th
74 Pittsburgh
Regional Science &
Engineering Fair
Intermediate
Division
Student Project
Abstracts
April 5, 2013
Table of Contents
Intermediate – Behavioral and Social Science (MBS), 7th & 8th Grade ................................................... 1
Intermediate – Biology (MBI), 7th & 8th Grade...................................................................................... 15
Intermediate – Chemistry (MCH), 7th & 8th Grade ................................................................................ 31
Intermediate – Computer Science & Math (MCM), 7th & 8th Grade .................................................... 49
Intermediate – Consumer Science (MCS), 7th & 8th Grade ................................................................... 53
Intermediate – Earth/Space/Environment (MES), 7th & 8th Grade ....................................................... 67
Intermediate – Engineering/Robotics (MER), 7th & 8th Grade .............................................................. 79
Intermediate – Medicine/Health/Microbiology (MMH), 7th & 8th Grade............................................. 89
Intermediate – Physics (MPH), 7th & 8th Grade .................................................................................. 101
Students are to prepare Abstracts limited to 100 words that include the following:








Purpose of the experiment
Procedures used
Data
Conclusions
Possible research applications
Minimal reference to previous work
For continuation projects, the abstract should focus on work done since the
last PRSEF
Should not include: a) acknowledgments, or b) work or procedures done by
the mentor
Many students continue their research after the Abstract is submitted, and
therefore the Abstract may not fully represent the Project.
Abstracts are available to the Judges prior to the Science Fair as an aid in prescreening the Projects. Judging is to be based on the actual Project as presented
by the student.
Intermediate – Behavioral and Social Science (MBS), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MBS100
Grade: 8
Title: Vision Difficulties
Abstract: This experiment was to determine if the double vision goggles were harder to walk in
than the blurred vision goggles or no goggles. To prove my hypothesis I set up an obstacle
course that contained five traffic cones and asked participants to walk through the obstacle
course without knocking over any cones. The participant walked through the obstacle course
three times: once with double vision goggles, once with blurred vision goggles and once with no
goggles. The results were recorded and the results will be averaged to find out if there is a
statically significant difference.
Project Number: MBS101
Grade: 8
Title: Studying Inattentional Blindness and Gender
Abstract: This experiment was to determine if middle school aged males or females were more
detail oriented, and if so what age group. For the experiment I tested the test subjects by, having
the students watch a 5 minute video on 6 females passing a ball. In the video one of the girls left,
a gorilla walked through the filming place, and the background changed colors. After the
students watched the video they filled out a questionnaire. Data will be analyzed to determine the
effects on Intentional blindness.
Project Number: MBS102
Grade: 8
Title: The Stroop Effect
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to find a way to eliminate the conflict between
both prefrontal cortexes during the Stroop Test. I collected data by asking people if they wanted
to take the Stroop Test. I recorded the data in a chart. This data proved the hypothesis true. The
hypothesis stated that if you warp a word in the Stroop Effect, then it will become easier to read
and it will take less time. It took both the males and females less time to read the warped words,
therefore, the warped words were easier to read.
Project Number: MBS103
Grade: 8
Title: Memory VS. Memory
Abstract: My science project is on memory. I wanted to figure out if highlighting words would
make it easier to remember than non-highlighted words. I used 20 words from random long and
short, 10 of the words highlighted the other 10 normal. Then I gathered 10 volunteers (boys and
girls) to conduct my experiment. I gave the participants 45 seconds to memorize the list as well
as they could and 1 minute to write down all the words they could remember. My conclusion was
that highlighting the words really did not help remember them.
Project Number: MBS104
Grade: 8
Title: That's a Real Smile? Or Is It?
Abstract: This experiment was to determine if girls could tell between a genuine smile and a
fake smile over boys. I had the participants take an online test to prove that my hypothesis was
right. During the experiment I would have both boys and girls participate at the same time.
Afterwards I recorded the participant’s test results I would average them, but I would also
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 1
Intermediate – Behavioral and Social Science (MBS), 7th & 8th Grade
observe if the participants looked focused on the computer screen. Data will be analyzed to
determine if girls can identify genuine and fake smiles more often than boys.
Project Number: MBS105
Grade: 8
Title: Can You Hear Me Now?
Abstract: How accurate are we at locating where a sound is coming from? That is just what I
tested in my science experiment. I had twelve subjects. I blindfolded them and made sounds in
different locations. They were asked to point where the sound was coming from. In the end my
hypothesis was correct. They were able to locate the sounds, most of the time. In conclusion, the
subjects were good at finding where a sound was coming from. More testing is needed, varying
volume, changing the pitch, Etc.
Project Number: MBS106
Grade: 8
Title: Music and Memory
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to see whether students memorized words or
numbers easier. Students were tested using lists of 10 words and 10 numbers. They looked at the
list of words for 30 seconds and then the list was removed. Students wrote down what they
remembered. The process was repeated for numbers. The same procedure was conducted with
background music and similar lists. The results so far showed students were able to recall more
numbers with music playing. I am still testing additional students.
Project Number: MBS107
Grade: 8
Title: Ear VS Eye
Abstract: The purpose of my project was to find out whether people remember information
better by seeing or hearing. I gave people two tests and then gave them a minute to write down as
many sounds/pictures as they could remember. After comparing everybody's tests, I saw that
people remembered more pictures compared to sounds. My conclusion is that people remember
information better by seeing it.
Project Number: MBS108
Grade: 8
Title: What Were They Thinking?
Abstract: Specific terms searched on internet search engines were correlated with various social
and economic measures, such as divorce rate and unemployment rates. Positive and negative
correlations were made, and results discussed.
Project Number: MBS109
Grade: 7
Title: Do People Memorize Details Better in Color or B&W?
Abstract: Middle school students were evaluated to assess whether they remember details better
from a color photograph or a black and what photograph.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 2
Intermediate – Behavioral and Social Science (MBS), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MBS110
Grade: 8
Title: Effects of Fatigue on Free Throws
Abstract: My project is about the effects of fatigue on free throws. I wanted to see if the
outcome of free throws is affected by fatigue. I had subjects shoot 2 free throws. I then had them
run. After they ran, they were fatigued so I had them shoot 2 more free throws. My hypothesis
was supported because they made more free throws while non-fatigued. Real life application is
when I am in a game, I know that it will be harder to make free throws when fatigued.
Project Number: MBS111
Grade: 8
Title: C.S.I.: Eyewitness Observance
Abstract: Eyewitnesses are used in every crime investigation; they are the only people who
actually saw who robbed the bank, and what happened. I wanted to see how accurate they
actually were. My stranger walked in and interacted with the teacher. The students were given
the surveys; they were given out for the next two days. In conclusion, the average number correct
was on day three. This means that the participants descriptions were most accurate thirty-six
hours after the happening of the interaction. The lowest average number correct was on day one.
This was a much unexpected twist in results.
Project Number: MBS112
Grade: 7
Title: Fantastic Four!
Abstract: I am investigating what is the fastest sense for boys and girls. My hypothesis stated
that smelling would be the fastest for girls, and the fastest sense for a boy would be seeing. In my
procedure, I dropped a meter stick and timed the person from when I blinked (sight)/ said "go"
(hear)/ tapped their shoulder (feel)/ stuck a candle under their nose (smell) to when they caught
it. At the, my experiment did not support my conclusion. The girls' fastest sense was hearing and
the boys' was touch.
Project Number: MBS113
Grade: 8
Title: Stress Reduction in Teens
Abstract: Stress is a major problem in teens and this experiment was performed to find the best
stress-reducing exercise. I had each student perform four different exercises which were:
jogging, jumping rope, hula hooping, and shooting basketballs. Before and after each exercise,
the participants’ heart rate and blood pressure was recorded. Higher heart rate and blood
pressure is found in teens dealing with stress, so when blood pressure dropped or stayed the same
after exercise, I knew that the exercise was successful in reducing their stress. I plan to find the
best stress-reducing exercise.
Project Number: MBS114
Grade: 8
Title: Common Sense: The Effect of Sensory Distractions on Perception
Abstract: A test of hearing spectrum perception was conducted in absence of the sense of sight.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 3
Intermediate – Behavioral and Social Science (MBS), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MBS115
Grade: 7
Title: Total Recall
Abstract: I am trying to determine if it is easier to remember a random series of flash cards, a
random series of 3-digit numbers, or a random list of popular song names. Each participant is
taking 3 tests. For each test, the test subject will receive 9 items, either by seeing them or
hearing them, and is then to recall as many items from that series as they can. Since there are 9
items in each series, their scores are however many they recall out of 9. Results will be provided
at PRSEF in April.
Project Number: MBS116
Grade: 7
Title: How Do Different Types of Music Affect How Efficiently a Student Performs a Task?
Abstract: Determine which type of music enables a student to complete a task more effectively
and efficiently. A student listening to music with a soothing timbre and tempo will complete a
task more effectively and efficiently, than if they were listening to music with an intense timbre
and tempo.
Select a student for testing and randomly select the task and type of music which will be tested.
Determine the time required to complete this task. Repeat the aforementioned process for each
task and type of music being tested. Repeat the process using 29 students. Still conducting
experiment
Project Number: MBS117
Grade: 8
Title: The Gender Battle
Abstract: My project is to test if there is a difference between genders in terms of eyesight. The
theory is that men can see shapes better, while women can see colors better.
Project Number: MBS118
Grade: 7
Title: Look Out! You're Going to Crash!
Abstract: Does using a cell phone affect a person's reaction time? I hypothesized that this
would in fact affect a person's reaction time. My research showed that people who talked on a
phone had a delayed reaction time. My experiment required three volunteers and one assistant.
My assistant asked each volunteer, on their cell phone, prewritten questions. I had each
volunteer hold out their hand and I dropped a ruler for each volunteer to catch on cue. The data
showed volunteers who focused on catching the ruler, without using a cell phone had the fastest
reaction time, proving my hypothesis correct.
Project Number: MBS119
Grade: 8
Title: Pinocchio's Lie Dector Test
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to use a simple arm test to see if peoople were
lying or telling the truth.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 4
Intermediate – Behavioral and Social Science (MBS), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MBS120
Grade: 7
Title: Do Different Types of Music Affect Blood Pressure?
Abstract: This project is to see if different types of music affects heart rate. I chose this project
because I love music and thought this was interesting.
Project Number: MBS121
Grade: 8
Title: Battle of the Sexes
Abstract: This experiment was done to see if the male or female brain was more fit to the short
term memory. Due to a slight problem and lack of people, the experiment was done by taking
students, and having them memorize the picture cards, and after 8 minutes of waiting, the
students were asked to re-state the pictures in a 10 second time limit. The males got an average
of 5.5 correct, whereas the females got an average of 5.6 correct. So, therefore, the females have
proved to be better for short term memory.
Project Number: MBS122
Grade: 7
Title: Does the type of music effect how fast people run?
Abstract: What is the effect of different types of music on running?
Project Number: MBS123
Grade: 8
Title: The Colors of Music
Abstract: The experiment’s purpose is to find out if I can determine a person’s mood by colors
used to draw while listening to music. To conduct this experiment I’ll have four boys and four
girls listen to seven different types of music and have them draw what they feel with colored
pencils. The experimental results were analyzed by me looking at the pictures and determining
the subject’s mood by the colors used to draw their picture. I accept my hypothesis because I can
determine a person’s mood by colors used to draw a picture
Project Number: MBS124
Grade: 8
Title: Coloring Effects
Abstract: This experiment of changing the colors of drinks was done to determine if the color
affected if a participant would drink a drink. I used milk to color because the milk is plain
white. Next, I set up four containers of milk, each a different color, and then asked a participant
to taste. Next, I asked them to drink as much from all of the cups that they would like. When
finished gathering data from all trials I will average and then reach my final conclusion as to
which color of milk participants like the most.
Project Number: MBS125
Grade: 8
Title: Peer Pressure and Age
Abstract: This experiment was to determine “When the age of the participants is changed what
will happen to the survey results about peer pressure?” I am giving a ten question survey to 25
middle school females, 25 males and repeating with the high school participants, for a total of
100 trials. Further studies are being put into effort to determine what provides the most peer
pressure for males, females, and different age groups.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 5
Intermediate – Behavioral and Social Science (MBS), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MBS126
Grade: 7
Title: The Power of Suggestion
Abstract: I have decided to test a question I have wondered about for a while: Does suggestion
affect memory? I started to do research and found a few tests that people had done in the past.
These earlier tests indicatied that peer influence impacted one's memory together with the
wording of the question asked. I decided to test the latter and devised questions suggestive to the
correct answer. On average, the suggestive questions had more points (answers correct) than the
non-suggestive questions. This lease me to conclude that suggestion can have a signifigant
impact on one's recollection of a past experience.
Project Number: MBS127
Grade: 7
Title: Does Our Sense of Smell Affect Our Sense of Taste?
Abstract: Middle school students were provided a variety of flavors via infact rice cereal.
Students were asked to identify flavors both with and without their ability to smell the food as
they were tasting it.
Project Number: MBS128
Grade: 7
Title: Typoglycemia: Fact or Fiction
Abstract: My science fair project is to test how accurately a person can read misspelled or
correctly spelled paragraphs. My procedure was to have the test subjects read paragraphs
misspelled. I recorded how many words were read incorrectly. I gave the same paragraph with
the words correctly spelled. I recorded how many words were read incorrectly. My procedure
was repeated three times with each subject and paragraph. In my data, I concluded that the
Stargirl paragraph had more misread words than Cambridge. My conclusion is that the accuracy
of spelling and complexity of the words did affect the persons reading.
Project Number: MBS129
Grade: 8
Title: Multitasking and Studying
Abstract: This experiment was to determine if students could multitask while studying and in
return get a passing Grade. To support my hypothesis I created a pre-test and a post test for my
participants. My participants would take the pre-test then my participants would study the 10
words while multitasking. My participants took the test three times the participants would study
and have a conversation, listening to music, and I also had a control group. Further studies will
be done to determine the possible outcome of multitasking and studying.
Project Number: MBS130
Grade: 7
Title: Does Chewing Gum Affect the Ability of a Student to Complete a Task?
Abstract: Determine if chewing gum will improve a student’s ability to complete a task.
Students chewing gum will perform more quickly than if they were not chewing gum. Randomly
select a subject and one of the tasks for testing. Explain the directions and give them a drink of
20mL of bottled drinking water. Give them a piece of sugarless gum and allow them to chew it
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 6
Intermediate – Behavioral and Social Science (MBS), 7th & 8th Grade
for 1min. before determining the time required for them to complete the task. Repeat this
process for each of the other tasks and test 29 more subjects. Experiment still in progress.
Project Number: MBS131
Grade: 8
Title: Memory Mnemonics
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to find out if mnemonics truly help you remember
a list. First, I made a list of the days of the month. Then, I let my subjects try to memorize the
list. After 30 minutes, I tested them and had them write down the days of the month. Later, I
showed them the list again but I taught them the mnemonic this time. I tested them after 30
minutes. Finally, I asked them which way was easier. I found out that 10 out of 11 subjects, the
mnemonic was easier, proving my hypothesis.
Project Number: MBS132
Grade: 8
Title: Let Your Senses be Your Guide
Abstract: My question is how strong is the influence of others on what we perceive from our 5
senses? I wanted to see how strongly people trust their own senses as opposed to others’
influence. There were 24 subjects and 9 implants in my experiment; 29% of the subjects were
influenced by “group think”. This result supported my hypothesis. To improve this experiment, I
could have used a group without implants as part of the experiment. I found out that when the
answers are very obvious, it is hard to make an individual be influenced by group think.
Project Number: MBS133
Grade: 7
Title: Does Chewing Gum Improve Memory?
Abstract: The short term memory of middle school students was tested both with and without
the opportunity to chew gum during the activity.
Project Number: MBS134
Grade: 8
Title: Sweet Dreams
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine what factors (healthy vs. unhealthy
food, stressful vs. calming scenario, light vs. dark) affected the type of dream that someone
would have during a full night's sleep.
Project Number: MBS135
Grade: 7
Title: Taste Tales: Males vs. Females
Abstract: The purpose of my project was determine if people can detect a drink just by tasting
the beverage, without seeing or smelling the liquid and does gender affect accuracy. I had all the
participants taste six beverages, iced tea, Coca Cola®, orange juice, Diet Coke®, Sprite®, and
chocolate milk, then write down the beverage they think they tasted. The cups had lids so the
participants could not see or smell. Then I calculated whether the girls or boys got better scores.
The boys had 12% incorrect answers and 88% correct answers. The girls had 22% and 78%
correct answers.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 7
Intermediate – Behavioral and Social Science (MBS), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MBS136
Grade: 8
Title: Age Effect on the Stroop Test
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to determine if age has an effect on the stroop
test.
Project Number: MBS137
Grade: 7
Title: Seeing is Believing
Abstract: The criminal justice system relies heavily on eyewitness identification for
investigating and prosecuting crimes, but is it accurate? This project looks at the accuracy of
eyewitness testimony immediately after viewing a scene and again three, seven, and ten days
later. The participants watched a particular scene and then answered five questions. Half of the
participant’s questionnaires contained two deceptive questions while the other questionnaires
contained questions that were correct. My hypothesis is that sooner an eyewitness recalls an
event from their memory the more likely it is to be accurate. Results will be available at PRSEF
in April.
Project Number: MBS138
Grade: 7
Title: Memory! Who's Got It and Who Doesn't?
Abstract: My purpose for this project is to figure out that if the gender and age of a person
affects their memory ability. From my project I learned that males and females are smart but
girls can be smarter just a little. I think that my project was very good but that I could improve it
by testing more people and making the three tests more difficult.
Project Number: MBS139
Grade: 8
Title: Where's Waldo ?
Abstract: I tested does color effect visual perceptions? To begin this experiment I started taking
the test subjects into a quiet room. I then gave them the first paper (color) and timed them. Next,
I gave them the other paper and time them. Fourth, I gave them the second paper (black and
white) and time them. I give them the other paper and time them. I Repeated steps these steps
until everyone was tested. I calculated the scores and got my results. After concluding my
experiment, I proved that the black and white paper took longer to find Waldo® in.
Project Number: MBS140
Grade: 7
Title: Free Throw Shot Routines- Advantage or Disadvantage?
Abstract: My project is about the importance of a routine on free throws. Does a routine, before
a free throw, help a player make the free throw shot? I made all participants shoot 2 free throws
with and without a routine. I observed that a routine helps a player make the free throw shots.
When I play basketball, I like to have the best chance to make free throws and now I know that
having a routine is important. My hypothesis was supported.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 8
Intermediate – Behavioral and Social Science (MBS), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MBS141
Grade: 7
Title: How Does Reward Affect Performance?
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to determine if giving seventh and eighth Grade
students a reward, will affect their performance on a coding test.
Project Number: MBS143
Grade: 8
Title: How Do Fears Change with Age?
Abstract: This science experiment was to determine how fears change with age. My hypothesis
was the younger the participant is, the more fears he/she will obtain. I (the researcher) gave each
participant a survey with twenty questions. For each question the participant had to rate the fear
on a scale of one through five. I (the researcher) tested 25 Elementary students, Middle School
students, and adults. I (the researcher) tested a total of 75 participants. I (the researcher) hope
that my hypothesis is supported by my data.
Project Number: MBS144
Grade: 8
Title: Does the Geometric Shape of a Picture Frame Affect Short Term Memory?
Abstract: Determine if a person will remember more pictures of objects enclosed in straight or
curved lined frames. A person will remember more pictures of objects enclosed by curved lined
frames than straight lined frames. Randomly select a test subject and a straight or curved lined
frame for testing. Show the subject the pictures of objects enclosed by the frame for 30sec.
Cover the frame and have the subject orally list as many of the objects that they can remember.
Repeat steps 3-5 for the remaining frames. Repeat process for 29 more subjects. Experiment still
being conducted
Project Number: MBS145
Grade: 7
Title: The Test of Time
Abstract: My project is based on common knowledge middle school questions. I tested adults
and students to see who had better results with the same questions. I gathered a group of children
and adults and tested them. I then scored the tests and found the average scores. The adults were,
overall, better than the students with their results. The adults scored an average of 81%. The
students scored an average of 61%. I believe that the adults did better due to their line of work or
level of education. The results that I received proved my hypothesis false.
Project Number: MBS146
Grade: 8
Title: Does Exercise Improve Your Memory?
Abstract: My project tested a theory that exercise improves your memory. Hypothesis- If a
participant does an intense workout, they will improve their memory because exercise stimulates
nerve cells. Subjects ran 15 laps then played a memory game. Control subjects did not run before
the game. All subjects were timed during the game. Exercise did improve working memory for
11/14 subjects so my hypothesis was supported. Exercise helps people keep memory strong as
they age.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 9
Intermediate – Behavioral and Social Science (MBS), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MBS147
Grade: 8
Title: The Itch Matrix
Abstract: From conducting my experiment, I wanted to find out why some people are
particularly vulnerable to itchiness when visual cues of itch are present and why?
Project Number: MBS148
Grade: 7
Title: Exercise gets you A's and B's
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to see if cardiovascular exercise can increase your
reading speed and reading comprehension.
To conduct this experiment I needed to test two age demographics (Adult and Teen) by letting
them take reading comprehension tests and reading speed tests with and without cardiovascular
exercise.
he experimental results were measured by comparing the tests that were taken with exercise
verses the tests that were taken without exercise. The results of my experiment indicate that my
hypothesis is correct which stated that if cardiovascular exercise is performed there will be an
increase in your reading speed and your reading comprehension.
Project Number: MBS149
Grade: 7
Title: 4 Out Of 5 Can You Survive?
Abstract: This experiment’s purpose tests if humans can accurately identify objects when the
sense of sight is taken away with the remaining four senses. Blindfolded test subjects are asked
to identify four objects. Results are measured by comparing accuracy in identifying objects with
each sense. Results show humans can identify objects hearing, tasting, and touching more
accurately than smelling.
Results indicate to partially accept and reject my hypothesis. I accept because either half or more
in all three trials have correct hearing, tasting, and touching results. I reject because there are
only three correct answers in three trials for smelling.
Project Number: MBS150
Grade: 7
Title: Mixing Light to Make Colors
Abstract: Ten boys and ten girls in the sixth and seventh Grade were tested to look at colored
lights (red, green, and blue) and answer questions on what they saw when combinations of the
colors were mixed together. My hypothesis, that the males and females would see the same
colors, was proved incorrect. Even though some of the boys and girls saw similar colors, the
results were quite different.
Project Number: MBS151
Grade: 8
Title: Early Bird Gets The Worm
Abstract: Do the number of hours you sleep affect your Grades. First get notes. Then, create
test. Give test to test subjects. Grade tests. Make results. It turns out that students with more
sleep average one higher Grade level than students with less sleep. My hypothesis was correct.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 10
Intermediate – Behavioral and Social Science (MBS), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MBS152
Grade: 7
Title: Do People have better Visual or Auditory Memory?
Abstract: People usually have two types of memory that they use to recall information, visual or
auditory memory. In this experiment I tested rather two groups of 7th Grade students would
have better visual or auditory memory. My hypothesis is that visual memory will be better than
auditory memory, because visual memory is stronger than auditory memory. In the first week
the students were divided into two groups and were read an excerpt and asked to complete a
survey to see how much they remembered from what they had heard. In the second week the
students were given an excerpt to read themselves to see if they could remember what they had
seen. After the surveys were completed , I tabulated and graphed the results. The results showed
that these groups of students had better visual memory compared to auditory memory.
Project Number: MBS153
Grade: 8
Title: The Stroop Effect
Abstract: This experiment was used to determine if “The Stroop Effect” affects the way of life. I
tested 50 different people for my experiment. I tested half on colored ink words and the other
half on black colored words. The participant was asked to read the words aloud. During the
experiment I recorded the percent missed or wrong and the body language of the participant. I
found out that the colored words were missed more than the black words.
Project Number: MBS154
Grade: 8
Title: Eyewitness Reliability
Abstract: This experiment evaluates the reliability of eyewitness information. Test subjects were
asked to study a picture for ten seconds. They then wrote a description about the picture. The
investigator looked over the description and informed the subjects each made a mistake in their
description. The mistake was then described. Subjects were again asked to write down their
account of the original picture. The goal of this experiment was to persuade eyewitnesses to
include the mistake in their second description. Fifty percent of the test subjects included the
mistake in their second description. More results are pending.
Project Number: MBS155
Grade: 7
Title: Do Dogs Have a Sense of Fairness?
Abstract: This project explored whether dogs, like humans, have a sense of "fairness". I
experimented with this idea by having multiple pairs of two dogs that may or may not live
together (sit together) individually perform a trick (paw/shake), when asked for a treat. But one
dog, after performing the trick, would receive no treat or praise. This would continue, with the
same dog until a reaction occurred. Then the dogs switched roles. Final results will be available
at PRSEF in April.
Project Number: MBS156
Grade: 8
Title: Twist, Push, Pop!
Abstract: My experiment was to test the effectiveness of childproof bottles. I hypothesized that
the children would not be able to open the bottles the first time around, but after watching me
open them a majority if the children would be able to open the bottles.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 11
Intermediate – Behavioral and Social Science (MBS), 7th & 8th Grade
For my experiment I chose three different childproof bottles and fifteen four year olds. I gave
each child one minute to attempt at opening the bottles. Then they observed me opening the
bottles and had another minute to try open the bottles. My results showed that the most effective
bottle was the squeeze and turn bottle.
Project Number: MBS157
Grade: 8
Title: Can You Remember?
Abstract: Remembering is a dangerous business, every time a memory is recalled it is recreated
by the brain, altering the memory from its original form. The purpose of this experiment is to
determine if memories are more accurate and descriptive in different genders. Twenty subjects
were asked to study and remember as much as they could from a picture. Five days later the
subjects were asked to write on a piece of paper as many objects and descriptions they could
remember from the picture. The descriptions and accuracy scores from female and male test
subjects were then Graded and compared.
Project Number: MBS158
Grade: 7
Title: What Genre of Music is Most Likely to Become an Earworm?
Abstract: My project explores what genre of music is most likely to get stuck in your head: rock,
country, pop, or rap. I wanted to better understand why you walk around the house humming a
song you may not even like. I played each song 3 times in a row and had participants fill in a
questionaire.
Project Number: MBS159
Grade: 7
Title: Can You Taste It?
Abstract: This experiment was to determine which gender has a lower taste threshold for sugar.
I created four sugar solutions (10%, 1%, .1, .01), and gave a q-tip dipped in each solution to each
participant, so each participant tasted sugar at every point. Then, they would determine if they
could taste the sweetness. The results were collected and analyzed. The girls had a lower taste
threshold for sugar than the boys.
Project Number: MBS160
Grade: 7
Title: Gender Color Gamut
Abstract: The purpose of the experiment was to find that women could see more colors than
men. Studies say it's true, but I beg to differ since females have two X chromosomes and males
only have one. Since women have two, we can receive one with typical colors and the other
have slight variation and men don't have that ability. So for my experiment, I will test four
groups of people: males, females, artistic, and none and ask for their opinion. At this point,
don't have the study complete.
Project Number: MBS161
Grade: 8
Title: Are you a food genius?
Abstract: My experiment was to figure out if people could tell the difference between organic
and inorganic food. I gathered tweleve people told them that they would try both A or B for all
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 12
Intermediate – Behavioral and Social Science (MBS), 7th & 8th Grade
three foods. Then circle either A or B for which one they thought was organic. Throughout the
entire experiment 6-8 people circled the inorganic food and 4-6 people circled the organic food.
My conclusions were that they used their brain instead of their mouth. Also, that the color of the
food does not determine anything.
Project Number: MBS162
Grade: 8
Title: What Flavor is it Really?
Abstract: The purpose of the experiment is to prove that people taste more with their eyes than
their taste buds. The procedures used were making the jello, dye it and have people taste it. The
data shows that most people let their eyes taste and not their taste buds. When people tasted jello
1 (orange dyed lemon flavor) 45% of the people tasted orange and when they tasted jello 2, 70%
of people tasted lemon. The conclusion is that sight does effect taste because of the information
that was reported. I did not expect anyone to choose that they tasted grape, since it was not
purple. I think the reason that so many people tasted rasberry was because jello 1 had a red tint.
Project Number: MBS163
Grade: 8
Title: Gender Hands
Abstract: I chose to do my project on handwriting analysis, and whether or not you could
accurately determine someone's gender just by their handwriting. My hypothesis is that for most
you will see enough characteristics in the handwriting to determine gender. In order to
accomplish this, I asked students for a handwriting sample. Once the surveys were turned in, I
looked for characteristics of the handwriting to determine if they were male or female. I
concluded that you can determine gender by handwriting, but not always.
Project Number: MBS164
Grade: 7
Title: Do we really need our nose?
Abstract: My experiment is testing to see the connection of taste and aroma. In this experiment I
took 8
test subjects all male and tested them using various smells. The participants were asked to taste
the food without knowing what it was and had to smell smells the did not know. They were
tested on: Overall taste, Recognition time, food group, food, Aroma. After finishing each trial
their time was recorded and they had to fill out the provided survey. At the end I concluded
something very interesting... Please visit my board for further details and the interesting part
Project Number: MBS165
Grade: 8
Title: Does Caffeine Affect Your Memory?
Abstract: My project was designed to determine if caffeine affects your memory. While taking a
spelling test and drinking caffeinated or non-caffeinated soda, will it improve your test scores? I
gave test subjects caffeinated and non-caffeinated soda and administered spelling tests. Tests
were Graded and data was recorded. My hypothesis was supported because the subjects did
better with the caffeine drink than subjects with the non-caffeinated drink.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 13
Intermediate – Behavioral and Social Science (MBS), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MBS166
Grade: 7
Title: Leading Reading
Abstract: If a young child doesn’t excel in reading, I want to find out if it’s because of the
reader’s effect.
Project Number: MBS300
Grade: 7
Title: Brain Food!
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the affects of eating breakfast on the
ability to memorize list of words. We separated six subjects into three groups of two. Group A
will study lists of words and write down all they can remember before breakfast. Group B will
do the same thing after eating a breakfast high in carbohydrates and group C will test after a high
protein breakfast. Each group will do this for 5 days and the results will be recorded and
analyzed. Experimentation is still continuing and results are currently unavailable.
Project Number: MBS301
Grade: 8
Title: Color Correlation
Abstract: The purpose of our experiment is to determine if certain colors affect the process of
memorization in the human brain. We gathered a group of people of different genders, ages,
races, and ethnic backgrounds to perform as test subjects. We presented the participants with a
set of different-colored cards and gave them exactly one minute to remember what was on the
cards. Then, we calculated their time and accuracy and recorded this in a chart. The results
concluded that the color red improves speed and black improves accuracy.
Project Number: MBS302
Grade: 7
Title: Is smiling contagious?
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine how contagous a smile is. To conduct
this experiment we had both a boy and a girl smile at 5 men and 5 women in public. The
experimental results were measured by comparing how many people from opposite replied with
a smile from a boy or a girl. The results showed that 7, out of 10, people replied with a smile
when the boy smiled but 6 people smiled back when the girl smiled. The results indicate that the
hypothesis should be rejected because we thought more people would smile back to the girl
although more smiled back to the boy.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 14
Intermediate – Biology (MBI), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MBI100
Grade: 8
Title: Glucose It Up
Abstract: Is a healthy male's glucose level higher than a healthy female's after consuming an
amount of glucose? I hypothesized that the female volunteer would have a higher glucose level
because the male's metabolism is faster and it will burn the glucose faster.
I conducted my project by poking my volunteer with a lancet. Then I put the blood sample on
the test strip and inserted it into the glucometer. The glucometer indicated the results, and I
recorded them. The results were as I had hypothesized. The female's levels were higher.
I concluded that my hypothesis was correct.
Project Number: MBI101
Grade: 7
Title: Does the different stages of ripeness affect the ability to extract DNA from a bannana
Abstract: Does the different stages of ripeness affect the ability to extract DNA from a banana?
As the ripe banana is being extracted it will produce the most DNA. Prepare the extraction
solution and pulp. Extract the DNA, filter it and observe. The process was repeated using the
ripe and under ripe bananas. I measured it with a balance.
Project Number: MBI102
Grade: 8
Title: Planaria And Wound Healing
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment is to determine the effect of spices on wound healing.
I fed planaria different diets. I cut each planarian in half. I applied topical antibiotics and
different spices on the wound. Regularly, I observed the wound healing progress of each
planarian using light. If the planarian responded, I recorded the date because the planarian had
healed.
Project Number: MBI103
Grade: 8
Title: Musical Memory
Abstract: The purpose of this project was to test 8th Grade students concentration against
different genres of music
Project Number: MBI104
Grade: 8
Title: We're Going to War!
Abstract: The purpose of my project is to determine what types of food/drinks can give you the
best reaction times when you are fatigued. The reason I chose this experiment was because when
I get up in the morning I’m always really tired. In this project I basically tested vegetables,
drinks, and sweets to see which group would decrease your reaction time. After all the testing
the drinks proved to decrease the test subject’s reaction time the most. In conclusion my
hypothesis was supported by the data I received from my project.
