!
RESEARCH REPORT
THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL
(UNSC)
QUESTION OF THE FALKLAND ISLANDS
NAZLI UĞUR KÖYLÜOĞLU
MUNDP 2017 – Commitment to Development – Research Report
Committee: The United Nations Security Council
Agenda Item: Question of the Falkland Islands
Student Officer & Role: Nazlı Uğur Köylüoğlu (Deputy President of UNSC)
Basic Overview of the Issue
The Falkland Islands, also called Islas Malvinas, are
an archipelago in the South Atlantic, and sovereignty over
the islands has become an issue of conflict between the
United Kingdom and Argentina following the British de
facto control over the territory since the 19th century. As the
islands were previously under Spanish rule, the Argentine
government argues that it has inherited the right of
Map of the Falkland Islands
sovereignty over the islands following the Argentinean
independence from Spain in 1810, with regard to the principle of uti possidetis juris)20, and considers
the archipelago a part of the Tierra del Fuego Province. Therefore, Argentina has been disputing the
alleged British occupation of the territory in 1833 and has maintained its claim over the Falkland
Islands ever since. The government of the Falkland Islands and the United Kingdom, on the other
hand, claim that the British settlements were established before any Argentinean claim was issued.27
The majority of the Falkland Islanders is of British descent and has expressed its unwillingness
for Argentine sovereignty during a referendum; thus justifying the British control as the people’s will.
The Falkland Islands, a self-governing British Overseas Territory, grounds its legitimacy upon this
very idea, and the principle of self-determination has become the cornerstone of its foreign policy.27
The Argentine government, however, does not recognize the islanders as the legitimate “people” of the
islands, maintaining that the United Kingdom expelled the legitimate indigenous population after its
occupation of the territory and implanted its own illegitimate settlers, who constitute the current
population.
The conflict had persisted in the form of passive protests by the Argentine government and did
not have a major international impact until the Falklands War of 1982, which resulted in an increased
presence of British control over the islands. Recently, the situation has shifted to the advantage of the
Argentine government, with the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
ruling on March 28, 201634 that the waters surrounding the Falkland Islands are included in
Argentina’s maritime territory. This decision has bolstered the Argentinian claim over the territory,
while on the other hand it has raised serious concerns within the government of the Falkland Islands
and the United Kingdom.26
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Explanation of Important Terms
Self-Determination
In 1945, the Charter of the United Nations introduced the concept of self-determination into
the international law21, which refers to “the determination by the people of a territorial unit of their
own future political status.”29 It “denotes the legal right of people to decide their own destiny in the
international order.”29 The Falkland Islands currently embraces this principle officially, and grounds its
legitimacy as a British Overseas Territory over the support of the population, which Argentina does
not view as a legitimate “people” for the self-determination principle to be valid.
Uti Possidetis Juris
“Uti possidetis juris (UPJ) is a principle of customary international law that serves to preserve
the boundaries of colonies emerging as States.” The purpose of this law is to prevent territorial
conflicts in newly formed States following their independence and the withdrawal of the previous
administering power. The law “was originally applied to establish the boundaries of decolonized
territories in Latin America,” and specifically aimed to inhibit “any designs which non-American
colonizing powers might have on regions which had been assigned by the former metropolitan State to
one division or another, but which were still uninhabited or unexplored.”35 Following its independence
from the Spanish colonies, Argentina was assigned the Falkland Islands; therefore, this principle forms
the basis of Argentinean claims over the archipelago.
British Overseas Territory
A British Overseas Territory (BOT) is one of the 14 self-governing territories under the
sovereignty of the United Kingdom, including Bermuda, Gibraltar, and the Falkland Islands. These
territories were former colonies of the British Empire which have voluntarily chosen not to gain
independence but instead to remain as British territories. The Falkland Islands are a BOT. They are a
self-governing State: their internal affairs such as policies and legislation are determined by the
Falkland Islanders; however, they are dependent to the United Kingdom on foreign issues and defense.
