Divided up Germany and Berlin into four parts, one for
each of the Allies in World War II (Great Britain,
France, Germany, and the Soviet Union)
The Soviet Union gained control of Eastern Europe
Yalta Conference
USA and the Soviet Union after WWII
Both nations competed and had a rivalry
Democracy and free enterprise economy vs. dictatorship
and communism
Superpowers
Harry Truman
President of the United States at the beginning of the
Cold War
Responsible for creating the policy of containment
A policy for preventing the spread of Communism
Comes from the Truman Doctrine
Said that the United States was prepared to aid any
country that wanted to resist Communism, in order to
control the spread of Communism
Containment
A metaphorical “wall” that divided the Soviet Union and
its satellite nations (communist countries in Eastern
Europe) from the democratic Western European nations
The Iron Curtain
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Mutual defense organization created by democratic
nations in the west to protect against communism
NATO
Formed by the Soviet Union and its satellite nations in
response to the creation of NATO
Warsaw Pact
Cold War Conflict fought between Communist North
Korea aided by Chinese forces and Democratic South
Korea aided by United Nations forces
War ended in a stalemate. The country today remains
divided at the 38th parallel
Korean War
Vietnam War
Berlin
France owned Vietnam during the Age of Imperialism
Ho Chi Minh and the Communist forces fought for
independence from the French
Vietnam was divided between a Communist North and a
Democratic South
The Communist North wanted to unite with the South
under a communist government
Due to the policy of containment, the United States got
involved in the war on the side of the Democratic South
The war waged back and forth for many years. The
Vietcong in the North fought a guerrilla war that
eventually forced the Americans out of the war, and the
Communist forces won.
Vietnam today is a united communist country.
The capital of Germany during WWII
During the Cold War, it was divided into four parts as a
result of the Yalta Conference, but the whole city was
located in the Soviet part of Germany
The Soviet Union wanted the American influence out of
their part of Germany, and eventually built a wall
between their part of the city and the rest of it.
A wall built dividing East Berlin (Communist) from
West Berlin (Democratic) in the 1960s that lasted until it
was torn down in 1989.
The Berlin Wall
Cuban Missile
Crisis
President John F. Kennedy was notified that the Soviet
Union was building nuclear missile sites on the island of
Cuba, which was governed by a Soviet ally, Fidel Castro
JFK was prepared to launch a nuclear war should the
Soviet Union make an aggressive move
This event was the closest the world ever came to a
nuclear war
Collapse of
Communism in
Europe
Theory of
Deterrence
Chinese Civil
War
The Communist economy in Eastern Europe collapsed
Nationalism in Warsaw Pact countries led to increased
rebellions
The Berlin Wall was torn down in 1989—this was a
symbol of the end of communism
The Soviet Union breaks up
NATO expands a result of the Soviet Union breaking up
Countries hesitated to use nuclear weapons for fear of
what other countries would retaliate with.
