STANDARDS OF LEARNING
CONTENT REVIEW NOTES
SPANISH I 2015-16
OVERVIEW
Spanish Content Review Notes are designed as a resource for students and parents. Each nine weeks’ Standards
of Learning (SOLs) have been identified, and specific notes have also included in this document to assist
students in understanding the concepts.
The document is a compilation of information found in the Virginia Department of Education (VDOE)
Standards of Learning and resources from the textbook series have used.
1 9 Weeks
2 9 Weeks
Preliminary Chapter
Unit 1Chapters 1 & 2
Unit 1 Chapter 3
Unit 2 Chapters 1 & 2
st
3 9 weeks
rd
Unit 2 Chapter 3
Unit 3 Chapters 1 & 2
nd
4 9 Weeks
th
Unit 3 Chapter 3
1
First Nine Weeks
Unidad 1 Etapa Preliminar (p. 1-21)
►GREETINGS AND GOODBYES
Good morning __________________________
Good afternoon _____________________________
Good evening __________________________
Hello _____________________________________
Goodbye ______________________________
See you later _______________________________
►NUMBERS
►DAYS OF THE WEEK
*starts with Monday
1. ___________________________
Monday _____________________________________
2. ___________________________
Tuesday _____________________________________
3. ___________________________
Wednesday __________________________________
4. ___________________________
Thursday ___________________________________
5. ___________________________
Friday ______________________________________
6. ___________________________
Saturday ____________________________________
7. ___________________________
Sunday ______________________________________
8. ___________________________
9. ___________________________
►CULTURE name some Spanish speaking countries
10. ___________________________
1. _________________________________________
11. ___________________________
2. _________________________________________
12. ___________________________
3. _________________________________________
13. ___________________________
4. _________________________________________
14. ___________________________
5. _________________________________________
15. ___________________________
6. _________________________________________
16. ___________________________
7. _________________________________________
17. ___________________________
8. _________________________________________
18. ___________________________
9. _________________________________________
19. ___________________________
10. _________________________________________
20. ___________________________
2
Unidad 1 Etapa 1(p. 22-47)
►SUBJECT PRONOUNS are used to discuss people.
Pronouns replace a person’s proper name.
* The subject is who or what DOES the action in the sentence.
I _______________________________________
We ________________________________________
You (informal) _____________________________
Y’all (informal) _____________________________________
He _____________________________________
They _______________________________________
She _____________________________________
They (feminine)_________________________________
You (formal) ____________________________________
Y’all (formal) __________________________________
* ____________________________ is only used in Spain to address a group (y’all informal).
_____________________________ is used everywhere else.
►SER
= ______________________________
I am _______________________________________ We are______________________________________
You (informal) are _____________________________ Y’all (informal) are___________________________________
He is _____________________________________
They are_____________________________________
She is _____________________________________
They (feminine) are _____________________________
You (formal) are____________________________________
Y’all (formal) are _______________________________
* The original form of the verb is called the _______________________. This form is not matched with a subject yet.
In English, infinitives start with the word ______________. In Spanish, they end in the letter ____________.
* Notice how the verb changes when you match it with different subjects. This is called _________________________.
Here is another way to look at it:
infinitive
yo
tú
él, ella, usted
ser
3
nosotros
vosotros
ellos, ellas,
ustedes
►ORIGINS
To talk about where someone comes from, use the following grammar structure:
(form of the verb)_________________________
Example: I am from Pittsburgh.
+ ______________ + place
____________________________________________________.
► GENDER In Spanish, all nouns have a gender.
A noun is either _______________________ or _______________________.
Nouns ending in _____________ are usually masculine. (R, L, E, are also usually masculine.)
Nouns ending in _____________ are usually feminine. (D, ION, EZ are also usually feminine.)
* Notice noun gender is shown by the ending of the word, not by what the object is!!
Example: el vestido = the dress (masculine word) la barba = the beard (feminine word)
►GUSTAR literally means “to be pleasing”. We use it to talk about things we like.
Me gusta cantar. = I like to sing. (literally “Singing is pleasing to me.”)
_________________ gusta correr = You like to run. (literally “Running is pleasing to you.”)
_________________ gusta patinar = He/She likes to skate. (literally “Skating is pleasing to him/her.”)
*This is why GUSTAR is conjugated to match what you like, not who likes it. Me gusto. Te gustas.
►CULTURE
* Many Spanish speakers in Miami are of ______________________________ descent.