9, 27
Tierra del Fuego
The Tierra del Fuego Province is the southernmost province of Argentina, consisting of the
eastern half of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, with the other half belonging to Chile.32 The region is
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important for two major reasons: firstly, there was a dispute between Argentina and Chile about
territorial rights on the archipelago, which led Chile to support the Falkland Islands and the United
Kingdom during the Falklands War.2 Secondly, Argentina considers the Falkland Islands as a part of
the Tierra del Fuego province due to their geographical proximity.
Detailed Background of the Issue
The Falkland Islands, referred to as Islas
Malvinas in Spanish, first appeared in history in the
17th century, and was colonized by various countries.
French settlements were found on East Falkland in
1764. In 1765, the West Falkland was settled by the
British, who were driven away by the Spanish in
1770. The British reclaimed the territory in 1771, but
withdrew again in 1774, yielding it to Spain once
again. Between 1829 and 1933, the islands briefly
Map of the Falkland Islands
hosted Argentinian settlements, but the officials were
expelled and the territory was seized first by the United States and finally by the British Empire in
1833 for the following 150 years.14 After Great Britain took over Puerto de la Soledad by the means of
arms in 1833, the archipelago became a British Crown Colony in 1841, was called The Falkland
Islands Dependencies, and was inhabited by people of British nationality. As the representative of the
United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, the predecessor of Argentina, Manuel Moreno issued an
official protest against British occupation in 1833. The territorial dispute continued passively in the
form of the Argentine government’s formal protests. However, the British Empire did not respond to
these protests until the matter was raised again after 1940s.20
Post-World War II
After World War II, some British colonies began to gain their independence, while some
including the Falkland Islands voluntarily chose to remain dependent upon the United Kingdom.
However, Argentina took this independence trend as an opportunity to take the issue to the United
Nations in 1945. In the following years, the United Nations passed resolutions calling Argentina and
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the United Kingdom to hold peaceful negotiations on the sovereignty of the territory. Better relations
were established between the Argentine government and the Falkland Islands in terms of trade and
transportation, and both parties agreed upon the importance of devising a peaceful solution as
expressed in the 1971 Agreement On Communications Between The Falkland Islands And Argentina1;
however, a definitive conclusion could not be reached on sovereignty, as either side proclaimed legal
justifications to their sovereign rights. The failure of achieving compromise later led to an armed
conflict in 1982.
The Falklands War
After almost 150 years of fruitless diplomatic efforts, Argentine invaded the archipelago, along
with other South Atlantic islands in territorial dispute, on April 2, 1982. The Argentine government
claims that the military operation was not aimed for any British casualties.20 The conflict began to
draw international recognition increasingly as the United States’, Peru’s, and the United Nations’
mediation efforts failed to subside the tensions between the Argentine and United Kingdom
governments.
During the war, either side provided military support by other Latin American countries. While
majority of the countries in Latin America including Peru backed Argentina, Chile, which had
territorial disputes with Argentina on the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, aided the United Kingdom
significantly by means of providing intelligence about Argentinian military and warnings on
Argentina’s air movements.2
Within approximately 2 months, 255 Britons and 655 Argentines lost their lives during the
fighting.22 The war resulted on June 4, 1982 with the victory of Great Britain, which increased its
physical presence in the Falkland Islands post-war.
