.l
^
!.
JL-{.i
J
-YIl
w P3 2
Inrloduc tion
.'}'i:,1,.-,x'l,iii*-"i:ry
.;{;:i+:;f
i;i,.
.;";,:1d""i.i;:.,:
;::;-;::;":;.;:.:l;";';.;1"x,ij",,,;":::::.,;
or
the eno oI !V?4, " c,^--
::;"llrf; il:;';il; ;::;";;:'::;;:":i"1";;:,'i::*",,
::'::';:'!
jl.i.ji"iit.i::-*;.;,.;.tii",j.jit,;1";;";,ii_4;::
ru lIj"::::*"".
o'
ft-t*t**r'..*;*t**-:'.l
rne authors of
th:
';:ii:i;.:::.ixt#;
"*
:i"
j,"ir;
f;ti:r*f
{dj'*"
t*}*l ;
C,
iata
",.
on Area
(see si:etch)
i:;:"i:il ::;::.;::i";:,.,;:.;;.::":;ijf".,".. o",,,""
,o-,2are
or rhe,'iuie
;h
jj:;ri:i*iifi,;:ii,"tii
ll;:r;i:;t;,:;,i;".;,:
liili::i$:ii.:l
;:.i;".i'll":i
j:'.il:r'ii::a::.d.r;;e
s:!T
,, 5iiitat'*ri:ii;rf::i,",i:",:iil
:rE.a,h6
*,*t-li;i'*i:l,ffi
j#t:i,;.,"
ilrt;?*,:'*r*
, . t " " . " n t " , " - . , " ' - l ::::." ' " '
ffi .*'".filjii."'ii*'*#Tl'Ji:',i'r#i.l
*t;*
r /rc
!l
rds
;i,;;"i,,...""- -."'.J"1:
: : : : . " . . " , b i r d s ,b u L
*+;--;;'
li"ij;il:"::i;;"''; o'"
;:::"':,::;i""ii;"ilI
vdelLu6
vane1lu6
thouP:h rn slraLl'er nu.Ebers.
durina t5€ 6a-Be perioa as the gullst
: -ese ai!ear
'Lne-r
frod year to yeari and by Dor
nuaberE. however, have b€en inc.easins
i5 that
The lrair probles l,lith lapt.ln8s
xave reacf.ed severa.I rrou6auds.
',h€] a.!'e preienl
Looki!g
a
a
g
h
t
'
a
]
l
t
l
d
e
s
'
e
v
€
n
a
t
I
e
r
u
^
w
a
y
s
a
!
near
-or tood or rooEtint.
In addition
to the6e two aarn species,
oi.ds,
o: wbj.cr two et 1ea6t are torlrr
T..e ColLared
i/ove -
!-he 3 iarLing
-
The reFe]1ent
!1arLnly: -
lias
Toe rartridre
-
StreDtopelia
Lhe.e are Eal]y 6pecl€6
deriloninS:
of
6oa1Le.
decs.octo
v!l,ga.ri6
:iurDus
also
rrie:
Alectori.E
Jul
chllkar.
by u6
oD
which
1r!€
aome
iiere
:
id
rhe biA
resident
rlunefou6
ilock6
bi:osl
ol
6everaL hundreds, hidinc adoBa 6hrub6 j-n the uncul"tivat€d plota ano in
tr,e aaricultural
rer:ions beyond the ferco. anC corilF out into the bare
plots to fiac food (oaj.n1y cereals).
a 8!ave danGer to
Th€y couEtltute
avj.a.tion because oi therf f01, ilight6
above tlle ruEYay6, e6pecially rn
vr.e{ of their conparativefy
heavy veiSht.
T h e C a tt l e E e . e t tnousaodE ot wb.ich are ro be
Ard€ofa ibas , sever-l
iound i.n lhe alear
thcy ar€ tlot j.! ihe habit
and afthouah
of concentrating
in fr€at
Dunbers near tne runvayB ! ihey descend in Sleat flockc
on the
conEiitute
a ?articuLar
danAer ulen they leave
iiarbaue dunps to f..dtand
'rie area in fLock8, frequently
crossing tbe.un1Jaysr on the way to thelr
te.nanert
colony (Eooe 6 kd north of the airport).
In adCj.tj.on to these tao srecies,
iler€
are oany other resid€n!
bird6
3ritearin;
onLy occrs;.nally,
and in Baaller !unbers,
suc:, as,,ihe 5.ur-
:irEed
;r;over - i .rlo
.! !s srErosnsi
tn.