Project Number: MBI105
Grade: 7
Title: Eliminating Those Stinky Bugs
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to determine which method or combination of
methods to eliminate stink bugs is the most effective.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 15
Intermediate – Biology (MBI), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MBI106
Grade: 8
Title: Peat vs. Coir
Abstract: Which will allow bean seeds to germinate the quickest and higher germination rate,
coir or peat? I think the coir pellets will help the lima bean seed germinate quicker than the peat
pellets.
Project Number: MBI107
Grade: 7
Title: How do Certain Brands of Sports Drinks Affect an Adolescent's Speed, Strength &
Endurance?
Abstract: Which sports drink, Gatorade, Powerade, or Vitamin Water Energy is most effective
when improving an adolescent’s athletic performance? If Gatorade contains more potassium than
the other drinks, and more carbohydrates than Vitamin Water, then it will be most effective to an
adolescent’s athletic performance because the more carbohydrates the body can digest, the
greater effect it will have on adolescents’ athletic performance. Vitamin Water performed best in
the endurance and strength tests. Therefore, it was most effective in tests that had a heavy
reliance on energy replenishment. After analyzing the data, Vitamin Water is the better
energizer, refuting the hypothesis.
Project Number: MBI108
Grade: 8
Title: The Effect of Physical Exercise on All Aspects of Human Health
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the benefits of regular physical
exercise on all aspects of human health. In my experiment, I compared results gathered from
weeks in which test subjects exercised and did not exercise. The results were from tests
measuring problem-solving, information processing, focus, memory, physical fitness, hand-eye
coordination, and mood. The data collected has consistently shown that during weeks in which
the participants exercised, they scored higher in all aspects of human health that were measured.
Based on this data, I conclude that physical exercise is beneficial to all aspects of human health.
Project Number: MBI109
Grade: 8
Title: Incredible shriveling grape
Abstract: My project was on the process of a grape changing into a raisin.I got a seedless grape
set it out on my ledge.then took pictures of it.I thought that the process would take about two to
three weeks. Instead it took 5 weeks for the process.
Project Number: MBI110
Grade: 8
Title: Under the Sea!
Abstract:
Bioluminescence is the production of light by living organisms through an internal chemical
reaction. Pyrocystis bioluminescence is set by a circadian rhythm, just like our sleep patterns. At
night, the cells produce the chemicals needed for the chemical reaction, and during the day, the
Pyrocystis cells photosynthesize using light energy. This experiment was created to test how
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 16
Intermediate – Biology (MBI), 7th & 8th Grade
altering the Circadian Rhythms of P. lunula and P. fusiformis would affect their bioluminescence
and chloroplast distribution. The circadian rhythms were regulated and altered for two weeks. A
total of seven light/ dark cycles were tested: 24 hours light/ 0 hours of dark, 8 hours of light/ 16
hours of dark, 16 hours of light/ 8 hours of dark, 0 hours of light/ 24 hours of dark, 20 hours of
light/ 4 hours of dark, 21 hours of light/ 3 hours of dark, and 12 hours of light/ 12 hours of dark
was the control. These groups were put under a natural spectrum CFL for their respective times.
The cells were observed and analyzed under a digital microscope and the chloroplast distribution
was rated on a scale from 1-5. In addition, the bioluminescence was rated on a scale from 0-4. It
was concluded that the cells that received longer light periods had a stronger bioluminescence
than the opposite. The conclusion stated that the chloroplast distribution did not follow a
particular pattern due to the long observation periods. The experimenter conjectured that this
experiment would be useful in the military, medical field, and in the industrial and commercial
setting.
Project Number: MBI111
Grade: 7
Title: Edible Fungal Growth In Different Sudstrates
Abstract: My purpose was to find what substrate grew oyster mushrooms the best. I first obtain
oyster mushroom spawn. Then get nine liter bottles and five buckets one with wood chips, one
with shredded paper, and one with straw. After that mix in spawn and add water to each bottle
and cut slits into different points on all of the bottles. I will weigh all growth from the slits in the
sides of the bottles to find what substrate grew the mushroom the best. I found that straw grew
the best.
Project Number: MBI112
Grade: 8
Title: Plant Growth
Abstract: I wanted to know if plant's grow more if they have soil or just soil/earthworms. So I
tested by having four plants two with earthworms/soil and the other two were soil.
Project Number: MBI113
Grade: 8
Title: Caught' ya red handed
Abstract: Fingerprints are unique in their own way. Everone has different types of fingerprints.
We can inherit our family members but they are not identical. There are three different types of
fingerprints: loops, arches, whorls. Loops have a ridge that enter from either side of the
impression and touches the line. There are wo types of loops: Radial and Ulnar. Arches have a
ridge running from one side to another pattern. There are two types of arches: Plain and Tented.
In a whorl, some ridges make a turn through a circuit. There are four typrd of whorls: Pain,
Central Pocket, Double Loop, and Accidental.
Project Number: MBI114
Grade: 7
Title: What Attracts Stink Bugs Under Different Circumstances
Abstract: For this experiment I decided to test to see what attracts stink bugs. To set up this
experiment I used three bug pods, putting the stink bugs in the center pod and the variables on
the outer pods. Then I would let the stink bugs choose which variable they liked the most. My
hypothesis was I thought the heat and ultrasound would attract the stink bugs. I based my
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 17
Intermediate – Biology (MBI), 7th & 8th Grade
hypothesis off of observations at my sister’s party. Preliminary results suggest that the
ultrasound and heat attracted more insects. Testing is still ongoing.
Project Number: MBI115
Grade: 8
Title: Protecting Our Waterways
Abstract: I conducted this experiment to see which of the following would be the best way to
sterilize a life jacket so it did not carry foreign species to a waterway: freezing the item solid,
wash/soak it in water at or above 45 degrees Celsius for at least 40 minutes, drying it completely,
or wash/soak it in a 95% water 5% detergent solution at least 45 degrees for 30 minutes. My
problem was “What is the best way to stop the spread of unwanted algae?” I thought the hot
water and detergent would best clean the life jacket. I soaked life jackets in a bowls with the
same amount of algae in them for 5 hours, and then tried these methods to sterilize the life jacket.
I then put them in Petri dishes with the same amount of algae in them to see how much grew. I
found that the group that was dried completely had the smallest growth; I believe this was
because it was the only group where water left it completely, through evaporation. Even though
this group worked the best, there was little growth in any category. This is good news for all
wishing to protect our waterways. My experiment also showed us that you do not need to spend
money to clean your equipment, because drying does not cost anything. If I were to do this
experiment over, I would test with different types of algae and with different materials to carry
the algae over.
Project Number: MBI116
Grade: 8
Title: A Preserved Apple a Day Keeps A Doctor Away
Abstract: In order to complete this experiment you really don't need to have to get atypical
items. All it requires is simple household objects. Unless you don't have apples, orange juice, or
honey. I would recommend it because it is a uncomplicated, but enjoyable project to do. But you
have to do research, and investigate which materials would be best. Take notes and keep an eye
on how well things are going. In the end look back and think, "was my hypothesis supported?"
All in all it was a fun experiment and I look forward to working with it once more.
Project Number: MBI117
Grade: 7
Title: Does Solution Type Affect Color Change?
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to determine if changing the solution would alter
the speed with which celery would acquire color.
Project Number: MBI118
Grade: 7
Title: The effect of disinfectant on bacterial growth
Abstract: My project is going to test different types of disinfectant on germs from a common
doorknob. The two disinfectants that will be used are Germ-X and Lysol disinfectant spray to
see which product kills more germs and microbes. First, a sample of a doorknob will be taken
and swabbed into multiple Petri dishes. Then, bacteria and other microbes will grow over an
elapsed time. The products will be applied to the dishes and more time will elapse. The results
will be recorded and the germs and microbes will be identified as much as possible to count the
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 18
Intermediate – Biology (MBI), 7th & 8th Grade
different species of microbes. The results will include which product kills more bacteria and
other microbes. The final results will be available at the student's exhibit on fair day.
Project Number: MBI119
Grade: 8
Title: Got Corn?
Abstract: This project was to determine what the eating patterns of deer are to help hunters
understand when to be in the woods. The research was done from fall to winter to see if deer
would eat more when it is cold and snowy or when it was warm and wet. We only had one snow
storm during my research, which added complications to my project.
Project Number: MBI120
Grade: 8
Title: Natural vs Synthetic
Abstract: The name of this project is Natural vs Synthetic. The purpose of this project is to
prove whether a natural grass or artificial turf sample will have the least amount of bacteria after
being sprayed with various enzymes and disinfectants. The procedures used will be to first travel
to the locations where the turf is located. Then, I will spray them with the various chemicals
every two days for the course of two weeks. I shall test them with a bacteria level tester. This
project is still in the testing phase.
Project Number: MBI121
Grade: 8
Title: Chromium
Abstract: My project is about the pollutant metal chromium. I felt that pollution was a growing
problem in our world today. first I obtained the following items; rapid growth experiment
radishes chromium solutions of 1 ppm 2.5 ppm 5 ppm (parts per million) of chromium, distilled
water, growth soil, containers for plants, temperature controlled area, thermometer, metric ruler,
and liquid measuring cylinders. Next I planted radish seeds and watered with respective
solutions. I let the plants grow for 17 days measuring and watering daily. I then tested the
chromium in each plant with an atomic absorption spectrometer
Project Number: MBI122
Grade: 8
Title: Lying Eyes
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to see if peoples’ eyes affect how they taste their
food. The procedure used was making hard tack candy in all the same flavor but in six different
colors. Subjects were asked to taste a piece of candy and identify the flavor. This was repeated
for all six colors. Most subjects only identified one out six colors correctly. This data showed
that people are biased with their eyes while eating.
Project Number: MBI123
Grade: 8
Title: Something in the Water
Abstract: The purpose of this project was to see what other liquids you could use to grow plants
procedure gather all materials place an inch of soil in each slot of the egg carton use your finger
to put a little crater in each patch of soil place seed in the little crater cover the seed with soil
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 19
Intermediate – Biology (MBI), 7th & 8th Grade
water each plant with its designated liquid keep watering as needed wait for plants to sprout at
the end of the month record data
Project Number: MBI124
Grade: 7
Title: Are Fingerprints Inherited?
Abstract: My experiment will find if fingerprints are inherited through genetics. Although my
project is still continuing, I will take fingerprints from different sets of people with an ink pad. I
will compare the prints from the children to their parents. If all of the prints match with their
parents, I will consider them inherited.
Project Number: MBI125
Grade: 8
Title: Music During Volleyball Serves
Abstract: The purpose of my project was to improve my volleyball teams serves. I wanted to get
more consistent serves. I wanted to see if the music would affect their concentration while they
were serving.
Project Number: MBI126
Grade: 7
Title: The Effect of Salt, Tap, and Bottled Water on Plant Growth
Abstract: The purpose of this project is obviously to see how different water types (salt, tap, and
bottle) effect plant growth of this specific plant, the radish plant. My hypothesis states that I
believe salt will grow the least because due to my background research, salt’s effect on plants is
bad- it causes he good minerals to drain from the plant. When I conducted my experiment, my
tap water treated plants grew the largest, and bottles water was second largest. The salt water
plants didn’t grow at all. Actually, I think the radish plant’s seeds that were treated by the salt
water died in the process. In conclusion, my experiment proved my hypothesis because the salt
not only grew the least, it didn’t grow.
Project Number: MBI127
Grade: 7
Title: Planaria Miracle Grow
Abstract: The goal of the experiment is to determine the effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on
the rate of planaria regeneration. Ten petri dishes were filled with 1:100000 solution of aspirin,
then with 1:100000 solution of acetaminophen, and ten with spring water. Each planarian was
cut in half and both halves were placed in a petri dish. The number of planaria that completely
regenerated or dies was recorded daily with regeneration tested by planaria photoreceptor
response. Acetaminophen speeds up the regenerative process by about a day while aspirin slows
it down by about a day compared to the control condition.
Project Number: MBI128
Grade: 7
Title: What color can dogs see the best?
Abstract: The purpose of my project is to determine what color or colors can a dog see the best.
Also, to determine if a dog is even able to see color. In conclusion, it has been determined that
there two colors that are best seen by dogs. Those two colors are Red and Orange. This is
supported because in the table there are three reds and three orange.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 20
Intermediate – Biology (MBI), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MBI129
Grade: 7
Title: Do We Need to Rethink Refrigeration?
Abstract: Sodium nitrite is a commonly used chemical that preserves foods. It is also naturally
found in some foods, such as spinach and asparagus as well as breakdown products of nitrate
salt. Although sodium nitrite is helpful in preventing food-borne diseases, it also reacts
chemically inside the body and may form carcinogens. There is a common belief that
refrigerated leftovers gradually produce nitrite salts and thus are not healthy to consume. In this
study, I hope to examine whether nitrite salts are produced during the refrigeration of cooked
dishes.
Project Number: MBI130
Grade: 7
Title: The Effect of Caffeine on Plant Growth
Abstract: In this experiment I tried to find out if coffee can be a organic fertilizer to plants. I
will also use tea to see if it affects the plants growth. I will experiment on mung beans. Not all
plants will benefit from this only some. The hypothesis is that mung beans watered with coffee
will grow faster.
Project Number: MBI131
Grade: 7
Title: Colored Bubbles
Abstract: The problem is, “Is color a misleading first perception of taste?”
It is hypothesized that the color of the carbonated water will influence the perception of its taste.
A brief procedure of the experiment is as follows. The students are given a copy of the answer
sheet when they enter the room. They will then try the first drink and write down what they think
it is. This process will be repeated until they have tried all six of the drinks.
Project Number: MBI132
Grade: 8
Title: Reducing Greenhouse Gas Impacts
Abstract: The purpose for my experiment is to find the greenhouse gas that has the most impact
on the environment. Using this information from the first part of my experiment, I will try to
reduce the amount of impact this gas has on the environment. I will use plants, which absorbs
carbon dioxide, and soil, which will absorb the heat, to reduce the reaction this gas causes on the
environment.
Project Number: MBI133
Grade: 8
Title: Most Efficient Antioxidant
Abstract: This project examined whether three antioxidant vitamins (A, C, and E) can reverse
the deleterious effect of free radicals on the growth of mustard plants. The first step was to create
a free radical model by establishing a non-lethal concentration of hydrogen peroxide that impairs
the growth of mustard plants. The second step was to determine whether the antioxidant
vitamins, over a biologically meaningful dose range, reversed the effect of hydrogen peroxide.
The primary outcome measure was plant height. Results will be presented at the Fair.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 21
Intermediate – Biology (MBI), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MBI134
Grade: 8
Title: Plants and Color
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation is to see how plants will grow with different color of
light. I hoped to achieve a faster way to grow plants. My thought is that the plants will have
different rates of growth depending on which color film the light passes through. I am trying to
see if light color can be changed, and if it affects plant's growth. The results after 12 weeks, did
show different growth rates with all the plants. The results show that the colored film did have an
effect on the plants' rates of growth.
Project Number: MBI135
Grade: 7
Title: How Various H2O Makes Me Grow
Abstract: Which water do you think will make the plant grow? In this experiment, plants'
growth will be tested to see if various types of water will play any role in plant growth. Twenty
bean plants will be planted individually in cups, and each of four sets of five plants will be given
different types of water. The waters that will be used to water the plants are as follows: stream,
rain, tap, and bottled. Over a period of time, the plants' growth will be recorded and observed,
and detailed records will be kept of the plants' daily growing processes. Results will be shown
on a table, and they will be compared to see if the water did indeed have any role in the plants'
growth. After all information is collected and analyzed, a final statement will be drawn in
conclusion to the project. Final results will be available at the student's exhibit on fair day.
Project Number: MBI136
Grade: 7
Title: Does My Body Clock Alarm My Brain?
Abstract: Last year, I conducted a science experiment to determine when my brain was best at
solving complex problems. I want to know if there is any correlation between my brain test
results and my body clock. I am testing my vital signs and retaking some of the problem solving
tests throughout the day so I can compare the results of all tests. Testing is underway. Results
and a conclusion are not available yet.
Project Number: MBI137
Grade: 8
Title: Diagnosis of Cancer using Digital Image Analysis
Abstract: The goal of this project is to detect and measure a diagnostic marker (carbonic
anhydrase 9, CA9) in Kidney cancer to help improve diagnosis of Kidney cancer using a digital
image analysis software. Cases of Kidney cancer and appropriate controls will be stained with
antibody ( CA9) and slides will be digitized using whole slide imaging followed by image
analysis of the samples using a commercially available software (Aperio, California). The
improved detection method using digital software will help in the rapid diagnosis of Kidney
Cancer and improve the care of cancer patients.
Project Number: MBI138
Title: The Race With Vitamin A
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Grade: 7
Page 22
Intermediate – Biology (MBI), 7th & 8th Grade
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment is to see if vitamin A water will help a plant grow taller
than a plant with distilled water.To conduct this experiment I collected 10 bean seeds and gave
vitamin A water to plant A and distilled water to plant B. The results were measured by
comparing the growth of each plant using a ruler to measure their height. The results of the
experiment showed that the vitamin A water did not show a recordable difference from the
distilled water. The results indicate that the hypothesis should be rejected because plant A when
given the vitamin A water did not help the plant grow taller than plant B given distilled water. I
should also accept a null hypothesis since there was no significant difference with the growth of
the plants.
Project Number: MBI139
Grade: 8
Title: Going Green
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to see what type of organic waste (ashes, fruit
peels, pure soil, crushed egg shells, coffee grains) would help plants grow the best.
Project Number: MBI140
Grade: 7
Title: Soil Versus Hydroponic Gardening
Abstract: "What type of gardening grows a seed better: Soil or Hydroponic gardening?" Given
similar conditions, hydroponic gardening will grow a tomato better. Both situations sat next to
each other under a fluorescent plant light. The two hydroponic plants germinated first, and the
next day the soil plants germinated. Over the period of growth I was surprised to see the soil
plants growing more rapidly and the leaves were larger. That observation brought me to my
conclusion that soil plants grow fuller or larger. The soil plants germinated last but grew to be
larger which did not support the hypothesis
Project Number: MBI142
Grade: 7
Title: Ibo
Abstract: In my project I wanted to find out if the number of people near Ibo's (the female
gorilla at the Pittsburgh zoo) habitat would affect how many times Ibo changed her behavior.
My hypothesis was that when there is a group of 15 or more people she will change her behavior
more because of stimulation from the crowd. The steps I did to do this project were going to the
zoo over the summer and whenever she changed her behavior I would record the time from a
stopwatch and what behavior she changed to. I concluded that my hypothesis was incorrect.
Project Number: MBI143
Grade: 7
Title: The Power of Beans
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to find out if a Legumes plant such as green bean
or peanut would help another plant such as green pepper or onion grow faster or better. I have
studied this by growing a green bean Legume next to an onion, yellow pepper, and green pepper,
while comparing it to a control green pepper, yellow pepper, and onion. In my hypothesis I have
said that the plants growing next to the beans will grow better or faster than the control plants
Project Number: MBI144
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Grade: 8
Page 23
Intermediate – Biology (MBI), 7th & 8th Grade
Title: Flower Types
Abstract: In my project, I am trying to find out if a Monocot or a Dicot is more durable and
hardier. I also wanted to see if the number of petals is a characteristic of whether a plant is a
Monocot or a Dicot.
Project Number: MBI145
Grade: 8
Title: Is Your Wi-Fi Killing You?
Abstract: Wireless EMF is all around us, and recently there has been concern over adverse
health effects. This study evaluated the difference in development of Painted Lady Butterflies
from the egg to adult stages in both no-EMF and EMF-present environments. The levels of EMF
are those produced by consumer Wi-Fi routers commonly available in homes. The study
controlled for temperature and light levels. Regression analysis and other statistical
measurements were used to compare non-EMF controls with EMF test subjects.
Project Number: MBI146
Grade: 7
Title: Bright Light, Which is Right?
Abstract: Seedling germination and growth rates were compared using a variety of light sources,
including LED, CFL, incandescent and natural light sources.
Project Number: MBI147
Grade: 8
Title: Correlations Between Body Mass/Dimension and Blood Pressure
Abstract: High blood pressure (HBP) is a major health problem in adults. HBP does not develop
suddenly, rather slowly over years, presenting well into adulthood. It is known that increased
body dimensions, including weight, waist circumference, and surface area are factors which are
correlated with HBP in adults. I hypothesize that these factors will be correlated with blood
pressure in middle school students. I expect that all students will have BP in the “normal” range,
but that pressures among those with larger body dimensions will be higher than those with
smaller body dimensions.
Project Number: MBI148
Grade: 8
Title: Blood Pressure and Soda
Abstract: This project was to determine if different types of soda affect blood pressure
differently. The participant will have their blood pressure taken and recorded. Then they will be
given 2 fluid ounces of soda to drink. Once the participant drinks the soda, we wait two minutes.
After that the participant will have their blood pressure taken and recorded one more time. The
next day the participant will return to have the same procedure done but with a different type of
soda, for six days until all data has been collected. Data will be analyzed to determine if different
types of soda affect blood pressure differently.
Project Number: MBI149
Grade: 8
Title: Eat Your Greens!
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to see if spinach grown in soil containing steel
wool had greater iron content in it than spinach from a grocery store. To conduct this experiment
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 24
Intermediate – Biology (MBI), 7th & 8th Grade
I grew spinach in soil containing steel wool. When the spinach was done growing, I had used an
Insta Test to see the difference of amounts iron between the spinach I had grown in steel wool
versus the spinach I bought from the local grocery store. The experimental results were measured
by parts per million of iron content. The results of the experiment agreed with my hypothesis
which stated: if I grow spinach in steel wool it will have a greater amount of iron in it than the
spinach from a grocery store, because the steel wool will act as a source of iron.
Project Number: MBI150
Grade: 8
Title: Does Sound Effect Plant Growth?
Abstract: The whole idea of my project was to try and figure out if sound really effects plant
growth. I thought of this idea after hearing someone ask me if I thought sound effected plant
growth. After not knowing what my answer to that question would be, I decided that would be a
great experiment to conduct. The two questions I asked in my experiment were: Does sound
really effect plant growth? and also: If it is quiet in one area and loud in another, will it effect the
plant and make it grow bigger and faster?
Project Number: MBI151
Grade: 8
Title: meat savey
Abstract: Despite advances in meat preservation, due to natural calamities or power failure
American families find meat in the refrigerator going bad. Vinegar and salt are available in most
households. My hypothesis is that a combination of vinegar and salt will best preserve meat.
Meat will be placed in salt rub alone, vinegar alone, vinegar + salt or without preservatives. At
the end of 2 weeks, I will test for bacterial growth and electrophorese protein from the meat on a
polyacrylamide gel to check for protein degradation. Lack of bacteria and discreet protein bands
will indicate the effectiveness of the preservative.
Project Number: MBI152
Grade: 7
Title: How Does Smoking Affect Your Lungs
Abstract: The problem is, "How to visually show the effects smoking has on human lungs." The
hypothesis is, "If a lung is contaminaed or compromised, then it will not be able to breathe up to
full capacity." I will be making two models of a healthy lung and a contaminated lung. I will
measure the breathing capacity of both the healthy lung and the contaminated lung.
The results support my hypothesis.
Project Number: MBI153
Grade: 7
Title: The Power of Enzymes
Abstract: Recently, enzymes have been added to laundry detergents. The purpose of my project
is to find out if enzymes are effective stain removers. Buy one bottle of laundry detergent that
contains enzymes and one that does not. Stain two pieces of cloth. Wash one of the pieces of
cloth with the detergent that contains enzymes. Then wash the other piece of cloth with the
detergent that does not contain enzymes. Repeat with two different types of stains. Finish by
comparing the cloth pieces. If I could do this project again I would use different types of fabric.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 25
Intermediate – Biology (MBI), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MBI154
Grade: 8
Title: The Science Behind Afterimages
Abstract: How long does it take for an afterimage to disappear and does color affect the amount
of time it takes? If somebody stares at the cone stimulation and look away then it will take ten
seconds for the afterimage to disappear and color will not affect the amount of time it takes.
Also, if you stare at different colored cone stimulations then it won’t affect the time it takes for
an afterimage to be produced. The conclusion is that it took different amounts of time for the
afterimage to disappear. Color did not affect how long it took. The cone stimulation color did
not affecting any part.
Project Number: MBI155
Grade: 7
Title: Impact of Cell Phone Radiation on Invertebrates
Abstract: Mealworms were exposed to a SmartPhone during charging, and death rates were
compared to mealworms not exposed to this situation. In addition, mealworms also will be
exposed to a PopPhone during charging to assess possible impacts.
Project Number: MBI156
Grade: 8
Title: Left or Right Dominant
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to see if most people's brains were left or rightside dominant.
Project Number: MBI157
Grade: 8
Title: How Does Your Garden Grow?
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to find out if the use of organic seeds and/or soil
affects the growth rate of plants.
Project Number: MBI158
Grade: 8
Title: Olfactory Fatigue
Abstract: This project was to determine how long the participants take to reach Olfactory
Fatigue. To do this experiment I used two ounces of the four following substances: lemon
extract, almond extract, cinnamon, and coffee. Then again the participants wafted the same
products again but with four ounces of substances, to see which substances take longer for the
participants to recognize. After the participants smell each substance, I record what the
participants think of the smell: if the participants like or don’t like the substances. Data will be
analyzed to determine the effects of Olfactory Fatigue.
Project Number: MBI159
Grade: 8
Title: Do Organic or Synthetic Fertilizers Grow Bean Plants Faster
Abstract: For this project, I will be planting Lima bean plants, and applying different amounts of
organic and synthetic fertilizers. I will have five groups of 18 plants each. Organic fertilizer with
the NPK numbers 4-4-4, Synthetic fertilizer with the NPK diluted to 4-4-4, Organic fertilizer
with the NPK strengthened to 20-20-20, Synthetic fertilizer with the NPK numbers 20-20-20,
and finally a control group. I will measure and graph the growth of the different groups of plants.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 26
Intermediate – Biology (MBI), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MBI160
Grade: 7
Title: The Pull Of Gravity
Abstract: The purpose of my project was to see if gravity affected root growth. My procedures
are get paper towels, get one sharpie, get masking tape, get a cardboard box with a lid, and one
packet of radish seeds. Cut the paper towels so that they fit in the plastic bag write right, left, up,
and down. Then in each corner of the bags right a “v” fThe purpose of my project was to see if
gravity affected root growth. My procedures are get paper towels, get one sharpie, get masking
tape, get a cardboard box with a lid, and one packet of radish seeds. Cut the paper towels so that
they fit in the plastic bag write right, left, up, and down. Then in each corner of the bags right a
“v” for vertical, “r” for rotate and “h” for horizontal. My results were that gravity did have
affect on root growth. In conclusion my hypothesis was correct because gravity had affect on
root growth.or vertical, “r” for rotate and “h” for horizontal. My results were that gravity did
have affect on root growth. In conclusion my hypothesis was correct because gravity had affect
on root growth.
Project Number: MBI161
Grade: 7
Title: What Makes It Grow
Abstract: The purpose of my project was to see which liquid out of water, milk, orange juice,
tea, and cola supported plants the best in their growth. My hypothesis was that water and milk
would support the plants the best. I conducted four experiments using bean seeds. Each
experiment lasted two weeks, consisting of five plants that were watered with a specific liquid
every other day. In every experiment, the Water and Milk plants grew the tallest. I concluded
that bean plants can grow with artificial light and being watered with any of the liquids. My
hypothesis was therefore correct.
Project Number: MBI300
Grade: 8
Title: Cookie Monster
Abstract: Cookie Monster Abstract
The Purpose of our experiment, Cookie Monster, was to find out if the freshness of the dough
effected the quality and taste of the cookie or not. Our hypothesis is that the fresher the dough
would have a better taste/quality. First we would purchase the ingredients. Then we would mix
the ingredients. After that we would store half the dough in the fridge for 48 hours. Next we
would bake the other half for 15 minutes on 375. After the 48 hours we baked the 2nd half if the
dough and then taste tested. The final results will be available at fair day.
Project Number: MBI301
Grade: 8
Title: How Do Fish React To Their Reflection?
Abstract: This study is about fish reflections and how fish react to them. The purpose for the
study is the curiosity of what fish when they do when they see their reflections. The fish will
react to the mirror in a aggressive way because male fish are known to be more violent when
seeing all male fish of its kind. Based on the research the conclusion that a male cichlid will
exhibit aggression against the reflection, due to a self defense mechanism.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 27
Intermediate – Biology (MBI), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MBI301
Grade: 8
Title: How Do Fish React To Their Reflection?
Abstract: This study is about fish reflections and how fish react to them. The purpose for the
study is the curiosity of what fish when they do when they see their reflections. The fish will
react to the mirror in a aggressive way because male fish are known to be more violent when
seeing all male fish of its kind. Based on the research the conclusion that a male cichlid will
exhibit aggression against the reflection, due to a self defense mechanism.
Project Number: MBI302
Grade: 8
Title: How Do Roots Grow When The Direction of Gravity Changes?
Abstract: The purpose for doing our project is to help others. Our project, about finding how
gravity affects the growth of plants, does just that. People better understand gardening after
learning from our experiment. To get the most accurate answer, we included three variables and
examined our subjects daily. After two months, we found that gravity’s effects were not different
when the direction of the seed was changed. Finding this answer helps those who garden for a
living because it confirms that the direction of the seed does not matter. That is the purpose of
our project.
Project Number: MBI303
Grade: 8
Title: Rodent Race: Can You Train Your Rodents?
Abstract: Are rodents the dumb old animals that everyone sees as a pest or nuisance? We argue
that they aren’t. There are many reasons that support our thesis in which rodents such as the
mouse and the rat are smarter than the average animal. Many sources have displayed to us that
the rat and mouse are very intelligent little creatures.
Some of our research has shown that mice can use sensors in their nose and head to detect
dangerous areas. As surreal as this sounds, it actually helps them evade and survive in certain
life-threatening environments.
Project Number: MBI304
Grade: 8
Title: Sounds of the Desert
Abstract: For our project, we wanted to make it easier for people to grow plants. We used 4
cactus plants. It can help farmers, greenhouse workers, scientists, landscapers, or even anybody!
We wanted to see if music grew plants quickly. We set up 2 tests; one with music the other with
no music. One partner played music for a certain amount of time. The other treated it like a
normal plant, giving it just water and sunlight. We thought the plant with music would help. The
cactus with music DID grow taller! We hope we helped famers, greenhouse workers, etc.
Project Number: MBI305
Grade: 8
Title: The Effect of Light Color on the Growth of Marigolds
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the color of light a plant would grow
best to. Are you interested in growing plants indoors? Read on to find out what color of light to
use! The problem this project is based on is do different colors of light affect plant growth. The
experiment chosen to solve this problem is: to gather five different- colored light bulbs and some
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 28
Intermediate – Biology (MBI), 7th & 8th Grade
marigolds and see which color the marigolds grow best to in four weeks. The knowledge gained
was that the clear light bulb contributed most to plant growth.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 29
Intermediate – Biology (MBI), 7th & 8th Grade
This page intentionally left blank
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 30
Intermediate – Chemistry (MCH), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MCH100
Grade: 7
Title: Is there something in my hair?
Abstract: Hair perms and relaxers are used by women world wide everyday. Though these
chemical treatments are so popular, I wondered about what the long term effects of the chemicals
are. I researched individual chemicals , hair make-up , and experiences other women have had
with these chemicals. I tested different samples of hair and a piece of beef with these chemicals
examining the lengths, determining the breaks in the keratin bonds. My hypothesis was correct
that the keratin bonds after an extended time with these chemical treatments negatively effect the
keratin bond weakening hair and making it more susceptible to damage.
Project Number: MCH101
Grade: 8
Title: Gone With the Detergent
Abstract: Oil does not dissolve in water alone. A way to combine the two is by using detergent,
because it is a surfactant. The experiment intended to learn how much different oils could be
dissolved in a solution of 20g detergent and 200g water. The second half of the experiment was
conducted by dropping a drop each time, then observing if it had dissolved. The number of
drops dissolved in the solution varied from 0 to 4 drops. By conducting this experiment,
engineers and scientists can estimate the amount of detergent needed to clean up oil spills.
Project Number: MCH102
Grade: 8
Title: Which Liquid Mixed With Soap Makes the Most Bubbles
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation is to determine which liquid mixed with soap makes
the most bubbles. I created bubbles using warm water, cold water, ginger ale and sprite and
measured repeatedly to see which created the largest bubbles.
Project Number: MCH103
Grade: 8
Title: Acid Rain's Effects on Houses
Abstract: This project answers the question: What part of a house is most affected by acid rain?
This was to be determined by affecting samples of brick, wood, and asphalt shingle with a
sulfuric acid-water mixture(acid rain). The affected areas were removed, and a mass differential
determined how acid rain affects different materials. The experiment also was conducted to show
patterns in mass lost as more solution is added.