Post-Falklands War
Following the end of the war, the British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act of 1983 was
passed, granting the islanders full United Kingdom citizenship.8 Furthermore, in 1984, the United
Kingdom established a Royal Air Force (RAF) station on the Falkland Islands, “Mount Pleasant,” as a
military and transport presence.30 In 1985, The Falkland Islands Dependencies became the Falkland
Islands British Overseas Territory (BOT), a self-governing country independent in internal affairs and
dependent upon the United Kingdom in foreign affairs. The new Constitution of 1985 guaranteed the
rights of self-determination of the local inhabitants12, recognizing the people as the legitimate party to
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determine the sovereignty rights of the country. However, Argentina refused this as a justification for
British control, claiming that the current population was not a legitimate representative. The United
Kingdom assumed the role of defending the law and the alleged rights of self-determination of the
population, the majority of which has been British since 1833 and wish to remain dependent upon the
United Kingdom.20
In 1989, diplomatic relations were restored between Argentina and the United Kingdom. In
1998, the Argentine president Carlos Menem visited London, where he reaffirmed Argentina’s claim
on the archipelago but promised to pursue in a peaceful manner. The visit was reciprocated by the
United Kingdom Prime Minister Tony Blair for discussions on trade; however, the United Kingdom
was reluctant to hold any discussions on sovereignty.38
After a period of stillness, Argentina restored its demands due to a dispute over fishing and oil
drilling licenses in the waters around the islands. In 2006, the United Kingdom granted fishing rights
to the Falkland Islands for a lengthened period, which Argentina opposed, arguing that the waters are
within the Argentine waters and that the United Kingdom does not possess the authority of making
this decision. Consequently, Argentina requested a United Nations intervention to the matter.22 In
2010, British firms began petroleum drilling in the waters, which served to further increase tensions
and led 32 Latin American and Caribbean states to back Argentina in its demand for United Nations
intervention. In solidarity with Argentina, these countries began implementing sanctions such as
preventing HMSs (Her or His Majesty’s Britannic Majesty’s Ship) from docking in their lands, which
was followed by South American trade blocs such as Mercosur and the Bolivarian Alliance bloc
(ALBA) banning ships and aircraft carrying the Falkland Islands flag. Also, in December 2011,
Argentina initiated a naval campaign to isolate the islands by patrolling the waters and detaining boats
claimed to be operating illegally in Argentine waters under the invalid fishing licenses issued by the
Falkland Islands. The United Kingdom accused Argentina of colonialism as a response.38
In January 2012, the United Kingdom announced that it would deploy one of its most
advanced warships to the islands, armed with missiles capable of eliminating all of South America’s
fighter aircraft.4 This further raised tensions, and the President of Venezuela Hugo Chavez pledged
that Venezuelan armed forces would fight against the United Kingdom beside Argentina in any
possible future conflict.19 After the actualization of the deployment, Argentina condemned the
militarization of the region by the British, and accused the United Kingdom of sending a nuclear
submarine.4
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The controversy later gave rise to a referendum in the Falkland Islands, which resulted in the
inhabitants voting overwhelmingly for the islands to remain British; therefore, the United Kingdom
once again called Argentina and the international community to recognize and respect the islanders’
wishes.14
Recently, however, the United Nations ruled in March 2016 to expand Argentina’s maritime
territory to include the Falkland Islands. This decision was in Argentina’s advantage, as it is an
international recognition of Argentina’s rights on the waters, and although the decision does not
specifically address the territorial dispute on the islands, it has bolstered the Argentinian claim over
the territory. “This is a historic occasion for Argentina because we've made a huge leap in the
demarcation of the exterior limit of our continental shelf,” Foreign Minister Susana Malcorra said, and
added: “this reaffirms our sovereignty rights over the resources of our continental shelf.” On the other
hand, the decision has raised serious concerns within the government of the Falkland Islands about
authority over natural resources, as oil exploration in the surrounding waters constitute a major role in
the country’s economy.26
Argentina displayed a more peaceful approach in May 2016, Argentina’s new foreign minister
Susana Malcorra stated that the Falkland Islands are no longer the main determinant in Argentina’s
relationship with the United Kingdom and expressed Argentina’s willingness to prioritize trade and
investment in bilateral relations. She stated: “The islands are still a top priority because they are in the
constitution and if I were to dismiss the issue I would be going against the constitution,” she said. “But
we have to explore dialogue and partnership beyond the Malvinas.”35 Later in June 2016, however,
Malcorra explicitly stated that the self-determination principle is not an appropriate justification for