IjSjISl_:_l!199-_!:MIl]l]L;
S tt rreeppttoo! !eel il ai a
o66
bba
rfi l E
E eeooonnnss (l\ nr roC
, r6trItyyl r n
r JJlrn:::it:.!l.srs)s ) - . j 1:l 'r1.l)uJl m
umm
bae
aee; ; i h ee ? aa llpp p oo vvee a
n
c
t
l
.
e
i
o
o
o
p
,
"
:
o.!u\ cornix.
!l!,
se
e nneessaal l. .ccaa- -
rork lte thod6
1 , Our fi!€t
objcctj.vc ras tbc Black-Headed cu116 Hhichr ir ridier,
alpear
hute nu-orbers on the garbase ;:unp6-;,i=16o--i-tbe
runrrye.
Observation6
sholred flock€ ot hundreds oI gul.ls nea. ^urvay 25-08, and al,so at the
Yahoud du-urprrhicb, at the tioe, },as sltuated 6oee 5OO ! ea6t ot Runray 2 b .
Pqrtridgesr
too, constituted
a danFe. on thi6 runway, assoEblilrg on the
edges of the rurray in thelr dozens, and crossing f.oo tine to tine to
Jonsequently, it was decided to concentrate 6prayiD8 operatj.on6 durinS
\94-?6
on tne Yahoud garbaae dua! and on the fringes of nuaByav26-08.
2.
After
the llahoud Aarbage du6p was noveC about 15 kn iroe the ar.rport
in
I9?7,
and havinF tlied
out other deterlent
j.t vorth
nethodE, we considered
uginit 'rReian a6airr6t the lapl1nq6r
ano6e lehavj.our and reactrolre
had becode
olole danaerou6 in the neaiTiii.
Tbe concentrationE
ot Cottared
iove6 near
nunray JO-12, too, decided u6 to concetltrate
sprayiag
oi-Tii-Tilili?-or
all rxe.unway€.
behaviour
_ff.e al:acr.-iieaded cul.16 also cnanaed their
in the cours€ oi the
.La6i leir years,
a d took r-o rcosti!6
ri6ht
at the beginEinA of hurllray 08,
as weli as 1n the l1eld6 in the area. w€ thereior€
apFli€d several t.ial
s:,rayinA6 on the aErhelt
ai rhe star.tin8. Doint of iunyay 08.
i.:o
check up on tne diiferences
in bird behaviour fofloyint
splayiDa6,ith
I'Retan, it was iecijed
Lo leave un6praved certain
(Hhich rere
pa.ts
!centical
to t.Jjeslraved narts) for control
purpose6, ba6ing ou. dec16j-on
a s t o v ! . r . r c : 1o a r t s t o s ! . a y o n b i . r
behaviour and on surtace conditions.
a.
.)
v!:;t'1nts
, aia..e:
a)
!9?--')a
lie
i[j-i].a:.
sDrayiat
no.th€rt:
frr.Dae6
-rhe
ronr ano *: G. Hi.de
.y ,ear.coprer
oi ^iu!$ay 26-Ob.
: anc
;" """,."
on
aL .-.2.7i.
on
T- ,r ._o- -s: t'r:e- i:c: ..r:e: 6:
- :o:."r ,
u
:-OOO
.
betreea
tbla ", ;;;,";";;'","]:i-:i.:1,:i::
c)
-! ].he s a-ee oay, s rayln,- da6
Farba6e at t:..e y.nouC
aqJorrrlg
r! (A ana B iE sielch)
s.r]ruri
the bj.!d6 as a roostiag
2.liinter
;J:l:l:":"?:l':",
_ ar a:ea
!1ace.
o:
Iayea oi !rerjl
oi tre channel.
s o B e rA !/2
acte6
IS75-?6
a)
on 2? - !d.t.26.,
b)
,,ne sane Etreicles
oD I?.2.?b,
were 6::.ayed agau.