Project Number: MCH104
Grade: 8
Title: Temperature vs. Reaction Time
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation is to see when an alka-seltzer tablet is dropped in
water which will dissolve the fastest. To finish this experiment I had 3 different temperatures of
water and dropped alka-seltzer in them. My hypothesis, that as the water temperature increases,
the chemical reaction will decrease, was supported by the data.
Project Number: MCH105
Title: Do Acidic Foods Cause Al to leak to them?
Abstract: Grade: 8
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Grade: 8
Page 31
Intermediate – Chemistry (MCH), 7th & 8th Grade
The purpose of this experiment is to determine if aluminum products leach aluminum to acidic
foods, causing health risks if the aluminum is ingested.Procedure includes pouring distilled water
into an aluminum pot and an aluminum lined oven safe glass container. Then, pouring an acidic
substance like white vinegar into water and cooking the solution.Mix in Ascorbic Acid,
AluVer3,and Bleaching3 powder pillows.Use spectrophotometer to test for aluminum in
solutions. All acidic samples tested had concentrations of aluminum present.Vinegar overall
average of .050.Tomato had overall average of .051.Lemon overall average .040. All substances
tested positively with concentration of aluminum which leached from the foil and pot therefore,
the hypothesis was supported.
Project Number: MCH106
Grade: 8
Title: Assessment of Gallium Induced Metals to Determine Potential Alloys
Abstract: Computers are a major part of everyone’s life, but what would happen if a semiconductor malfunctioned? Would the alloy separate from each other, and spell disaster for your
computer? Most laptops have aluminum casing and some have gallium-alloy semi-conductors.
Gallium is a metal that liquefies at 29 degrees centiGrade, and structurally compromises the
aluminum structure. If this were to happen to our laptops, we would lose all of our data that we
need for our everyday lives. I tested various metals to see what could contain the gallium, and I
got unexpected results.
Project Number: MCH107
Grade: 8
Title: How Does Weather Impact Basketball Performance?
Abstract: Basketballs were subjected to various temperatures (hot, cold and room temperature)
and subsequently evaluated for bounce height. Similarly, basketballs were subjected to various
levels of humidity and subsuquently evaluated for bounce height.
Project Number: MCH108
Grade: 8
Title: How Road Abrasives Affect pH Levels
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to see if the abrasives used to treat the roads in
local areas affect the water under the bridges. Garrett County uses salt and cinders to treat the
roadways during inclement weather. Three water sites were tested with a Pasco Sensor. The pH
levels ranged from 7.6-7.9 in water depths of 7.6cm to 20.3cm. After a snowstorm, levels were
rechecked at the sites. No significant changes were observed. Further investigation will be
conducted when additional weather activity arises.
Project Number: MCH109
Grade: 8
Title: How High Can You Fly?
Abstract: The purpose of my project is to see how high the wine cork will go when I changed
the amount of vinegar and baking soda when added to a sealed bottle. I became interested
because I’m interested in explosions. I thought that if I put more vinegar than baking soda in the
Fiji bottle, then the bottled rocket will go higher. The reason I said this was because the vinegar
has more acids in it than baking soda does.. My hypothesis was supported because in the graphs
and the data table, you can see the different heights the cork went each trial. Trial #1 went 12
inches. Trial #2 went 24 inches and Trial #3 went 60 inches.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 32
Intermediate – Chemistry (MCH), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MCH110
Grade: 7
Title: Oxidation of a Banana
Abstract: The purpose of the experiment is to see which vitamin, A, B, C, D, or E prevents the
oxidation of a banana the most efficiently. To conduct this experiment I put the vitamins on
certain banana slices, then waited 24 hours to observe the oxidation levels. The experimental
results were measured by comparing which vitamin prevented the oxidation the most. I
compared the results by creating an oxidation scale,1 the lowest level and 10 the highest. The
results showed that Vitamin C prevented the oxidation the most. Vitamin C recieved, during the
trials, a 4, 3, and 3.
Project Number: MCH111
Grade: 7
Title: Crayon Catastrophe
Abstract: The problem is which brand of crayon melts the slowest. It is hypothesized that if
three different brands of crayons are exposed to heat, then the crayola will be least likely to melt.
I will hot glue three different brands onto their own canvas. I will place them in the oven for 30
minutes at an angle. I will repeat these steps 3 times for an accurate result. The results do not
support my hypothesis.
Project Number: MCH112
Grade: 8
Title: Arsenic in Food
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to see how much arsenic was in apple juice, rice,
and baby food. I tested the three foods using an arsenic kit and based my results off a colorcoated diagram. I measured my results by using the ppb system. The results of my experiment
showed that rice contained the most arsenic with a ppb reading of about 7-10. The results
indicated that the hypothesis should be rejected. The rice contained the most arsenic as it not
only contained a natural amount of arsenic, but through the use of pesticides, the amount of
arsenic increases.
Project Number: MCH113
Grade: 8
Title: Can you prevent tearing while cutting onions?
Abstract: The purpose of this project is to discover the best way to prevent tearing and burning
while cutting onions. I placed 6 onions in cold water at a temperature of negative 1.1 degrees
Celsius. Six more onions were placed in warm water at a temperature of 27.8 degrees Celsius.
After cutting the onions, I asked my subjects if they had burning and tearing in their eyes. I
concluded that the onions in warm water produced a lot burning and tearing. The onions in cold
water produced much less. My results revealed that my hypothesis should be accepted.
Project Number: MCH114
Grade: 8
Title: The Battery Experiment
Abstract: Batteries are used in probably 90% of households world-wide, so this experiment –
Which battery last the longest-- is useful in everyday life. My hypothesis was that Duracell
batteries would last the longest, while the cheapest batteries would do the worst.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 33
Intermediate – Chemistry (MCH), 7th & 8th Grade
Part of my hypothesis was correct. The cheapest was the generic brand and it did the worst.
However, the first part of my hypothesis was not correct. It took nearly 6 hours for the Energizer
and Duracell brands to die and they died simultaneously.
Project Number: MCH115
Grade: 8
Title: Acid v Steel
Abstract: I am doing this project because I wanted to find out what type of substance would
make steel rust faster.
Project Number: MCH116
Grade: 7
Title: Which Cup Keeps Coffee the Warmest?
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to determine which portable coffee cup, other than
styrofoam, keeps coffee the warmest. Because of styrofoam's harm to the environment, I wanted
to find an alternative. I tested three types of cups that were all recyclable and biodegradable. I
measured coffee temperature before and after a given amount of time for each cup. I did several
trials for each cup.
Project Number: MCH117
Grade: 8
Title: Nail Corrosion
Abstract: The purpose of this project was to find which household liquid would cause steel nails
to corrode the most. The pH level of water, milk, Pepsi, vinegar, and bleach was tested. An equal
amount of each liquid was put in a jar with a steel nail and sealed. After one week the nails were
removed and evaluated. The bleach was found to cause the nails to corrode the most, followed by
the vinegar. This data indicated that the more acidic the liquid, the more corrosion occurred.
Project Number: MCH118
Grade: 8
Title: Antacids on the Neutralization of Gastric Juice
Abstract: Antacids are commonly used non-prescription drugs that help with heartburn and acid
indigestion. This experiment was conducted to show which antacid works most effectively.
Rolaids EX was believed to be the most effective because it contains 2 antacids: calcium
carbonate and magnesium hydroxide. Three trials were conducted for each of the 6 antacids, and
the control group (water). 50 mL of gastric juice (hydrochloric acid) was added into a beaker
and heated to body temperature. The initial pH was recorded, and the antacid was added and
stirred using a magnetic stirrer. The pH was measured every 15 seconds for 10 minutes and
results were recorded using the average of the 3 trials per antacid. The data showed that AlkaSeltzer raised the pH the highest and was also the fastest acting antacid.
Project Number: MCH119
Grade: 7
Title: One, Two, Three - What Is the Viscosity?
Abstract: Various household liquids were evaulated with regard to viscosity. The impacts of
temperature and quality (e.g., cost to purchase) were also considered.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 34
Intermediate – Chemistry (MCH), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MCH120
Grade: 8
Title: Water Filtration system
Abstract: Access to clean water in many parts of the world is a luxury. This experiment was to
show that you could construct a home Bio Sand Filter in order to filter dirty river water to clean
drinkable water. What I will be testing for is clarity and safety of the purification water
compared to tap water and bottled water. This
system is easily built with common materials found at hardware store and filled with a level of
pea gravel then sand. For 7 to 11 days you will pure the river water into the system and a
smutzdecke/biolayer of good bacteria will form that will aid and help the sand and the gravel as
the filter to give you in the end clean
drinkable water. After the 11 days you then are going to test with test strips for the presence of
harmful bacteria.
Project Number: MCH121
Grade: 8
Title: Stored Temperature's Effect on Popcorn
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to determine if the stored temperature of
popcorn would affect the distribution of un-popped kernels.I repeatedly tested three different
brands of popcorn using an air popper to see if the temperature at which the kernels were stored
affected the number of remaining, unpopped kernels.
Project Number: MCH122
Grade: 8
Title: Taste The Rainbow
Abstract: In my project I tested skittles and the different dyes that can be used for them. I used
paper chromatography to test food coloring and the skittles. I stated in my hypothesis that I
thought food coloring made up the dye in skittles but after testing found that the Rf Values
(Distance of dye by the distance of solvent) were different. So, the dye used in skittles is much
lighter than food coloring.
Project Number: MCH123
Grade: 8
Title: Immersion Copper Plating
Abstract: The experiment was to determine what pennies from different decades would have the
highest copper content. I determined this by using the process of immersion copper plating,
which I did by soaking groups of pennies from decades 1960-2000 in jars of vinegar. The copper
from the pennies would transfer onto a nail, which I would then weigh to see how much the
weight has changed. I found out that the pennies from before 1982 had the highest amount of
copper in them.
Project Number: MCH124
Grade: 7
Title: Unlikely Conductivity
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to learn about the conductivity of different objects
or materials and understand why they possess this property. Three types of groups are being
tested, metals (zinc, magnesium, iron, nickel)< vegetables (parsnip, turnip, celery), and fruits
(grapefruit, watermelon, mango). Insulated copper wire alligator clips, four AA batteries, a
multi-meter (voltmeter), a buzzer, copper wire, and the varying test objects were used.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 35
Intermediate – Chemistry (MCH), 7th & 8th Grade
Conductivity will be determined by rating the noise the buzzer made and by observing the
voltage reading on the meter, measured on the “DVC 20” option. Results will be available at
PRSEF.
Project Number: MCH125
Grade: 8
Title: From Trash To Gas
Abstract: You put cow manure into 3 bottles, Cow manure and vegetable peeling into three
bottles, and cow manure and mashed bananas into three bottles. Fill the bottles with distilled
water until you are three centimeters to the top. After that you wait for twelve days, everyday
you measure the circumference of the balloons.
Project Number: MCH126
Grade: 7
Title: Who's Got Iron ?
Abstract: My purpose was to find out what type of water had more iron in it. First, I put gloves
on. Then, I rinsed and filled the iron test cube. After, I added the contents of the reagent pillow
into the cube. Then, I shook gently for about fifteen seconds, and waited three minutes for the
results. The darker color the water changes, the more iron there is. Finally, I looked at all my
results. There were no results. I made sure the test kit was working properly; it was. You should
eat different foods to get the iron you need.
Project Number: MCH127
Grade: 8
Title: Effectiveness Of Tooth Whiteners
Abstract: Whitening toothpastes are used to make teeth appear whiter. This experiment was
devised to find which toothpaste made tea-stained teeth appear whiter when compared to a shade
guide after two weeks. 132 sterilized teeth were obtained from an oral surgeon to perform this
experiment. Teeth brushed without toothpaste served as the control group. All conditions were
held constant except for the toothpastes tested. The experimenter tested name brand, generic and
homemade toothpastes. At the end of the controlled experiment, it became apparent that teeth
brushed with Arm and Hammer Extreme Clean was the whitest.
Project Number: MCH128
Grade: 8
Title: Optimizing Microbial Fuel Cell
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether increasing the area of a
microbial fuel cell (MFC) electrode, increases the electricity generated. The MFCs were
constructed and the anode chambers filled with LB media and a methylene blue mediator, then
inoculated with 2 mL of bacteria with an optical density of 0.6 at 600nm. The voltage across a
220 ohm resistor was used to measure the MFC’s electrical potential. The results of 8 trials
showed that as the electrode increased in size by a factor of 4, it generated 5 times the electricity
as the original, supporting the hypothesis.
Project Number: MCH129
Title: Heat You Can Eat
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Grade: 8
Page 36
Intermediate – Chemistry (MCH), 7th & 8th Grade
Abstract: In my project, I tested how much energy is in various nuts (cashews, pecans, brazilian
nuts, peanuts, and walnuts). I placed room temperature water over different nuts, and ignited
each nut which was placed on a needle under a soup can filled with water. I measured the
increase of the water temperature, and the walnut increased the water temperature the greatest.
The walnut increased the water temperature at an average of 35°C.
Project Number: MCH130
Grade: 7
Title: Shrinkage By Design
Abstract: My purpose was to test the washing labels on fabrics are accurate when washing and
drying. Measure and mark 18 fabric squares for each type of fabric and 2 more for silk and
wool. Put 6 pieces of fabrics in the washing machine. Put Tide® detergent in the washer. Set the
washer to hot/normal wash. Take the pieces out machine, measure, and record. Once they are
done drying measure and record. Read the directions on the back of the home dry cleaning kit for
wool and silk to be washed. All the fabrics shrunk even when washed correctly except polyester.
Project Number: MCH131
Grade: 7
Title: Sweet, Sweet Cookies
Abstract: My purpose for doing this experiment was to find out which additive sweetener would
create the most dense cookie. I am going to bake three sets of cookies and add three different
sweeteners to it, granulated sugar, brown sugar, and confectioners sugar. My hypothesis was that
brown sugar would create the densest cookie because of the brown sugar in it. I have concluded
that brown sugar did create the densest cookie. I will have additional details and results along
with graphs and a deeper explanation of my research at the day of the fair.
Project Number: MCH132
Grade: 8
Title: Veg-Tastic Plastic
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to see which vegetable will make the most
durable bio-plastic. To conduct this experiment I made bio-plastic from peas, potatoes, and corn
and then tested the durability by adding weight to the plastic. The experimental results were
measured by comparing the durability of the plastic. The results of the experiment show that the
pea starch produced the most durable bio-plastic. The results indicate that the hypothesis should
be rejected because the pea starch produced the most durable bio-plastic instead of my original
hypothesis that stated that the potato starch would make the most durable plastic.
Project Number: MCH133
Grade: 8
Title: Got Milk?
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation is to determine if organic or regular milk expires
faster.
• Take out a Ball Freezer Jar named 1 R and one named 1 O
• Pour 150 mL of Dean’s Vitamin D Milk into jar 1 R
• measure the pH level of milk for 30 seconds
• Now pour 150 mL of Nature’s Basket Vitamin D organic milk in the Ball Freezer Jar labeled 1
O
• Put containers back in fridge
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 37
Intermediate – Chemistry (MCH), 7th & 8th Grade
• For 21 days (once a day) measure the pH level of jar 1 R and 1 O
Project Number: MCH134
Grade: 8
Title: Suit Situation
Abstract: I tested which after soaking solution, best delays the negative effects of chlorine? To
start my experiment I had to obtain chlorinated water and create the ascorbic acid and baking
soda solutions, that I refreshed daily. I then placed the strips in the water for two hours daily for
six days. After the six days concluded I measured the stretch capacity. I then repeated the
soaking/measuring process three times. After concluding the experiment my results showed that
the ascorbic acid solution delayed the negative effects of chlorine the best and the baking soda
solution created more deterioration to the suit.
Project Number: MCH135
Grade: 7
Title: Dark Vs. Light
Abstract: The problem is which pigment color travels farthest using chromatography. It is
hypothesized tthat chromatography will show which pigment color travels the farthest using
crayola markers. The darker colors will travel farther than light. My results do not support my
hypothesis because some of the light colors traveled as far as the dark.
Project Number: MCH136
Grade: 7
Title: Candy Chromatography: What makes those colors?
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine if a Skittle, M&M, and food coloring
are made of the same dye or different dye. To conduct this experiment, I used Skittle, M&M, and
food coloring dyes to find out the Rf value by using capillary action. The experimental results
were measured by comparing the Rf values of a Skittle, M&M, and food coloring dyes. The
results of the experiment showed that the average Rf value for the M&M was higher than the Rf
value for the Skittle, but lower than the food coloring average Rf value. The results indicate that
the hypothesis should be accepted because the M&M Rf value is four times higher than the Rf
value of the Skittle. Also, the Rf value of the food coloring is double the amount of the M&M Rf
value.
Project Number: MCH137
Grade: 8
Title: Protecting Un-Galvanized Nails
Abstract: Given sufficient time, oxygen, and water, any iron mass will eventually convert
entirely to rust and disintegrate. This experiment was intended to find which material protects
un-galvanized nails from rust the best. I hypothesized that Rustoleum paint would protect the
nails the best. The nails were divided into 7 groups, and the mass of the nails was taken and
recorded. Next, the nails in each group of nails were evenly coated with one of the 6 different
protectors using the same procedure, soaked in saltwater for 1 week, and then were air-dried for
24 hours. A control group of nails was soaked, but not coated with any type of protector. The
nails were removed from the jars, and their mass was recorded to calculate the amount of rust
formed. My hypothesis was shown to be incorrect for this experiment. It was determined that
WD-40 protected best, because it formed absolutely 0% of rust.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 38
Intermediate – Chemistry (MCH), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MCH138
Grade: 8
Title: Biodegrading Spider Webs
Abstract: The purpose of this experience was to see what chemical will biodegrade spider webs
the fastest without harming the structure that it is built on.The biodegrading of the spider webs
were compared in 6 trials. I put the spider webs on the painted wood then I sprayed the first three
trials with vinegar and the second three trials with rubbing alcohol and after an hour I checked
the results.
I measured the biodegrading of the spider webs on a scale of 1-10 after an hour for each
chemical.
The results were that the second trial of alcohol disintegrated the spider web a small amount, on
the scale of 1-10 it was a 1. The five other trials for vinegar and alcohol did not disintegrate the
spider web at all. The results showed that I should reject my hypothesis. The alcohol
disintegrated the spider web the most out of all of the trials.
Project Number: MCH139
Grade: 8
Title: What's on my Vegetables?
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to see what vegetable grows the most bacteria and
what type the bacteria is? To conduct this experiment I will grow bacteria from four vegetables
and let it grow for a week and identify the bacteria. The experimental results were measured by
observing the amount of bacteria that grew and the type that grew. The results concluded that
lettuce grew the most bacteria and potato grew the least bacteria. The results indicated that my
hypothesis was correct because ecoli was the bacteria that existed on the vegetables. However
lettuce grew the most.
Project Number: MCH140
Grade: 7
Title: Does Temperature and Light Affect the Ripening of Bananas?
Abstract: Bananas were subjected to a variety of temperature and light environments in a twophase experiment to assess their impact on the ripening rate of bananas.
Project Number: MCH141
Grade: 8
Title: Striking Chemistry!
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation is to see if the makeup of a bowling ball's cover
stock and core influences its performance. To accomplish this I went to a bowling lane, used a
wheelchair bowling ball ramp to move the ball down the lane, then the ball with the lowest
density core will hook at the longest distance because there is less ball rotation to slow it down.
This was supported by the data I recorded.
Project Number: MCH142
Grade: 8
Title: More Fizz Please!
Abstract: My project question States: "Does different packaging of soft drinks change the
carbonation it contains?" From my research, I hypothesized that glass bottles will hold the most
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 39
Intermediate – Chemistry (MCH), 7th & 8th Grade
carbonation because carbon dioxide and air can diffuse through the plastic bottles and cans
giving them a shorter shelf life than glass.
To verify if the packaging affects the carbonation in soft drinks, I tested three different
containers and compared the weight loss of each to determine which packaging holds the most
carbonation. After nine of shaking each container, the container that had the least amount of
carbonation lost determined the better packaging. My results showed that all containers tested
had comparable results.
Project Number: MCH143
Grade: 8
Title: The Viscosity of Motor Oil
Abstract: Motor oil is used to lubricate different parts of the Internal Combustion Engine. It
works best at room temperature. This experiment tests how different brands and weights of
motor oil will perform when they are subject to freezing temperature and operating temperature.
The three weights tested were 5W-20, 5W-30, and 10W-40. This experiments purpose is to find
how the viscosity changes with temperature. To calculate this, the viscosity equation was used.
Many variables are needed. These are things such as the density of the oil to the acceleration due
to gravity. Now you know which oil is best for your vehicle.
Project Number: MCH144
Grade: 7
Title: Growing Crystals In Various Temperatures
Abstract: Growing crystals in various temperatures takes time and patience. In this project
crystals will grow in cold, hot, and room temperature.
The crystals that will be grown are gold citrine, aquamarine blue, and emerald green. As time
progressed the crystals growing in the hot temperature started to grow rapidly. The other crystals
in the different temperatures did not grow as well as i thought , but my hypothesis was found
correct. I t was the hot temperature that the crystals grew best in. I think the hot temperature
grew the best crystals because it was a very stable environment. Therefore, the crystals could
adapt easily.
Project Number: MCH145
Grade: 8
Title: Sugar or Sugar Free?
Abstract: The project begins by performing a control experiment that utilizes a 4 gram glocose
tablet dissolved in 200 ml of water that will deliver 2000mg/dl solution that can be tested using a
Bayer Diastix test strip. Once the 2000 mg/dl solution is establisged using a Diastix tester, the
2000 mg/dl solution will be added to 100 ml of water to obtain a 1000 mg/dl solution. It will be
verified by a Diastix test strip. The 1000 mg/dl solution will be diluted to 500 mg/dl and then the
500 mg/dl solution will be diluted to 250 mg/dl and the 250 mg/dl will be diluted to 100 mg/dl
with the proper amounts of water. All solutions will be tested with a Diastix test strip for color at
their respective levels. After the control experiment establishes the Diastix test strips are
accurate, the test strips will be used to test sugar free Coffeemate Creamers for glucose to
establish the definition of "trivial" amounts of sugar in the creamers
Project Number: MCH146
Title: Dye-nomite!
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Grade: 8
Page 40
Intermediate – Chemistry (MCH), 7th & 8th Grade
Abstract: For my experiment, I have chosen to research which cotton fabric fiber has the
brightest tie-dye. I originally predicted that the fabric with the brightest colors would be 100%
cotton. For my procedure, I tie-dyed 100% cotton, 50/50 blend, and cotton fleece. I then got the
opinions of my participants on which fabric they thought was the brightest. In the end, I
concluded that my hypothesis was incorrect. The cotton fabric faber with the brightest tie-dye
was cotton fleece.
Project Number: MCH147
Grade: 8
Title: Burning Up
Abstract: This experiment was to determine if UVA and UVB rays effect Fire-Resistant clothes.
I exposed pieces of Fire-Resistant clothing to UVA and UVB rays for various amounts of time.
The fabric was tested and the results were recorded. It was concluded that UVA and UVB rays
do not effect the fire resistance of Fire-Resistant clothes.
Project Number: MCH148
Grade: 8
Title: Fire and Accelerants
Abstract: This project is to determine which accelerant will burn wood most efficiently. Ten
wood structures were assembled. The accelerants used in this project were Acetone, Denatured
Alcohol, Charcoal Lighter Fluid, Gasoline, Turpentine, Paint Thinner, Lacquer Thinner,
Kerosene, and Diesel Fuel. Each accelerant was applied to identical wood structures. At regular
time intervals, the structures were photographed. After ten minutes, the fires were put out. The
structures were weighed and visually checked fro damage. It was concluded that Turpentine
caused the most extensive damage to the wood structure.
Project Number: MCH149
Grade: 7
Title: Hold the Ice
Abstract: My initial question was "do plastic cups have a lower thermal conductivity than
Styrofoam ad paper cups?" I hypothesized that the plastic cup will melt the ice cubes the fastest.
I think this because in my research, I learned about conduction. Conduction is a type of heat
transfer. When doing my experiment, heat conduction traveling through the plastic cup will
make the ice cube melt the fastest versus a Styrofoam or paper cup. The temperature in the room
might also affect the ice cube to melt. My hypothesis was proven correct. I placed one ice cube
each of equal size in a paper, plastic, and Styrofoam cup. Then I placed a second cup inside the
first cup on top of the ice cube. I also placed one ice cube on a Corningware saucer. Keeping
time and after five minutes, I observed ice and water on the saucer and ice and water inside the
paper and plastic cups. I measured the water in the cups and on the saucer and recorded the
results. I continued making observations every five minutes and measured the water until my
experiment ended at sixty minutes.
Project Number: MCH150
Grade: 8
Title: Full of Beans
Abstract: Different types of beans; lima, black and pinto, were soaked in 100mL of water for
different time intervals. The goal of the experiment was to determine which type of bean would
absorb the most water. For the hypothesis, lima beans were predicted to hold the most water.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 41
Intermediate – Chemistry (MCH), 7th & 8th Grade
After each time interval, unabsorbed water was strained, measuring the amount of water left in
mL. The weight of the soaked beans was measured in grams. Whichever bean had the highest
weight had the capacity to hold the most liquid. My hypothesis was correct because the lima
bean resulted in the heaviest weight.
Project Number: MCH151
Grade: 8
Title: Which Nail Rust?
Abstract: This experiment was to determine whether the iron nail, the copper nail, or the steel
nail would rust. I tested this by putting the three nails into a cup of water for fourteen days. I did
the experiment three times, and each time a got the same result. The iron nail was the only one
out of the three nails to rust. The steel and copper nail only corroded.
Project Number: MCH152
Grade: 8
Title: Science is Sweet
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to show the effect of a seed crystal on crystal
nucleation. The procedures used in this experiment were that I heated the mixture until it boiled
and then removed it from the burner. Before pouring the mixture in to the jar I set it in the
freezer to let it cool to room temperature. After it set I poured it into the jars and set them in a
remote place for five days. The results of this experiment were the seed crystal increased crystal
nucleation.
Project Number: MCH153
Grade: 8
Title: Got Pain?
Abstract: A magnetic spinner will be used to determine if the binding agent of ibuprofen affects
the rate of solubility. 200 mL of clear carbonated water will be placed in a glass beaker. The
temperature of the liquid was increased until it reached 37¢ªC- 1 200mg ibuprofen tablet was
placed in the liquid and a magnetic stirrer was used to dissolve the tablet. A stop watch was used
to measure the length of time needed to dissolve the product. This procedure was then repeated 4
more times for each product. The same procedure was used for distilled water. Once again the
procedure was repeated using 35¢ªC. Results will be recorded and averaged.
Project Number: MCH154
Grade: 8
Title: Reaction of Mentos
Abstract: The purpose of this project was to find out what causes the reaction between Mentos
candy and soda. The types of soda used were Diet Coke, Diet Pepsi, Sprite, Pepsi, Coke, Dr.
Pepper, Cherry Coke, Mountain Dew, and Sunkist. First the mass of each soda was found. Then,
the Mentos candy was weighed. Next the Mentos was put into the first soda. Lastly, the Mentos
and soda were weighed again. This was repeated for each soda. After analyzing the data, it was
found that the nucleation sites on the Mentos react with the sugar in the soda.
Project Number: MCH155
Title: Fuel Cells - Fueling the Future
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Grade: 8
Page 42
Intermediate – Chemistry (MCH), 7th & 8th Grade
Abstract: Fuel cells convert the energy in chemicals to electricity efficiently, and create no
pollution. The electrodes are twisted and taped onto a cardboard strip. The electrolyte is
measured, mixed, and poured into a beaker. The electrodes are immersed in the electrolyte. A
circuit is made with a battery, volt meter, and electrodes in the electrolyte using alligator clips.
Electrolysis is done by connecting the 6V battery in the circuit for 60 seconds to make hydrogen.
Then, the battery is removed, the wires are reconnected, and the voltage is recorded. The
variables investigated are type of electrolyte and type of electrode.
Project Number: MCH156
Grade: 7
Title: Water On Water
Abstract: My question was, "Can the fresh water float on the salty water?" I hypothesized that
the fresh water will not float on the salt water due to their different densities. I filled bottles with
water and put salt in one bottle then put five drops of food coloring in each bottle. Next I flipped
one bottle over on top of the other to see if the water will float. At the end of my project I found
that my hypothesis was proven wrong, they did float. The more salt I added, the more they
floated and the colors didn't change.
Project Number: MCH157
Grade: 8
Title: How Much BPA is Really in Everyday Plastic Packaging?
Abstract: The concentration of Bisphenol A (BPA) in plastic food packaging will be
investigated. In addition, the impact of temperature on the BPA concentration will also be
investigated.
Project Number: MCH158
Grade: 8
Title: Compost...Too Hot To Handle?
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to find out if energy from compost will transfer
heat to water in a glass jar or a coffee tin. I hypothesized that the coffee tin would insulate heat
better but that was incorrect.
Project Number: MCH159
Grade: 7
Title: Effect of Oxygen on Vitamin C
Abstract: Orange juice is one of the best sources of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and is also the
most popular source of Vitamin C in the American diet. Vitamin C content in orange juice can be
altered by many factors. This experiment tests the hypothesis that exposure to oxygen destroys
Vitamin C. The redox titration method was used to test this hypothesis. The results showed that
exposure to oxygen significantly reduces the amount of Vitamin C in orange juice. This
information can be applied to design more efficient orange juice containers to preserve the
Vitamin C in the orange juice.
Project Number: MCH160
Grade: 8
Title: The Old Plastic
Abstract: Many companies want to know if there is a biodegradable polymer? Yes, there is.
There is a polymer made of milk and vinegar. I hypothesized that this polymer would be
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 43
Intermediate – Chemistry (MCH), 7th & 8th Grade
biodegradable. After making the polymer, I waited for it to show signs of biodegrading. After
the second week, it started to break apart. The regular (high density polyethylene) plastic did not
biodeGrade or change at all. My hypothesis was right.
Project Number: MCH161
Grade: 8
Title: Salt Water V Plain Water
Abstract: My project revolves around rusting or oxidation! The purpose of my experiment was
to see whether objects rust better in salt water or plain, fresh water.
Project Number: MCH162
Grade: 8
Title: Evaporation Rate
Abstract: This project explored if all liquids evaporate at the same rate. The liquids used were
water, rubbing alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and white vinegar. The procedure used was a daily
analysis and measurement of each liquid at room temperature. Each liquid was poured and
measured into a calibrated glass measuring cup. Pictures were taken during the experiment to
provide further proof of the progression of evaporation of each liquid. The hypothesis was
proven incorrect and rubbing alcohol evaporated much faster than the other liquids, followed by
hydrogen peroxide. Further investigation could include more household liquids.
Project Number: MCH163
Grade: 8
Title: Disappearing Chalk
Abstract: The problem is what liquid does chalk dissolve in first, second and third? My
hypothesis is I think the stick of chalk will dissolve first in pop, second in vinegar, and third
water. For my experiment I put one piece of chalk in a cup of soda, vinegar and water to see
which solution dissolves the piece of chalk In order. In conclusion, my hypothesis was incorrect,
because I thought the chalk
would dissolve first in soda instead do vinegar.
Project Number: MCH164
Grade: 7
Title: Tooth Erosion
Abstract: The purpose of my project is to see which tooth will erode the most from 1 of 4
liquids. I became interested because I have always wondered how dentists do what they do and
how they know what not to drink. I got the idea for tooth erosion when my mother mentioned my
brother still had his baby teeth, and maybe I could do something with them. In My hypothesis I
thought that the tooth in the pop would erode the most because pop is known as a really acidic
drink and is a more common producer of tooth decay from research. My hypothesis was not
supported. My actual data showed that the Lemonade actually eroded the tooth much worst and
faster. There was much less mass of the tooth left of the tooth in lemonade. This is because
lemonade is more acidic.
Project Number: MCH165
Title: Will It Mix?
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Grade: 8
Page 44
Intermediate – Chemistry (MCH), 7th & 8th Grade
Abstract: The purpose of my project is to determine if I can dissolve another substance into an
already saturated solution. I became interested in this because one night while I was talking with
my aunt about science projects she suggested testing the pH of water from different companies
and the river.To complete my project I basically filled three jars with water, saturated them with
table salt, filtered two of them, added sugar into one and epsom salts into the other.In the end I
found out that my hypothesis had been disproved and opposite of what I had stated was true.
Project Number: MCH166
Grade: 8
Title: Are You Durable ?
Abstract: Which paint is more durable? Flat, Satin, or High gloss. I went to the store and bought
drywall and paint. After that I sectioned the dry wall into 6 sections, the ones on top for show
and ones on bottom for the experiment. I really wanted to see which one was most durable
because I’m painting my room and wanted to find out. The way I tested it was how much paint
came off onto fine sandpaper. The most paint came off onto the Flat then High-gloss sandpapers.
Satin turned out to be the most durable paint.