British control of the islands. This principle “cannot violate the territorial integrity of existing States,”
she said, and claimed that “the current inhabitants of the Malvinas Islands” “are not recognized as a
'people' which can exercise this right under the United Nations resolutions” because “when the United
Kingdom forcefully occupied the islands in 1833, it expelled the authorities and population of the
State that was legitimately exercising its sovereignty, subsequently implanting its own settlers and
strictly controlling migration policies, which have determined up to this very day the current
composition of the population in the territory.”6 This does not necessarily indicate hostility between
Argentina and the United Kingdom, however, as both sides signed a deal in December 2016 to identify
the Argentine soldiers who died in the Falklands War and are buried on the islands.17
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Major Parties Involved
The United Kingdom & The Falkland Islands
The United Kingdom (UK) has maintained de
facto control over the Falkland Islands since 1833, and
claims that the sovereignty rights over the islands are not
negotiable. The UK bases its claims upon the principle of
self-determination, an internationally accepted right
Flag of Falkland Islands
enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations Charter.33
This principle is in the Constitution of the Falkland Islands. It recognizes the interests of the
population of the Falkland Islands as the legitimate decision mechanism, and emphasizes the
importance of the inhabitants’ contest. Therefore, the success of the UK in the 2013 referendum, in
which 99.8% voters voted to remain a British Overseas Territory (BOT) on a 92% turnout, is a
significant argument itself.37 Argentina opposes the validity of self-determinism in the case of
Falkland Islands because it argues that the current inhabitants of the islands are not a legitimate
“people” to determine the future of the country: the indigenous population was allegedly forced to
leave during and British people were implanted to the territory during the British occupation in 1883.
The UK responds to this by stating that an Argentine garrison was expelled in 1833 but the civilian
residents were allowed to stay.25
The UK also backs its sovereignty by historical arguments, one of them being that Great
Britain both claimed and settled the islands in 1765, before Argentina even existed.5 Another argument
is that the Anglo-Spanish agreement of 1771 recognized the claims of not only Spain, but of both
Spain and Britain25 and that Britain did not renounce its sovereignty rights when it withdrew from its
settlements in 1774.5
The UK further counters Argentina’s claim based on the international law of uti possidetis juris
by objecting to the universality of the law and further maintaining that as Spain did not have de facto
control over the islands since 1811, Argentina could not have inherited the islands upon independence;
therefore, the law protecting the borders of an inherited territory would not apply.10
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Argentina
Argentina claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands based on the international law of uti
possidetis, which guarantees to preserve the borders of previous colonies that gains independence and
emerge as new states. The Constitution of Argentina identifies Islas Malvinas as a part of the National
territory, and the government considers the archipelago a part of the Tierra del Fuego Province. As the
Spanish colonized the islands earlier, up until 1811, Argentina argues that it inherited the right of
sovereignty from Spain following its independence in 1810 by formally claiming the territory 1820
and occupying it briefly until 1833.20 Argentina also puts forth the Nootka Sound Convention of 1879
as a justification for Spanish sovereignty rather than British sovereignty over the archipelago prior to
Argentine independence, which supports its argument about the transfer of sovereignty rights from
Spain to Argentina. The convention signed by both parties stated that the islands adjacent to the coasts
or other islands colonized by one country couls not be occupied by the other. Argentina interprets the
occupation of the Falkland Islands as an illegal act against this convention, while the United Kingdom
rejected the inclusion of the archipelago in this agreement.23
Argentina opposes the United Kingdom’s self-determination argument by stating that
analyzing the issue of sovereignty in the historical context is more significant than discussing the
rights of the inhabitants in determining the future of their country, as Argentina views the current
population of the Falkland Islands as a result and a representative of the wrongful British occupation
of the territory. It argues that the indigenous population was forecfully expelled and replaced by a
transplanted British population during the 1883 British occupation of the islands, which it believes
eliminates the legitimacy of the current population’s decisions on sovereignty.20 Argentina also refers
the previous United Nations resolutions favoring it to prove the international recognition of its claim.
The United States of America
The United States of America assumed a mediator position between the United Kingdom and
Argentina throughout the conflict in the 20th and 21st centuries. It recognizes the current de facto
administration of the Falkland Islands; however, calls for peaceful negotiations between the UK and
Argentina.