Arr L5.2.?t,., yahouc dunp vas 6rrayec (
E it1 sketcb
) only j.n ine
daroaae alea ( abou! 5 acre6 /,
r r o d 1 5 , A . ? 5 . u n t a t 2 € , J . Z b , , lrarnLy t r-e
l.e6h
wa6 si:ayeC
g3fll
at the dunp - this rane by na-nual p r e s s u r e 6 a r b a t e
spfayer,
the ri.!
alo!.BEide
r,",.y'ai-oe,-'ril-";;:';::.;'i :ii:;"L:";,.'i"':i::";j-'.
r..
t o a t o t a _ rr . e l a t h o r
aboutJooo,.,""0 "iJil'"rJi,,]
c)
I! t:.e oureor o: tn2-?8,
E D F a y i a s s w - t h n R e E a rY€re cara€cl
out
vrrn-ou_ contlot or observaiion6
o! ou: pa:.r, anc are tiereiore
not
:ncluoed ts our reDoi t.
1r5-?2. oDrards, sblayirs
:::i_,1::::
:rxed pattelD, as 6how! belou:_
S:rryins
jrat.e
vas carried
Ru.Dvay
i ! \ r e E 1 9 ? 6 - ? ? a - ?, r 2 . ? G .
Site
(See s.(etcb)
r
c (rbo]e
26-O8
21-OJ
out on a oole
or ress
:eda!ks
by tractor
]st 6iray
Ie!Gth ) by belicopter
LGt stray
J K (whole lenl.
),l
by hel.icopter
2ni spray
SUE-oer 1??
12-O8
I l.t (on aspbaft
at ihe cloGsina)
to-].2
G (ahol.e lersth)
E I
by heficoDter
r
;ii^rar 7n?-?6 1 9 . i . 7 8
26-08
J
12-O8
')
jiI
s..ayin66
X N (on a6.hatt
ar rne crossing)
,'
kere carried out in
accordalce with prot e6sional
*Assia,:aBbsrot'rr
H
t, reAard to quartities,
conceni rat!on6 anc
5 r rayinr !eriods.
2. 'I)' ,?8
tl-nrer It?6-?9
-1
liedsrlr6
.ree s,:etc.r
:rre
r
-si,5nt'ay
t
,
l
z1-Ot
l+.I.79.
. L E
o" helacopter
2Dd slraY
T
i; 11 ( o n a s . h a r t )
by :ef,icoFter
t
by heficopt€r
lrd slray
10-12
26-Or
24.r.?9.
25-AE
; ! E
aiier a flaw in the
srra:/i.3 was inierru.';ei
An 2t,\2.16.,
all th€ saBe' the
qriali-t;r' of !h€ oate.is.f las det€cted.
observailon€ ra;e on tr:e s':!yeo 5i'"€s /ere iaken irto account.
Tbe strdhe6 that uere ireate.l ir
sanilar size, as under;-
.I
aorlh of run,ay 26-08
I to_I2
sourh ,,
n 25-08
i 2I-OJ
r,re6i ,'
Il N
interEection
' E
f
ll
12-06
\r??-79 vere alI
lSoo x 50 n
z95a x 5a
r5oo x 50
I0OO x 50
650 x 45
Totaf
: I : e cl .
I.
of
about
90 acres
of s.ravinA
iinrer ln4-75.
Obse.vllio..€ at tre a:r"ort cocoelcei. aa 2,I.7i.,
on 5,2.7i.
f;.erd oos€rvaticas
before inj.tial
s..arins
;E;i;l;;-;;;ti
wele ]Ia:e bv tire airport
ranaaeaent under the Eupervision ot Sirafon
a)
c)
on iainy days'
.iunway 24,-0d
irror
to 5rral.ina, and particularly
oant tild;
lmain1y Black-headed culLE) w€.e ob6erved oD both sides
oi tne ruDray.
oa the I day6 folloring
Elraying
Bhowed:Conltnuous
observatj.ons
(one dal atter sDrayin8),
on ?.2.75.
several LipvinS6 and a fLock
(jour days after
of 50C-?OO gu]f6 on slrayed site
!
Oa LA.2.?5.
s,ray:.ng),
IrC aul:s on rhe spr-yed 6ite agaj"n, aoc on
t r,erc "€re 2OO. Cn t:,e fol-owin8
\1.2.?5'
iay6 (u!til- I+.2,75.)
about 10 Fartridae6
Lapwin36 we!€ ob6erved ieedrnJ.
and several
There ras atso considerabl.e
bird6 on the slrayed
activity
o:_ so!.
si!e.
On IC.2.?5.,
t-,ere agaiu appeared a big flock ol euu-6
on lhe 6p.ay€d 6ite,
but their
oehaviour was ruch oore res.,less
t,-ai usuaf.
'iabouo
car!a:e
i/,i.a!