* A child takes both parents’ last names. Francisco Garcia Flores
(Garcia is from his ____________________, Flores is from his ________________________.)
4
Unidad 1 Etapa 2 (p. 48-69)
►DEFINITE ARTICLES
In English, we use the definite article the. Spanish articles must agree in number and gender.
1 masculine object (the book) = ______________
2 or more masculine objects = (the books) _____________
1 feminine object (the shirt) = ________________
2 or more feminine objects = (the shirts)_______________
►INDEFINITE ARTICLES
In English, we use the definite articles
a, and some.
Spanish articles must
agree in number and gender.
1 masculine object (a book) = _________________
2 or more masculine objects = (some books) ___________
1 feminine object (a shirt) = __________________
2 or more feminine objects = (some shirts)_____________
►ADJECTIVES describe nouns.
Spanish adjectives must
agree in number and gender.
Most feminine adjectives end in ______________.
Most masculine adjectives end in ______________.
Many adjectives that end with a ________________________ match both genders.
To make an adjective plural (more than one) add an _________ or an ___________ (if the word ends in a consonant).
the funny book = el libro cómico
the funny books = los libros cómicos
the yellow shirt = la camisa amarilla
the yellow shirts = las camisas amarillas
*Notice most Spanish adjectives are placed after the noun they describe.
►CULTURE
* ________________ music is popular in Texas. Typical instruments used by a “conjunto tejano” are the
________________, and the ___________________, a 12 stringed guitar.
5
Second Nine Weeks
Unidad 1 Etapa 3 (p. 70-93)
►NUMBERS
30. __________________________________
70. ___________________________________
40. __________________________________
80. ___________________________________
50. __________________________________
90. ___________________________________
60. __________________________________
100. __________________________________
►TENER = __________________________
I have _______________________________________ We have_____________________________________
You (informal) have _____________________________ Y’all (informal) have___________________________________
He has _____________________________________
They have____________________________________
She has _____________________________________ They (feminine) have ____________________________
You (formal) have____________________________________ Y’all (formal) have ______________________________
*Notice he, she, and you (formal) all use the same conjugation. (So tiene can mean has or have)
Here is another way to look at it:
infinitive
yo
tú
él, ella, usted
nosotros
vosotros
tener
►AGE in Spanish is expressed with TENER.
*Instead of “I am 16 years old,” we say “I have 16 years.”
(form of the verb) _________________________
+ ________________ + años.
I am 16 years old = _________________________________________. (Not a literal translation!)
6
ellos, ellas,
ustedes
►TELLING THE DATE
*In Spanish, we use a different order for the date as well. Instead of “July 23rd”, we say “The 23 of July”
el + (number) + de + (month)
The 30th of October = ________________________________________________________
►POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES show ownership.
The endings must match what is owned, NOT the owner!
my ___________________________________
our _____________________________________
your (informal) ___________________________
y’alls (informal) _____________________________
his/ her/its ______________________________
their _____________________________________
your (formal) __________________________________
y’alls (formal) ____________________________________
*ALL possessive adjectives have plural forms.
My book = Mi libro. My books = Mis libros.
*Nuestro and vuestro have feminine forms as well as plural.
Our brother = _____________________________
Our brothers __________________________________
Our sister = ______________________________
Our sisters ___________________________________
►POSSESSION USING DE In Spanish, we don’t use “apostrophe + s” to show ownership.
*Use the formula: The (object owned) + de + (owner)
Sara’s jacket = La chaqueta de Sara (Literally: The jacket of Sara)
Sara’s chaqueta
Carolina’s cousin = __________________________________________________
►CULTURE
* A ____________________________ is a party for a girl’s 15th birthday.
* It is traditional for the girl to wear a _________________________colored dress.
7
Sara chaqueta
Unidad 2 Etapa 1 (p. 96-121)
►ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
always _________________________________
every day __________________________________
often __________________________________
sometimes __________________________________
once in a while __________________________
a little _____________________________________
rarely __________________________________
never _____________________________________
►REGULAR AR INFINITIVES
_________________
___________________
__________________
______________________
►REGULAR AR CONJUGATION (changing the form of the verb to match the subject)
* REGULAR verbs follow the same pattern of endings.
*All endings are added to the “stem” or “root” of the infinitive. Find the stem by dropping the AR from the
infinitive.
