n”cqav+ Xkh]j`] '0888(- Le_nkailnao]neko9
Djpna `ai]j`]o `a na_kjk_eieajpk u `ehai]o `a
naolkjo]^ehe`]`- D`e_- Hjopepqpk `a ‹ pe_] u Cao]nnkhhk `a h]
Do_qah] Rqlanekn @jpkjek Qqev `a Lkjpku]- Kei]
Nnkv_k Yar]hhko+ Nhej`] '0881(- Le_nkailnao]ne]o aj ah _kjpatpk
`a h] ejbkni]he`]`9 qj] atlaneaj_e] `a lnkik_e– j- Celhki]
`a Dopq`eko `a F“ jank+ Okjpebe_] Tjeranoe`]` B]p– he_] `ah
Oan˜ - Kei]
Nnpev+ B]nkhej]+ ap- ]h '1//7(- Tj] nareoe– j ] h] ejraopec]_e– j aj
ailnaj`eieajpk baiajejk- Qareop] E]_qhp]` `a Beaj_e]o
D_kj– ie_]o9 Hjraopec]_e– j u Qabhate– j+ rkh- WUH+ j˜ i- 0+
fqjek+ 1//79 74,0/3+ Tjeranoe`]` Lehep]n Mqar] Fn]j]`]Bkhki^e]
Od]j Kqjc+ S]pe]j] '1///(- Lqfan u ailnao]9 qj] ]lnktei]_e– j ]h
lanbeh `a h] iqfan ailnao]ne] lanq]j] `a _h]oa ia`e]Celhki] `a Dopq`eko `a F“ jank+ Okjpebe_e] Tjeranoe`]`
B]p– he_] `ah Oan˜ - Kei]
Ueh`kok Bdenejko+ B]niaj '0886(- K]o canajp]o- D`ep- D`]lnkolkKei],Oan˜
Uehh]jqar]+ @he_e] '0884(- Lqfan u ailnao]9 Do ja_ao]nek `]njko qj
ailqfkj_epk- Lkreieajpk L]jqah] Q]iko- Kei]-
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