:rior
to snrayi,l]g, Tilere 'rere EaanLy illackEeaded GulLst usually
loaly huldreds
but on 6oDe day6 uf to even 2OOOI
furlr-ernore
i6rets,
Drany dozer.E of Starlinjs;
ldany
about 50 Cattle
FaIE ,rove6; sooe Srur-ninged :lovers!
,..; many soBA birds.
on tne day of sprayina
Blac,:-.ieaded .:ull.s were seen
16.2.?5.),
.overr-nE over lne :arca6e,
t:ouah no! coaj.nd doxn on it,
On_ly a
ler hours later,
horeve!, IOO-4oC of thed bad a1leady settled
doyn
o:r th. garbaF,e. Cn tie sade day, f0 Cattle r8rets Here also seen
in the sprayed area.
Tbe Starlinas
retu.ned to tneir ptaces on
i,,e antennae idxaedistely
after
tie nell.coDter
had cea6ed rortrin8.
ton trnuous observa!-on durin€ o davs afier
l olioyinE -liuairon at Iailoud
EDraying,Enowed rne
7.2.75,
7,2.75.
ta.z. t).
1,,2.7t,
lareis
about 40 cattle
ano dcr -:ulLs
sev€raI .:atrle -Arer6i buno.eds of Cu.lls
tr rJulrs
SoEe CattLe Egrets, len€ o1 cd.lr6, altonnae
rt.2,75.
14.2.75,
of Srarting6.
6OO-7OO
'uI16i a clou. of jtarl!nAs
25 iattte
i]sretsi ters ot cul.16; very nary Sta.r1rl]a6.
auLbul.6i xagtaj.ls, Pipita,
altd Dany Pal.ri Dove6
;reat€r
activily
of Black-Headed -ufts
in u!,6.rayed
seve.a,J. dav6 after
treataent
l.a6 noi!!€d
out.
areaE
iuil
duri-xa
'r,Ihrle the luabe! 01 Aull-6 alpea-r6 t.o have
decreased,
Eu!lllary
raci euat be stres6ed that this is rh€ tiee oi year when 6pring
rj.6r'a!io!
b.inA6 about a colEiderable reduction iD their niudb€r
A l . l t h e 6 a - r l er c e r t . a i n e t : e c t 6
Senera-lly.
ve.e discernible
durin:
ile iir6t
tev day6, rben r€stte6sne6s and excited behavj,our oi
G'rLls 'ras clea.ly
noticeable.
As t.o i.he otber bild6,
harCty arry
eilects
couLd be di6clrncd.
2.
^tnter )-775-76.
Ob6ervations
vere coatinuous.
at
tbe airpor!
du-riaa thj-s seasotr
-.unwry 24".o8 AtLer !ne rr--st s:ra!.rng on the aorchern 6ide of
runday t??-26.I.?5. ) r,o caansee !ere ob6erved, bu! af!er
rhe
6econd sDrayrng \I?.2.76.\ a noticeabl,e d€creaEe was 6een in t,,€
nulaber oi Lapuiags oo both sides oI lhe rur\ray (a-f6o on ihe un_
sprayed aid€), though the fact au6t b€ takeE iDto consideratior
ihat iD the deaEtilne there had been a con6l.ierab1e itrcrease in
tie height of the vea.tation
- a factor which ha6 a bearj-nq on
tn- disapD€aranceol IaDhindr.
tar!rrdA€ behaviourr Lowev"rl
.en€ined uaalfectedb)
Yahoud ca!ba--e
t!:"8.
f..". rnie rm.
+o S
e rl tLng] . t e l y
Intensive
effo.ts
vre.e Eade to reaove the
r:..er sprayina oa 15.2.?6., roe .u-LrE
drsa..€ared, &.. tbe feB that .eappeared l-ater did noL
coa€ dowr on i.e duap to teed, O! the other haDat,a steady
trcrease
ca:t];: ;qr:r.: v.as observed. Dulina tne taar iprayiae irrn
:" iR^ e t a n ( 1 o . 2 . 7 C . /
adoltronaf oethod6 yere enp).oyea,u""i "" ai""."",
ove! lhe LoudspoaKeri ga6-carlnoEs and 6hot_6un6
:afl6.broadcast
\a--L ru accordance ka;h aovereDt ol cutt6), resuLting in th;ir
coEplete- ou6tiD8 froe rhe drup to which the cull-s di; not
return
ror nearry ole idonth folLorlag
a.llicatj.o!
of these eethods.