Project Number: MCH167
Grade: 7
Title: The Most Toxic Household Product
Abstract: An experiment will be conducted to determine which of the following items is toxic:
plastic wrap, Styrofoam, and disposable chopsticks. Also, if they are toxic, which one of them is
most toxic? To test this, the Styrofoam and the disposable chopsticks will be immersed in
boiling water. If these products are indeed toxic, then the chemicals from the products will be
released into the water. Once it cools, the bean sprout plant will be watered with the
chemicalized water. For the saran wrap, the top of a pot of boiling water will be covered with
saran wrap. Once the water condenses onto the wrap, it will be dripped into the plant. For my
constant variable, a bean sprout will be watered with room temperature water. Each of these
plants will be watered twice a day for three weeks. The plants will be photographed and
measured at the same time. So the bean sprouts’ growth will be observed and analyzed. The
hypothesis is that the constant variable will grow healthily while the other plants unhealthily.
Another prediction is that the plant watered with Styrofoam water will grow the unhealthiest and
shortest. The project is still being tested. Please refer to the complete abstract on the day of the
science fair. If these products are toxic, this project will hopefully warn others about using these
products wisely.
Project Number: MCH168
Grade: 8
Title: And the winner is...
Abstract: I am putting different types of food such as starches, carbohydrates and etc. in petri
dishes an pouring .1 hydrocloric acid over it to see which types of food breaks down the fastest.
Project Number: MCH300
Grade: 8
Title: Crazy Crystals
Abstract: We wanted to do this project to find out what temperature the purest/largest crystals
grow at. We tested this at three different temperatures; room temperature, ice box, and in a
refrigerator. We had a boiled saturated solution that we cooled at these three temperatures to
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 45
Intermediate – Chemistry (MCH), 7th & 8th Grade
grow our crystals. We concluded that at room temperature the largest/purest crystals grew. This
is because when a saturated solution has enough time to cool, the impurities are rejected. But
when a saturated solution doesn’t have enough time to cool, the impurities don’t have enough
time to be rejected.
Project Number: MCH301
Grade: 8
Title: Fluffy Muffy
Abstract: The experiment measured the different lengths, widths, heights, and densities of
muffins. Each muffin consisted of a different type of flour. All purpose, cake, soy, wheat, and
unbleached flour. The purpose of the experiment was to determine which type of flour would
produce the greatest mass. For this experiment 5 muffins were made for every type of flour.
After the experiment was conducted, it was concluded that all-purpose flour had the most mass.
Project Number: MCH302
Grade: 8
Title: Great Globs of Gluten
Abstract: Some People might not know what gluten sensitivity is but it is rather common. An
estimated 20 million people might have “sensitivity” to gluten in just the USA. So the project
pertaining to gluten amounts in different flours might help some of the 20 million. To solve our
problem we took different flours, made dough, and then separated the gluten from the dough. It
was found that whole wheat flour is the most healthful flour (besides gluten free) for someone
with a gluten-intolerance.
Project Number: MCH303
Grade: 8
Title: How Cool Is Your Cola?
Abstract: “How Cool is Your Cola” was a project designed for people like you to find out the
fastest way to cool your cola. This may change people’s choices when wanting cool cola.
Consumers, restaurant owners, and vendors may choose a more beneficial and efficient way to
cool their cola after this experiment. The variables that were tested were ice, ice water, and ice
water with salt. The hypothesis that was conducted that was ice water with salt would chill cola
the fastest. This project could help many people with that one question, “How Cool is Your
Cola?”
Project Number: MCH304
Grade: 8
Title: Ice, Ice, Baby
Abstract: Our science fair project was created to find a shape of ice that melts at a significantly
slower rate than another shape of ice. We are experimenting to find this because ice melts
extremely fast causing a drink to become diluted. In our experiment we timed the ice to find an
average of how long it takes to melt. We concluded that heart-shaped piece of ice melted the
slowest, while a cube-shaped piece melted the fastest. Our experiment helped us because now we
can use different shaped ice to prevent drinks from becoming diluted.
Project Number: MCH305
Title: Kids Corner
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Grade: 8
Page 46
Intermediate – Chemistry (MCH), 7th & 8th Grade
Abstract: When brainstorming ideas for this year’s science fair, we wanted to work on a project
that would benefit either our family or society. Since one of our close family members had
become pregnant, we considered some of the challenges she may face having a young toddler
running around the house. Children between 2-4 often mark up the walls in the house by dirtying
or writing on them, often ruining the walls and requiring them to be re-painted. We felt that if we
could determine which house paint would be most durable and resisted staining from markers
and other art supplies, we could recommend the appropriate the most durable paint and also the
best cleaner appropriate for removal.
Project Number: MCH306
Grade: 7
Title: Rainbow of Pigments
Abstract: In this project, we will find the various pigments inside of different vegetables
(carrots, celery, and tomatoes) because nothing is better than learning about our natural
environment.
To conduct this experiment, we will obtain the materials, which include chromatography paper,
acetone, ruler, pencils, jar, carrots, celery, tomatoes, test tube, and an eyedropper. The first step
is to grind up the carrots and place them in a test tube. Drawing a line on the paper strip and then
fill the jar with the acetone-carrot combination is the next step. Next, we will fill an eyedropper
with the mixture. Then, we’ll mark a spot on the line on the paper strip and place it in the jar by
taping the strip with a pencil on top of it. When the sample has reached the top, taking out the
strip and recording how much it soaked it will be next. We will outline the spots on the strip and
find the R&#429; value for each spot to determine what pigment it is. Finally, we repeat this
experiment with the celery and tomato.
We have researched that carotenoids are found in all types of vegetables and are orange and red,
phycobilins are found in most plants, chlorophyll is found in only green plants like broccoli,
flavonoids are found in a minority of vegetables, and phytochromes are found in bacteria and
some plants. We expect to find carotenoids, phycobilins, and flavonoids in carrots and tomatoes,
but celery will contain chlorophyll, phycobilins, flavonoids, and phytochromes.
Project Number: MCH307
Grade: 8
Title: Rust or Bust?
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to see what type of paint or paint finisher will
protect against rust better. We will be putting eleven low-carbon steel into a 15% iodized salt
solution. We will put each piece of the steel in the solution for five minutes then repeat the
process six hours later. We will do this every day for nine days. The pieces of steel then will be
massed on a balance, along with any bits of steel that belong to that piece. Repeat for every
piece. Results will be shown at PRSEF.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 47
Intermediate – Chemistry (MCH), 7th & 8th Grade
This page intentionally left blank
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 48
Intermediate – Computer Science & Math (MCM), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MCM100
Grade: 8
Title: What are The Odds
Abstract: The purpose of doing my experiment was to determine if the oddsmakers of the NFL
games were accurate in predicting the winners of the game. Each week I recorded the spread.
The team getting the points added by the oddsmakers would be the team predicted to lose the
game. I also recorded the actual outcome of each NFL game played. I then tallied the results to
come up with the result that the oddmakers were correct 64% of the time. My hypothesis was
incorrect because the percentage was lower than I predicted. After completing my project I have
determined that betting on the NFL using the odds would almost be like flipping a coin.
Project Number: MCM101
Grade: 8
Title: Storage Wars
Abstract: Various fonts and associated attributes (bold, italic, etc) were evaluated with regard to
associated computer file storage space.
Project Number: MCM102
Grade: 7
Title: How Fast is a Computer?
Abstract: Different computers were tested to see how fast each can perform 10,000
mathematical operations. Four different mathematical operations were used as well as four
different types of data. Simpler data operations were faster than more complex data. For
example, addition and subtraction were faster than multiplication and division. Different
computers were compared to see if they differ in what areas are faster or if one is overall faster
than another.
Project Number: MCM103
Grade: 8
Title: Cat VS Torque
Abstract: Cat vs. Torque
I designed an animated program using JavaScript, Macromedia’s Dreamweaver and Firework to
demonstrate torque. I am trying to figure out how much weight causes the seesaw to balance the
cat. I used the product between the distance vector and the force vector. I also used the right
hand rule to find the direction of the torque vector. The user inputs the distance values and the
programs returns the mass to balance the cat on the seesaw. I learned that the distance vector is
very important to the cat’s survival.
Project Number: MCM104
Grade: 7
Title: Fun With Random Numbers - Is First Best?
Abstract: The goal of the project is to determine whether going first presents an advantage in a
game like Tic-Tac-Toe, Chess, Connect 4 or Checkers. I will play each of these games against a
computer, beginning with Tic-Tac-Toe. I will track my results to see if going first gives an
advantage and I will see if the advantage increases as I improve. Preliminary results, with regard
to random Tic-Tac-Toe, indicate that there is no advantage to going first. All results will be
presented at PRSEF in April.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 49
Intermediate – Computer Science & Math (MCM), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MCM105
Grade: 8
Title: A Speech Quality Analysis Program
Abstract: Purpose: To create a program that will record a spoken word and analyze it for errors
in pronunciation.
Procedure: This program was made using Processing, a programming language based off of
Java. First, I wrote the code to record the speech and display its waveform. I edited this code for
errors, including problems with microphone feedback. The rest of the work is still in progress;
next, I plan to add a control waveform of the correct pronunciation and compare the two
waveforms.
Conclusion: The experiment is still in progress.
Project Number: MCM106
Grade: 8
Title: Soccer Geometry
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to see at what angle a soccer goal is most
accurately scored. By knowing this information, a player would know whether it is better to
shoot for a goal or pass to a teammate. Seven different angles were measured on both sides of a
net and a right-footed player took 10 shots at each angle. Data showed that a 0° angle was most
accurate as predicted. As the angles grew larger, scoring a goal was more difficult. Further
investigation could include a left-footed player to compare those results.
Project Number: MCM107
Grade: 8
Title: Going Into the Deep
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to see how different amounts of RAM and
processor speed affecting the overall function of a computer.
Project Number: MCM108
Grade: 7
Title: What is the Best Waterproof Spray
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to find the best waterproofing spray. To do this, I
bought four different kinds of spray - ReviveX, NikWax, ScotchGuard, and Tectron, and sprayed
them onto 40 4x4 inch dimensional squares of 100% cotton. I waited a day then began testing its
efficiency by pouring 100 mL of water over each piece, then waiting 2 minutes, taking the square
out, and measuring the water that was repelled. My data showed that ReviveX was the most
efficient spray at 90.1 mL repelled. The other three had very close results and were almost as
effective.
Project Number: MCM109
Grade: 8
Title: A Sorting Program for Tabulating Survey Data
Abstract: To create a program that will sort and categorize survey data. The software Python
and an interpreter called Pyscripter were used to create a program for sorting and categorizing
survey data. A survey was anonymously completed by 143 students. The data collected was
then compiled and entered into the program. The program then sorted and categorized the data
that was entered. Program is still being written.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 50
Intermediate – Computer Science & Math (MCM), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MCM300
Grade: 7
Title: Mathemagical Card Tricks
Abstract: Several common card tricks rely on specific shuffles or shuffle sequences that convert
a stacked deck into a desired result that amazes an audience. These card tricks demonstrate the
principles of central symmetry, combinations, permutations, and binary math. Each shuffle can
be mapped and written in mathematical notation. The position of a particular card after a Perfect
Shuffle can be computed using the modulo operation and the formula O(p) = 2p mod(2n-1). The
mathematical theorems underlying the In-Shuffle and Out-Shuffle are the same theorems that are
utilized in computer science to improve the performance of dynamic memories.
Project Number: MCM301
Grade: 7
Title: The Snippio Social Network
Abstract: A social network is a system of people connected to each other in communication and
expression. Our purpose is to create a social network that is better than Facebook, a popular
social network, in user experience and features. We have developed the Snippio Social Network;
a user-friendly, group-oriented, interest-based network. To test the usability of Snippio, five
groups of ten subjects will be given accounts to Facebook and Snippio. They will complete
simple tasks and rate their experience. Results will be compared. This will allow improvement in
the usability of Snippio.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 51
Intermediate – Computer Science & Math (MCM), 7th & 8th Grade
This page intentionally left blank
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 52
Intermediate – Consumer Science (MCS), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MCS100
Grade: 8
Title: Which Curl Lasts Longer?
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment is to find out which curl lasts longer depending upon
the wand or the bassic barrel? I will test the Remington Ceramic Pearl-Infused Professional
Curling Wand nine times and hold it for ten seconds and the Conair Instant Heat Curling Iron;
Basic Barrel( 2 ½ cm.)
I will look at the differences in hair length between the two curling irons. I will look at the two
differences and see which has a smaller difference. Which ever has a smaller difference is the
better curling iron
Project Number: MCS101
Grade: 7
Title: Go Bananas While Bananas Go Bad
Abstract: In my experiment I used bananas to test the factors which keep a banana from
becoming overripe. The bananas were grouped in different environmentally-controlled areas, and
I recorded how their appearance changed for one week. I controlled light, temperature, exposure
to air, and moisture. I then calculated which banana from each group stayed freshest the longest
and remained ripe. I discovered a lighted, dry, warm, and partially-closed environment was the
best. This experiment taught me a lot and I would suggest it to everyone!
Project Number: MCS102
Grade: 7
Title: Fantastic Elastic
Abstract: Sales people advertise that one certain rubber band is the strongest to use, but have
you ever wondered which rubber band is actually the strongest? My project looks at twelve
different rubber bands and tests which is the strongest. The rubber bands were tested by being
attached to a papercup and I added quarters for weight to test strength. My hypothesis was that
the longest rubber band would hold up the most weight. My results didn't support my hypothesis.
The medium length rubber band held the most weight. My experiment showed that the smallest
rubber band held the least weight.
Project Number: MCS103
Grade: 7
Title: Trash Talk
Abstract: The goal of my project is to determine whether name-brand kitchen trash bags are
stronger than store-brand bags. I hypothesize that name-brand bags are stronger. I will conduct
experiments using three name-brand and three store-brand bags, hanging each bag on a hook,
adding increments of weight, and logging the weight at which each bag breaks. I will repeat the
experiment three times with each brand, then calculate the average weight at which each bag
breaks. Finally, I will compare the average break weight for name-brand and store-brand bags,
and provide my results and analysis at PRSEF in April.
Project Number: MCS104
Grade: 7
Title: Investigating the Role of Music in Video Games
Abstract: The purpose of this project is to investigate the role of procedural music in a video
game. I am interested in this topic because it utilizes computer-related technology skills that I
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 53
Intermediate – Consumer Science (MCS), 7th & 8th Grade
practice daily. My hypothesis was If I use a game twice but with different procedural music then
I would see which music would work best to fit the game and make the gamer play longer.My
prediction is that the R&B music is going to best fit because the Country music I think it would
could be not interesting to them. Actual data shows that the hypothesis was supported because
the second game was boring and used regular Country music and for the second one I used R&B
music. ed technology skills that I practice daily.
Project Number: MCS105
Grade: 8
Title: Oldski VS Newski
Abstract: My experiment was conducted to find which type of ski has better performance, a
parabolic ski or straight ski? To assist with this experiment, I asked for the help of a ski
patrolman to perform testing. First, I timed the patrolman on different slopes to measure speeds.
Second, I photographed the patrolman while he turned on the two different skis to measure the
turning radius. The speed results, turning radius, and performance of the new and old skis were
recorded. In conclusion, the parabolic skis were faster, had a tighter turning radius, and
outperformed in more conditions.
Project Number: MCS106
Grade: 8
Title: Effectiveness of OTC Whitening Toothpaste
Abstract: There are many different tooth whitening products on the market, making it difficult
for consumers to choose which one is best. My experiment is to see which whitening products
whiten the most effectively. The experimenter hypothesized that Arm & Hammer Advance
White Toothpaste with Baking Soda and Peroxide would be the most effective at whitening the
teeth. The teeth used in this experiment were sterilized before use, and selected for initial
whiteness. Four toothpastes were tested using three different types of stains: tea, coffee, and
blueberries. Every test was conducted for the same amount of time, and teeth were brushed in
exactly the same manner with the same number of strokes and the same pressure. Each test used
3 teeth: one was brushed with toothpaste, one was brushed without paste as a control, and
another was not brushed as another control. The teeth were then compared to Vita and Illumine
dental stain guides. The final results will be shown on my project board on Fair Day.
Project Number: MCS107
Grade: 7
Title: Does the Brand of Ammunition Effect a 22 Rifle's Accuracy?
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to discover which brand of 22 ammunition is the
most accurate. First, I will put the gun in the gun rest, align it to the bulls-eye, and strap it in
place. Then, I will insert 4 bullets into the magazine and 1 into the chamber. Lastly, I will close
the bolt and fire the rifle, shooting all 5 bullets. Remington’s average distance from the bulls-eye
was 156.3mm. Winchester’s average was 146.5mm. CCI’s average was 87.5mm. Federal’s
average was 86.5mm. My experiment showed that Federal ammunition was the most accurate.
Project Number: MCS108
Title: Who Offers the Best Rates?
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Grade: 8
Page 54
Intermediate – Consumer Science (MCS), 7th & 8th Grade
Abstract: My project is testing to see which car insurance company offers the lowest rates. I
determined the rates by filling out the companies' online application to get a quote. I then
graphed the data.
Project Number: MCS109
Grade: 8
Title: Fun Under the Sun
Abstract: The effect of Spectrachrome crystals exposed to ultraviolet light was the research
topic of this experiment. The purpose of this investigation was to find out which items tested
would block the ultraviolet light from the beads preventing a molecular excitation transition or
color change to occur. A black test box with a spectroscope, constructed by the investigator, was
used to observe the color changing beads during testing. All of the 20 items tested protected
against the ultraviolet radiation. An Eco-efficient light bulb was also tested and proved that
ultraviolet radiation was leaking at 5.1cm and 61cm due to cracks in the protective coating. At
this rate, our skin cells can die and can cause melanoma if exposed for prolonged exposure.
Project Number: MCS110
Grade: 7
Title: May The Best Battery Win
Abstract: My project was to see which battery was the best between Energizer, Duracell, and
Rayovac. I put each battery into a flashlight and labeled them. I recorded how long each one
lasted. Duracell lasted 36 hours and 50 minutes. Energizer lasted 7 hours and 55. Rayovac lasted
5 hours and 20 minutes. I did this experiment because when I use electronics, they always die
fast and I wanted to know which battery to use more. I learned to keep a record of the time they
were turned on to the time they shut off. So the best battery is Duracell.
Project Number: MCS111
Grade: 7
Title: Landfill Waste or Useful Items?
Abstract: The project that I decided to complete was Landfill Waste or Useful Items? More
specifically Styrofoam is a landfill waste because it takes an extremely long time to break down
in the environment. My hypothesis was that by using acetone to dissolve Styrofoam into a
polystyrene paste, I can then recycle it into useful items. The first step in my experiment was
locating Styrofoam. I found some at a local grocery store and from a furniture delivery truck in
the neighborhood. I then took the Styrofoam and cut it up into pieces that were two inches
square and one inch thick. The next step of my experiment was to stack the Styrofoam pieces on
a pan in increasing heights with each individual test. I then measured, placed acetone on the
Styrofoam and timed how long it took the Styrofoam to dissolve. In total I completed six
experiments. The dissolved Styrofoam was then used to make various items. The results of my
experiment were consistent with my hypothesis. I found that by using acetone to dissolve
Styrofoam into a polystyrene paste, I was able to recycle the polystyrene paste into a useful item.
It can be molded into a variety of usable objects instead of taking up space in a landfill for years.
Project Number: MCS112
Grade: 7
Title: The Cleaning Wars
Abstract: Cleaning products are one of those things that people use every day and invest a lot of
time and money in. For this reason many people want to make sure that their resources are being
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 55
Intermediate – Consumer Science (MCS), 7th & 8th Grade
put to the best use possible. In my experiment I looked at brand name cleaning products such as
Lysol, Windex, and Mr. Clean and natural cleaning products such as vinegar, water, and milk
and compared the clean that they each gave. The purpose of my project was to see if brand name
cleaning products really give a better clean than natural cleaning solutions.
Project Number: MCS113
Grade: 7
Title: Caffeine Craze
Abstract: Can caffeine have an effect on our speed and ability to focus on a task? This project
will test to see if drinking caffeine has an effect on how fast a person types. My hypothesis was
that caffeine would improve typing speeed but increase errors. Subjects typed a simple sentence
over a two minute period. Total words and mistakes were calculated. Subjects then drank
caffeinated Pepsi and repeated the test. Most subjects typed more words but had more errors.
While caffeine may speed up your routine, it might cause you to make more mistakes.
Project Number: MCS114
Grade: 7
Title: Effectiveness of Laundry Stain Removers
Abstract: Everyone has spilled something on themselves at one time or another. How do you
remove these stains affectively? The experimenter conducted this experiment to find an answer
to that question. The problem studied in this investigation was what laundry stain removers work
the best on what stains? All stain removers are made up of chemicals. Some use chromophores,
others use enzymes, and still others use the process of oxidation. The experimenter hypothesized
that the effectiveness of the laundry stain remover depends on the chemical composition of the
stain and the stain remover. Despite the ads for stain removers, there is no, “all in one” stain
remover that removes all stains. The experimenter tested four stain removers and water. Each
cleaning agent was tested three times each. The results showed that my hypothesis was proven
correct.
Project Number: MCS115
Grade: 8
Title: Light Dark Cold Hot Burn TIme
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation is to see if you get better burn time form white
colored candles or dark, in a set of room temperatures. Procedures used were obtain all materials,
thermometers are placed in four rooms to get temperatures, Place 10 white and dark candles in
the rooms, then observe candles for the time they are burning. The conclusion is that the dark
candles burn faster in cooler rooms. The White candles burned faster in the warmer rooms.
Project Number: MCS116
Grade: 8
Title: Marker Mayhem
Abstract: What solvents remove permanent marker from surfaces the best? In my experiment, I
used 6 different types of cleaners on one surfaces and recorded which cleaner was more efficient.
I believe the stronger the chemical you have in your solvent, the better chance you have at
removing the marker, therefore Goof-Off will work the best. I applied cleaning solution to a rag
and attempted to remove the marker pattern on each sample chip. At the end of my project, I was
correct in thinking that my strongest solvent, Goof-Off, worked the best at removing permanent
marker.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 56
Intermediate – Consumer Science (MCS), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MCS117
Grade: 8
Title: The Effects of Growing Mediums and Lighting on Hydroponic Romaine Lettuce
Abstract: Hydroponics is the farming of the future. It offers healthy organic produce
availability independent of season, climate and weather catastrophes. It is even being promoted
to provide healthy vegetation for astronauts in outer space. The question is: What is the optimal
growing medium and lighting for maximal growth of hydroponically grown romaine lettuce
plants? Rockwool, coconut fibers, expanded clay pellets, and a soilless mixture were tested in
sodium vapor, LED, and florescent lighting. It was hypothesized that soilless mixture would
yield the best growth performance. Data was recorded by height measurements. Rockwool and
florescent lighting provided conditions for optimal growth.
Project Number: MCS118
Grade: 8
Title: How Dirty is your Boat?
Abstract: Boats are fun but their financial and labor-related problems are not. This experiment
tests if cheap products can prevent microorganisms on the bottoms of boats in freshwater. When
a boat is docked in the water it becomes contaminated with microorganisms. It is very hard to
clean and paints that prevent this are very expensive. This experiment consists of six buckets of
water from different sources with seven products being tested on plastic containers. Out of all
the products used, Insulator Wax ranked number one in the ranking system. Boat owners will be
helped with the results of this project.
Project Number: MCS119
Grade: 8
Title: Which One is Riper?
Abstract: My problem was to figure out if light was a factor of the ripening process of bananas.
My hypothesis was that light would be a factor. I thought that since the bananas in the box would
get know light that they wouldn't be as light. I would like to now figure out if artificial light is
better or worse for than the ripening process rather than natural light, or if they would have
ripened faster. In conclusion is that no, the ripening process of the bananas is not affected by the
amount of light it gets.
Project Number: MCS120
Grade: 7
Title: Light Intensity
Abstract: The purpose of my project is to determine how the wattage of various light bulbs
affect how they power the LED light using solar power. I became interested because I wanted to
learn about how light bulb brightness charges the solar panel to make the LED light to turn on. I
am going to put a light bulb in lamp a short distance from a solar panel attached to a LED light
and digital multimeter and measure how many volts it makes. In my 100 watt light bulb, the
average is .443 volts. My 75 watt light bulb averaged 0.303 volts. My 60 watt light bulb’s
average is 0.147. My 40 watt light bulb averaged 0.113 volts. The trends is the higher the light
bulb the higher the voltages.
Project Number: MCS121
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Grade: 7
Page 57
Intermediate – Consumer Science (MCS), 7th & 8th Grade
Title: Phantom Power Loss in a School Facility
Abstract: To calculate the amount of wattage saved in the school, you must count the devices
using phantom power when shut off. This is done with a device that measures wattage. All the
devices have wattage that costs a certain amount to the school. The watt quantity is calculated
which can be used to find the cost. This number is defined as the money that could be saved
over the summer. A custodian can be paid to unplug these devices with their salary subtracted
from the saved money. This total exists as the saved school money.
Project Number: MCS122
Grade: 8
Title: The last paint standing
Abstract: I tested what paint durability. I bought five different brands of paint. Then I got a
piece of wood. Then I divided the wood into five sections. Then I painted each section. I let sit
for 24 hours and repeated the process 2 more times. Then I got a pressure washer. Next I
anchored the wood to a work bench. I sprayed each section for thirty seconds. I started from 12
feet and worked my way up to 2 feet. Then I went to 1 foot. I concluded that Sherwin Williams
was the most durable paint.
Project Number: MCS123
Grade: 7
Title: Best Earplug For Reducing Noise
Abstract: Every year there are about 1 million people that are exposed to sound levels from
noise that can cause hearing damage. The effectiveness of different types of earplugs for
reducing noise was explored in this experiment. First, the decibel level readings were taken of
the pink noise and averaged without earplugs as a control group. Seven types of earplugs were
tested. Every trial was tested using the same pink noise, a foam head, pink noise file (played at a
controlled decibel level each time), and a decibel meter placed inside the foam head to record
decibel levels. Results were averaged and compared to the stated noise reduction rating (NRR)
on the earplug packages. The noise reduction rates (NRR) of the foam earplugs were higher than
the NRR of the silicone earplugs. A cost analysis showed that Flents earplugs performed the best
for the cost. In conclusion, the silicone earplugs performed the best, most likely because they
conformed to the shape of the ear canal to block more noise.
Project Number: MCS124
Grade: 7
Title: Burn Baby Burn
Abstract: My project is called Burn Baby Burn. I tested to see if temperature would effect how
much a candle would burn with in three hours. I conducted this experiment by placing a candle
in a hot, cold, and a warm room, and then I measured the temperature and the candle. I lit the
candle and measured it every thirty minutes. I learned during this experiment that wax melts by
heat that’s why the candle melted faster in a hot room. My hypothesis was that the candle in the
hot room would burn the most. It was proven correct.
Project Number: MCS125
Grade: 7
Title: Hurry! I need a paper towel!!!
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to see which type of paper towel will absorb the
most oil and water. To conduct this experiment I had to weigh a dry paper towel on a scale and
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 58
Intermediate – Consumer Science (MCS), 7th & 8th Grade
then a paper towel that has been soaked in oil or water on the scale to see the absorbancy of the
three kinds of paper towels. The experimental results were measured by comparing Target,
Brawny, and Sparkle brand paper towels for their absorbancy in the two liquids oil and water.
The results of the experiment showed that the Target Brand paper towels absorbed the most oil
out of the three brands and the brawny absorbed the most water out of the three brands.
Project Number: MCS126
Grade: 8
Title: Honey, I Shrunk the Shirts
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to find which girl’s shirt shrink when washed and
dried. Based on literature research, I hypothesized that the shirt with the highest percentage of
cotton would shrink the most. I studied the weave and texture of the cloth from four shirts with
different cotton-polyester combinations under a microscope; and washed and dried a piece of
each shirt four times, using the same settings and detergent. I measured the distance between
threads with MS Paint to analyze the amount of shrinkage. My hypothesis will be evaluated by
the results.
Project Number: MCS127
Grade: 8
Title: How Long does a Battery Last?
Abstract: Batteries are devices that store electricity. This experiment interested me because I've
always wanted to know which battery is the best. Batteries are used every day and the most
commonly known ones are the ones that you put into a toy or radio, but batteries can be very big
and they can be found in factories, cars, computers, and other big, electrical appliances. Batteries
that you see on commercials are very small compared to the ones found in factories. All battery
commercials say that the brand they are advertising lasts the longest. The best battery that I
tested was the Maxell Battery.
Project Number: MCS128
Grade: 7
Title: How the COOKIE crumbles
Abstract: Do cookies taste better dough is chilled for twenty four hours? I’ve heard many
varying answers to this question and pondered, does it? To perform this you’ll need to mix
cookie dough and bake it immediately. Make another mix of dough and chill it for twenty four
hours. After that, let them taste it and have them tell you what they think. In the end my project
was more of an opinion than a straight up “answer”. I concluded that sixty four percent of testers
liked “A”, thirty two percent liked “B” and four percent thought they were the same.
Project Number: MCS129
Grade: 8
Title: Best Battery Contest
Abstract: This project will prove the longest lasting battery. Three different brands of batteries
were tested using a small strand of lights and a clock. First, the lights were connected to the
clock, and the battery was inserted. The clock was set to twelve o'clock and ran until the battery
died. The data showed that the Duracell lasted the longest, 54 hours and 7 minutes. Energizer ran
almost 51 hours and Eveready lasted approximately 46 hours. If this project were to be repeated,
Duracell would run against two different batteries to see if it would still last the longest.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 59
Intermediate – Consumer Science (MCS), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MCS130
Grade: 7
Title: Price of Baseball Bat vs Distance
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation is to determine if expensive baseball bats hit
baseballs farther than using medium priced or cheap baseball bats.
I will test an inexpensive bat, a slightly more expensive bat and an expensive bat. I will have my
subjects hit the soft pitched balls repeatedly. Soft pitched balls will all be pitched using a JUG
machine. I will take an average of their top twelve trials to see which bat hits the ball the farthest
and determine whether or not it makes sense to purchase a more expensive bat.
Project Number: MCS131
Grade: 8
Title: Does the Price of Duct Tape Indicate Its Adhesive Strength?
Abstract: Do more expensive brands of duct tape have a greater adhesive strength than less
expensive brands? As the price of duct tape increases its adhesive strength will increase. Thirty
wood test plugs were attached to the duct tape being tested. A uniform amount of pressure was
applied to each of the wood test plugs that were attached to the duct tape for 24hrs. The amount
of mass required to break the adhesive bond between the wood test plugs and the duct tape was
determined. This process was repeated for each duct tape. Experiment still in progress.
Project Number: MCS132
Grade: 7
Title: Does the Price of a Softball Bat Affect the Force That It Applies to a Softball When Stuck
By the Bat?
Abstract: Determine if more expensive softball bats apply more KE to a softball than less
expensive bats.
As the cost of a softball bat increases the amount of KE a softball will possess when its struck by
the bat will increase. Install one of the new bats being tested in the testing apparatus. Drop the
bat from a height of 60cm and video tape the ball striking the bat. Determine and record the
amount of KE the ball possessed after striking the bat. Repeat 29 more times and for each of
bats being tested. Still conducting experiment
Project Number: MCS133
Grade: 7
Title: The LIfe of a Battery
Abstract: My project is about battery life. There are many types of batteries. I tested three of
many. I tested Duracell, Energizer, and Rayovac. Duracell lasted the longest, Rayovac was the
second longest, and Energizer was the shortest of the three. Duracell lasted twenty-six hours,
forty-two minutes. Energizer lasted twenty-two hours and and thirty-three minutes. And Rayovac
lasted twenty-five hours, and seventeen minutes. My project took two days to test all of the
batteries. If you do not use a new flashlight for each battery brand, you will end up with different
times.
Project Number: MCS134
Title: Removal to Remove
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Grade: 8
Page 60
Intermediate – Consumer Science (MCS), 7th & 8th Grade
Abstract: I chose for my project use different carpet stain removers on several carpet samples.
What I thought would be my end result was that Resolve would work the best. Once I applied the
stain removers I followed the directions on the back of the bottle then let it sit for a day and
applied a damp cloth. By the end of my project I learned several different ways to remove stains,
and what stains are easier to remove compared to others.
Project Number: MCS135
Grade: 8
Title: Which Field Hockey Stick Hits the Farthest and Hits the Highest?
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment is to find which field hockey stick hits the ball the
farthest and which stick lifts the ball the highest out of three different brands. I will repeatedly hit
the ball for distance--and then repeatedly lift the ball and measure. I will take an average of the
lifts and hits and compare the three sticks.
Project Number: MCS136
Grade: 8
Title: Pick Your Paint
Abstract: This experiment is to determine which paint is better, Tempera or Acrylic. I will test
coverage by applying coats over a mark done with Sharpie. As I’m doing this, I will time how
long it takes for the paint to dry. Then I will test the durability of he paint. Using fine grain
sandpaper, I will rub on each paint stroke. I will use the primary colors when testing, and I will
test on three different materials, a canvas, paper, and cloth. Final results will be at the PRSEF.
Project Number: MCS137
Grade: 7
Title: What soap shall I use???