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Chile
Chile had territorial disputes with Argentina on the Tierra del Fuego archipelago; therefore, it
is one of the few Latin American countries that have not backed Argentina throughout the conflict.
During the war, it aided the United Kingdom significantly by means of providing intelligence.2
Venezuela
Venezuela, along with many other Latin American countries, supported Argentina in the
territorial dispute, implemented sanctions against the Falkland Islands, and banned aircraft and vessels
from the islands. Venezuela also expressed its reaction rather strongly by pledging in 2012 that it
would fight alongside Argentina in any future conflict with the United Kingdom.
The People’s Republic of China
The People’s Republic of China supports the sovereignty claim of Argentina, while Argentine
supports the Chinese claim on Taiwan. On the contrary, the Republic of China (Taiwan) acknowledges
the United Kingdom’s sovereignty of the islands.
Chronology of Important Events
Date
Description of Event
1764
First French settlements are found on East Falkland.
1765
British settlements are established on West Falkland. The British withdraw
for a brief period only to later regain the territory from the Spanish.
1774
Spain gains control of the islands.
1820
Argentina proclaims sovereignty over the islands following its independence.
1833
Britain occupies the archipelago and expels Argentine officials.
December 16, 1965
The United Nations calls for peaceful discussions between Argentina and the
UK in a resolution for the first time.
April 2, 1982
Argentina invades the Falkland Islands, initiating the Falklands War.
June 14, 1982
The Falklands War ends with British victory.
March 28, 1983
The British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act was passed, granting British
citizenship rights to the islanders.
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April 18, 1985
A new Constitution is adopted, describing the Falkland Islands as a selfgoverning state dependent upon the UK in foreign affairs.
1989
Diplomatic relations are restored between the UK and Argentina.
2006
The UK grants fishing rights to the Falkland Islands for a lengthened period
without the consent of Argentina.
2010
British firms begin drilling in the waters surrounding the islands for
petroleum. Many Latin American countries back Argentina and blocs such as
Mercosur and ALBA ban ships and aircrafts carrying the Falkland Islands
flag.
2011
Argentina begins patrolling the waters surrounding the islands and detaining
the boats operating “illegally” under the Falkland Islands’ permission.
2012
The United Kingdom deploys a warship to the islands, armed with missiles.
Argentina denounces the militarization of the region. Venezuela pledges to
fight alongside Argentina in any future conflict against the UK.
2013
A referendum is held in the Falkland Islands, where more than 90% of the
voters vote in favor of remaining a British Overseas Territory (BOT).
March 28, 2016
The United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf ruled
that the waters surrounding the Falkland Islands are included in Argentina’s
maritime territory.
May 17, 2016
Argentina’s foreign minister declares that trade and investment will be
prioritized upon the sovereignty of the Falkland Islands in bilateral relations
with the UK.
June 28, 2016
Argentina’s foreign minister claims that the Falkland Islands inhabitants do
not qualify as a legitimate “people” for the principle of self-determination to
be valid.
December 21, 2016
The UK and Argentina signs a deal to identify the dead soldiers buried on the
islands, who died during the Falklands War.
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Relevant International Documents
•
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, December
14th, 1960 (1514 XV)
•
Question of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas), December 16th, 1965 (2065 XX)
•
Question of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas), December 14th, 1973 (3160 XXVIII)
•
Question of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas), December 1st, 1976 (A/RES/31/49)
•
(Security Council) Falkland Islands (Malvinas), April 3rd, 1982 (S/RES/502)
•
(Security Council) Falkland Islands (Malvinas), May 26th, 1982 (S/RES/505)
•
Question of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas), November 4th, 1982 (A/RES/37/9)
Past Attempts to Resolve the Issue
The United Nations and the United States have assumed the role of mediating between the UK
and Argentina ever since before the Falklands War. They encourage peaceful negotiations; however,
were unable to prevent the rise in tensions or the war. This was because they were not actively
involved other than making suggestions; they were not actively involved in these talks. The
international community was not aware of the dimensions of the conflict.