To suru up: Ti,ere i6 no doubt that tbe u6e of addiriorat
dethods
as described in nara. (b) above, hetped ir di6todAlna
the c\rtfb,
anc that the applicatio!
of {Retar defin_itely bad a iea.riag on
tbeir
yet
the additj.onaJ- facror of e"rfu, dr.utr.on
'
ieriod..Cisarlearance;
Etarting at that ti!oe,!u6t b€ borDe iD qilla.
vitoLer I'16-7?
lr..ry.X=l?-1:
rnere
*:#::_++-
prior
ro flrst
anci secold sprayias (6-?.12.?6. ano
nad been consrd-rable
activrly
of
Iartrid:es
alor. t5e souEnernedae or .riu .,nffiiiy
a.Do
a ?ide a.ea, fron tbe bare Gtretches
adjacent to lne
a6.na,lt dotrn to the unculrivated
latch€srand beyond these orl to the
iields
siiuateC south-weEt ot tlle rind ho6€ al]d
to the nolth of it.
-Lr adoJ.tion, a floc;
ot 50 Cotl
: d ' e o r t h e l u n ' " a y .* r ' " . " y ; - ; i l : ' . ; ; : : ' , ; : " ; r : : ; " " ; ; : ; i : : , * ' *
aartrj:dFe6 v?ere ai.ain olservEl-soutr
of the ru!,yay, *oa" l.ii
ti,"o
onwa.ds they
in the s.rayed
uunUer
ot
addilron_
31 occasions.
riiter the 6econ. sprayins, p", t"i J*"
"np" "i"i-."r-y
-oLIarec
_-j_:I: ld(er.
love6 rerp firsr 6e.n 1, dayE ",rr"r-il.
i1's : s, rayi ns,=;-=;;;-i;;;,..".;;;-_
;;;; #d;tr:,
t . . e n € x ! . f o r t D r d o ! i n e n u . s b e .o f . o v e 6 :::.;;
iDcreasecr
;l'llllg.-l"ii"
place souih of the ruaway ,rhere they
bad
0een at the be,:inxrne of the
se
or sourhof the runwly,";;;";-ii?l;""3.*i#i*"i:;id:.",.""o
E e r € , . o o , I l oc*s or Lapvrr'nss were observed'
165 fou4d to be
6praYroE lI),.-.7?.)
aiter
25-08.
,{unway
ob€erved aloar
^unsav ll-ol
behavi
;hose
d)
La-.v:ne6 atc 1r!1115 useo to rooat on the
of thrs run!,av Lrlor to aLrayr!8'
asphalt at the " t - t i n i o o i n t
spraiing thev reapleared on the satle stretch'
S o l r e t e D d a y s after
junnrirs-u.:
I'Relax v_s
;;fii-y-E&=:gsg
p.rioo6 only'
found io
effect
have a certain
on birdst
and ,ol--Iareg loves, thoush for relatlvelv sbort
r e , a . l n g - e p * r n E r t - s t t e s u b e n a v i o u r r ' r a sn o t i c e a b l e l
'ke!ar' lreatnent'fhey uere however
ir.par"rtly as a res-ll of !he
no-t peruane"tly repeLled,but already reaiteared olr the day aftei
vere not r€pelLed
altnough in sna-ILer nu-ldbe16.sont birds
u"ruii"e'
of
sP.aYinA.
a
result
at a}l as
lviDter 1t?-78
,{u!t{ay JO-12
SDraIln
w a s a D oI r e d o n P a r t
"""'.d
:rl.:-z,t?,
iju*
";"'":
Liffi
durinA le;iod rr.r:,??
[
(see s,.etch) '
- 2a.?:?h. showeo the
on the slraveo sade o{
The Dresetrce oi lglg]ll€Sg
fo.L-owinc:
Lr.e .unwal ra6 noL aflecLed. :xc!teeeEt of Col'Laredlioves wa6
jone crossed ove! tc the "G!?Elli-Eiiln"'"
very noticeable.
the
Durins 2 reei.$ atte! siiayingr
they ba{i not been befor€.
toves crossed the runway iD a nanrer wiricb vd6 idperilllng
tiee
J weeks
reappeared for tne first
uviatioD.
the lgts!!€g
fnere were no LaF'dnAs to a dislance of over
after spraying.
