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Calculations
Roman Numerals
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Calculations, Roman Numerals
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Roman Numeral System of Writing Numbers
Placement Rules for Roman Numerals
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Calculations, Roman Numerals
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Roman Numeral System of Writing Numbers
Uses eight alphabetic letters as primary units
Value of the numeral is determined by the letters used and the order in which the letters are
placed
Roman numerals have limited usefulness because they can only be used to indicate quantity
Unlike Arabic numbers, Roman numerals cannot be used for computation such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication or division
When used with units of the apothecary or avoirdupois systems, the numeral is usually
placed following the unit (e.g., gr, vi, 3ii, etc.)
Primary Roman numeral units are: Primary Roman Numeral Unit Table ( 02030010 )
Placement Rules for Roman Numerals
Quantity Expressed by Two or More Numerals
The quantity expressed by two or more numerals is the sum of the values of the numerals if
the numerals are successively equal or smaller in value.
No numeral can be repeated more than three times
Numerals V, L, and D are never repeated
Addition when numerals are successively equal or smaller in value: Addition Table (
02030020 )
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When a smaller numeral is placed before a larger numeral, the smaller numeral is
subtracted from the larger numeral
Numerals V, L, and D are never subtracted
A smaller numeral can only be placed before (i.e. subtracted from) the next two highest
numerals.
e. g.
I can be subtracted from V or X, but not from L, C, D, or M.
e.g.
X can be subtracted from L or C, but not D or M
No more than one numeral can be subtracted.
e. g., IX = 9, but IIX = 8
Subtraction when a smaller numeral is placed before a larger numeral: Subtraction Table (
02030030 )
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