The UK and Argentina also established better diplomatic and trade relations, which highly
benefited the creation of a more peaceful environment in the region; however, this did not prevent
territorial and economical fights over the lands of or the waters surrounding the islands. Whenever a
brief period of peace was reached, an issue about fishing or petroleum drilling emerged. Without
addressing these issues, completely peaceful negotiations and compromises cannot be expected.
International organizations such as the International Court of Justice (ICJ) were not actively
involved in this territorial dispute, which resulted in the lack of a valid and universally accepted
international judgment on the matter, with both sides pursuing their claims with their own
justifications.
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Solution Alternatives
•
As this is a territorial conflict, taking it to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) could be a
feasible solution, in which both sides’ claims and justifications would be considered and a
reasonable solution that must be accepted by both sides would be reached. However, in the
past, when the United Kingdom or Argentina offered this, the other usually opposed such a
proposal; therefore, an incentive for this to be accepted could be contrived.
•
The main issue in sovereignty is that neither side is willing to compromise. As a compromise,
the sovereignty rights of the islands and the surrounding waters could be given to different
states rather a single state. This would be consistent with the current United Nations decision,
as the UN recognizes the islands as British territory but recently ruled that the surrounding
waters are within Argentinian waters; however, the key would be to convince the UK and
Argentina on this matter. A possible compromise must also take into account the issues
regarding fishing and petroleum drilling around the region of the islands and the surrounding
waters; both parties must agree upon the official documentation they recognize as valid for
such activities.
•
The Latin American countries’ objectivity on the matter is important to prevent any further
increase in tensions. A division between the Latin American countries in terms of which ones
support Argentina and which support the UK would be damaging to both the political stability
and economy of South America. Also, a collective opposition against the Falkland Islands and
the UK would also be damaging to their relations in the international platform and the
economy of both the islands and the South American countries; therefore, implementing
sanctions could be discouraged and trade and diplomatic relations could be encouraged by
means of providing certain incentives.
•
Peaceful discussions would prove to be very important in negotiations; however, in order to
prevent a repetition of the fruitless conversations of the pass, the mediators must assume a
more active role. The international community could participate in the talks and be as active as
possible in providing consulting. The international community can go as far as deciding upon
certain consequences that both sides would face in case of a failure to achieve peaceful
diplomatic talks; however, this must be thoroughly examined, keeping in mind the importance
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of avoiding hostility and major economic harms to either country if sanctions are to be
implemented. Objectivity is key in this case, as both sides should be equally represented in the
international community for a fair process.
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lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1518&context=iclr>.
21. Lorton, Roger. "The Falkland Islands – History & Timeline." Wordpress. N.p., 09 Dec. 2013.
Web. 30 Dec. 2016. <https://falklandstimeline.wordpress.com/1-summary/>.
22. McDermott, Jeremy. "Argentina Renews Campaign over Falklands Claim." The Telegraph.
Telegraph Media Group, 30 June 2006. Web. 30 Dec. 2016. <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/
worldnews/southamerica/argentina/1522729/Argentina-renews-campaign-over-Falklandsclaim.html>.
23. "Nootka Sound Controversy." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20
July 1998. Web. 30 Dec. 2016. <https://global.britannica.com/event/Nootka-Soundcontroversy - ref268802>.
24. Parfitt, Tom. "FALKLANDS ROW: Now United Nations Bureaucrats Rule Islands 'lie in
Argentine Waters'" Daily Express. Express Newspapers, 29 Mar. 2016. Web. 30 Dec. 2016.
<http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/656284/Falkland-Islands-United-Nations-SusanaMalcorra-Argentina>.
25. Pascoe, Graham, and Peter Pepper. "False Falklands History at the United Nations, How
Argentina Misled the UN in 1964 – and Still Does." (n.d.): n. pag. Falklands History. 2012.
Web. 30 Dec. 2016. <http://www.falklandshistory.com/false-falklands-history.pdf>.