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to find the soap that kills the most bacteria. I
swabbed three light switches and let the samples grow bacteria in a petri dish. Then I made the
broth for a gram stain to spread the samples evenly across the petri dishes. I put the broth in the
three petri dishes and added soap samples. Then I let the dishes sit. Of my three soaps, the antibacterial soap was most effective in killing bacteria. The dish soap killed less bacteria than the
antibacterial, but more than the hand soap.
Project Number: MCS138
Grade: 8
Title: Is Your Beauty Worth the Price?
Abstract: My project examines lipsticks and chap sticks to see if they contain lead. Research
indicates that traces of lead have been found in lipsticks and some lip balms and I feel that the
findings could better inform everyone. My first test involved running a 14k gold ring over a
substantial amount of lipstick on my wrist. My second test used tin foil and rubbing a minimal
amount of balm or lipstick with a piece of paper towel. My first test showed inconclusive results,
but samples in my second test showed significant traces of lead.
Project Number: MCS139
Grade: 8
Title: Burning Rates of Candles
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine which candles burn faster, white or
colored. First, candles of the same brand, size, shape, and made of the same wax were obtained.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 61
Intermediate – Consumer Science (MCS), 7th & 8th Grade
The candles were placed 10 inches apart and lit at the same time. Candles were observed and
photographed every 30 minutes. Throughout the experiment, it was observed that the candles
melted at different rates. The results showed that the white candle burned faster than the colored
one, proving the hypothesis correct.
Project Number: MCS140
Grade: 8
Title: Home Savings: Incandescent vs. CFL's
Abstract: Incandescent bulbs are being replaced by compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFL’s) as
part of the 2007 Energy Independent and Security Act. Though some people are fearful of this
change, CFL’s have changed much since they were first used. When first made, they used to
make people’s skin appear unnaturally pale. Now, they don’t. CFL’s can save money by using
less energy and save the consumer more money than standard incandescent bulbs. In my
experiment, the typical household saved an average of $10-$13/ month with the switch from
standard bulbs to CFL’s.
Project Number: MCS141
Grade: 8
Title: Trash to Pencils
Abstract: The purpose of this project was to compare a traditional wooden pencil against an ecofriendly design to determine its efficiency and effects on the environment. Multiple experiments
were conducted using different pastes, newspaper, and graphite to make recycled eco-friendly
pencils. The results were analyzed and the recycled pencils were found to be more eco-friendly.
However, in researching the manufacturing process for traditional wooden pencils, they were
found to be more cost effective. Both pencils were proven to be efficient for use.
Project Number: MCS142
Grade: 8
Title: Battery Life
Abstract: This experiment tests which type of battery lasts longer: Lithium, Rechargeable, or
Disposable. During the experiment three of the same type and brand of flashlights were used. To
determine which battery will last the longest, they were shone on a wall and checked every half
hour. The flashlights were evenly spaced on a table. Each beam was turned until it was in the
shape of a circle. Next, record data and analyze results. In this experiment the Lithium battery
lasted the longest.
Project Number: MCS143
Grade: 7
Title: Duct That Tape
Abstract: This projects purpose is to answer the question of which duct tape is the strongest. I
tested three brands Gorilla, Duck, and generic duct tape. I predict Gorilla is the strongest. To test
the strength of the tape I attached tape to two metal rods, a bucket then hung them on a plank that
was going through an aluminum step ladder. I poured sand in every ten seconds until the tape
broke. Finally weighing the bucket and writing down the results. Gorilla tape ended up being the
strongest of the three. Duck tape was second and generic tape was last.
Project Number: MCS144
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Grade: 8
Page 62
Intermediate – Consumer Science (MCS), 7th & 8th Grade
Title: Energy Extent
Abstract: The point of my experiment was to determine which battery brand lasted longer than
others. This affects people because they would buy that brand so they don't waste money. I
determined which battery brand ran down fastest. I used a light bulb and a circuit to run down a
battery, and used a voltmeter to test its voltage every half hour, and recorded it until it reached
1.00 Volts. I averaged the times of five experiments and found that Duracell lasted longest,
Rayovac was second, and Energizer was third. This experiment shows which batteries you
should buy to save money.
Project Number: MCS145
Grade: 7
Title: Radiation in Cell Phones
Abstract: When starting this project my mission was to find out if the RF level in smartphones is
higher than in regular cell phones. My hypothesis was that the RF level of smartphones will be
higher compared to the RF level of regular cell phones because the smartphones have more
specific details and antennas necessary for all modern functions – GPS, texting, emailing. I
tested the RF level in two groups of cell phones, 25 units each group – smartphones vs. regular
cell phones using Cornet Microsystem ED-85EX2 Electrosmog Meter which gave the maximum
amount of radiation emitted from the cell phone, in the two minute testing period. I found the
average measurement of RF level for each group – for smartphone group and regular cell phone
group and compared the results. My results showed that the smartphone group DOES have a
significantly higher RF level compared to the regular cell phone group, and my results totally
accepted my hypothesis. The wide usage of cell phones in modern life is like Marie Curie’s
dream came true – Marie Curie wanted people not to be afraid of radiation of any type, but to
understand the radiation and use it for the benefit of society …I think that we have a lot to learn
about non-ionizing radiation and its long-term effect and I am sure we will do it!
Project Number: MCS146
Grade: 8
Title: My Number One Ball In Golf
Abstract: For my project, I tested to see which golf ball I hit the farthest using the Bridgestone
e6, Srixon Z-star XV and Titleist ProV1 golf balls. I had my assistant place 20 of each type of
golf ball on a tee and I hit 60 golf balls.While doing this, I used the medicus power meter to
measure club head speed. After I hit 60 golf balls I used the bushnell range finder to find the
distance the ball traveled.
Project Number: MCS147
Grade: 8
Title: How Much Can You Hold?
Abstract: The purpose is to test which paper towel brand will hold the most weight. My
hypothesis, Sparkle® will work the best. My procedures are; Squirt 5 ml of water in center of
the paper towels. Put one quarter in the center of the paper towels. Pull paper towels and see if
there are results. Put two quarters in the center of the paper towels. Pull paper towels and see if
there are results. Put quarters on the scale after paper towel rips and see how much it holds. The
Premium Decorated Towel® held the most weight. In conclusion my hypothesis was incorrect.
Project Number: MCS300
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Grade: 8
Page 63
Intermediate – Consumer Science (MCS), 7th & 8th Grade
Title: Forgetful Much?
Abstract: Preservatives were in mind during this experiment. Its purpose was determining how
preservatives affected ice cream’s melting rate. This expanded studies of dairy and melting
rates. Notions that preservatives lower melting rates were tested.
The hypothesis is that homemade Keystone Creamery ice cream without preservatives would
melt faster than store bought, which contained these. We thought Haagen Dazs would melt
slower because it had the most preservatives. Haagen Daza melted in 123 minutes where the
homemade Keystone Creamery took 193 minutes.
Project Number: MCS301
Grade: 8
Title: How Permanent Are Permanent Markers?
Abstract: The objective is to determine if permanent markers are really permanent. Does it
depend on the type of cleaning solutions used to try to remove it? Eight marks each were made
with a Sharpie, BIC, and Avery marker all on white bed sheet. The following solvents were used
to try to remove the markers; dish soap, laundry detergent, vinegar, rubbing alcohol, WD-40,
bleach, nail polish remover, and water. The most effective cleaning remover was rubbing alcohol
on the Avery. The solutions containing alcohol performed the best. Most of the marks were
either deeply faded or smeared with solutions containing alcohol.
Project Number: MCS302
Grade: 7
Title: Optimal Fruit Storage and Ripening Conditions
Abstract: Many fruits are picked unripe, since ripened fruits do not ship well. This experiment
determined: (1) the optimal conditions to delay ripening, which is helpful during shipment or
storage, and (2) the optimal conditions to accelerate ripening, which is helpful when ready to
consume. Fruits were stored in three different temperatures (cool, room temperature, warm), in
three different light intensities (dark, medium, bright), and in three different air types (ethylene
gas-enriched, room air, carbon dioxide-enriched). The optimal conditions for storing were cool,
dark, and carbon-dioxide enriched. The optimal conditions for ripening were warm, medium or
bright, and ethylene gas-enriched.
Project Number: MCS303
Grade: 7
Title: Solar Chandeliers
Abstract: The project we are presenting is a solar powered chandelier. Many chandeliers face
the window which produces sunlight so you could have a chandelier that doesn’t waste energy
because my chandelier is always on so you could save energy and money every month from your
electricity bill. We have the solar panel facing to the window and when it is dark and you are at
dinner you have light to eat. Thus, the Solar Chandelier is a useful way of saving energy and
money.
Project Number: MCS304
Grade: 8
Title: Wrapping It Up Plastic Style
Abstract: “Wrapping It Up Plastic Style” was performed to help the public save money. Our
project was setup to find a plastic wrap that prevents oxidation. We predicted that either Glad or
Saran would work the best stopping apples from browning. The procedure we followed was
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 64
Intermediate – Consumer Science (MCS), 7th & 8th Grade
simple. A slice of apple was considered one trial. We had six plastic wraps each having forty
trials. All trials were observed for four hours. In the hours observed, Shopper’s Value slowly
oxidized stopping at a 7-8 on our scale. Our project was successful in preventing oxidation
within the first four hours apples sit out.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 65
Intermediate – Consumer Science (MCS), 7th & 8th Grade
This page intentionally left blank
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 66
Intermediate – Earth/Space/Environment (MES), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MES100
Grade: 7
Title: Oil Eaters
Abstract: 10 beakers were labeled and filled with 200mL of spring water. 2 grams of each of
the 3 different oils, motor, #2 fuel, and sunflower were added to each set of 10 beakers. 1 gram
of Archaea bacteria was added to the top of the oil slick. This procedure was then repeated for
Pseudomonas putida. The oils were kept at 21°C. The control, 200mL of spring water, was
used to allow for evaporation. The decrease in weight was measured every 24 hours and this
value which accounted for oil consumption by the bacteria was recorded. Temperature was also
changed to 37°C and 15°C and each trial repeated using both bacteria.
Project Number: MES101
Grade: 8
Title: Effect of Harmful Chemicals on Daphnia
Abstract: Daphnia are small crustaceans that live at the bottom of most streams, ponds, and
rivers. In this experiment, I tested different concentrations of pesticides, herbicides, and
fertilizers, both eco-friendly and chemical, on the Daphnia and observed the change in their heart
rate. Dilutions of the three types of pollutants were then made to test different concentrations:
10%, 1%. First I took the starting heart rate of the D. magna; then I tested 2 types of each of the
three pollutants in the 2 different concentrations on the Daphnia, conducting 2 trials for each. I
conducted this project because I read that water pollution affects our environment in many
harmful ways. Since these chemicals runoff into the environment where these Daphnia live, and
the food web begins with microorganisms, anything that affects them puts the entire food web in
danger. I found that in several cases, the products labeled eco-friendly affected the heartrate of
D. magna the most. Further research revealed that the eco-friendly label may be just used for
advertising, and is not regulated by any government agency – so that consumers concerned with
environmental safety may be fooled by the label.
Project Number: MES102
Grade: 8
Title: Can Nitrifying Bacteria be Used to DeGrade Beta-Estrodiol Contaminated Water?
Abstract: Determine if commercial nitrifying bacteria solutions can be used to reduce the
concentration of Beta-Estrodiol in water.The more types of nitrifying bacteria found in a
commercial product the more effective it will be at reducing the concentration of Beta-Estrodiol
in water: Place a known concentration of Beta-Estrodiol solution, not containing any nitrifying
bacteria solutions being tested, in the micro-well of an estrogen test kit (Control). Repeat the
process but add a different type of nitrifying bacteria solution to each micro-well. Determine
the concentration of Beta-Estrodiol after 0, 12, 24, and 48hrs. Experiment still being conducted.
Project Number: MES103
Grade: 8
Title: Is Stormwater Runoff Impacting the Waters of Pine Creek?
Abstract: Water samples from Pine Creek were collected and analyzed for a variety of common
parameters, including nitrate/nitrite, pH, Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and chlorine to assess
potential impact from stormwater runoff.
Project Number: MES104
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Grade: 7
Page 67
Intermediate – Earth/Space/Environment (MES), 7th & 8th Grade
Title: Optimizing Solar Panel Design
Abstract: Solar panels are an exceptional way to generate energy without using a nonrenewable
energy source. However, the current shape of a typical solar panel may not be the optimal
configuration for absorbing the most energy. The purpose of my experiment is to determine what
shape will absorb the greatest amount of energy. I will test this idea by collecting many small
solar panels, and arranging them into three different shapes, a hemisphere, a fractal, and the
control, a traditional, flat solar panel. Each configuration will have the same surface area. I will
then determine which panel produced the most energy. This experiment will help solar panel
manufactures produce a better solar panel.
Project Number: MES105
Grade: 8
Title: Slowy But Shore-ly: The Effect of Breakwaters on Beach Erosion
Abstract: Physical models of breakwaters were created to evaluate their effectiveness in
preventing beach erosion.
Project Number: MES106
Grade: 8
Title: No Escape: A Simulation of Black Holes
Abstract: A physical simulation of black holes was analyzed and measured.
Project Number: MES107
Grade: 7
Title: Fuel Cell
Abstract: New methods have been developed to make new cars fuel efficient. The hybrid car,
running on electricity, is one of these. I chose to investigate fuel cells, a form of renewable
energy which needs only water to run. To explore how to improve the efficiency of the fuel, I
used variants of water: salt-water, tap water, vinegar water and bicarbonate water. I built an
electrode and hanged it over each of the tested types of water and used a volt meter to record the
produced voltage. The purpose of my experiment is to make the common fuel cell more efficient.
I hypothesized that the distilled water is the most efficient, and creates the most energy. The
results will be available on the Fair Day at my exhibit.
Project Number: MES108
Grade: 8
Title: Can Water float on Water
Abstract: If you think that my project was incredibly simple then you are wrong. My project is
about liquid water floating on liquid water not icecubes. I experimebted with which kind of water
was on top.In reality it can demonstrate to scientists of how there are pockets of freshwater lakes
in the deepest parts of oceans that maintain their own and original fresh water state.
Project Number: MES109
Grade: 7
Title: Elements of Fluorescence
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation is to determine the relationship between element
found in rock samples and their fluorescence.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 68
Intermediate – Earth/Space/Environment (MES), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MES110
Grade: 7
Title: Eroding Soil
Abstract: My project's question is, do plants help prevent soil erosion? I hypothesized that
plants do help prevent soil erosion because plants help hold the soil together.
To do my project I had to construct two boxes and put soil in them with a plant in one of the
boxes. Then I had to pour measured water into both boxes and see which box had the most
erosion.
After finishing my trials I found out the soil without the plant had the most erosion. These
results support my hypothesis. I learned that plants can be used to prevent soil loss.
Project Number: MES111
Grade: 8
Title: Vampire Power
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to find out how much power electrical devices
consume when they are turned off.
Project Number: MES112
Grade: 8
Title: Lost?: Testing the Reliabililty of the North Star for Navigation
Abstract: An astronomical test of the North Star was conducted in order to evaluate its
reliability for navigators.
Project Number: MES113
Grade: 8
Title: The Greenhouse Effect
Abstract: There is a "natural" greenhouse effect that keeps the Earth's climate warm. Carbon
dioxide and certain other gases hold in the heat we need to live. If too many gases are trapped in
the atmosphere, the Earth becomes too warm to support life.
My researched topics for the greenhouse effect were the computer, Dictionary, Encyclopedia,
and a science top 20 magazine. I went on 3 different websites for the computer research:
Greenhouse Effect, What is Greenhouse Effect, and Understanding Greenhouse Effect.
I also researched the encyclopedia to understand the relationship between global warming and
the greenhouse effect.
Project Number: MES114
Grade: 7
Title: Do Plants need water to grow or just a liquid?
Abstract: If plants are watered with any type of liquid, then they will grow. The ivy plants were
each labeled as water, milk, cola, or Gatorade, and watered every other day for fifteen days,
observing what happened to the plants, and what they looked like. The only plant that grew and
became taller and fuller was the plant watered with water. The milk plant had a bad smell to it.
The coke plant was very sticky, and the Gatorade plant soil got moldy. The hypothesis was not
supported.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 69
Intermediate – Earth/Space/Environment (MES), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MES115
Grade: 8
Title: Pinwheel Power
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to find out how the length and number of the
pinwheels affected the number of rotations per minute.
Project Number: MES116
Grade: 7
Title: Hair Hygrometer
Abstract: The purpose of my project is to determine if strands of hair can accurately measure
humidity. I became interested because I like hair and I would like to learn more about it. My
hypothesis was if I make a hygrometer with strands of hair then I would be able to measure the
humidity in the air. I think my experiment is going to be accurate but not fully accurate because
I’m not sure how to measure humidity with strands of hair. My hypothesis was supported the
amount from my hygrometer matched the humidity from the weather. At 7:30 both hygrometers
said that the humidity was low and it was low.
Project Number: MES117
Grade: 7
Title: Finding the Best Way to Grow Grass
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment is to determine the best way to grow grass. I think that
the grass with the fertilizer will grow the fullest and fastest out of all of them. I will grow grass
with just seed, with limestone and with fertilizer to determine under which condition the grass
grows the quickest and tallest.
Project Number: MES118
Grade: 8
Title: Seasoned vs. Unseasoned Wood
Abstract: This project was to determine which type of wood burns the longest and hottest. For
this project I burnt ten pieces of seasoned and ten pieces of unseasoned wood in my wood
burner. While the wood burnt, I observed the color and time it took each type of wood to burn.
The results were then recorded. It was concluded that seasoned wood burns the hottest, but
unseasoned wood burns about 20 minutes longer.
Project Number: MES119
Grade: 8
Title: Natural and Organic Method to Clean Up Oil Spills
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to discover which of my five variables absorbed
the most vegetable oil. I hoped the human hair would be the most efficient way to collect the oil.
I took fifteen grams of each variable and swished it around in a mixture of water and oil. I then
recorded how much total liquid, oil, and water each variable collected. After comparing my
results, I found the shredded paper collected the most oil. Cotton balls absorbed the most liquid
and the most water. My results show which natural and organic method absorbs the most oil.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 70
Intermediate – Earth/Space/Environment (MES), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MES120
Grade: 7
Title: Let it Shine, Let it Shine, Let it Shine
Abstract: In my experiment, I sought to determine how solar energy varies based on the position
of a solar panel. A solar panel connected to a multimeter, mounted to an adjustable platform, was
positioned to preset positions at times during the day to collect the sun's energy. Mounting a
solar panel facing south or east, at a shallow horizon angle, results in the greatest amount of
accumulated solar energy during late summer. Solar maps suggest that repeating these
measurements in the Spring, would produce similar results, but with less accumulated solar
energy.
Project Number: MES121
Grade: 7
Title: Our Local Rivers: Clean Enough for Swimming
Abstract: My science project was on testing the water in our local rivers to see if they are clean
enough for swimming. I collected water samples from two locations, above and below industry
or water treatment plants. The rivers I tested are the Youghiogheny River, the Monongahela, and
the Allegheny River. I used a water monitoring test kit that allowed me to test the water samples
at home. I test for pH levels, nitrate levels, phosphate levels, the presence of coliform bacteria,
and turbidity. I filled the testing tubes with the water from my 1 liter samples that I collected. I
filled them to the levels required for each of the tests. I recorded the results in my data tables. I
took one set of water samples to the McKeesport Municipal Authority. They agreed to do an
independent test. I wanted to see if the water test kit that I purchased was accurate. Our results
turned out to be very similar. I gathered a second set of water samples from the same six
locations after a rainfall. I wanted to see if the water quality changed after a rain event. I
recorded the test results on my data chart, and I also took a set to the Municipal Authority. The
rain event did change the coliform bacteria levels and turbidity. The pH, nitrate, and phosphate
levels changed slightly. My conclusion is that all three rivers are clean enough for swimming.
The Youghiogheny River had the best water quality, the Allegheny was the second, and the
Monongahela was third.
Project Number: MES122
Grade: 8
Title: A Clear View of Glass Insulation
Abstract: Different types of glass insulation were investigated, using a model double pane
window design.
Project Number: MES123
Grade: 8
Title: Hydrogen Powered Car
Abstract: The purpose of my project is to build a better car engine that can run on another
energy source that is more affordable and is a renewable energy source. In my project I will be
doing a lot of research, also to build and test a car engine. If I do a lot of research and can create
a better engine. Also I need to build a whole new car engine design depending on which energy
source I use. Also I will have to find these resources to be able to test my theory or experiment.
So I think that my two main energy sources that will work are water or solar. Those two sources
are my reliable sources to make my experiment work. The reason I think that water and solar will
work because water is a sources that we will always have and never run out. The reason I think
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 71
Intermediate – Earth/Space/Environment (MES), 7th & 8th Grade
that solar will work because we are always driving through the sun and the sun will always be
there. Plus these both sources are renewable, green and health for us and the environment.
Project Number: MES124
Grade: 7
Title: Is It Getting Hot in Here?
Abstract: I tested to see if the temperature inside a greenhouse is different that the outside
temperature. I thought the temperature inside the greenhouse would be greater than the
temperature outside of the greenhouse.
I built a mini greenhouse. I nailed four wood planks together and put a glass sheet on top of the
box and put a thermometer inside and outside the box. Readings were taken three times a day
for a week from each thermometer.
My hypothesis proved to incorrect. The box temperatures were less than the outside
temperatures.
Project Number: MES125
Grade: 7
Title: Recycled Water
Abstract: We know that Water is the foundation of human life. In fact, nearly 1.6 billion people
don•ft have access to it. It is serious problem. The answer is just •gRain•h. If we can use
•gRain Water•h effectively, it will be solution. We measured PH (Potential for Hydrogen) in the
rain.
In experiment, we met a result; Vinegar (PH 1 •¨ PH 7), Muddy (PH 5 •¨ PH 8), Coffee (PH 3
•¨ PH 6), In reference : Clean water •¨ PH 7. As a result, PH was changed by simple equipment,
so •gRainwater•h can be an excellent water source.
Project Number: MES126
Grade: 8
Title: You Are What You Eat
Abstract: Composting speeds up the natural process of decomposition, by providing conditions
that are best for breaking down organic matter. This project will use vermicomposting to
compare quality of soil produced with two different compost mixes. One compost mix will be
produced using fruit scraps, while another will be created using a variety of food scraps. Using
the composts created, grass will be planted and growth rates measured. The results of the project
will be presented at the PRSEF.
Project Number: MES127
Grade: 8
Title: Sunlight - The Good and The Bad
Abstract: It is hypothesized that common UV protection chemicals will keep out UV radiation
while still allowing solar cells to become fully charged. Solar lights attached to rechargeable
batteries were placed inside clear plastic boxes. A glass top was placed on each box. Sunscreens
were applied to the glass to evaluate their impact on the solar cell.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 72
Intermediate – Earth/Space/Environment (MES), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MES128
Grade: 8
Title: Which Eco-Friendly Lawn Fertilizer is the Least Toxic?
Abstract: Determine which eco-friendly fertilizer is the least toxic. As the concentration of
Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium in an eco-friendly fertilizer increases its toxicity will
increase.
Prepare a 0% (Control), 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, and 20% solution for each eco-fertilizer being tested.
Randomly select 1 daphnia for testing. After acclimating the daphnia in 50 ml of the 0%
solution for 2min, place it on a concave slide with the test solution and determine its heart rate
under a microscope for 15sec. Repeat process using 9 more daphnia and each of the solutions
being tested. Experiment in progress
Project Number: MES129
Grade: 8
Title: Light Energy and External Color
Abstract: The purpose of this project is to determine if the external color of a roof affects the
interior temperature of the building. Four cardboard boxes were painted black, red-brown, grey,
and silver with a thermometer placed inside each one. Each box is exposed to three simulated
climate conditions, hot/sunny day, room temperature, cold/sunny day using two heat lamps and a
tray of ice with sea-salt. Initial results indicate that the outer color of a structure does affect the
internal temperature. These findings could have an effect on heating and cooling costs in the
maintenance of a building.
Project Number: MES131
Grade: 8
Title: Trash Decomposition Rates in Landfills
Abstract: Model landfill units were subjected to different pH liquids to simulate acidic and non
acidic precipitation. Trash decomposition rates were evaulated for each.
Project Number: MES132
Grade: 7
Title: Cathching Rays
Abstract: The project should answer the question, what angle of light from an LED flashlight
striking a solar panel produces the most electricity. Before I started my project, my hypothesis
was that the most direct angle, 90 degrees would give the most energy. The reason I
hypothesized this was because I thought the panel would get the most direct light at that angle
therefore giving off the most electricity and power. First, I put together the solar panel and
hooked up a multimeter to the panel to measure the amount of light. Once I had that set, I would
measure the angle of light using a protractor and then set the flashlight on a music stand. After
an hour of light on the panel, I would take a reading and then record it. In conclusion, the 90
degree angle was the angle that did give off the most energy. Even though it was not a huge
difference from the other angles it did have the most energy.
Project Number: MES133
Grade: 8
Title: Heat Wave
Abstract: In my project, I tested which insulation material was the most energy-efficient, using
household items such as cotton balls, felt, and paper. I took a large glass bowl and filled it with
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 73
Intermediate – Earth/Space/Environment (MES), 7th & 8th Grade
ice water. I calculated the temperature of the water by itself by placing a thermometer in the
water. I then took a plastic cup and surrounded the thermometer with an insulator. Once the
temperature dropped within a few degrees of the baseline temperature. I did the experiment with
each insulation material. The one that took the longest to reach the baseline temperature was the
most energy-efficient.
Project Number: MES134
Grade: 8
Title: Monitoring and Reducing Household Water and Power Wastage
Abstract: Even the most conscientious of us sometimes neglect to switch off lights or repair
leaking faucets. Precious resources are therefore inadvertently wasted. Unnoticeable and hidden
leakages (within pipes in walls, for instance) can continue for weeks and also cause damage to
drywall and ceilings. To target the avoidable problem of unnecessary wastage, I designed a
device to monitor wastage and a feedback system to decrease wastage of this type in order to
reduce detrimental environmental impact. I conducted a cost-benefit analysis to determine the
effective amount of possible monetary savings and positive environmental effects.
Project Number: MES135
Grade: 8
Title: pH2O
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to find how soil was affected the pH of water.
Project Number: MES136
Grade: 7
Title: Power Forward
Abstract: The environment is always changing, and over time, pollution has changed it for the
worse. Significant factors of pollution are the emissions from gasoline powered cars. This
amount of pollution is determined by the emissions, so it can be changed by using different
energy sources, such as battery power and even solar power. There are difficulties with using
alternate sources of energy in our everyday lives, but after some time and more development,
these sources will become more and more practical. This experiment will show which of the
three power sources (gasoline, solar, or battery) is best as seen after doing various trials. Certain
factors will be taken into consideration when comparing the energy sources: the distance traveled
by the cars, the time taken to travel a certain distance, and the emission count. These will be
tested by using the same model car design made of balsa wood, powering one with a battery,
powering the other with a solar panel, and having them go around a track. A model car will not
be tested using gasoline power, but data about regular gasoline cars will be used to compare the
tested battery car and solar car. The purpose of this experiment is to compare and analyze these
sources of power.
Project Number: MES137
Grade: 8
Title: Inexpensive Effective Methods of Neutralizing Abandoned Mine Drainage Affected
Waters
Abstract: The purpose of my project was to find the most effective passive method of treating
acid mine drainage affected water. This is an ongoing problem in both Pittsburgh and
Pennsylvania as a whole. Previous abandoned mines open into a waterway, resulting in high
levels of iron in the water, resulting in a lower pH than is healthy for the ecosystem. I tested
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 74
Intermediate – Earth/Space/Environment (MES), 7th & 8th Grade
three methods of treating this water, spent mushroom compost, limestone, and these mediums
combined. Using a bucket drip system to complete my project, I found that spent mushroom
compost raised the pH and lowered iron content the most.
Project Number: MES138
Grade: 8
Title: Pollution in Creeks
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to analyze macroinvertebrates to determine the
amount of pollution in different creeks.
Project Number: MES139
Grade: 8
Title: Solar Flares and Temperature
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment is to find out what the minimum size requirement of a
solar flare is to change the outdoor temperature by one degree Celsius. I hypothesize that the
bare minimum requirement of a solar flare to raise the outdoor temperature by one degree
Celsius would be a size B5.2 solar flare. Surface temperature will be recorded and cross
referenced with the times of solar flares. I will calculate the average surface temperature
changes for each solar flare, and cross reference each temperature difference with the size of
solar flare.
Project Number: MES140
Grade: 8
Title: Recycling paper
Abstract: My project is making paper out of recycled paper and seeing which is more durable.
Out of the different papers that I had I thought that the folders would make the more durable
because of how durable the folders are before. I blended the paper to make the pulp and then
remove the water from the pulp. My conclusion is that the folder was the most durable to write
on and to break.
Project Number: MES141
Grade: 7
Title: H2 OH!
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to see if tap water has more particulates in it before
or after it rains. To conduct this experiment I washed a plastic container and a measuring cup
with anti-bacterial dish soap and rubbed both containers with non-diluted rubbing alcohol. I then
used a Pro-lab Do It Yourself Water test kit to conduct each individual test. The experimental
results were measured by the individual scales of each different test. The results of the
experiment showed that the tap water after it rained had more particulates. The results indicate
that my hypothesis should be accepted because there were more particulates after it rained.
Project Number: MES142
Grade: 8
Title: The Big Drip
Abstract: The question I was going to answer was "Does changing the conductor (rag/yarn)
affect how the stalactite grow?" My hypothesis was that the yarn would be a better conductor
than the rag, considering its smaller. So, what I did was get 4 cups and fill them up with hot
water. From there, I continued to put Epsom salt in until it dissolved. I then placed the rag/yarn's
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 75
Intermediate – Earth/Space/Environment (MES), 7th & 8th Grade
ends into 2 cups, and waited 3-5 days until the stalactite formed. Unfortunately, my project was
unsuccessful. Due to the fact that my experiment didn't work, I wish that I would have chosen a
different experiment.
Project Number: MES143
Grade: 7
Title: Bio:energy: Fuel of the Future
Abstract: Fossil fuels are a major issue and the increase in carbon dioxide levels caused by these
fossil fuels are the major culprits of global warming. This experiment was used to determine
which combination of biomass produces the most biogas/bioenergy. Ten popular combinations
of biomass were used and placed in 20 bottles (2 of each). Distilled water was added to the
combinations and a balloon was on top of each to monitor biogas/bioenergy produced over a 30
day period. Mashed corn and paper produced the most biogas/bioenergy. Bottles were put in a
heated environment to see if warmer temps affect production rate. This part will be completed
by 2/10/13.
Project Number: MES144
Grade: 8
Title: Going Green As You Clean!
Abstract: This experiment was to determine the effects of conventional and green detergents on
the environment using night crawlers. To determine these effects the researcher must put four
night crawlers into seven dilutions 0%, 3%, 6%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% of each detergent
with 500ml of potting soil. The night crawlers were left in the potting soil and detergent for five
days. After five days the researcher will analyze the data to determine which detergent is more
harmful to the environment. Further studies are being put into effort to determine the outcome of
this project.
Project Number: MES145
Grade: 7
Title: Here We Glow!
Abstract: First, 25 ml of pyrocystis lunula will be added to each of the 40 bottles. All of the
tests will be placed in a large box, where the light intensity can be controlled. 1 ml of a 1 to
10,000 dilution of each of these pollutants will be added to the algae, depending on the category:
oil, fertilizer, acid rain, bleach, and distilled water. Each pollutant has 8 tests. To measure the
brightness of the algae, I will take a picture using neutral density filters of different strengths.
Then I will compare the pictures.
Project Number: MES146
Grade: 7
Title: What Affects Sand Dune Formation?
Abstract: Title: What Affects Sand Dune Formation?
This experiment tests a few of the main things that may affect sand dune formation. The
variables, three types of wind speeds (low, medium, and high) and added water to the air, were
tested on a scale form of desert-like area. The area was exposed to each variable for ten minutes
and then recorded with a scientific description and a picture for comparison. After comparisons
with each variable, the high wind speed formed the greatest sand dune. Further tests will
probably include higher wind speeds and the inclusion of plant roots in the sand
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 76
Intermediate – Earth/Space/Environment (MES), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MES147
Grade: 8
Title: Thermal Effect on Magnets
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to discover how temperature affects the strength
of magnets.
Project Number: MES148
Grade: 8
Title: Puzzling Parallax
Abstract: I’m testing whether the object that the students view will change (parallax). I will
have the participant hold out a dominant eye test card, to figure out which of their eyes is the
dominant eye. This will help me figure which eye they will cover first. Then I will have the
participate hold out their right arm and focus on the object, and depending on what their
dominate eye is they will cover that eye. Then I will have them focus on the object and see which
way their thumb moves, if it even moves. Data analyze will be determine if the object the
students view will change.