AR VERB ENDINGS - added to all regular AR verb stems
Yo
Tú
Él
Ella
Usted
o
as
a
a
a
Nosotros
Vosotros
Ellos
Ellas
Ustedes
8
amos
áis
an
an
an
Here is another way to look at it: Notice the stem of mirar is mir (because we dropped the ar).
infinitive
yo
tú
él, ella, usted
nosotros
vosotros
ellos, ellas,
ustedes
mirar
miro
miras
mira
miramos
miráis
miran
yo
tú
él, ella, usted
nosotros
vosotros
ellos, ellas,
ustedes
Try these:
infinitive
entrar
contestar
►CONJUGATION TRANSLATIONS
*In Spanish, subject pronouns can be dropped. The ending of the verb will tell you who is your subject.
“Estudias.” is a complete sentence in Spanish! It can be translated many ways in English.
1.
2.
3.
Estudias. =
You study.
You are studying.
You do study.
¿Estudias? =
4.
Do you study?
* Notice with “You are studying,” you do not need to say “you are” separately! Estás estudias. Eres estudias.
►OBLIGATIONS are things people have to do.
hay + que + (infinitive) is used for a general obligation.
Hay que estudiar. = One must _________________.
(form of ) tener + que + (infinitive) is used for a specific person. Elena tiene que ayudar. = Elena has
*Notice the “que” in this sentence does not have a literal translation.
*Double verb rule- When two verbs work together in Spanish, the first is conjugated and the second is not.
________.
► CULTURE
*The legend of the ____________ people is that they were nomads saw a sign from the gods to stop and settle.
*The sign was an ________________ perched on a ______________ with a ______________ in its mouth.
*This symbol can be found on Mexico’s ________________ and money.
9
Unidad 2 Etapa 2 (p. 122- 143)
►ESTAR means _____________________. It is an irregular verb, so it does not follow a regular pattern.
infinitive
yo
tú
él, ella, usted
nosotros
vosotros
ellos, ellas,
ustedes
estar
*SER is used for things that do not change easily, like appearance, personality, profession, etc.
*ESTAR is used for things that can change easily, like emotions. It is also used for locations.
►TELLING TIME
menos cuarto
9
12
menos
y
_
+
3 y cuarto
6
y media
*For adding minutes 1-30 use y.
*30 minutes past the hour is the last point where you add minutes on with y.
* For 31-59 minutes past the hour, bump up to the next hour, and subtract the minutes left with menos.
* We do the same in English. 3:50 can be said as 10 to 4. We are stating how long is left until we reach 4:00.
*Use Es la before the word una. Son las is used for all other hours 2-12.
*Es la is used between 12:31 (Es la una menos veintiuno.) and 1:30 (Es la una y media.)
It is 1:00
Es la _________________________________________________.
It is 2:00
Son las _______________________________________________.
It is 2:05
_____________________________________________________.
It is 2:30
_____________________________________________________.
It is 2:55
_____________________________________________________.
10
►IR means _____________________. It is an irregular verb, so it does not follow a regular pattern.
infinitive
yo
tú
él, ella, usted
nosotros
vosotros
ellos, ellas,
ustedes
ir
►QUESTION WORDS are important!
Who __________________________________
What ____________________________________
Where ________________________________
To where _________________________________
From where ____________________________
When _____________________________________
Why __________________________________
How ______________________________________
Which _________________________________
How much/ many ____________________________
Who is studying?
¿__________________________________ estudia?
Where is he studying?
¿__________________________________ estudia?
When is she studying ? ¿__________________________________ estudia?
What is he studying?
¿__________________________________ estudia?
Why is she studying?
¿__________________________________ estudia?
* Notice the only thing that changes is the question word! If you don’t know it, you might not answer correctly!
►CULTURE
* ______________________ is a sandwich on round bread/ a roll.
*______________________ is a sandwich on sliced bread.
*______________________ are roasted meat (usually pork) on a corn tortilla.
*______________________ is a blend of juice and water.
11
Third Nine Weeks
Unidad 2 Etapa 3 (p. 144-167)
►FUTURE PLANS
* To say what someone is going to do, use the formula (form of ) ir + a + infinitive.
* Conjugate ir. Leave the action someone is going to do in the infinitive.
* I am going to study. = Voy a estudiar.
*Notice Voy = I am going. You don’t need “I am” separately!
*Notice the “a” in this sentence does not have a literal translation.
*Double verb rule- When two verbs work together in Spanish, the first is conjugated and the second is not.
I am going to read. __________________________________________________________________.
