The Compact Disc Story
Kees A. Schouhamer Immink
Turing Machines Inc
Rotterdam
Early History
Making and listening to music has
always been a fundamental
human need.
Vermeer: The Music Lesson (1662
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Early recording devices
Being able to record sounds
was always a dream of
inventors. Although musical
boxes and barrel organs
allowed people to hear
music without anyone
having to play, the sound
was very limited.
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From Cylinder to CD in a Century
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1877
1887
1910
1950
1958
1982
Edison cylinder
Berliner disk
Electronic amplification
LP
Stereo LP
Compact Disc
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Edison’s Studio 1900
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Discs
The first phonographs had
one disadvantage - the
recordings could not be
duplicated. In 1894, Emile
Berliner modified the
phonograph to use a disc
rather than a cylinder.
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Advantages of digital audio
Alec Reeves (1936)
Quality depends on conversion steps ONLY
Quality independent of transmission media
Compatibility with different media and traffic (video,
audio, and data)
Low cost
New features can easily be embedded.
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Sigsaly, 1943
The first digital speech transmission
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History of Optical Media
• 1958 Videodisc, Greg
• 1965 Digital videodisc, Russell (Battelle)
• 1969 Videodisc, Compaan (Philips)
• 1973-1979 Development Digital Audio Disc
• 1979-1980 Cooperation Philips & Sony
• 1982 Introduction Compact Disc, Japan
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Compact Disc
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Optical Read-out
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Early optical recording (1965)
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Strategic Sony/Philips Alliance
• Philips
• Optics
• Mechanics
• Servos
• Sony
• Digital audio systems
• Coding
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Shopping List, Dec. 1979
Philips
SONY
Sampling rate
44.0-45.0
44.1, 44.068
Resolution
14 bit
16 bit
Playing time
60 min.
60 min.
Disc diameter
11.5 cm
10 cm
EC Code
?
?
Channel code
M3
?
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Disc Diameter (Philips)
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Playing Time
• 1978 - Sony: 150 min. on a 30 cm disc.
• 1978 - Philips: 60 min. on an 11.5 cm disc.
• 1979 - Von Karajan suggested 74 minutes to
accommodate Furtwängler's Beethoven’s 9th
Symphony.
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Final Technical Decisions
• March/June 1980
• Sampling rate:
• Resolution:
• Error Correction:
• Disc diameter:
• Playing Time:
• Channel code:
44.1 kHz
16 bits
CIRC
120 mm
74 min. 33 sec.
EFM
(Sony)
(Sony)
(Sony)
(Sony)
(Sony)
(Philips)
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Cross Interleaved Reed-Solomon (RS)
Code (CIRC)
• CIRC uses two short RS codes, namely (32,
28, 5) and (28, 24, 5) RS codes using an
interleaver.
• Rate ¾.
• Interleaving memory: 16 kbit.
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CIRC characteristics
• High random error correctability.
• Burst errors of up to 3,500 bits (2.4mm).
• Interpolation of error bursts of up to 12,000
bits (8.5 mm) provides concealment of missing
samples.
• Simple decoder strategy possible with
reasonably-sized RAM.
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Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation (EFM)
• EFM is a ‘dc-free’ run length limited code,
where minimum and maximum run length is 3
and 11.
• Low frequencies are suppressed.
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Pits and lands
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Pits and lands
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Philips First Decoding Circuitry
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Philips First ECC Integrated Circuit
Area of 45 mm2
contains about 12.000
gates.
Error Correction IC, nchannel MOS silicongate.
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First portable CD player, Sony 1984
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Impact
• New life for a dying music industry
• Big Bang digital audio and video revolution
• Low-cost and reliable data distribution: CDROM, CD-R
• New optical media: DVD, Blu-Ray
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Recording Basics I
Spot diameter:
d = λ / 2NA,
λ : laser wavelength,
NA : Numerical aperture.
Storage Capacity:
Capacity ~ 1/d 2 .
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Recording Basics II
• Focus depth ~ D x NA2
• Disc tilt tolerance ~ D x NA3.
NA
D
• For given tilt tolerance: halving the disc
thickness, D, allows an NA increase of 21/3 ,
and a storage capacity increase of 22/3 = 1.6 .
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From CD, DVD to Blu-Ray
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The Success Story in Numbers
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1982:
1985:
1992:
1993:
1995:
2006:
2008:
Introduction CD Audio
CD-ROM
CD-R(ecordable)
Video CD
DVD (4.7Gbyte)
BluRay Disc (25 Gbyte)
200.000.000.000 discs sold
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