26. Payton, Matt. "Falkland Islands in Argentinian Waters, United Nations Rules." The
Independent. Independent Digital News and Media, 29 Mar. 2016. Web. 30 Dec. 2016. <http://
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www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/falkland-islands-argentinian-waters-argentinaun-united-nations-commission-on-the-limits-of-the-a6957611.html>.
27. "Relationship with Argentina." Falkland Islands Government. The Falkland Islands, n.d. Web.
30 Dec. 2016. <http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/>.
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n.d. Web. 30 Dec. 2016. <http://www.raf.mod.uk/organisation/stations.cfm?
selectStation=9E0E8C39-F754-2F05-6BF4D6CE47462066>.
31. The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, 29 Mar. 2016. Web. 30 Dec. 2016. <http://
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32. "Tierra Del Fuego." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 24 June 2013.
Web. 30 Dec. 2016. <https://global.britannica.com/place/Tierra-del-Fuego-provinceArgentina>.
33. "UK Says Falklands’ Self Determination Is a Universal Right Enshrined in UN Charter."
MercoPress. MercoPress, 25 Jan. 2012. Web. 30 Dec. 2016. <http://en.mercopress.com/
2012/01/25/uk-says-falklands-self-determination-is-a-universal-right-enshrined-in-un-charter>.
34. "United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf Rules Falklands Islands
Are in Argentina’s Waters (March 28, 2016)." American Society of International Law. N.p., 18
Apr. 2016. Web. 30 Dec. 2016. <https://www.asil.org/blogs/united-nations-commission-limitscontinental-shelf-rules-falklands-islands-are-argentina’s>.
35. "Uti Possidetis Juris." Legal Information Institute (LII). Cornell University Law School, n.d.
Web. 30 Dec. 2016. <https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/uti_possidetis_juris>.
36. Wheatley, Jonathan. "Argentina Says Falklands No Longer Main Issue in UK Relationship."
Financial Times. The Financial Times LTD, 17 May 2016. Web. 30 Dec. 2016. <https://
www.ft.com/content/37bcf3a8-190a-11e6-b197-a4af20d5575e>.
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37. Wyatt, Caroline. "Falklands Referendum: Voters Choose to Remain UK Territory." BBC News.
BBC, 12 Mar. 2013. Web. 30 Dec. 2016. <http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-21750909>.
38. Yapp, Robin, and Sean O'Hare. "Falklands Islands: Timeline of Tensions since the War." The
Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, 15 Feb. 2012. Web. 30 Dec. 2016. <http://
www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/falklandislands/9084422/FalklandsIslands-timeline-of-tensions-since-the-war.html>.
Useful Links
•
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fk.html - CIA World
Factbook, “Falkland Islands” webpage
•
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ar.html - CIA World
Factbook, “Argentina” webpage
•
http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/Falklands-Facts-and-Fictions-ENGLISH-.pdf - Publication
by Falkland Islands Government, “50 Years of Argentine Falsehoods at the United Nations”
•
http://www.falklands.gov.fk/self-governance/relationship-with-argentina/ - Falkland Islands
Government webpage, “Relationship with Argentina”
•
http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1518&context=iclr - Boston
College International and Comparative Law Review, Volume 6, Issue 2, Article 3,
“Sovereignty and Decolonization of the Malvinas (Falkland) Islands”
•
http://www.falklands.gov.fk/assets/OurIslandsOurHistory1.pdf - Publication by Falkland
Islands Museum and National Trust, “Our Islands, Our History”
•
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-18425572 - BBC News World Profile, Falkland
Islands
•
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/southamerica/falklandislands/9084422/FalklandsIslands-timeline-of-tensions-since-the-war.html - The Telegraph article, “Falklands Islands:
timeline of tensions since the war”
•
http://www.falklandshistory.com/false-falklands-history.pdf - Electronic report, “False
Falklands History at the United Nations”
•
https://falklandstimeline.wordpress.com/1-summary/ - Blog entry, “The Falkland Islands –
History & Timeline, Summary”
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MUNDP 2017 – Commitment to Development