For example, the USA would not use the H bomb on the
Soviet Union, because they were afraid the Soviet Union
would use the H bomb on them
After WWII, China had two major political parties (the
Nationalists and the Communists) that fought for power
The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, defeated the
Nationalists, led by Chang Kai-Shek
The Communists owned mainland China, and renamed it
the People’s Republic of China
The Nationalists fled to Taiwan—the two countries still
fight today
Leader of the Nationalists in China
Chiang Kai-Shek
Leader of the Communists in China
Mao Zedong
Indira Gandhi
Margaret
Thatcher
Mikhail
Gorbachev
Prime Minister of India from 1966-1977 and then from
1980-1984
Fostered a close relationship between India and the
Soviet Union
Developed a nuclear program in India
Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1979-1990
Supported free trade and less government regulation of
business
Supported a close relationship with the United States and
its foreign policy
Developed the military power of the United Kingdom
The last president of the Soviet Union, from 1988-1991
Developed the ideas of glasnost (openness) and
perestroika (restructuring) for the Soviet economy
Responsible for agreeing to tear down the Berlin Wall
Deng Xiaoping
The Development
of Independence
in India
Mohandas
Gandhi
Republic of India
Chinese Communist leader from 1978-1992
Reformed China’s communist economy to a market
economy, which led to rapid economic growth
Continued the communist control of the government
British colony until the 1940s
The Indian National Congress was created during
colonial rule to encourage Indian nationalism
Divisions between Hindus and Muslims made
independence difficult to achieve
Mohandas Gandhi was a major leader—supported civil
disobedience and passive resistance
Partition occurred in 1947
Leader of the Indian Independence movement
Supported civil disobedience and passive resistance
World’s largest democratic nation
Federal system—government gives many powers to the
states
Jawaharlal Nehru, an associate of Gandhi, supported
western-style industrialization
Ethnic and religious differences kept India from
developing democratically—even though in 1950, the
Constitution tried to get rid of caste discrimination
New economic development has helped to ease India’s
financial problems
India
Causes of
Independence
Movements in
Africa
Countries to know: Indian sub-continent, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka
Pakistan and Bangladesh: today are Muslim
India: today is Hindu
Sri Lanka: today is primarily Buddhist
According to the United Nations, all nations have the
right to self-determination
Pride in African cultures and heritage
Resentment of imperial rule and economic exploitation
Loss of colonies by Great Britain, France, Belgium and
Portugal, also superpowers influenced feelings during
the Cold War
Peaceful transition from British to self-rule as a result of
boycotts, strikes, and economic pressures
West African
Independence
Movements
Kenya’s
independence
movement
Led by Jomo Kenyatta
Achieved independence from Britain as a result of a
violent struggle
Jomo Kenyatta
Leader of the Kenyan independence movement
Part of the Mau-Mau rebellion
First President of Kenya
Black South Africans’ struggle against apartheid and
British rule led by Nelson Mandela
Independence
Movement in
South Africa
Nelson Mandela
Leader of South African independence movement
Imprisoned for many years
Became first black president of the Republic of South
Africa
A system of legal racial segregation in South Africa,
primarily organized between whites and members of
other races
Apartheid
Established by the League of Nations
Granted independence after WWII
Resulted in Middle East conflicts created by religious
differences
Mandates
Lebanon and Syria
French Mandates
Jordan (formerly Transjordan)
Palestine (part of it later becomes Israel)
British Mandates
Golda Meir
Prime Minister of Israel from 1969-1974
Led Israel to victory in the Yom Kippur War
Sought the aid of the United States
Gamal Abdul
Nasser
President of Egypt from 1956-1970
Nationalized the Suez Canal
Established a relationship between Egypt and the Soviet
Union
Built the Aswan High Dam
Monotheism
10 commandments of moral and religious conduct
Sacred Text: Torah: written records and beliefs of the
Jews
Concentrated in Israel and North America
Judaism
Christianity
Islam
Monotheism
Jesus as the son of god
Life after death
Sacred Text: New Testament: life and teachings of Jesus
Establishment of Christian doctrines by early church
councils
Concentrated in Europe and North and South America
Monotheism
Founded by Muhammad, the prophet
Sacred Text: Qur’an
Five Pillars of Islam—faith, fasting, alms, prayer,
pilgrimage
Mecca and Medina are the holiest cities
Location today: Concentrated in the Middle East, Africa,
and Asia
Buddhism
Hinduism
Founded by Siddhartha Gautama
Guidelines: Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path
Final Goal: enlightenment or nirvana
Asoka’s missionaries were responsible for spreading
Buddhism from India to China and other parts of Asia
Location today: Concentrated in East and Southeast Asia
Founder: no one person
Has many forms of one god
Reincarnation: rebirth based upon your karma
Karma: knowledge that all thoughts and actions result in
future consequences
Final Goal: moksha
Location today: concentrated in India
The use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce
for political reasons
Often caused by religious extremism OR problems
resulting from the differences between developed and
developing nations
Terrorism
Examples of
Terrorism
Munich Olympics
9/11/2001 attacks—motivated by extremism on the part
of Osama bin Laden
Car bombings
Suicide bombers
Airline Hijackers
Government
Responses to
Terrorism
Surveillance increased
Review of privacy rights
Security at ports and airports increased
Identification badges and photos required