5O n north of th€ lunway.
lprayiDg ltaE apDLj.ed on D, E "lxd 4 (see sketch).
f,unway eb-O8
- a5.zl?8' sEoweatnat att
been o! tbe side of iun},ay 2Il
Pa{q4!dse6 uhich h;d nleviousfy
point
joiDtLy to an uBsprayed place at the 6tartin8
iransferred
^unway
operations.
$he lglgilgg
of
25 as a result of slrayins
retur.ed to their ususl, place ir the sprayed area about one neek
after slraylag.
c)
(8ee sketch)'
iunway 2.1-05 SDravrn, ras aDplieo on J
2J.2.?6, showed that
Observation6 durinr oeriod I]..l2,7?,
and !3!yiE
here, too, tr." 1",1t=iqg99 ,er:e hardly affected'
lealDeared ode week after apraying.
S u n r a v o S a f 2 s p r a v i n J w a 6 a , p f i e d o n l { a n d N ( s e e E k et c h ) .
0bservatiSiE-durina
erjoq 3.I.?b. - 2J.2.7b. sno*ed no cha-olo
in the bebaviour of !g!!i3€g
and no Doticeable effect on
BIack-headed cul-ls.
su4id1ng up:
t.
dilLer
No charlse was di.scernj"bl€ i.n Partridge behaviour
vhich irete seen!
a6 a result of sprayilg opelatio[a
however, to nave a certai.! effect oD l-apwirA6 (thougb
for only about ooe week). Oa tbe other hand, co!siderrbte
change iD behaviour !ra6 observed in
Collsred Doves, rhicb.etuined
to their usual- place
only t,.ro eeeks after sp.aying.
L9?8-?9
cenera-l
LlBr lne change in bird behaviour is due to the
ecoioaical
oi the eD!r|oDDent,
ouallty
ajld especj-ally
to
io the uncrltivated
of laad adjacent to
6t.etches
!est extellLinatlon
the runlrays.
.reierr.d
la.trid.:es
hidlng
i-D uncultivated
1a!d6 frrther
aral lron the ruhrays.
All th€ sa.de, there r,ras Eovenent of part.id8es
clo:j6ln8 runrays lron one side !o the other in Bearcb ol food.
aoll.ared iove6, rrr-c. nad been pre6eDt in p!eviou6 year6, did not
leappeaf
i.n their
usu.rl- places at rhe ailport.
GuLls alDearsd on
yearsr
rainy
days only,
as ir fo.der
ana no actiil'!]
was observed near
(inclucing
run{ay6
unsprayed ones) €itr^€r before
or aft€r
spraylna,
bui ooly in the !loughed
fie1d6 farther
a{ay,
j,Eproved
-7This year v/e lrere able :o Le6t strayinF
EtartinS
poinr oi Runrar 08 (24.1..29.).
sev€ra.]. ten6 of g\1116 were seen !ao6!u8
tl{o lJeelG later,
raiD feI1
io. tb€ lirst
AuIl6 vere seen ioostir€t
on the sirayeo
vere 6eetr at the air!o.t
betreeD 24.L7,
oi r-!e a6.na]i
at rhe
lvo days beiore
snraying
on toe runray,
Orly about
tr'ne a.Ed on that
day s€yeralrunway,
No AuLts vnatsoever
In our observation6 this lear ee took ji,ecral note oj. rh€
eftecrs
spraying on Larvin8b, a6 detarled herebelov:_
of
run&ay 25-08
1 :^fil
""
behaviouf
of LapBinas
a re6utt oi rhe jrr6t.s,rari!.s
:si t: e, irpc!i"l .J..: t : u r .ai 6
n a t h € s e c o n ds D . a ! r n . ( r 4 , 1 . ? 9 . 1r,: "9n. ri "r r. i, 8 . ) ( r , ; , o , " o
"",'ii,i",r""t
due-to tecblicaI. reas016,
r _ L o c k s- a 6 i s
tbei.
tn. ;apsinss
usual habi
started
i.
""r"rti,
ii.or.s
p".ii""r";i;".::.:::".;:"::;.;"ii:.';,:::';":;"
:::.1Yd'"'""r.",
!o a heiaht oi over 20 cn. tievertiLeiessi
slorrD
,;";;-";;.';,;
rn6tance6. when soDe did co:re ctownor:
a 6.rayed area (H) _ fusr,
rfj:.-r!"secord sprayira, ano a8ain two days artel.
the rourti.
s:-::I:
. r a y r - n g ( 5 . 2 . ?9 . ) .