Project Number: MES149
Grade: 8
Title: Effect of Acid Rain on Lichen
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the effect of an acidic solution on
fruticose, foliose, and crustose lichens. The procedures involve misting samples and placing
them in saran-covered jars, and daily observation of three trials each lasting ten days. The foliose
and fruticose lichen shrunk while crustose and pendant lichen flourished. Crustose lichen was
less susceptible to acid rain than fruticose lichen. The testing revealed the variation in how acid
rain affects these lichens.
Project Number: MES300
Grade: 8
Title: Eroding Away The World
Abstract: Erosion, currently the second largest environmental problem worldwide, has been
becoming more and more of a concern to peoples’ everyday lives. The results will show the best
way to prevent erosion. To investigate this, samples of common yard materials were taken and
tested with simulated rain and flood on two different inclines. After experimentation, it became
clear that the best material to prevent erosion was vegetated soil which experienced no erosion.
These results will be helpful to the human race especially while landscaping. Also, the pleasant
appearance of vegetation encourages people to plant it, decreasing the amount of erosion
damage.
Project Number: MES301
Grade: 8
Title: Is It Really Biodegradable?
Abstract: The purpose is to inform consumers about biodegradable products. Sample 3 did not
biodeGrade in the amount of time it stated it would. The investigation about biodegradable
products made from sugarcane decomposing faster than corn products. The most important
variable was keeping the compost bin temperature close to equal each week. Sample one
biodeGraded within five weeks. At six weeks, sample two’s mass was 1.4g. Sample three’s
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 77
Intermediate – Earth/Space/Environment (MES), 7th & 8th Grade
mass was 3.8g. The science fair project contributes to consumers by informing them about the
decomposition of biodegradable products.
Project Number: MES302
Grade: 7
Title: Straw, Chestnuts, and Pleurotus ostreatus
Abstract: For our Science Fair experiment we grew Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster Mushrooms).
The purpose of this experiment is to find new waste material which could be used as a nitrogen
substrate to grow Pleurotus ostreatus and to determine the amount of Chinese Chestnut substrate
that would encourage the most growth of the fungi. The procedure involved preparing a carbon
substrate (sterilized straw) and a nitrogen substrate (Chinese Chestnuts) and combining them
with oyster spawn. Three different amounts of the nitrogen substrate were used (.110 kg, .220 kg
and .340 kg). Data collection involved observing how much mycelium would be in the bags.
Observations have been made monthly since the beginning of the experiment, September 14,
2012. Our results conclude that of all of the mycelium, the one with the most growth is the bag
with .340 kg of Chinese chestnuts with a total average of 40%.The Group with the least amount
of growth is control group with 19.2%.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 78
Intermediate – Engineering/Robotics (MER), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MER100
Grade: 8
Title: Gyroscopically Balanced Earthquake-Proof Building
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment is to design and create a model of a near completely
earthquake-proof building. how I plan on performing this experiment begins with the research
which I have already done. After research, I'm now getting ready to start drawing blueprints for
the model. After I have drawn my blueprints, I will began to construct the scale model. By
placing the model on a table with model people inside and outside of it and bumping the table
with increasing intensity, I will test it. By counting how many model people fall down inside and
outside the building and recording the data, I will gauge the model building's efficiency.
Hopefully, my efforts will produce an almost earthquake-proof structure.
Project Number: MER101
Grade: 7
Title: Ball Throwing Robot
Abstract: The goal of my project is to build a robot that can sense, take, and throw a ball
autonomously. The goal is to maximize the distance it travels in the air, as well as how far it
rolls on carpet. A distance of 4.5 feet in the air is desirable. Designs will be measured using 20
repetitions and mean values will be used to determine the best design. Final results will be
available at the student’s exhibit on Fair Day.
Project Number: MER102
Grade: 8
Title: Electro-Magnetic Neuroimaging
Abstract: My project is testing the difference in brain waves based on testing when people are
feeling differently. I will be using a headset made using an Electroencephalography(EEG)-like
concept. I will be creating a computer application that will try to translate the brain waves into
speech. This could help people who cannot control their muscles, so that they could talk to others
even though they can't use their mouths. (Experimentation still in progress)
Project Number: MER103
Grade: 7
Title: Which Windmill Will Produce the Most Electricity?
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to see which toy windmill will produce the most
electricity.
• Set up the windmills, multi-meter, and wind source on a flat surface.
• Set the wind source a set distance of fourteen centimeters away from the windmill’s blades.
• Start to blow the Wind Power Generator with the wind source.
• Place the voltage on DC to observe the generated voltage.
• Repeat again moving it 12 centimeters away from the wind source.
• Repeat steps eight more times moving it on a set angle 1 ½ centimeters away each time.
• Repeat on the Green Science windmill and record its data.
Project Number: MER104
Grade: 8
Title: Where is my Water?
Abstract: The purpose of my project is to determine what common materials work best for
purifying water because some countries don’t have mechanical filters, so I want to find out what
type of filter can substitute for the lack of advanced technology. I became interested because the
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 79
Intermediate – Engineering/Robotics (MER), 7th & 8th Grade
topic seemed fun and helpful, considering that I am using my surroundings to create a practical
invention. If I build a filter made out of sand, and filter made out of sand and dirt, and a filter
made out of sand, dirt, and rocks, then I believe sand and dirt would be the most efficient in
filtering water because sand alone picks up solid materials and bacteria. Also, I think that with a
second material to support, the sand and dirt filter will be compressed together, blocking any
other types of corruption such as organisms. I believe the sand, dirt, and rocks filter will be the
least efficient because of the rocks.
Project Number: MER105
Grade: 8
Title: The Strength of Solid Wood Vs. Composite
Abstract: It is hypothesized that wood composites will be stronger than the solid wood in the
torsional test and the bending test. Models were built and tested to evaluate the hypothesis.
Project Number: MER106
Grade: 7
Title: Freight Train Blues
Abstract: This year for the science fair I decided to test ways to make the electric motors in
diesel -electric freight trains more efficient. To test this I created a model that consisted of a three
volt motor and two AA rechargeable batteries to power it. I recharged the batteries prior to each
test. I then ran the motor for twenty minutes straight (control), and twenty minutes oscillating
on/off once a second. Then, I measured the remaining amount of power after each test. My
original hypothesis was that the oscillating power supply would use less power, and still propel
the train the same distance (shown by the motor maintaining momentum). Prior to the start of
each test I verified that the batteries had 115 mA. My findings are that after the control test, the
batteries had 100 mA left. Second, after the oscillating power test, the batteries had 110 mA
left. I also noted that in the oscillating test a significant amount of less heat was given off by the
motor, pointing towards a better fuel efficiency. Another interesting finding was that an
oscillating motor, although it did not stop, would probably not be good for slippery conditions, or
for bringing a train up to speed. As my findings indicate an oscillating motor uses five mA less
power than the control motor.
Project Number: MER107
Grade: 8
Title: Submerging ROV
Abstract: My goal was to see if it is possible to create a fully functional underwater robot to help
scientists investigate sea life easier. My hypothesis was that if i created a small enough, but
decent ROV model, it may be able to go deeper than the larger models. During the actual testing
stage of my experiment I had ran in to some issues involving the robot sinking and floating. I
found it is possible to create a functional underater robot that rises/descends upon my command.
Project Number: MER108
Grade: 8
Title: The Magic of the Magwheel
Abstract: My experiment was to see if I could find another form of transportation that would
help us solve the alternative fuel crisis. My theory was that if I put electromagnets around the
outside of a wheel, and made it so that the magnets would pull the wheel around, then a vehicle
built with these wheels wouldn’t require gasoline. I built some electromagnets with small gauge
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 80
Intermediate – Engineering/Robotics (MER), 7th & 8th Grade
wire to see if my theory would work. They didn’t produce enough pull. I am working with larger
wire to see if that will work. My final results are pending.
Project Number: MER109
Grade: 7
Title: Big Air
Abstract: In my project, I attempted to prove that adding more weight on each wing on a model
airplane would make it go farther. I hypothesized that the more weight per wing, the farther it
would go.
I did this project because I have always had an interest in flight; I wanted to see how sustained
flight worked. First, I made the airplane and attached quarters to each wing. I then threw it and
measured the distance flown. After I did my trials, I found that the plane with the middle amount
of weight went the farthest. These findings do not support my hypothesis.
Project Number: MER110
Grade: 8
Title: Water Purification
Abstract: The purpose of my project is to see which home made water system will best purify
storm water and help plants grow. I became interested because I began to learn more things
about stormwater and runoff in my enrichment class and I took a wide interest in these. My
hypothesis was if I put rocks, rice and a coffee filter in different orders, then they will be able to
make an awesome purification system. My hypothesis was supported when I completed my
project, even though I went through a few bumps in the road from getting gray water in the
middle of winter, to not being able to find other materials In conclusion, my project made a very
good purifying system able for plants to grow out of, fish to swim in and people to use in homes
and pools if wanted.
Project Number: MER111
Grade: 7
Title: Helping the Disabled
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to create an efficient, user-friendly machine that
aids people with disabilities in completing everyday tasks. My solution to this problem is to
create a speech-controlled robotic arm. I will program the arm to grab an object upon the
user’s request and carry it back to the user. Data will be collected by measuring how efficient
the robotic arm is in completing the given task. With the data, I will be able to refine the robotic
arm’s operations and enhance it even more. I have not experimented yet and therefore, have
not approached a conclusion yet.
Project Number: MER112
Grade: 8
Title: Hydraulic Crane
Abstract: The purpose of my project is to build a model hydraulic crane to move things around.
I became interested because I like to build fix and design things. : I will build a prototype to see
if there is anything I need to change. I built my project by drilling three holes to put wooden pegs
in after that I drilled four screws into the base of my crane. My need was incorrect my crane can
only handle up to seven hundred and fifty grams. I am a little upset that my crane can only lift up
to seven hundred and fifty grams so anything exactly or under seven hundred and fifty grams can
and will be lifted.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 81
Intermediate – Engineering/Robotics (MER), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MER113
Grade: 8
Title: Windy Skies
Abstract: I am trying to determine what different variables in a wind turbine cause it to generate
more energy. I became interested in this project because I have worked with aerodynamics
before and I really enjoyed it. In this project, I assembled a wind turbine at different amounts and
at different angles. I then recorded how long it took to propel a water bottle four feet off of the
ground. The two blade turbine had the slowest average speed of 41.3 seconds. The three blade
turbine had an average speed of 36.2 seconds. Finally the fastest time of 24.6 seconds was the six
blade turbine. I learned that different angles can affect how much power a wind turbine can
generate. I know this because in every single test 50 degrees performed better than 40 degrees.
Project Number: MER114
Grade: 7
Title: Guitar Woods and Tone Analysis
Abstract: In this experiment I want to find out which wood makes the best sounding guitar for
certain types of music.
Project Number: MER115
Grade: 8
Title: ScentIt - Digitally Recreating Smells
Abstract: Smell is an important part of how we define our experiences and the world. Today,
vision, hearing, and touch are an important part of human-computer interaction, but smell is not.
This project aims to devise a method by which one can electronically recreate a scent, thus
creating a richer and more interactive experience. I first created a scent synthesis device, which
emits a specific scent on demand. I then developed an API to act as a bridge between a computer
and this peripheral, and created proof-of-con
Project Number: MER116
Grade: 7
Title: Blast Off!
Abstract: The original purpose of this experiment was to determine if the difference in the area
and number of fins would change the altitude of the rocket. After conducting three trials on each
size of fins, under the same weather conditions, and using the same type of launcher, the results
of the experiment was the rocket with four medium fins had the highest average altitude and the
rocket with five large fins had the lowest average altitude.
Project Number: MER117
Grade: 7
Title: Step Right Up and Test Your Strength
Abstract: In my experiment I tested how many weights the three types of bridges I created could
hold. I gathered my materials and created my bridges. Then, with each bridge separately, put
weights on the bridges (separately) and tested how much the bridge flexed in centimeters after
every weight, and looked to see how many weights the bridge could hold. The arch bridge
created was the strongest, holding all seven weights and not flexing. The suspension bridge held
five weights and flexed 4.5 centimeters. The truss bridge held four weights and flexed two
centimeters. The arch bridge came out the strongest.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 82
Intermediate – Engineering/Robotics (MER), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MER118
Grade: 8
Title: Lego Architecture
Abstract: My project was to build three structures made of Legos. The next step was to hit all
three structures with the same amount of force. I thought of this project to see not only what
height would be the best, but also what structure would be the most sound. My prediction was
that the smallest structure would take the hit the best. It was really cool to explore how Legos
are made and all about them in general.
Project Number: MER119
Grade: 8
Title: Effective Truss Bridges
Abstract: This experiment tested the weights different truss bridges would hold. The Howe,
Warren, and Pratt trusses were built of Popsicle sticks. Each bridge was balanced between two
tables. A rope was tied around the bridge and a wooden platform. Identical textbooks were added
as weights until the bridges broke. The Howe proved itself superior because it has vertical
members that support the bridge. The Warren truss was the expected outcome of the experiment,
but it was proven to be the least effective truss bridge.
Project Number: MER120
Grade: 8
Title: Will a Solar Power Charger Take More Time to Charge Electronics?
Abstract: The purpose was to determine if solar power changes time of charging electronics.
Project Number: MER121
Grade: 8
Title: Bring Down the House
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to see how the shape of a building affects the
amount of wind drag it collects. I decided to do this experiment because I have always liked
architecture and engineering. This project gave me a chase to work with them. To do this I built a
wind tunnel and a gage that could measure angles of drag in degrees. At the end of my tests the
square building on its edge had the least drag with only 8 degrees and the circle building had the
most drag of 25 degrees.
Project Number: MER122
Grade: 7
Title: The Water Cache
Abstract: The purpose of my project was to be able to purify,disinfect and distribute water in
one device that can be used on the go, when transported, and can hold more than water bottles.
Right now most people who are on the go and need clean water have to pour in chlorine packets,
drop in water purifying tablets, or bring water with them in plastic water bottles; which are
harmful to the environment when they are discarded. I did this by designing various containers
and then testing for how much of the materials were filtered out of muddy water.
Project Number: MER123
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Grade: 7
Page 83
Intermediate – Engineering/Robotics (MER), 7th & 8th Grade
Title: Pressure Kicking
Abstract: The purpose of this project is to determine the best air pressure for pee-wee and youth
size footballs.
A kicking machine was designed and constructed by the student investigator for testing. This
devise ensured that the kick was exactly the same with each trial. Two sizes of new footballs
where tested, pee-wee and youth, tested at 5,8,11,and 15 psi. Each pressure was tested 10 times,
80 total machine kicks were conducted in all. The testing was conducted inside a gym.
The pee-wee size ball achieved the farthest distance at 11 psi. Since the pee-wee size ball had a
smaller mass it went farther at every pressure level 5,8,11,15 psi.
Project Number: MER124
Grade: 7
Title: Gearless Robot Arm
Abstract: Robot arms require many gears to move. Here, we present a gearless robot arm. Since
the new robot arm does not have gears, it moves smoothly like human arms. This robot arm will
be smoother, lighter, and it will be easier to maneuver with.
Project Number: MER125
Grade: 8
Title: Look on the Bright Side
Abstract: A miniature solar tracker will be produced. It will utilize a servo motor to rotate a
platform. A solar cell will be mounted on this platform along with two photo resistors. An
Arduino microcontroller will be programmed in the Arduino programming language to read and
analyze data from the photo resistors. It will utilize the servo motor to autonomously adjust the
orientation of the solar cell so that it directly faces a light source in the proximate area. This
product is to be mounted so that this machine is able to be positioned vertically, horizontally, or
diagonal.
Project Number: MER126
Grade: 8
Title: Can Goats Open Lids?
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to keep a goat’s water source from freezing and still
have the water accessible to the goats. I designed a wooden box to hold insulation and a bucket
nested inside. The bucket will have a hinged lid that can be opened by the weight of a goat. This
will keep the water from being exposed to the cold air, while the goats are still able to drink. I
will record temperature readings in the evenings, and measure the temperature differences.
Results will be provided on fair day.
Project Number: MER127
Grade: 8
Title: The Revolutionary Underwater Robot!
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine if a homemade underwater robot
collects a greater amount of small data or large data in a given amount of time. To conduct this
experiment, I built an underwater robot, put it in a bathtub with twenty-five ping pong balls,
documented the results using different time intervals, and charted the results. I then did the same
with the smaller data (water balloons). The results of the experiment indicate that I do agree with
my hypothesis which stated that my robot will collect the smaller data more quickly than the
larger data.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 84
Intermediate – Engineering/Robotics (MER), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MER128
Grade: 8
Title: Light it UP
Abstract: The purpose of this project was to find out if a round or square top load (toroid) put
out the greater electrical field. The procedures were to wrap white PVC pipe 994 times with
copper wire, spray clear coat on the wrapped PVC pipe, assemble the base, attach the pipe to the
base, attach the transformer to the base, fill the glass bottles with mineral oil, water, and salt,
wrap the bottles with aluminum foil, attach primary soft copper coil to base, attach the top load
(toroid) to PVC pipe, construct spark gap with bolts, nuts and washers, connect ground wire to
bottom of secondary coil, connect wire from top of primary coil to capacitors, connect wire from
bottom of primary coil to transformer and spark gap, connect wire from capacitors to transformer
wire and connect to spark gap, connect top wire of secondary coil to the top load/toroid, plug
transformer in to outlet, using a 4 ft. Fluorescent light bulb slowly bring one end toward the
toroid paying close attention not to touch either end of bulb, measure the distance when bulb first
lights up, slowly pull the bulb away from toroid paying attention to the distance when the bulb is
no longer lit up, change the top load to different shape and repeat the measuring steps. The data
for this project is that the round top load (toroid) had the greater electrical field.
Project Number: MER129
Grade: 8
Title: Golf Club Shafts and Performance
Abstract: Recently, I had to get new golf clubs because I was becoming too strong for my old
graphite clubs. I wanted to determine the difference between the graphite and steel clubs.
Following 40 test swings from the golf machine, the results showed that the steel shafted golf
club hit the ball the farthest and with the most consistency. This is why highly skilled
professionals mostly use steel shafted clubs. Less esperienced players may prefer graphite clubs
since they are lighter weight shafts and take less force to swing the club. This could maximize
their swing's distance.
Project Number: MER130
Grade: 8
Title: Renewable Energy
Abstract: The earth is running out of non-renewable resources. The purpose of my project was
to make energy from the things we use every day by constructing a device that uses shower
water to recharge batteries.
Procedure:
• Weld drill pump to alternator
• Connect drill pump to hose adapter
• Screw the second adapter onto end of pump
• Screw the shower head onto the other end of the adapter and hook it to the battery
• Hook alternator’s wires to battery holders
• Put rechargeable batteries in holder.
• Time how long it takes for the volt meter to reach 12 volts
Project Number: MER131
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Grade: 8
Page 85
Intermediate – Engineering/Robotics (MER), 7th & 8th Grade
Title: Energy Waves
Abstract: This experiment was to determine if energy could be created by the up and down
movement of waves in the ocean, and if it would be more energy efficient than our current
sources of energy, such as coal. The results of my project were that by moving a magnet up and
down inside of a coil, it generates enough current, that on a large scale, it could reduce our coal
burning and consumption. The purpose of energy waves is to improve our environment and to
create new sources of renewable energy.
Project Number: MER132
Grade: 8
Title: How Long Does It Take To Fry A Diode?
Abstract: Diodes are an important electrical component. It is valuable for any individual that
works with electricity to know how they function. How long it takes for a diode to overheat was
the project goal.
The procedure I used involved testing diodes by varying the amount of heat applied and the
location of the heat. The results I obtained from doing 3 trials showed that it did not make a
difference on the location of heat applied or the amount of heat applied to overheat a diode. The
findings from this project could help anyone working with electrical diodes.
Project Number: MER133
Grade: 8
Title: Which Angle Works Best?
Abstract: This project’s purpose was to find the best bowing angle for each string, which could
change violinists’ techniques. The hypothesis was that these angles would work best on each
string: E- 30 degrees, A - 45, D- 75, and G- 95. To investigate the problem, the decibels of the
best angles and predicted angles were recorded. The best angles were: A- 35, E- 20, D- 55, and
G- 90. This project contributes to robotics; a robot is used to better violinists’ playing. The
criteria for this project were met; the robot held and played the violin.
Project Number: MER134
Grade: 8
Title: Magic of Radio Waves: The Use of Radio Waves to Generale Electricity
Abstract: A device was created that can harness radio waves in order to generate electricity.
Project Number: MER135
Grade: 8
Title: Which is Stronger: A Suspension Bridge or a Beam Bridge
Abstract: My project was to see which is stronger: a beam bridge or a suspension bridge. My
hypothesis was that a suspension bridge would be stronger because of the cables holding it up. I
tested this by making two bridges out of straws,strings, and pennies. After testing it my results
showed that the suspension bridge is much stronger than a beam bridge. The beam bridge held
only 91 pennies until it broke and the suspension held 244 pennies. The suspension bridge was
168% stronger compared to a beam bridge. In conclusion, a suspension bridge is much stronger
than a beam bridge.
Project Number: MER136
Title: Thermoelectric Generator
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Grade: 7
Page 86
Intermediate – Engineering/Robotics (MER), 7th & 8th Grade
Abstract: Three billion people, over half the world's population cook their food on an open fire
every day. Most of the heat from the cooking fire is wasted. Many of these same people do not
have electricity or much money to buy expensive components. What if the waste heat from the
fires could do something useful? My project is to convert heat from a fire directly into electricity.
I built a thermoelectric generator from common materials. The generator was able to make
enough electricity to light an LED bulb. This generator design shows that it is possible to turn
the heat of a fire directly into electricity using common materials, and simple hand tools.
Project Number: MER137
Grade: 7
Title: Vegatron
Abstract: The purpose of the experiment was to design and build a robot that would pluck and
carry vegetables to decrease human labor involved in this task. Currently, experimentation is still
continuing.
Project Number: MER138
Grade: 8
Title: Which Concrete is Stronger?
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine if tying rebar at intersections
increased the strength of a rebar reinforced concrete structure. I built two identical frames to pour
the concrete in and suspend the rebar in place. I poured two batches of concrete in the same way
and also broke each concrete slab in the same way. The only difference was one had ties and one
didn't. The data I collected shows that the tied rebar provided more reinforcement than the rebar
that was not tied. Tying rebar does increase the strength of a rebar reinforced concrete structure.
Project Number: MER139
Grade: 7
Title: Magnetic Repulsion Wind Turbine
Abstract:
This experiment was designed to test to see if it was possible to use magnetic repulsion to power
a wind turbine and create a power source that does not use up natural resources. I tested this by
building a model of this elevator using recyclable materials. The magnetic repulsion on the
bottom of the turbine was what repelled the turbine in the opposite direction. The power then
created by the spinning blade allowed electricity to flow up a copper wire which is connected to
a light bulb. The turbine was able to create a reliable, efficient, eco-friendly source of power that
never runs out.
Project Number: MER140
Grade: 8
Title: Static Sparks
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to design a static electricity generator in order to
find out what type of material(wool, cloth, vinyl, paper, or plastic) gave of the most static
electrity.
Project Number: MER141
Grade: 7
Title: Which Bridge Design Can Support the Most Weight?
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 87
Intermediate – Engineering/Robotics (MER), 7th & 8th Grade
Abstract: There are different types of bridge designs used all over the city of Pittsburgh. I
wondered if different designs (arch, truss, beam, or suspension) are used in different places
because some bridge designs support more weight. Bridges were built out of popsicle sticks,
balsa wood, fishing line, pipe cleaners, and wood glue. Each bridge will be subjected to an
increasing series of weights until damage to the bridge is noticed. Each bridge will be tested
twice. I will determine which bridge is the strongest by calculating bridge efficiency. Results
will be provided at PRSEF in April.
Project Number: MER300
Grade: 7
Title: Bike Speed Governor
Abstract: The purpose of the experiment was to determine if a bike speed governor could be
built. When younger children are riding a bike, they may go too fast. This speed governor
would need to accurately slow down a bike to maximum top speed. To test if this device would
be feasible a series of equations were run. Through these tests we were able to come up with a
conclusion. Using friction created from centrifugal force of the spinning tires, a device would be
able to slow down the vehicle. A prototype will be built by 2/27/13 to model this device.
Project Number: MER301
Grade: 8
Title: eSwitch
Abstract: How many times did you have to wait while your device’s battery was being
charged? Do you always forget to charge your devices? Our purpose was to create an automated
electronic switch that would solve these problems. Our “strategy― is when one battery is
being charged, the other battery is being discharged and vice-verse. The switch will do this
automatically. We will test our prototype in different conditions and check the performance
under each of those conditions. This way we conclude that the electronic switch will be a success
if it met our design criteria.
Project Number: MER302
Grade: 8
Title: Line Following Robot
Abstract: Human error can be found in almost everything. Allowing a robot to do a dangerous
task may eliminate human error altogether. A line following robot specifically can be trained to
perform various tasks that a human being simply cannot do. If there is an explosion in a mine,
then robots can perform the dangerous task of finding a safe and quick exit using sensors and by
following a pre-programmed system. In order for a project to be successful, various steps will be
necessary. First, we will design and build a line following robot. Next, we’ll program the robot to
perform a simple task. If the robot cannot perform this task, we will tweak the robot accordingly.
Thirdly, we will place the robot in a dark room, as it may be dark in a mine, and have the robot
perform the task once more. Lastly, we’ll go back and solve any problems that may show up
throughout our testing. We must still complete the programming of our robot as well as our
testing. Further testing will be necessary in order to have sufficient data and a proper conclusion.
We would like to give credit to our teacher Ms. Gibson and the information and skills achieved
through Arduino boards and books.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 88
Intermediate – Medicine/Health/Microbiology (MMH), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MMH100
Grade: 8
Title: Tea and the Antibiotic Effect on Bacteria
Abstract: This experiment aimed to test whether different types of tea will enhance antibiotic
inhibition of bacteria. Solutions of green, black, and white tea with and without Methicillin, were
compared to Methicillin alone, on agar plates swabbed with Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria and
incubated for 48 hours. The zone of inhibition was recorded at 24 and 48 hours. The different tea
solutions without antibiotics had minimal inhibitory effect. The different tea solutions with
antibiotics equally inhibited bacteria more than the antibiotic itself; the effect was more
pronounced at 48 hours (20.1mm versus 17.2mm) compared to the 24 hours period (21.6mm
versus 20.4mm) .
Project Number: MMH101
Grade: 7
Title: Anti-Bacteria
Abstract: The purpose of my project is to see if alcohol can disinfect contaminated water. First, I
plated 1ml of rum to 9ml of bacterial solution, 2ml of rum to 8ml of bacterial solution and so on.
I plated them in triplicate. Then, I added liquid agar to the plates and swirled them for about 3
seconds. I then repeated the project with isopropyl alcohol. Finally, I put them into an incubator
at 35 deg C for 48 hrs. I noticed that the alcohol barely disinfected the contaminated water except
for the 50% alcohol, which reduced the contaminated water.
Project Number: MMH102
Grade: 8
Title: Are You Tired Yet?
Abstract: The purpose of my project is to see if traditional exercises or Wii exercises cause an
effect in your pulse rate. I chose this project because I've been interested in pulse and exercises.
Project Number: MMH103
Grade: 8
Title: Keeping Your Pearly Whites Clean
Abstract: The purpose of this project is to show the effect of soda on your teeth. My
independent variable was the soda. The control was the soda stays the same throughout. My
dependent variable was the deer teeth. Materials I used were deer teeth, six bottles of Fay Go
soda, 6 plastic containers with lids, notebook, and a pencil. What I would do differently if I had
time to fix my project would be to weigh them. The reason why I would weigh them would be to
see if anything fell off. I would also look at the size so I could see if they shrunk when I took
them out at the end of my experiment.
Project Number: MMH104
Grade: 7
Title: Thawing Meat & Bacterial Growth
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to find out if thawing method affects bacterial
growth in meat. Beef was cut into 15, 26g pieces and frozen. The pieces were thawed in the
fridge, microwave, or left frozen. Samples were pureed, and 1 mL was removed and diluted
using a serial dilution procedure. Three uL of each sample was placed on a agar plate and
incubated. Bacteria was counted after 24 and 48 hours. Meat thawed in the microwave had the
most bacteria. Thawing meat in the fridge is safer and less likely to lead to illness.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 89
Intermediate – Medicine/Health/Microbiology (MMH), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MMH105
Grade: 8
Title: Take My Breath Away
Abstract: All of my tools were cleaned. I then streaked my auger plate with micrococcus luteus.
To test the product, I used sterile forceps to place one paper disk into a beaker containing 10 mL
of product. The disk soaked in the product for 2 minutes and drip for 2 minutes before being
placed on the auger plate. This procedure was repeated eleven more times before the plate was
taped shut, inverted and placed in incubator for 48 hours set for 37¢ªC. After 48 hours the plates
were removed and the zone of inhibition was read.
Project Number: MMH106
Grade: 8
Title: Tea Time
Abstract: The purpose of the project was to see the effects of tea on teeth. And then to know if
the future what teas are safer for your teeth. The hypothesis was that the teas with the most sugar
would dissolve the deer teeth the most. To find what teas were harder on teeth I got six different
kinds of tea and water (the control) and soaked deer teeth in them for 21 days (3 weeks). As they
were soaking I took observations and pictures. After the 21 days I took the deer teeth out and
compared them. This is the order of what teas dissolved the teeth the most to least. Black tea
dissolved it the most, then raspberry iced tea, and then green and black tea, then green tea, then
sweet tea, and them lemon iced tea, then water (the control) which didn't dissolve the tooth at all.
The hypothesis was not supported because the tea that dissolved the tooth the most had 0 grams
of sugar. The darker the tea the darker it stained the teeth and dissolved it. This shows that if a
tea is a darker color it is probably harsher on your teeth than a tea that is a lighter color. So next
time you by tea get one that isn't a dark color.
Project Number: MMH108
Grade: 8
Title: Pasteurization vs Filtration
Abstract: This experiment was conducted to discover the best way to get rid of bacteria in tap
water. For the procedure, pasteurize one container of water with E.coli bacteria, filter another
container, and leave the last one alone. Extract 3µL of water from each container, place onto
three separate plates, and incubate for 48 hours at 37 degrees Celsius. Record data after 24 and
48 hours, repeat twice, and draw a conclusion. My conclusion supported the hypothesis, stating
that pasteurization would remove the most bacteria. On average, pasteurization removed 65% of
the bacteria, carbon filtration, 28%, and the control, 26%.
Project Number: MMH109
Grade: 8
Title: Antioxidants Prevent Cancer
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine whether antioxidants (garlic, green tea,
turmeric, and pregano) prevent the production of agrobacterium tumefaciens induced crown gall
tumors in plants. Sunflower seeds were planted and watered with the antioxidants and the tumor
growth and percent change in height was recorded after they were inoculated with the a.
tumefaciens. All of the antioxidants prevented tumor development and stunted growth in
comparison to the control and garlic completely prevented the growth of galls. This could have
important implications in agriculture because crown gall is a harmful, widely spread plant
cancer.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 90
Intermediate – Medicine/Health/Microbiology (MMH), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MMH110
Grade: 8
Title: Expect the Unexpected - Uncovering the Off-Target Effects of Common Drugs
Abstract: Drugs targeted to treat a disease often exhibit unintended side effects. I studied the
off-target effects of common drugs and supplements. Drugs work by manipulating gene
expressions in human cells. I searched the Gene-Expression Omnibus using NextBio software to
retrieve differential gene-expression patterns produced by drug treatment. Potential off-target
diseases showing the reverse pattern were picked from GEO by using the ExpressionBlast tool. I
found Lipitor and Metformin can be repositioned against cancer, Zinc for Gingivitis, Omega-3 to
reduce stress, curcumin against autoimmune disorder. The novelty of my findings was measured
by searching Google, several drug-knowledge bases, and a formulated equation.
Project Number: MMH111
Grade: 7
Title: Antibacterial Soap vs. Regular Soap
Abstract: People need to know what kind of soap to buy. The significance of my research is that
washing your hands is an everyday thing and applies to everyone. My hypothesis is that antibacterial soap will remove more bacteria than regular soap. I had participants wash their hands
with water, antibacterial soap, and regular soap 15 times and put each petri dish in incubation for
72 hours. Overall, the dish with the antibacterial soap had the least bacteria so my hypothesis
was supported. This is good for people to know so they buy the right soap.
Project Number: MMH112
Grade: 8
Title: Mouthwash v Mouthwash
Abstract: To see which mouthwas out of Lavoris, Listerine, Crest (pro-health) and Act removes
the most bacteria.
Project Number: MMH113
Grade: 8
Title: Bacteria Transformation Efficiency
Abstract: The purpose fo this experiment was to determine if plasmid concentration affects
transformation efficiency (TE). Plasmid concentrations from .0001x to 1x were added to
competent E.coli cells, which were heat shocked, plated, and incubated for 48 hours. TEs were
computed (number of colonies/plasmid concentration). the number of colonies increased but TE
decreases as plasmid concentration increased, except for the lowest concentration, which had no
colonies. TE increases as plasmid concentration decreases but a point exists where too little
plasmid is added to transform colonies. These results can hlep scientists more efficiently
produce medical proteins, such as insulin and DRACO.