She is going to eat. __________________________________________________________________.
We are going to take a walk. __________________________________________________________.
Are y’all going to visit? ______________________________________________________________.
►REGULAR ER CONJUGATION (changing the form of the verb to match the subject)
* REGULAR verbs follow the same pattern of endings.
*All endings are added to the “stem” or “root” of the infinitive. Find the stem by dropping the ER from the
infinitive.
ER VERB ENDINGS - added to all regular ER verb stems
Yo
Tú
Él
Ella
Usted
o
es
e
e
e
Nosotros
Vosotros
Ellos
Ellas
Ustedes
emos
éis
en
en
en
* Notice the endings are just like regular AR verb endings, but the A has been changed to E.
Here is another way to look at it: Notice the stem of comer is com (because we dropped the er).
infinitive
yo
tú
él, ella, usted
nosotros
vosotros
ellos, ellas,
ustedes
comer
como
comes
come
comemos
coméis
comen
12
Try these:
infinitive
yo
tú
él, ella, usted
nosotros
vosotros
ellos, ellas,
ustedes
beber
vender
►REGULAR IR CONJUGATION (changing the form of the verb to match the subject)
* REGULAR verbs follow the same pattern of endings.
*All endings are added to the “stem” or “root” of the infinitive. Find the stem by dropping the IR from the
infinitive.
IR VERB ENDINGS - added to all regular IR verb stems
Yo
Tú
Él
Ella
Usted
o
es
e
e
e
Nosotros
Vosotros
Ellos
Ellas
Ustedes
imos
ís
en
en
en
* Notice we use regular ER verb endings, except for nosotros and vosotros forms.
Here is another way to look at it: Notice the stem of vivir is viv (because we dropped the ir).
infinitive
yo
tú
él, ella, usted
nosotros
vosotros
ellos, ellas,
ustedes
vivir
vivo
vives
vive
vivimos
vivís
viven
yo
tú
él, ella, usted
nosotros
vosotros
ellos, ellas,
ustedes
Try these:
infinitive
abrir
recibir
13
►IRREGULAR CONJUGATION S (changing the form of the verb to match the subject)
* IRREGULAR verbs do not follow the regular pattern of endings.
conocer = _____________________________
hacer = __________________________________
ver = ________________________________
oír = _____________________________________
infinitive
yo
tú
él, ella, usted
nosotros
vosotros
ellos, ellas,
ustedes
conocer
hacer
ver
oír
►CULTURE
*A _____________________________ is a central square or plaza.
* The Aztec city of ___________________________ was where the city of ____________________ is now.
14
Unidad 3 Etapa 1 (p. 174-195)
►EXPRESSING FEELINGS
*Estar is used with adjectives to describe how someone feels at a given moment.
*Remember that adjectives much match the nouns they describe in number and gender.
(change to “a” to make feminine if needed; add “s” or “es” to make plural if needed.)
I am happy.__________________________________ We are excited.________________________________
You (informal) are sad. _________________________
Y’all (informal) are worried.____________________________
He is mad.___________________________________ They are busy._________________________________
She is tired.__________________________________ They (feminine) are depressed._____________________
You (formal) are nervous.______________________________ Y’all (formal) are calm.___________________________
Try these:
Anita and María are depressed. ______________________________________________________________
Susana is nervous. ________________________________________________________________________
My dad and my brother are calm. ____________________________________________________________
►SAYING WHAT JUST HAPPENED
*(form of ) acabar + de + (infinitive) is used for a specific person.
Elena acaba de comer. = Elena just ate.
*Notice the “de” in this sentence does not have a literal translation.
*Notice the verb tense in English is past, but in Spanish, it is still infinitive.
*Double verb rule- When two verbs work together in Spanish, the first is conjugated and the second is not.
I just read a novel. ____________________________________________________________________
We just ate a lot. _____________________________________________________________________
Manuel just got a bad grade. ____________________________________________________________
Did you just finish the test? _____________________________________________________________
►VENIR means _________________________________________.
*VENIR is an irregular verb
infinitive
venir
yo
tú
él, ella, usted
nosotros
vosotros
ellos, ellas,
ustedes
15
►GUSTAR literally means “to be pleasing”. We use it to talk about things we like.
Me gusta cantar. = I like to sing. (literally “Singing is pleasing to me.”)