?unway fo-12
".o.":"0 oD
ll::t"g: roo, no rap'inssEprayed site
J1ere,
ror
ihe
sane prlncipat
(.)
i::""
on the day alter first " s,rlayus.
lh". """.i." ""i- tii. a "i,"r,.n"u
,easoI€
!
aadbirds"..;;;iiilf".;il"fi
.:;:,il1";.;i:;";,"1";;:::;";:i::;.,;",
"uo$ay 2f-O3
ae.eared on the s..ayed Dart or rulway (J)
::llliqs
two days ailer
i'hire aone *hatsoeve! raa .oeenseen-ineil j""i"""inl,*.
lilll..s:
weeks pr'rior to spraying.
OriLJone treatnenL
war aDrlied
t
i"iai,'lii";;.'i:;"'l:,:":ji"lT:l)"ii"li'i"illi'li
.,"i",
lii:t.t?:t
;;:;;-.;;;-.
i,.;';,"",
:::;i,ii':ii::'"il:;::.':":,:::.':.;.'"."e.'
li,I"iii;"iiit.""ii::":i::"j"
ii,ruii::l*.:.il'tf;:,:.:.;:iJ"ii::::
behavi-our vra6 due to crranles in
weather or i,, ",r"ru""
o- luddles after rain€. heaFh! (
"l"ar'tii".
(iorrlatio!
addi.ti.ona,.
a","",.*",lti..il":"ii.
l!-ll3'lll;.i:i.I",,i:l"ilii;,-:,i:::
..:1d.,
banc Distol6,
and neis.
-.ne! were
after s!ravinA froe a !1ac€ in ,.t."1 "i"., never obEefyed to dis_
r..o-"t.vii'."irr".ry
ro' a 1-ortnirnt oeiore'
urt eflor€,
no chrnre ir. (neir flirhLs
60 t.at
:a: N
1 1: .e a !
3::fit:l:.':i'3i'
the dan'e' oi iarnine' t" "ii t."rrl"
""' '"t
fina-].
SunEary
o- trreta" ai irelr 'urion '{ir!ort
out the eilects
in ttllnOu! lAaiE a!!
ano adiacerLt
has been the r€trova-I of lhe bi€ barqs trolo ri6.unsays
"Retan afonei
s
i
til
i)ravr_n'
area6 in vie$ of ibe danger to a:!r t!aff:c.
was carried out in
aDnlicati-on oi o!her oeierrentsr
as BeIl as concurr€!!
o
i
v
.
a
a
b
a
r
o
t
t
r
r
;
s
s
*
a
t
h
e
i
n
6
t
r
u
c
t
a
o
n
s
accordance $ith
in spite o: the n16h co6t of
operatioDs.
l{as pr€sent during stra:/inr
,,;161sr, srraying
a!ea6 ( about 90 aclee )
out ove. Iai6e
r.s
".rrr.o
stretche6
D
ith equivaleut
which ',rere divided into several stretches,
a
n
d
c
o
D
P
a
r
l
s
o
n
.
bein5 1e{t uDtieateC fo. contrcl
lcti ) fo'
the !'eventio!
budf:et (at ieast
bart ot thcr.
A cobsiderable
cost) was
]
a
b
o
u
r
li:lcludinc
Airnort
at Ben-Gurion
of biro strikos
t
r
i
a
L
a
r
ea6'
o
n
t
b
e
o
n
l
l
r
s.5en! by the EanaSaaent lor snrayint
as
a considerable was!e ot tine,
._rrayinS- operation6 afso entailed
h
a
d
to
o
:
t
e
n
a
n
o
s
r
a
y
j
.
n
c
t
!
€
v
e
a
t
h
e
.
,
very truch depended on
i'e6utt6
c
o
o
r
c
i
n
a
t
l
o
n
e
t
c
.
u
.
l
h
e
1
u
1
0
r
e
'
w
i
n
.
l
,
r
a
i
n
,
t
r
e
c
a
u
6
e
o
l
ce cancelfed
pl-snes'
tb€ 6a1ety of the sprayine
!o ersu.e
torer
r!i!h the control
cauEed seriou6 probleds and dii:icultie6.
a!
other Eethods are cheapt can oe actlvaied
wiih 'rRetar all
tonlare{i
c
o
n
E
r
o
l
t
o
e
r'
l
r
i
t
h
t
h
e
h
a
r
d
l
J
a
n
y
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
i
o
D
r
e
q
u
i
t
e
n
o
!
i
c
€
r
short
rven thouSn these net'ods
whe.ev€! :leeded.
ano ca! be 3.pplied quic!:ly
aLrrays
.esult6
a.e nearly
effect
their
olten
have onlv a shor'!-terrl
ca:LLs'
oethods based ol1 distress
I'ioreover,
iolrediately
noticeable.