Project Number: MMH114
Grade: 8
Title: Rub a dub dub bacteria in the tub
Abstract: The purpose of this project was to determine which brand of body wash eliminates the
most bacteria and is the least costly to the consumer. 10 ml of name brand of body washes were
placed in a sterile petri plate. Paper disks were soaked in the solution for 5 minutes and allowed
to drip for 5 minutes before being placed on a nutrient agar plate that had been streaked with
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 91
Intermediate – Medicine/Health/Microbiology (MMH), 7th & 8th Grade
staphylococcus Epidermidis. The zone of inhibition was measured. Tap water served as the
positive control and distilled water served as the negative control.
Project Number: MMH115
Grade: 8
Title: Washing Hands
Abstract:
The purpose of this project is to better understand the importance of washing hands. It shows
there are germs living on the surface of hands that cannot be seen. The equipment was prepared
while wearing rubber gloves to avoid contamination. After rinsing bare hands in hot water, a
potato was peeled, cut, and placed in a jar and sealed. A second potato was prepared the same
way after washing with liquid soap. This was repeated a third time with bar soap. The bar soap
proved to eliminate more germs after a week of observations of the discoloration of the potatoes.
Project Number: MMH116
Grade: 7
Title: Does the Price of a Sunscreen Determine How Well It Will Inhibit Bacterial Proliferation?
Abstract: To determine if more expensive sunscreens are able to inhibit bacterial proliferation
better than less expensive sunscreens. As the price of the sunscreen increases its ability to inhibit
bacterial proliferation will increase. Expose 8 petri dishes inoculated with a 10-11 serial dilution
of S. epidermidis not coated with a SPF 50 sunscreen being tested to UV light for 15 seconds
(Control). Incubate for 72 hours and determine and record the number of bacteria colonies
present. Repeat the above procedure for each of the SPF 50 sunscreens being tested
Project Number: MMH117
Grade: 7
Title: Can Heat Affect How Strong I Am?
Abstract: My purpose was to see if heat can affect your grip strength. They gripped the
dynamometer 3 times. The temperature of the person’s skin was taken. They put their hand in the
heating pad, and their temperature was taken again. Then they gripped the hand dynamometer
again. My hypothesis was correct; the heat made the grip strength increase by .26 (kg.) My
hypothesis was correct because the average grip strength of the Experimental Group (heated)
was higher than the average of the Control Group.
Project Number: MMH118
Grade: 8
Title: Take Two Licks and I'll See You in the Morning
Abstract: I did this experiment to determine if dog saliva has any antibacterial properties. Six
petri dishes were swabbed with nonpathogenic E. coli and were cultured. Once the bacteria are
growing I will put six different specimens of dog saliva onto the bacteria to infer if it will have
slowed the growth or stopped it. The results will be added after further research has been done.
Project Number: MMH119
Grade: 8
Title: Hand Sanitizer Kills Bacteria?
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to find out which brand of hand sanitizer inhibits the
most bacteria. To carry out this experiment, swab E-coli bacteria onto an agar plate. Poke four
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 92
Intermediate – Medicine/Health/Microbiology (MMH), 7th & 8th Grade
holes in the agar plate and fill them with one brand of hand sanitizer. Incubate the agar plate for
twenty-four hours. Measure the zone of inhibition by starting at the top of the hole in the agar
plate and measuring to the closest bacterium. EO hand sanitizer was the least effective. Everyday
Shea hand sanitizer was the most effective. The active ingredient in Everyday Shea is
Benzalkonium chloride.
Project Number: MMH120
Grade: 7
Title: What Type of Antibacterial Wipe Kills the Most Bacteria
Abstract: Many people use anti-bacterial wipes to clean, but are they using the best one? The
purpose of this experiment is to test if Clorox, Lysol, Homelife, or Seventh Generation inhibits
the most bacteria. This experiment exposed bacteria to each product by using a micropipetor to
pipette the antibacterial liquid onto an agar plate filled with bacteria. The bacteria were
incubated, and the zone of inhibition was measured. The results show that Homelife, which is
eco-friendly and least expensive, inhibited the most bacteria, followed by Clorox, Lysol, and
then Seventh Generation. These results could benefit society because people utilize these
products.
Project Number: MMH121
Grade: 8
Title: Do Artificial Sweetners Inhibit the Proliferation of Streptococcus salivarius Better Than
Natural Sugars?
Abstract: Do artificial sweeteners inhibit S.salivarius better than natural sugars Artificial
sweeteners will inhibit S.salivarius better than natural sweetners. Prepare 50mL of a sterile TSA
broth and dissolve 1g of one of the sweeteners being tested in it. Inoculate it with two loops of
S.salivarius and incubate it for 72hrs at 37oC and repeat the process for other sweeteners. After
incubating for 0, 24, 48, and 72hrs determine pH and % light transmittance Prepare a 10-11
serial dilution of each solution and inoculate and incubate 8TSA plates for 72hrs Then
determine colonies present. Experiment still being conducted
Project Number: MMH122
Grade: 7
Title: Effects of Different Cleaners on Bacteria
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation is to compare the effectiveness of various household
cleaning agents to that of natural substances. The investigator will test Clorox, ammonia,
hydrogen peroxide, lemon, vinegar and vodka.
Project Number: MMH123
Grade: 7
Title: Will Water Boiled in Plastic Inhibit the Proliferation of Bateria Better Than If Its Boiled in
Glass?
Abstract: To determine if water microwaved in plastic will inhibit bacteria better than if it’s
heated in glass. Water heated in plastic will inhibit bacterial proliferation more than if it’s heated
in glass. Create Luria broth/E. coli solution, using water heated in glass & plastic in a microwave
every 5min for 20min. Incubate 72 hours at 37°C then inoculate 8 MacConkey Agar petri
dishes with one of the 10-11 serial dilutions for 72hrs. After incubating, count and record the
number of bacteria colonies present and repeat the process for the remaining serial solutions
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 93
Intermediate – Medicine/Health/Microbiology (MMH), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MMH124
Grade: 8
Title: Bacteria and Soda Nozzles
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to find out if regular or diet soda had more
bacterial growth. First I swabbed the inside of two soda nozzles from each company. Then the
swabs were swiped on nutrient agar and the petri dishes were placed in an incubator at 22
degrees Celsius for two days. On the second day, I estimated the amount of bacterial colonies in
each petri dish. I wrote down all of the estimated amounts of bacterial colonies in each petri
dish. Overall, a diet soda nozzle had more bacterial colony growth than a regular soda nozzle.
Project Number: MMH125
Grade: 7
Title: Preventing Microbial Death with Antioxidants
Abstract: Antioxidants are compounds known to prevent UV-induced cell damage. The
experimental purpose was to test which antioxidant could prevent the highest amount of bacterial
death caused by UV radiation. The procedures were as follows: antioxidants were pipetted onto
agar plates before bacteria were plated. Plates were then placed under a lethal dose of UV light
and put into an incubator. Surviving bacteria were quantified. Data showed that fish oil
prevented the highest amount of bacterial death followed by pomegranate. In conclusion, fish oil
was a strong preventer of bacterial death, suggesting fish oil as a potential ingredient for
sunscreen.
Project Number: MMH126
Grade: 8
Title: Face the Facts
Abstract: The purpose of this project is to determine which facial cleanser, store bought or
homemade, kills the most bacteria. 10 ml of store bought facial cleansers and homemade facial
cleansers were placed in a sterile petri plate. Paper disks were soaked in the solution for 5
minutes and allowed to drip for 5 minutes before being placed on a nutrient agar plate that had
been streaked with staphylococcus Epidermidis. The zone of inhibition was measured. Distilled
water served as the control.
Project Number: MMH127
Grade: 8
Title: Infection Control
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to find the most effective way to prevent the
spread of germs. The experiment took place in the laboratory of the local hospital. The hands of
subject 1 were tested without any cleaning. Subject 2 rinsed with water before testing. Subject 3
used soap and water, while subject 4 used Germ-X. All hands were swabbed, the samples plated,
and the samples were incubated for 45 hours. After reviewing the results, the use of Germ-X
proved to clean hands most effectively.
Project Number: MMH128
Grade: 7
Title: All Sugared Up!
Abstract: My purpose was to find out the amount of glucose in each drink. First I chose seven
different drinks. Then use a calibrated balance to make sure you have five grams of each drink.
You then need to make a negative control by dipping a test strip into tap water. Create a positive
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 94
Intermediate – Medicine/Health/Microbiology (MMH), 7th & 8th Grade
control by dipping a test strip into glucose solution. Make the solution by a glucose pill into a
cup containing 5 grams of water. Then test each of the liquids using a different test strip. Five out
of seven drinks came out to be 2%.
Project Number: MMH129
Grade: 7
Title: Effect of Gender on BMI
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment is to find out whether gender has an effect on the BMI
of 7th Grade students. Specifically, the students at Pittsburgh Science and Technology Academy
were tested in my experiment. For my hypothesis, I predicted that the females would have a
larger BMI (Body Mass Index) due to the fact that females in general have more body fat than
men, and develop faster than men in their lifetimes. In my experimentation I used 5 females and
5 males, on which I measured their weight, measured their height, and asked the subject for their
birthdate. Note, as for my measuring I used a physician scale with a height rod attached, and for
the subjects birthdate I just asked the test subject. In addition, with the information I received
from experimentation, I was able to input the information in a government approved BMI (Body
Mass Index) calculator, from the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) website to
receive my data. Overall, my data showed that as I predicted in my hypothesis that the females
did have a larger BMI (Body Mass Index) than men. In conclusion, this experiment proved to me
that gender does affect BMI, specifically the BMI (Body Mass Index) of 7th Graders. In which,
the females had a higher BMI (Body Mass Index) than the boys.
Project Number: MMH130
Grade: 7
Title: Melted Ice vs. Toilet Water
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to see how many particulates were in toilet water
and melted ice from 4 different fast food restaurants. To conduct this experiment I had to collect
ice and toilet water from 4 different restaurants and test them for bacteria, nitrites, total nitrates,
total hardness, chlorine, PH level and pesticides. The experimental results were measured by
comparing whether toilet water or melted ice had more particulates. The results of my
experiment showed that the melted ice was cleaner than the toilet water. The results indicate that
the hypothesis should be rejected.
Project Number: MMH132
Grade: 8
Title: Water Bottle Yuck!
Abstract: For my project I tested the bacteria found in reads able water bottles and wanted to
know if it was harmful. I used a sterile swab and swabbed the inside of 5 water bottles. I found
out that there was little or no bacteria in the water bottles.
Project Number: MMH133
Grade: 8
Title: Effects of ABX on G+/- Bacteria
Abstract: This project was about the effects of antibiotics on gram positive and negative
bacteria. The objective of this project is to see how resistant bacteria are to antibiotics. To
measure the how effective the antibiotics were against certain bacteria, you will have to measure
the diameter of all three bacteria free circles surrounding the antibiotic disks and average them to
find the average diameter. The larger the average of the diameter, the more effective the
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 95
Intermediate – Medicine/Health/Microbiology (MMH), 7th & 8th Grade
antibiotics are against that type of bacteria. My hypothesis states that the antibiotics will be more
effective on gram positive bacteria opposed to gram negative.
Project Number: MMH134
Grade: 7
Title: Taraxacum Officinale
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine will the extracts from different parts of
dandelion plant inhibit the growth of bacteria taken from different locations in a given amount of
time? In my experiment, I first cultured all my bacteria. I then had to make my own incubator
because normal incubators cost more than $1,000. Then, I took each dandelion part and made the
extracts. From there, I poured the extracts into the petri dishes and over days, I recorded my
results. Now, the reason for doing my experiment was that this forever cast aside weed could
medically improve the quality of many things as I will explain in my project. Results are not yet
known due to the fact that the project is still underway.
Project Number: MMH135
Grade: 8
Title: Spices? Do they do more than just add flavor?
Abstract: Paper discs were punched and placed in a toaster oven for 1 hour set at 350°F and
poured into a sterile Petri dish to prevent contamination. A sterile nicrome wire loop was used to
streak Escherichia Coli across a sterile Petri dish containing nutrient agar. Sterile forceps were
used to place sterile discs into a 10ml beaker containing 2ml. Each disc will be placed into a
sterile nutrient agar Petri dish and taped shut. The dish will be placed into an incubator set to
37°C for 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours. The zone of inhibition will be measured, recorded,
and averaged.
Project Number: MMH136
Grade: 8
Title: Detecting Fire Power in Victims of the Silent Killer
Abstract: In this project, levels of Immunoglobulin G, the main defense against antigens, will be
calculated and compared in diabetics and non-diabetics with an original formula prove if
research and dedication to the cure of diabetes should be shifted toward the prevention of
diabetes by controlling the levels of Immunoglobulins in people before they become diabetic.
After the data collection/calculations, charts and statistical tests were made to see any significant
changes or correlations. After the results were analyzed, it was concluded that diabetics have
lower levels of Immunoglobulin G than non-diabetics by a small percentage. Other observations
were made, too.
Project Number: MMH137
Grade: 7
Title: Sunscreen Science
Abstract: Since the ozone layer, which protects us from cancer causing UVC light, is becoming
depleted, I tested whether two types of SPF 50 sunscreen could protect against UVC light. I
hypothesized that physical blockers would protect best against UVC because they reflect the
sun’s rays at any wavelength, as opposed to chemical blockers which only protect against certain
wavelengths. In my tests, I plated bacteria on agar plates and exposed them to 15 seconds of
UVC light with and without sunscreen protection. Interestingly, I found that under these
conditions both types of sunscreen completely protected the bacteria against UVC rays.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 96
Intermediate – Medicine/Health/Microbiology (MMH), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MMH138
Grade: 7
Title: It's as Easy as A-B-O...
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to see if a blood type based diet is healthier.
To conduct this experiment people were asked to follow their regular diet for 9 days and record
variables and answer questions every third day. They then followed their blood type diet for 9
days and did the same.
Data from both diets were compared.
Results showed energy, pain, digestion/gastric function, and sleep quality all favoring the blood
type diet. Waist size and type of weight lost may also favor the blood type diet.
Results thus show that the hypothesis should be accepted.
Project Number: MMH139
Grade: 8
Title: Speed it up!
Abstract: A lumbriculus was placed in a dilution of mountain dew, monster energy drink,
venom energy drink, coffee and tea. The dilutions were 10 to 1, 100, 25, 50, and 75. The
lumbriculus was left in the dilution for 5 minutes. The heart rate was recorded before and after
exposure to the caffeine. Ten lumbriculus were used for each dilution. Percent reduction will be
calculated.
Project Number: MMH140
Grade: 7
Title: Effects of Breathing Cycles on BP
Abstract: Abnormal blood pressure can cause many health problems. This study evaluates ways
to maintain it by testing the impact of different breathing cycles on blood pressure. I think that
slower speeds of breathing will control blood pressure. Also, gender and age are important
factors to consider in this project. I will execute the experiment by recording the participant’s
blood pressure after they breathe at a certain speed for 1.5 minutes. This experimentation will
make a profound difference in our society. It will make people aware of their own BP and expose
them to a normal range of breaths per minute.
Project Number: MMH141
Grade: 7
Title: Redbull or Red Poison? Energy Drinks on Lifespan
Abstract: To find out whether energy drinks could affect health, I studied drosophila lifespan
when energy drinks were added to their medium. I studied five groups: Redbull, Redbull zero,
Dragonfruit Vitamin water, ginseng tea and water as a control group. Fifty male drosophila were
added per test tube and were observed under 12 hours natural light alternating with dark at 25°
Celsius
Flies on ginseng averaged a lifespan of 49 days, Vitamin water 47 days, sugarfree Red Bull 21
days, Redbull with sugar 9 days while control flies averaged 14 days.
Energy drinks may benefit health but not with added sugar.
Project Number: MMH142
Title: Slow Down the Beat
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Grade: 8
Page 97
Intermediate – Medicine/Health/Microbiology (MMH), 7th & 8th Grade
Abstract: A hyalella azteca was placed in dilutions of antihistamine of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 80
percent for 5 minutes. Heart rate was recorded before and after exposure to children's allergy
relief, antihistamine. Percent Reduction was calculated.
Project Number: MMH143
Grade: 7
Title: Population of bacteria at Sci-Tech
Abstract: My experiment tested what is the strongest bacterium at Sci-Tech. I swabbed three for
bacteria, water fountain, keypad enter button, door handle, and grew the bacteria on LB Agar
plates. From these three plates I took three samples per different colored colony on the slide and
had each plate exposed to different amounts of UV light. One plate would have no exposure, the
2nd with one minute of exposure and the last with 10 minutes of exposure. UI then grew all18
plates in an incubator over the weekend. The Water Fountain White colony was deemed
Strongest Bacterium at Sci-Tech.
Project Number: MMH144
Grade: 8
Title: Effect of Temperature on Exercise
Abstract: This project looked at the effect of temperature on exercise. The purpose was to see if
people perform better physically, in hot or cold temperatures. Subjects were chosen at random.
Subjects were asked to perform various exercises in warm temperatures such as jumping jacks,
sit-ups and push-ups. Then they were asked to repeat the exercises outside in cold temperatures.
The data showed that subjects performed better in cold temperatures. Further studies could
determine if it is to keep themselves warm.
Project Number: MMH145
Grade: 7
Title: Dirty Money
Abstract: Five groups of pennies from three-year time spans were used in the procedure. The
pennies were swabbed with a q-tip and then the q-tip was swabbed on the before side of an auger
dish. The pennies were then cleaned in a solution of 150 ml of vinegar and 4.93 ml of salt for
five minutes. Then they air-dried them for another five minutes. After that they were swabbed
again and but on the after side of auger dish. The dishes were then put in an incubator for 48
hours. After I counted the bacteria spots, I got the percent reduction from the before side
compared to the after side.
Project Number: MMH146
Grade: 8
Title: I Get My Starts From My Dad?
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to test whether specific brain development is
inherited or individually developed. In other words, if your mom has a good memory, does it
mean you have a good memory, or is there no correlation? Is your intelligence inherited to a
certain degree, or is it the product of your own personal acquiring? There is a possibility that
such specific intellectual aptitude is the result of certain triggers set off in the developmental
stages of childhood. This was tested with five families. The oldest child, the mother, and the
father had to take the tests. The tests are a series of games you play provided by
www.lumosity.com. These tests compile your scores into numerical data in a bar graph format.
The website test five key aspects of intelligence: speed, memory, focus, flexibility, and problem
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 98
Intermediate – Medicine/Health/Microbiology (MMH), 7th & 8th Grade
solving. I printed out the results for each member of the family. I did this for all five families. I
then saw if I could find any similarities or trends within a family. For example, if the father
scored the highest in focus and so did the mother, I would see if the son has scored the highest in
focus. If he has, this may be hinting something. Although, this must be true for at least three of
five families being tested. This speaks for the majority of my subjects. Only then I can come to
the conclusion that specific brain development is inherited.
Project Number: MMH300
Grade: 8
Title: Can Music Tame a Savage Beast?
Abstract: In our experiment, we are trying to find out if different types of music will have an
effect on different age groups. We believe that music will have a greater effect on older age
groups than on younger age groups. Our reasoning is that the older ages will be able to focus
more on the music and relax to a greater degree. The styles of music being used are country
ballads, pop music and 80's rock. We decided to do this project as a continuation of last year
because our previous project left us with too many questions.
Project Number: MMH301
Grade: 7
Title: Wipe Out!
Abstract: The purpose of our experiment is to determine if antibacterial wipes are the most
effective cleaning agents for removal of protein allergens on school cafeteria tables. Our
hypothesis is that if Clorox Wipes are used to remove protein allergens, then the allergen will be
eliminated. Each of the five allergenic proteins is placed onto a designated area of a cafeteria
table. Six allergen samples are cleaned off with one of the five cleaning agents on the each table.
The 3-M Clean Trace Surface swabs are used for the test. A heating block is used to incubate the
swabs to 55 degrees Celsius for no more than 15 minutes. Test samples are compared to the
sixth cleaning agent, Clorox Wipes.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 99
Intermediate – Medicine/Health/Microbiology (MMH), 7th & 8th Grade
This page intentionally left blank
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 100
Intermediate – Physics (MPH), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MPH100
Grade: 8
Title: Catapult Chaos 2.0
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment is to see if the material of a catapult affects the
distance a ping pong ball will travel. I predict the plastic will be the best.
Project Number: MPH101
Grade: 7
Title: Ouch! Helmets & Concussions
Abstract: The researcher tested if helmets amateur youth athletes are using today help dissipate
the energy fast enough to reduce concussions when exposed to repeated 20 g-force. Helmets
tested were skateboard, helmet without padding, ski, hockey, football, and BMX. The researcher
recorded the impacts using an accelerometer embedded inside a Styrofoam head mounted on a
spring-loaded steel bar and observed patterns of aftershocks for 2 seconds using graphical
software. The BMX Helmet dissipated 94.74% of the energy. No visual damage observed on all
outer shells. Most hits created aftershocks to the brain lasting few milliseconds. Aftershock
patterns were very intriguing.
Project Number: MPH102
Grade: 7
Title: What type of Bridge Supports the Most Weight
Abstract: This experiment uses models to test the strength of beam, truss and suspension
bridges. I constructed the models with Popsicle sticks and spanned them between chairs while
they supported an empty bucket. I added water to the bucket until the models broke, repeating
this three times for each model. I thought the suspension bridge would hold the most because it is
used to span long distances, but the beam bridge did the best. I concluded this is because the
beam bridge had more beams than other two, and also because the Popsicle-stick cables were
weaker than actual steel suspension cables.
Project Number: MPH103
Grade: 8
Title: Which Solids and Liquids Conduct Electricity the Best?
Abstract: The purpose of this investigation is to find out which solid and which conducts the
most electricity.
Project Number: MPH104
Grade: 8
Title: Keep It Up
Abstract: My project is the buoyancy of balloons. My question asks "Does buoyancy of balloons
change over time?" I labeled three spoons A, B, and C and attached three latex balloons to each
spoon. Then I weighed them on a scale every 3 hours until all the buoyancy was gone. For
additional research I also tested a comparison with foil balloons to see the differences. I saw that
the latex balloons were falling while the foil balloons stayed the same. The latex balloons were
falling at the same rate. In my experiment I learned that buoyancy does change over time.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 101
Intermediate – Physics (MPH), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MPH105
Grade: 8
Title: The Effect of Temperature on Viscosity
Abstract: In my project I tested the viscosity of three liquids at four different temperatures. The
liquids were water, milk, and corn oil, and the temperatures were 20, 30, 40, and 50 degrees
celsius. In my hypothesis, I said that as the temperature rose, the viscosity would decrease. After
I finished my experiment, I found that I was correct. As the temperature rose, the viscosity
decreased.
Project Number: MPH106
Grade: 7
Title: The knowledge of Carnival Games
Abstract: My experiment is finding out how carnival games trick you, how some of them are
unbeatable. I chose 2 different games, which had two different test. The first game I did was
Knock the Blocks off. You have to knock the 3 blocks down, (stacked in a pyramid) with a ball.
In my experiment I tested it two different ways. First the blocks were far apart. The next test was
that they were close together. I also used 4 different types of balls. II used a baseball, softball,
whiffle ball, and squishy softball. My prediction was that all the blocks would fall down when
they were far and close together, when you use the squishy softball, since it has the largest mass.
When the blocks were far apart out of 3 chances (have 3 turns, throw the ball 3 times each turn)
that only a total of 6 fell using the squishy softball, and whiffle ball, and 7 fell using the baseball
and softball. When the blocks were close together 6 fell using the baseball, all fell using the
softball, 8 fell using the squishy softball, and 7 fell for a whiffle ball. As you can see, it was
better off using the softball. It hit mostly all the blocks in each trial. The next game I did, was
ping pong. In this game you had to try and throw the ball into the cups but the main idea was to
get it in the blue cups for more points. In this experiment I used 2 different balls and 2 different
set ups. First I used cups and boxes, and a whiffle ball. In the experiment, I saw that the ball
keeps on rolling. Meaning that if you get the ball in the blue cup it won’t stop there it will just
keep rolling, and then friction comes in and stops it. I then used a cupcake tin, using a ping pong
ball. In the experiment I saw that it the ball bounced out og the cupcake tin. It would bounce out
then land outside the tin. As you can see everything matters in carnival games. The materials,
accuracy, and what your mind is thinking all matters.
Project Number: MPH107
Grade: 7
Title: Above and Beyond
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to see which airplane's wing aerodynamics is more
fuel efficient. You will want to make the two airplanes. Carve one airplane’s wings. Then,
build The Launcher. Take the gadget to a flying course. Launch Airplane 1. Test it ten times.
Launch Airplane 2. Test it ten times. Airplane 1 is the airplane without the aerodynamics
changed. Airplane 2 had its wing aerodynamics changed. Airplane 1 always flew further, but
Airplane 2 was behind. My conclusion is that Airplane 1 is the more fuel efficient airplane.
Project Number: MPH108
Grade: 8
Title: Pendulum Perfection
Abstract: A pendulum is a bob suspended on the end of a thread to keep a constant time or beat.
A pendulum oscillates back and forth under the force of gravity. The oscillation and acceleration
of gravity may depend on the length of the string. I tested the time of oscillations, the period of
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 102
Intermediate – Physics (MPH), 7th & 8th Grade
the pendulum, and its acceleration of gravity. Using a mathematical equation and analyzing data
and graphs, I concluded that the acceleration of gravity, period of the pendulum, and oscillation
time don not depend on the length of the pendulum's string.
Project Number: MPH109
Grade: 7
Title: Choice Cheesecake
Abstract: The purpose of my project is to make one type of cheesecake and bake it 3 totally
different ways, in the cooking style temperature. I became interested because I like to cook many
things and see the outcome of them and also see where I have made my mistake in doing the
process. I made the same cheesecake three times. Then I baked them using 3 different ways:
Traditional, Water Bath and New York. The results were that the volunteers were able to taste
Water Bath better than others, and the New York was a bit lemony from the lemon peel and were
able to taste the cream cheese a lot. The Traditional Style tasted horrible. The Water Bath
cheesecake tasted normal and better than the New York and Traditional Style cheesecake.
Project Number: MPH110
Grade: 8
Title: Less is More?
Abstract: 26 different values of resistors were tested to determine what resistor effect the
discharge rate of capacitors the most. To test this a breadboard circuit was created and the
different resistors were placed in the circuit. For the power supply, a DC power source was used
as the power supply. The circuit was then attached to vernier lab quest which loaded the data to
Logger pro 1.6.1. After approximately five seconds into the test the dc power source was turned
off and the slope was examined. The end of the slope was subtracted from the time at the
beginning of the slope to determine a circuit discharge time.
Project Number: MPH111
Grade: 8
Title: Do Synthetic Oils Lubricate Metal Surfaces Better at Higher Temperatures Than
Petroleum Based Oils?
Abstract: Do synthetic oils lubricate metal surfaces better than petroleum based oils at higher
temperatures? As temperature increases, synthetic oils will lubricate better than petroleum based
oils.
Construct the testing apparatus and randomly select one of the oils at the temperature being
tested, and evenly distribute 20 drops, on the surface of the metal plates installed in the
apparatus. Determine and record the time required for the metal plate to travel 20cm. Repeat the
process for the control and each of the remaining oils at the temperature being tested 20 more
times. Experiment still being conducted.
Project Number: MPH112
Grade: 8
Title: Clash of the Bearings
Abstract: In my Gauss rifle project, I hypothesized that the greater number of ball bearings
would travel the farthest. In Setup A, two bearings were placed on the right side of the
neodymium magnet. Setup B, three bearings were on the right side, and Setup C, four bearings
on the right side of the neodymium magnet. I set the neodymium magnet in the middle of the
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 103
Intermediate – Physics (MPH), 7th & 8th Grade
wooden dowels. Then I placed the correct amount of bearings on each side of the magnet for
each setup. My hypothesis was correct, that Setup C launched the bearings the farthest.
Project Number: MPH113
Grade: 8
Title: Which Fruit contains the most power?
Abstract: This experiment was completed to measure the electric current generated by fruitbased batteries, measuring the current using a voltmeter. Each fruit was first tested as a whole,
and then each was quartered and tested. The current for the quartered pieces nearly doubled.
Surprisingly, the apple gave off more power than a lemon, possibly due rotten apple parts. The
acid from the rotting parts must have been greater than the acid from the lemons. Whole
potatoes, apples, clementines, and lemon can each have at least one volt of power. Utilizing this
information can help in the future search for better power.
Project Number: MPH114
Grade: 8
Title: Pointe Shoe Pressure
Abstract: Purpose: To see how much pressure a dancer puts on her pointe shoes in each dance
position.
Procedure: I will have each test subject stand in the flat footed position, demi-pointe position
and full-pointe, position. I will calculate the force per cm² for all of the trials and record this
information..
Project Number: MPH115
Grade: 8
Title: Off With a Boom
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to send a film canister through the air with the
combustion of ethanol. A canister launching device is constructed, using an igniter to set off the
ethanol in house hold products. My hypothesis was, if I light trapped ethanol in products and test
the pressure and distance, then the ones that fly the farthest will have the highest pressure
because the most energy is stored. I concluded that my hypothesis was correct, due to the fact
that the higher the pressure, the more energy is stored to propel the canister through the air.
&#8232;
Project Number: MPH116
Grade: 8
Title: Does the Mass of a Crossbow Bolt's Tip Affect Its Ability to Penetrate?
Abstract: Determine if the mass of the tip of a crossbow bolt affects its ability to penetrate.As
the mass of the tip of crossbow bolt increases its ability to penetrate will increase.A target was
placed 60m away from a crossbow which was firmly mounted in a shooting bench. The mass of
each of each bolt tip being tested was determined. One was randomly selected and installed on
the bolt and fired from the crossbow at the target. The depth it penetrated was then determined.
Each bolt tip was fired 30 times. Experiment still in progress.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 104
Intermediate – Physics (MPH), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MPH117
Grade: 7
Title: The effect of bullet penetration on different materials
Abstract: My experiment shows the effect of bullet penetration on different materials. Those
materials are wood, sand, and red brick. I hypothesized if I shoot sand, wood, and red brick with
a 30-06 rifle, then the wood will hold up the best because it is the densest material, and it can
take from the bullet. What I did was tested my materials by shooting each of them from 100 feet
distance. My results were supported by my hypothesis, because the brick and sand did not stop
the bullet, but the wood did. In conclusion my experiment was successful in supporting my
hypothesis, but I could extend my work by testing with other materials, and other firearms.
Project Number: MPH118
Grade: 8
Title: How Much Can It Do!!
Abstract: The purpose of my project is to determine how the arrangement of coils on the bolt
can affect the strength of magnetic field. I became interested because I actually like doing things
in physics. My hypothesis if I have the copper coil condensed or spread apart on the bolt then the
coils will create different strengths of magnetic fields. I believe that when I put the copper
condensed on 2 cm on the bolt it will have the strongest magnetic field. The separated copper
will have a little less force than the condensed copper wire. My hypothesis was supported
somewhat. The 9 volt battery didn’t work at all any bolt or wire. It heated but it didn't work as an
electromagnet. The parts that were supported were as follows. The copper condensed 2 cm coil
did pick up the most paperclips, with an average total of 22.
Project Number: MPH119
Grade: 7
Title: Temperature and Magnetism
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine if temperature affects the strength of
a magnet. To conduct this experiment I gathered my materials. I got my magnet to the proper
temperature and put it in a bowl filled with BBS. I counted how many BBS the magnet collected.
The experimental results were measured by comparing the number of BBS the magnet collected
and the temperatures the magnet was at. The results of the experiment show that there was no
difference in the strength of the magnet. The results indicate that the hypothesis should be a null
hypothesis because there was no difference in the strength of the magnet. I chose to do a
secondary experiment on my project because my main experiment had a null hypothesis. The
secondary experiment’s purpose was to see if temperature affected the size and strength of a
magnetic field. To conduct this experiment I gathered my materials. I got my magnet to the
proper temperature and put three BBS at the end of a baking dish. I advanced the magnet towards
the BBS and recorded the results. The experimental results were measured by seeing how far the
magnetic field is. The results of this experiment show that there was a difference in the magnetic
field. The colder the magnet was, the stronger and farther the magnetic field.
Project Number: MPH120
Grade: 7
Title: Pop It
Abstract: My Project is Comparing the brands of Popcorn:Orville Redenbacher and Pop-Secret,
and seeing what brand can pop the most kernels in 1:30. The materials I used for my project are
Orville Redenbacher and Pop-Secret popcorn.I also used a microwave. My procedure was to buy
the popcorn I was going to test. Check to make sure each bag weighed the same in ounces, Then
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 105
Intermediate – Physics (MPH), 7th & 8th Grade
I put Orville Redenbacher and Pop-Secret in the microwave 3 times for 1:30. Then I counted the
un-popped kernals from the 6 bags. Then I calculated the results.
Project Number: MPH121
Grade: 8
Title: Drumming With A PICAXE
Abstract: My project is an engineering project, and I am building a small robot that moves
around on treads, uses sensors to “see” objects, drums on objects it finds, and records itself.