_________________ gusta correr. = You like to run. (literally “Running is pleasing to you.”)
_________________ gusta patinar. = He/She likes to skate. (literally “Skating is pleasing to him/her.”)
_________________ gusta estudiar. = We like to study. (literally “Studying is pleasing to us.”)
_________________ gusta comer. = Y’all (informal) like to eat. (literally “Eating is pleasing to y’all.”)
_________________ gusta leer. = They like to read. (literally “Reading TV is pleasing to them.”)
*This is why GUSTAR is conjugated to match what you like, not who likes it. Nos gustamos.
* If you like something plural (more than one), use gustan (They are pleasing.).
Me gustan los perros. = I like dogs. (literally “Dogs are pleasing to me.”)
We like the books. = ________________________________________.
She likes the movies. = ______________________________________.
They like the concert. = ______________________________________.
* No goes before the me/ te/ le/ nos/ os/ les.
No me gusta la tarea. I don’t like the homework.
►CULTURE
*________________________________ are typical dances of Puerto Rico.
* Instruments used are: _____________________________, _____________________________,
______________________, and ____________________________.
* A guitar with four strings is called ______________________________.
16
Fourth Nine Weeks
Unidad 3 Etapa 12 (p. 197-217)
►STEM-CHANGING VERBS
* The stem is the part of the infinitive verb left after removing the ending (AR, ER, or IR).
* In a stem-changing verb, the stem changes in all forms but nosotros and vosotros.
* Stem-changing verbs are regular verbs, in the fact that they use REGULAR verb endings.
►JUGAR means ________________________________. It is an U › UE stem-changing verb.
infinitive
yo
tú
él, ella, usted
nosotros
vosotros
ellos, ellas,
ustedes
jugar
juego
juegas
juega
jugamos
jugáis
juegan
Here is another way to look at it:
I play_______________________________________ We play______________________________________
You (informal) play_____________________________ Y’all (informal) play___________________________________
He plays_____________________________________ They play____________________________________
She plays_____________________________________ They (feminine) play_____________________________
You (formal) play____________________________________ Y’all (formal) play______________________________
* stem-changing verbs are sometimes called “shoe verbs.” If you draw a line around the forms that change
stem, the two that don’t change are outside the “shoe.”
17
►E › IE STEM-CHANGING VERBS
To close ________________________________
to start ____________________________________
To understand ___________________________
to have a snack _____________________________
To lose _________________________________
to prefer __________________________________
To want ________________________________
to think ___________________________________
*If there is more than one E in the stem, the second E has the stem-change.
merendar stem = merend
*Notice querer does not have two Es in the stem.
stem = quer
* Remember, nosotros and vosotros (outside the shoe) don’t change the stem.
Try these:
infinitive
yo
tú
él, ella, usted
nosotros
vosotros
ellos, ellas,
ustedes
cerrar
perder
entender
►MAKING COMPARISONS
Football is more interesting than soccer. __________________________________________________.
Tennis is less fun than basketball.
__________________________________________________.
Hockey is as popular as football.
__________________________________________________.
*Notice in Spanish, we don’t use the same word twice for this comparison.
I like to run more than to swim.
__________________________________________________.
She likes to ski less than to lift weights. __________________________________________________.
We like surfing as much as volleyball.
__________________________________________________.
*Notice in Spanish, we don’t use the same word twice for this comparison.
*Comparisons followed by a number use “de” not “que”.
There are more than five boys on the team. __________________________________________________.
We have less than ten minutes to play.
__________________________________________________.
* Most comparisons must use “más”, as in Spanish we don’t use the suffix “er.”
For example, we can’t say smarter, we must say more smart.
*There are only a few adjectives with comparison forms.
My sister is older than my brother.
__________________________________________________.
My mother is younger than my father.
__________________________________________________.
My team is better than your team.
__________________________________________________.
Your grades are worse than my grades.
__________________________________________________.
►SABER means __________________________________________. It is an irregular verb.
*Saber is used for _________________________________________.
*Conocer is used for _______________________________________.
infinitive
yo
tú
él, ella, usted
nosotros
vosotros
ellos, ellas,
ustedes
saber
►CULTURE
* ____________________________ is a popular sport in Puerto Rico. They play in the _______________
season.
*Many players also come from other countries, like __________________________________,
____________________________________, _____________________________________,
____________________________________, and __________________________________.
* ___________________________________ was the first latino elected to the Hall of Fame. He played for
the ________________________________.
Helpful Site
www.classzone.com
REFERENCE En Español, McDougal Littell, Evanston , Illinois: 2004