'
r
r
o
d
e
1
6
'
r
q
:
I
]
o
n
b
i
r
d
s
i
n
any
e
t
c
.
a
c
t
ultrasonic
sounds, net6.
'
(
a
t
h
e
da.nijer
f
a
c
l
o
r
f
r
o
d
v
e
r
l
i
r
n
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
t
l
i
g
h
t
incluoint
losition,
landint
to feed or .oost.
loint
ol vier)
lJberea6 "Retafl only act6 oD birds
tiner
for a considerable
vere coniinuei
a.nd toltow-up
Cu! obsetvatioas
j
'
n
t
e
r
r
u
l
l
i
o
n
(
e
s
.
e
c
ial]y
s
i
t
h
o
u
t
a
n
d
beiore and after
aLmost
Brrayj"D'gs,
l
J
e
d
i
d
n
o
o
ver_
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
,
y
e
a
!
s
)
.
I
n
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
t
a
s
t
t
v
o
durln
tlrar certain
bilds,
such as the 0oLlared Dove (in srdall
look the tact
tiere
left
the :liii-ifrEiE-lEey
afte:
slraying
:,ocK6),
iooediately
to it onl-y after
a fortnigbt.
The lfackusually
feeCiDg, returning
neaded cu].l-s. too, s6netiBes
behaviour'r
fir,raylag,
slioHed!irestless
after
EEEidj.6-;;;;;r€d
19?5-?6) ' ar'a
froE the Yahoud du-.d! only once (in winter
the othe! deterrents
use oi all
tar6 only after
intensive
and efficient
(distress
to "Retatr.
cal-1s, 6a6 cannons atN shot guns)in additio!
hardly any effect
ojirRetan
diih iegard to PartridAe6 and Cattle lErets,
i
n
t
h
eir
u6u€.1
was regj^st€red,
f
o
f
i
D
s
t
a
n
c
e
,
f
o
d
e
d
l
l
o
c
k
s
The:gg!!199,
i
o
p
e
f
i
l
l
i
n
E
a
l
s
o
o
n
t
h
€
s
p
r
a
y
e
d
s
t
.
e
t
c
h
e
s
.
T
h
e
y
a
v
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
c
t
ually
!Laces,
only dj.sappear'ed froB.ldces,rhere
ve6etatj.on had Srown to a her[ht 01
trhalSoever !{itb
without
Dore tiLan 20 cn, alnarenily
an.; connect1o!
tr9?t-77)
years
:ieport6 lron prevlous
6howed severa-l- dozens of colLr"sioa6
:i brrds w-th a€rollanes
1u:in.
ta*e-off
or land-nd, €no 5-5 seriou6
ones every year vheE even jet eniines
irere put out ot action.
As a6ain6t
tnis,
!:,ere !ere only s :ew 'o-.isio!.s
in t... 1-6t 2 iearE (1y?o-79) a..d
.one in whicn a jet enFrne,as
drrdaaed.
ihere
is no doubt i! our dind6 trlai tllis succe€s llas b€en due to tr:e
.rntinuous
aciivity
con!ected with tile reeoval of food sou!ces (CarbaSe
dunp, veg€tatlon controf,
coordination
ol a(!icuLtura]
activitie6,
etc. )
+,oiether Hith t.e etfacient
(distre6s
use of d€ler!ents
cajfE. nets.
Itdoiielslr, €tc.)
in adii:ion
!o ,,Retan,
I:r spite of poai-tive resuLts obtained in .ertain
ca6es, ve are of oltnion
I nat the:ea!€
invesred rn
ic the efiects,
and have thereiore reached the defrnite
deciBion !o
discontinue
t.he u6e of r,Retan al1d to concentrare aft our efforts
on the
devefopBent o- alternative
![ethod6.
S c he o a . " : c s { e ! c h o f a r e a 6
of !€n Ourlo! ttrport
diich
w,-re s-raved
r., In4-79.
,'4 ,".
d
t . i
,i6
@
I
$
€
I
I
Og
t\)
Or
EatW4r
2t
I
i