The robot has three drumsticks, two in the front and a “bass” in the back. When the robot records
itself, it will play it’s recordings back and add beats to the ones it recorded and played back. I
will also discuss the many practical applications a robot such as this could have in the world, and
how I could change the bot to easily fit one of those functions.
Project Number: MPH122
Grade: 7
Title: Turn Down the Volume
Abstract: Someone might have told you at least once to: turn down the volume! In this
investigation, the experimenter discovered which material reduces sound levels the most when
stretched over an electric guitar amplifier. The experimenter used six variables, used two note
pitches (E), and had two control groups (A and B). The variables the experimenter used were
rubber, cork, styrofoam, poly-fil, foam, and a gel pack. The experimenter performed 10 trials for
each variable and 10 trials for both control groups with both note pitches. It was the
experimenter's hypothesis that foam would reduce sound levels the most when emitted by an
electric guitar amplifier. After analyzing the data, rubber performed the best in both tests. The
data shows that the experimenter's hypothesis was not supported by this investigation. In
conclusion, the experimenter believes that rubber performed better due to its density. Foam is
less dense and holds more air than solid rubber.
Project Number: MPH123
Grade: 7
Title: All Charged Up!
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine how much static electricity was
generated when four different objects were touched to an electroscope. An electroscope is a
scientific instrument that is used to find the presence and magnitude of the electric charge on a
object. I chose these objects as the source for charging the electroscope, because they are
different in what they are made of. These items include a balloon, plastic comb, patch of fur, and
a Styrofoam cup.
I chose this experiment because we encounter static electricity in every day life. I tested which
object held the most.
Project Number: MPH124
Grade: 8
Title: The Angle of Solar Panels
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment is to determine if the angle of a solar panel affects its
energy output. First, I measured the length and height of the solar panels at different angles to
find the unknown angles in the configuration. Next, I collected the open circuit voltage and the
short circuit current with a digital multimeter. These when multiplied together create the
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 106
Intermediate – Physics (MPH), 7th & 8th Grade
maximum output power. The data collected showed that the solar panel placed at 90„a produced
the most power. The conclusion showed the solar panel placed at the most vertical angle
produced the most power.
Project Number: MPH125
Grade: 7
Title: Heat, Heat Go Away
Abstract: My purpose in performing this experiment is to see if thermal curtains or thermal
films are more effective at blocking the sun's rays and keeping a room cooler.
Project Number: MPH126
Grade: 8
Title: Measuring the Gravitational Constant
Abstract: In 1797 Henry Cavendish conducted an experiment to measure the force of gravity so
he could calculate the mass of the Earth. Using the same experiment it is also possible to find the
gravitational constant. The gravitational constant is one of the fundamental constants in the
universe that describes the gravitational attraction between any two masses. The goal of my
experiment is to measure the gravitational constant G for myself. To do this I built a torsion
balance consisting of two 4.6kg masses attached to a bar that is suspended from a wire. I then
measured the deflection due to gravity when two 46kg weights are placed near the bar. The bar
moved half a degree due to the force of gravity. To make it easier to measure this small
deflection I used a laser that bounced off a mirror on the torsion bar and hit a screen. To date I
have conducted nine experiments each resulting in a measurement for G. Each experiment was
run at night to minimize vibrations from people’s movements. I recorded the lasers movements
on a screen and swapped the weight position halfway through the experiment. The average for
my nine trials was 6.37 x 10^-11 N(m/sec)2. That number is extremely similar when compared
to 6.37 x 10^-11 N(m/sec)2 the accepted value of G. I intend to run more experiments to get a
better estimate of G.
Project Number: MPH127
Grade: 7
Title: Gears United
Abstract: When gears get rusted, people would need to buy some name brand lubricant. My
project tested lubricants that are common or are in most stores, such as baby oil, oil soap, and
olive oil. I tested two rusted gears with the different oils and recorded the effects they made and
the speed change. After the oil is poured, I turned the gears to see if the speed changed.
Surprisingly, the baby oil, not the olive oil, made the gears turn the fastest. This project proves
that different types of lubricant can work for gears just as name brand lubricant.
Project Number: MPH128
Grade: 8
Title: Elastic Collision
Abstract: The purpose of this physics experiment is to find the relationship between velocity,
mass, and momentum. The relationship can be found by doing a physics experiment, in which
that I have accomplished successfully. I called this experiment “Elastic Collision”. The
hypothesis that I have formulated is, if the moving object has bigger velocity, mass, and
momentum, then it will have a bigger final momentum. To start this experiment you need
materials that will assist you. Two cars, track, level, two index card, 250g additional masses, two
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 107
Intermediate – Physics (MPH), 7th & 8th Grade
photo gate timer, balance, and a meter stick. Place the track on a surface, make sure the track is
as flat by using the level. Then, placed one of the cars at the end of the track, and the other car at
the middle of the track. Place one photo gate timer on the 26cm mark and the other one on the
70cm mark. Now is the time to conduct the experiment. Launch the car with integrated launcher
that is built in within the car, it will allow the car to move when it is triggered. The moving car
will pass the first photo gate timer, and it will tell you the initial time. When it hits the second
car, the momentum will be transferred, causing the second car to move pass the second photo
gate. If the car went off the tracks, restart the trials. After you get twenty five trials, use different
masses and speed for different result.
Project Number: MPH129
Grade: 7
Title: Will It Ever Stop?
Abstract: What I am doing for my science fair project is building a windmill type object that
instead of running on wind runs on its own momentum and kinetic energy. I did my project
because in the Presidential Debate, President Obama stated that we need to invest more on
sources of energy other than fossil fuels, like wind. I am going to build a model of my wind mill
using K’NEX building blocks. If there is time I am going to build a metal model if possible.
There are no results or conclusion yet because experimentation is still continuing.
Project Number: MPH130
Grade: 8
Title: Cool Junctions
Abstract: The purpose of my project is to determine if different types of materials will absorb
heat and cool and produce a voltage in the multimeter. I became interested because in social
studies last year and during the election they were talking about natural energy sources and
power and then I saw this on science buddies and I automatically became interested. I tested the
amounts of volts created when wires of different metals were connected and then places over a
heated area (candle) and a frozen area (ice.) The average of the iron wire with the two smaller
copper wires was 61.8 volts which was the n highest compared to the Aluminum with the two
small iron wires which was 42.7 volts. The copper wire with the two smaller Aluminum wires
made the lowest average which was 32.4 volts. In conclusion, the iron with the two copper made
the most voltage.
Project Number: MPH131
Grade: 8
Title: Golf Ball Dimples vs. Flight Distance
Abstract: The purpose of my investigation is to see if golf ball dimple sizes will affect how far
the ball flies.
Project Number: MPH132
Grade: 7
Title: How Well Do Balls Bounce?
Abstract: The purpose of my experiment was to see which type of tennis ball is the best to use at
different temperatures. I am going to buy multiple sets of new bought tennis balls of different
brands and heat or cool them. Then I am going to bounce them from 1 yard off the same type of
surface and measure the rebound. I will do this three times for each temperature. I will record the
data and make a chart. The final results will be available at the student's exhibit on fair day.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 108
Intermediate – Physics (MPH), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MPH133
Grade: 7
Title: Conductance and Electrolyte Concentration
Abstract: The human body depends on a proper electrolyte balance for muscle contractions and
transmission of nerve impulses. Athletes are especially dependent on sports drinks because they
lose electrolytes through sweat. The problem studied in this experiment was, “How do
homemade sports drinks compare to brand name drinks in replenishing electrolytes?” An
electric current, measured on a multimeter in milliamps (mA), was passed through the drink. A
total of fourteen beverages were tested six times each (84 trials in all), and results were averaged.
The first homemade drink had the best readings and Vitamin Water Revive came in second. I
believe that the first homemade drink did the best because it contained orange juice, salt and
baking soda.
Project Number: MPH134
Grade: 8
Title: Analysis for Optimized Absorption
Abstract: The purpose of this project is to define how physical characteristics can reduce noise
and optimize the most efficient way to noise reduction. Environmental noise is one of the
problems of urbanized society. If we can define each materials unique characteristics for
reducing noise, we can optimize the best combination of noise reducing material and
composition. Plastic is much better in both areas than most others. We can say the physical
strong and dense structure and the geometric atomic structure inside supports it along with the
fact that it works like a sound shell.
Project Number: MPH135
Grade: 8
Title: Basketball Bounce
Abstract: To be able to accurately test the basketball bouncing from a certain distance, a six foot
tall scale was built to measure the height that the ball bounced. The scale was built by using a
heavy cardboard box, measuring and painting out the markings in feet with a tape measure. To
begin testing, the basketball was vacuumed out with a food saver unit, and a hose with a needle
to ensure no gases were present. For the first, second, and third trial, each basketball was
weighed to confirm how heavy each gas weighed in the ball by using a 5lb weight scale and
made sure that the PSI was always at 8psi, by using a digital PSI gauge. Themperature,
barometric pressure and humidity was verified in the room by an electronic thermostat. For the
first trial, the ball was then dropped with Helium, Oxygen, and Atmospheric air in it from two
feet, three times, measuring the bounce on the scale. For trial two, the ball was dropped from
four feet, three times, measuring the bounce on the scale. Lastly for trial three, the ball was
dropped from six feet, three times, measuring the bounce on the scale. After the ball was
dropped, it was then determined how high the ball bounced and marked the scale. For each trial,
the height of the bounces for each gas was measured and marked on the cardboard scale. Then
after measuring the bounce result of each gas filled basketball an average bounce height was
determined.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 109
Intermediate – Physics (MPH), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MPH136
Grade: 8
Title: A FIne Line
Abstract: Does water temperature affect the strength of fishing line? I hypothesized that braid
line will have the greatest amount of strength in all three different water temperatures. The
fishing lines used were Braid, Fluorocarbon, and Monofilament. One meter of each fishing line
was submerged in water; 0 degrees Celsius, 6.666 degrees Celsius, and 22.222 degrees Celsius
for 24 hours. After 24 hours, I tied one end of the fishing line to a stationary bar and the other
end to a digital scale. The lines were stretched to there breaking point. It was concluded that
temperature has an effect on fishing line and Braid was the strongest.
Project Number: MPH137
Grade: 8
Title: Suck It Up
Abstract: Seven brands of paper towels will be used to determine which brand is the strongest
and absorbs the most water. Each brand will be cut into sheets 15.2cm x 26.4cm based on the
smallest paper towel sheet purchased. The water will be massed before and after soaking each
paper towel and the difference will determine the amount of water absorbed. Then the paper
towel will be placed on a jar surrounded by a poster board sleeve to hold it in place. Lead will be
placed on the paper towel until it breaks. This procedure will be repeated 9 more times for each
brand of wet paper towels. The dry paper towel will be placed on the jar and surrounded by a
poster board sleeve. Once again lead will be placed on the towel to determine its strength.
Project Number: MPH138
Grade: 8
Title: Does the angle of blade effect voltage?
Abstract: This project was meant to find out what blade angle produced the most voltage in
windmills. I chose five different types of angles to test. They were 0, 22.5, 45, 67.5, and 90. I did
three trials for each one of these angles. I thought that the 45 degree angle blade would produce
the most voltage but actually the 22.5 angle blade produced the most.
Project Number: MPH139
Grade: 8
Title: Safe Yourself!
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to find out which karate “attack” was the most
useful, and affective when needed to defend yourself.
Project Number: MPH140
Grade: 8
Title: Twanging Tunes: How Tension Changes a Rubber Band's Pitch
Abstract: A test of elastic rubber bands measured the frequency of vibrations.
Project Number: MPH141
Grade: 8
Title: Terabytes & Temperature
Abstract: The purpose of the experiment was to determine the effects of temperature on nonvolatile data storage devices. Storage devices were used to transfer large files while being
exposed to varying temperatures. The hypothesis was storage devices would perform better in a
cooler environment, similar to a computer processor. After multiple rounds of testing, it was
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 110
Intermediate – Physics (MPH), 7th & 8th Grade
concluded that storage devices exposed to warmer environments performed better than storage
devices exposed to cooler environments. My hypothesis was incorrect because a cooler
environment restricts the data from moving as quickly to the computer as it would in a warmer
environment.
Project Number: MPH142
Grade: 7
Title: Use Sun and Mirror to Heat Water
Abstract: I designed a parabolic device that captures the sun’s light. It bounces off reflectors and
hits a center point. The design is made out of an umbrella. Inside of the umbrella, on all sides,
are lined with mirrors and aluminum foil. I wanted to know if the temperature would rise inside.
My hypothesis stated the temperature would rise since the sun’s light would reflect and focus on
one point. My data showed the temperature is always a few degrees higher than the air
temperature and the water temperature. My hypothesis was correct and the temperature rose in
the parabolic design.
Project Number: MPH143
Grade: 7
Title: Does wingshape affect flight pattern?
Abstract: Shape of an airplane wing will affect how the airplane flies. By measuring
components such as wing length and wing design, this project can help people to understand
more about flight and airplanes. The thin wing glider was expected to stay aloft longer than it
did, but it could not produce enough lift. The large glider wing and regular wing produced more
lift and were able to land like a conventional airplane. The delta wing and swept wing produced
lift, but ran out of speed and arced over as it landed.
Project Number: MPH144
Grade: 7
Title: Ready, Aim, Fire
Abstract: My project was about the lubricants used to make an air soft gun more accurate. What
I had to do in this project was set up a stand that would hold and support the gun and make sure
the gun was aimed at the target. The next step was to set up the target and load the gun. Then I
had to select the lubricant of my choice and put it into the gun. I then had to shoot the gun,
highlight the shot and record the distance from the center of the target. My hypothesis stated that
WD-40 would make the gun most accurate. After several trials, my hypothesis was proven
wrong showing that gun oil made the gun most accurate and precise. This happened because
WD-40 and cooking spray had a heavier substance than the gun oil. There was quite a big
variance between the shots fired. This could have happened because of the wear down of the
lubricants. This proved to be challenging because of the variation of data.
Project Number: MPH145
Grade: 7
Title: The Fire-Proof
Abstract: Abstract
The purpose of my project was to see whether plain bottled, lemon, or tonic water could hold
more heat.
I did this to test the heat capacity of water.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 111
Intermediate – Physics (MPH), 7th & 8th Grade
I filled 9oz. Paper cups with 6oz. of either plain bottled, lemon, or tonic water. One at a time I
placed a plain paper cup, and the cups filled with the waters over an open flame. I recorded the
amount of time and temperature the cups took to extinguish the flame.
I concluded on average lemon water can hold more heat than plain bottled or tonic water.
Project Number: MPH146
Grade: 8
Title: There's No Discussion, Protect from Concussion
Abstract: There has been a major increase in sports related concussions. A concussion is caused
when someone receives a blow to the head. The brain crashes against the skull and begins to
swell. This project is designed to see which of three helmets is better equipped to prevent
concussions.
Project Number: MPH147
Grade: 7
Title: Compare the Coils
Abstract: How does the coil design of an electric motor affect the rate of spin? I think that the
electric motor with the most coil windings will be faster than the electric motors with less coil
windings.
Tape some pencils together making a cylinder. Wrap some wire around the pencils until you
have the number of coils desired. Make axle supports and use magnets and batteries to help
power the motor. You have now constructed a simple electric motor.
The motor that had more coil windings was indeed the fastest. This is because the higher
number of coil windings allows more energy to pass through the motor making the motor faster.
Project Number: MPH148
Grade: 7
Title: The Effect of Temperature on Magnets
Abstract: This experiment was about testing strength of magnets under different temperatures.
The experimenter’s hypothesis was that hot alnico magnets would be strongest. The magnets
were heated to different temperatures (room temperature, .7°C, and 100° C) and used to pick up
paperclips in order to test the strength of the magnets. The experimenter found that cold followed
by room temperature and hot magnets are more effective. The student investigator also found
that neodymium iron boron magnets were strongest, followed by samarium cobalt, alnico,
ceramic, and flexible. The experimenter’s hypothesis was incorrect.
Project Number: MPH149
Grade: 7
Title: Do Different Surfaces Effect How Far a Ball Rolls?
Abstract: In my project I want to figure out if different surfaces affect how far a ball rolls. My
hypothesis is that the ball will roll farther on the smoother surfaces than the rougher surfaces.
The steps of my project are I will roll the ball of the ramp and onto the surfaces. Than I would
measure how far the ball would go.If I were to do my project over again I would probably use
rougher cement and smoother grass.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 112
Intermediate – Physics (MPH), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MPH150
Grade: 8
Title: Keep Going, and Going, and Going?
Abstract: Various brands of AA batteries on a closed circuit with a ¼ ohm of resister run for 1
hour. Logger Pro 3.8.4 will be used to record points of data every second for 1 hour. This will be
repeated 4 more times for each of the various brands of batteries.
Project Number: MPH151
Grade: 8
Title: Hardware Physics Simulator
Abstract: How can you make a physics engine faster? Make it in hardware. I made a
completely hardware physics simulator and I will measure how long it takes the hardware
simulator to do the actual physics calculations relative to a software equivalent. My hardware
simulator was made in a Field Programmable Gate Array which simulates hardware digitally.
The software simulator was made using the C++ programming language. Both of these
simulators simulate a free kick in soccer. They take into consideration things such as wind, spin,
and air resistance to give an accurate representation of what a soccer ball would do.
Project Number: MPH152
Grade: 8
Title: Study of Materials & Structures to Minimize Storm Damage
Abstract: This year, I have chosen to conduct an experiment that seeks the best material to
perhaps serve as a portable shield (wall) to protect buildings and property from strong winds and
flooding during storms. I hypothesize that sponge will be the most effective material because it is
both porous and elastic and will absorb some of the shock from the water and the wind as well as
some of the water itself. This will dampen the effect of the storm and minimize damage to
property.
Project Number: MPH153
Grade: 7
Title: The Battle of the Bulbs
Abstract: The purpose of my project is to test if CFL and LED bulbs are more energy efficient,
environmentally friendly, and cost effective than Incandescent bulbs. Firstly, I used a Joly
Photometer to test the claim that CFL and LED bulbs produce the same light output as
Incandescent bulbs while consuming less electricity. Secondly, I tested how much electric energy
is lost as heat by different bulbs. More heat produced = Less energy efficient. CFL and LED
bulbs had a light output similar to Incandescent bulbs while using less electricity and producing
less heat, thus proving them to be more efficient.
Project Number: MPH154
Grade: 7
Title: String Instrument Tuning Effects of Humidity and Tempurature
Abstract: I am testing when temperature and humidity change how does it effect the tuning of an
upright bass. I am doing this by putting my bass in 5 rooms, a cold room, a hot room, a stable
room, a humid room, and a non-humid room. In each of these rooms I will let a tuned bass sit
for 12 hours. Every six hours I will see how out of tune it is and check the temperature. My
hypothesis is it will go sharp when the temperature decreases but when humidity changes it
won’t effect the tuning.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 113
Intermediate – Physics (MPH), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MPH155
Grade: 7
Title: Hot Wires
Abstract: How does temperature affect the electrical conductivity of wire? Electrical
conductivity measures the ability of a conductor allowing current to run through it. I believe the
higher the resistance of wire, the lower the conductivity will be.
The copper wire was wrapped around a pvc pipe. Four encased batteries, an ammeter and wire
were connected with jumper cables. Observations were recorded by comparing the wire
resistance results with the temperature readings to determine the effects of resistance on the
conductivity of copper wire.
My results indicated as the temperature of the wire increased, the resistance increased and the
conductivity decreased.
Project Number: MPH156
Grade: 8
Title: Does the Number of Layers of Material Composing a Golf Ball Affect the Kinetic Energy
It Possesses When A Force is Applied?
Abstract: Does the number of material layers composing a golf ball affect the amount of KE a
golf ball possesses? As the number of layers of material composing a golf ball increases the
amount of KE it possesses will increase. Construct the testing apparatus and install a randomly
selected Maxfli golf ball composed of 2, 3, or 4 layers of material. The golf ball being tested was
dropped from the testing apparatus and allowed to strike a smooth concrete surface. Its KE was
determined and this procedure was repeated 30 times. Experiment is still in progress.
Project Number: MPH157
Grade: 7
Title: How Does Exercise Change Your Heart?
Abstract: The purpose of my project is determine how your heart rate changes during different
exercises. I became interested because I am athlete and I want to know how our heart rate
changes during specific exercises. I am going to do different exercises and take notes of how my
heart rate is and how it changes. To complete my project, I did all of the exercises (running,
cycling and high stepping) and then I started taking down how my heart rate started and how it
ended too. The elliptical changed my heart rate the most, with the highest heart rate of 169 bpm.
Project Number: MPH158
Grade: 8
Title: Volume's Effect On Velocity
Abstract: What would the impact of a meteorite be if it hit the earth? I thought about this for a
while. Then I decided to do a physics project about the affect of a spheres acting as meteorites’
impact on earth if all of the spheres were the same weight but different volumes. I hypothesized
that if volume is the independent variable, the smallest sphere would make the largest impact. I
tested using adjustable tower to drop the spheres, plaster to cover the divot, and water
displacement to calculate the divot’s volume. After weeks of testing, my hypothesis was finally
confirmed.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 114
Intermediate – Physics (MPH), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MPH159
Grade: 7
Title: Does the Freeze Thaw Cycle Affect the Strength of Different Types of Wood?
Abstract: Determine which type of wood is least affected by the freeze thaw cycle. The freeze
thaw cycle will weaken the strength of the wood. Similar size wood test strips of different types
of wood were cut. One of these test strip was installed in the testing apparatus and the mass
required to break it was determined (Control). This process was repeated 6 more times for each
wood being tested. This procedure was then repeated for each wood being tested after
undergoing the freeze thaw cycle one time. Experiment still in progress.
Project Number: MPH160
Grade: 8
Title: Feel the Burn
Abstract: In my experiment, what I was trying to prove was if the drying time of wood, in
preparation for burning, would be affected by the density of the wood. My hypothesis stated that
the drying time of wood, in preparation for burning, will be affected by the density. What
happened in my experiment was the longer the time that the wood was drying for, the density
and moisture percentages were decreasing. Therefore, my hypothesis was correct because the
moisture percentages decreased as the weight and density did.
Project Number: MPH161
Grade: 7
Title: Choosing a Homerun Bat
Abstract: This experiment was preformed to determine if baseball bats made of different
materials can make a difference of how far a baseball will travel. I hit with each different bat
three balls from a hitting tee and measured the distance the ball traveled. I averaged the tree
distances for each bat. The aluminum bat averaged a distance of 155 feet, the wood bat averaged
a distance of 143 feet, the bamboo bat averaged a distance of 108 feet, and the wood stick
averaged a distance of 134 feet.
Project Number: MPH162
Grade: 7
Title: Optimizing Casimir Polder Geometries for Interstellar Travel
Abstract: The Casimir-Polder force is an odd exhibit of quantum fluctuations. It is even
stranger that a negative energy density is created in between the objects at hand. This ‘exotic
matter’ has potential applications to the theoretical Alcubierre Metric. Here it is shown through
preliminary analysis of two of these Casimir-Polder geometries show promise in the practical use
of interstellar travel.
Project Number: MPH163
Grade: 8
Title: Sustainable Flooring Durability
Abstract: Four tests were used to determine the comparative durability of bamboo, cork,
linoleum, hardwood, and softwood flooring, some eco-friendly materials. They were tested on
their resistance to scratching using a wire brush pulled across samples of the flooring. An
absorbency test was executed to determine the effects of water on the samples. A test utilizing a
cranked mechanism was used to observe the effects of impact on the materials. Finally, samples
were burned on a grill to measure their flammability. Linoleum was the most durable material.
Softwood was the least durable eco-friendly hard flooring based on these tests.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 115
Intermediate – Physics (MPH), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MPH165
Grade: 7
Title: Flying High with Paper Airplanes
Abstract: The design and the material of a paper airplane can affect how long an airplane stays
in the air and how straight the airplane flies. My hypothesis was that if you add fins the paper
airplane would deviate from straight line more than an airplane without fins. I tested five
different airplane designs using two materials, printer and construction paper. They were flown
and the straight line distance flown and deviation from straight line were measured. Of the five
designs, the glider, the one without fins, went the farthest, while the dart went the least
distanceThe effect of material on distance and deviation tended to vary depending on the design.
Project Number: MPH166
Grade: 8
Title: Does the Wrapping of a Elctro-Magnet Affect Its Strength
Abstract: This experiment was determine if the number of times wrapping a copper around a
nail affect an electro-magnet’s strength. The outcome did show that the number of times
wrapping the wire around the nail show that it did affect its strength. To verify the results I used
paper clips to see how much each one can pick up. I used three electro-magnets and they were
60.93 cm, 76.2 cm, and 91.44 cm and the experiment did prove that the 91.44 cm electro-magnet
did pick the most paper clips.
Project Number: MPH167
Grade: 8
Title: Biofuels in Energy Production
Abstract: The purpose of the experiment was to determine which biofuel produces the most heat
per gram when burned. Flaxseed oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, and peanut oil were burned in an oil
lamp and the change in mass after the oil was burned and the change in the temperature of water
in a calorimeter was noted to compare the fuels. The results showed that flaxseed oil produced
the most heat per gram. As global energy needs continue to increase, this project shows that
biofuels have the capability to act as a future alternative fuel sources.
Project Number: MPH168
Grade: 8
Title: Bridges: How Much Can You Trust Them?
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine how the strength of a bridge is
affected by the design or structure. I built three different types of bridges: The Pratt, The Warren,
and The Wabbell A Truss. The same number of popcicle sticks was used to create each bridge.
The bases of the bridges were the same on all the bridges. The only varying aspect of each
bridge was the side structures. I then tested the strenght of each bridge using increasing weights.
Project Number: MPH169
Grade: 8
Title: Snug as a Bug in a Rug
Abstract: In order to test the insulating properties of store bought insulations, natural materials,
and recycled materials. It was necessary to use a box in box system. A temperature probe was
placed in a refrigerator set to negative four Degrees Celsius and allowed to cool until it reached
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 116
Intermediate – Physics (MPH), 7th & 8th Grade
negative two degrees Celsius. Insulation was placed between the two boxes. Which were then
placed inside the refrigerator for ninety minutes. The process was repeated two more times for
each product. The temperature outside and inside the box system was recorded and analyzed to
determine which insulator maintained the warmest inside temperature.
Project Number: MPH170
Grade: 8
Title: paintball ballistics
Abstract: The purpose of my project is for me to determine how far the paintball will go at a
certain angle and to see how long it will take for it to hit the ground.
I became interested in this project because I like to go play with paint balls. I think that the
paintball will go farther at the 45 degree angle because it doesn’t have the drag that a 90 degree
angle has being shot straight up. I shot a paintball gun at different velocities and angles and then
determined the distance that the paintball went. The farthest that the 45 degree angle went was
362 ft., and the 90 degree angle had went 344 ft from the starting point.
Project Number: MPH171
Grade: 8
Title: Electrical Conduction Through Various Solutions
Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to determine which liquid would most effectively
conduct electricity. The solution’s salinity affects the conduction of electricity as shown by the
different concentrations of sodium. Solutions of tap water, sugar water, salt water, and Diet Coke
were used. An electrical circuit, 9volt battery, and three LED lights were assembled. The wires
were inserted in the solution and observations of the lights were made. The salt water made the
lights shine the brightest followed by the Diet Coke. This experiment proved that the electrolyte
solutions containing sodium produced ions that conduct electricity.
Project Number: MPH172
Grade: 7
Title: Turf Talk
Abstract: The goal of this experiment is to determine what surface is the best for athletes. The
three surfaces being tested are natural grass, Field Turf, and Artificial Turf. Three tests will be
conducted. First, an Absorption Test, balls are dropped from a consistent height and height of
their first bounce is recorded. Second, weighted balls are pulled using a fish scale across one
yard to measure the kinetic friction. Finally, balls are hit with a contraption to determine the
length of the roll to measure the resistance distance. Results will be available at PRSEF.
Project Number: MPH173
Grade: 8
Title: What does it take...for an arch to break?
Abstract: An arch is a unique structure that eradicates the stress associated with spanning an
area of open space. Arches are normally used in bridges, aqueducts, gates, and in architecture.
For my project, I tested what length of an arch would be the strongest. I did this by hanging
varying weights of rocks from bendable plywood. I discovered that the longer the arch, the more
weight it could hold.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 117
Intermediate – Physics (MPH), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MPH174
Grade: 8
Title: Using Lasers to Measure the Speed of Light
Abstract: This experiment was meant to determine the speed of light using lasers. A laser is
projected through containers of various colors of gelatin and by measuring the angles of incident
and refraction, the speed of light can be determined by applying Snell’s Law. The hypothesis
was that light would be slower when projected through darker colors. Originally round
containers were used to contain the gelatin. Because of inconsistencies with obtaining the angle
measurements, I am repeating the experiment using square containers.
Project Number: MPH175
Grade: 7
Title: Which Hits The Homerun
Abstract: Which type of baseball bat between wood, composite and aluminum hits a baseball
farthest?
Project Number: MPH176
Grade: 8
Title: Rainbows In The Dark
Abstract: My question asked was, if the raindrops are farther away from the sun, will it make
the rainbow afterwards bigger? My hypothesis stated, I thought the rainbow would be bigger
every time I moved the flashlight farther away. As my results have shown, my hypothesis was
incorrect. Only when the prism was located at a certain measurement did the rainbow stay at it's
longest part.
Project Number: MPH177
Grade: 8
Title: Getting Wet and Staying Warm
Abstract: This investigation was conducted to determine which material, neoprene, wool, or
cotton, provides the best insulation for the human body when wet. Mason jars were covered in
each of these materials, which were sprayed with water, and the temperatures were taken in
degrees Celsius over a thirty minute period. All environmental conditions were the same. The
results of this experiment show that neoprene was the most effective at insulating the jar, while
cotton was found to be the least effective insulator. This proves the original hypothesis to be
true; neoprene was the best of the three materials.
Project Number: MPH178
Grade: 7
Title: Get Our Of The Kitchen
Abstract: The problem is "Which solar oven design is the best alternative to wood, gas, or
electric cooking?" It is hypothesized that If I test three solar ovens, then the change in material
design will melt the marshmallow fastest.
A brief procedure is as follows:
1.Build three solar ovens, varying the size on one,
and the material on the other
2.Place marshmallows in solar ovens
3.Cover and seal with cellophane, and turn heat lamp on
4. Time, record, and repeat
My results did not support my hypothesis.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 118
Intermediate – Physics (MPH), 7th & 8th Grade
Project Number: MPH179
Grade: 8
Title: Physiological Aspects of Dance
Abstract: The purpose of my project is to find whether the physiological aspect of dance leads to
a higher burning of calories. To conduct this experiment three dancers took dance class while
wearing a heart rate monitor and a core armband. The experimental results were measured and it
was found that Ballet got your heart rate up faster but Tap burned more calories. The results of
the experiment showed that the physiological aspects of dance do not lead to a higher burning of
calories. This proves that my hypothesis was null and the heart rate does not depend on calories
burned.
Project Number: MPH180
Grade: 7
Title: Best Rocket: Single or 2-Stage
Abstract: The purpose is to test whether a staging rocket is more efficient than a single stage
rocket My hypothesis is If I test whether staging goes higher than non staging rockets then
staging will go higher because the stage drops reducing the mass and in my experiment I talked
about the equation for force and in the equation it shows more mass there is the more force acted
on it.my procedure was to set up the rocket launch it, find the angle at the apogee and calculate
after repeating the steps for each trail. Finally I had to clean up. The data showed that the two
stage rocket was the best (higher).i concluded in this experiment my hypothesis was accepted
because the average height of the staging about 392 and the non-staging was 267. To me this
gave good results because the average heights were very far apart showing that staging was
defiantly better. If I were to do it again I would try to get an engine that would allow me to keep
the bottom stage on so the mass is always the same at the beginning and makes sure the fuel is
exactly the same in both engines. If I were to add on I would try to add even more stages to see
what the optimum stage amount is. All in all I learned that staging rockets are better and allows
the rocket to fly higher.
Project Number: MPH300
Grade: 7
Title: Batter's Box
Abstract: Baseball is a fun sport that me and my friends really enjoy. We were curious to know
which baseball bat was the best. We tested three bats, aluminum, wood, and composite. We
went to a baseball field and each hit five balls off of a tee per bat. Each batter was recorded. In
the end we figured out that the composite bat hit the farthest, then the aluminum, and finally the
wood.
Project Number: MPH301
Grade: 8
Title: Swing Away
Abstract: Distance and accuracy are two variables that golfers are concerned with when out on
the course. Our device that will simulate a consistent golf swing to test the distance and accuracy
of golf balls from Polara, Titlest 1 and Nike. We know that the dimple pattern on the surface of a
golf ball can impact these variables, and based on our research and experience we predict that the
Polara golf ball will perform the best in our testing. Results will be available at PRSEF.
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 119
Intermediate – Physics (MPH), 7th & 8th Grade
This page intentionally left blank
PRSEF Student Abstracts
Page 120