LL
LAKELAND
LABORATORIES
LIMITED
Manufacturers of Speciality Surfactants
4 Wax Emulsions
Why? Which? Where?
1
Amphoterics
2 Phosphate Esters
3
Imidazolines
4
Wax Emulsions
CHEMICALS FOR INDUSTRY
Certificate No.890395
Why Wax Emulsions?
INTRODUCTION
method, and are nonionic or cationic in nature. The
pressure emulsions are of particularly fine particle size,
giving much improved stability, with some grades being
translucent.
Lakeland Laboratories have developed a range of
completely aqueous polyethylene wax emulsions. They
include homopolymers, oxidised homopolymers,
copolymers and montan ester waxes. The emulsions are
manufactured under pressure, or by the wax to water
Some of the many properties/advantages wax emulsions offer to the formulator are;
■
■
Ease of handling;
Free flowing liquids with low viscosity.
■
Added toughness in polymer coatings.
■
Slip properties;
Improved mechanical handling of packaged goods.
■
Aqueous based;
No solvents contained, compatibility with aqueous systems.
■
Lubricity;
Increased stitching speed in fabrics.
■
Film forming;
Anti scuff;
Surface coatings protected from abrasion.
■
Durability;
Excellent ‘wearability’ in dry-bright floor polishes.
Anti blocking;
Coat to coat adhesion reduced.
Lakelands Wax Emulsion Range
PROPERTIES
Lakewax
Ionic
Character
Appearance (A10)
pH (neat)(p2)
OXIDISED HOMOPOLYMER
Solids Contents(S3)
Optical
Absorbance
at 650nm
24.0 - 26.0%
1.7 maximum
POLYETHYLENE COPOLYMER
Lakewax 52
Nonionic
Homogeneous translucent
emulsion
10.0 - 11.0
OXIDISED HOMOPOLYMER
Lakewax 29
Nonionic
Translucent emulsion
7.5 - 9.0
31.0 - 34.0%
1.8 maximum
Lakewax 37
Nonionic
Off-white translucent
emulsion
8.0 - 10.5
34.0 - 36.0%
1.8 maximum
Lakewax C37
Cationic
Homogeneous and
translucent emulsion
3.0 - 5.0
25.0 - 29.0%
–
Lakewax 60/40
Nonionic
Off-white translucent
emulsion
7.3 - 8.8
38.0 - 40.0%
1.81 maximum
Lakewax C60
Cationic
Homogeneous translucent
emulsion
5.0
maximum
24.5 - 28.5%
0.6 maximum
Lakewax 65
Nonionic
Off white emulsion
8.0 - 9.0
26 - 32%
–
MONTAN ESTER
Lakewax 20
Nonionic
Milky white emulsion
3.0 - 6.0
(Analytical method reference) available on request.
1
18.0 - 20.0%
1.7 maximum
Which Wax Emulsion?
The case has been made “WHY” wax emulsions are used.
The problem for the formulator then becomes - “WHICH
WAX EMULSION”? Consideration of the following
characteristics should be the main criteria for selection of
the correct emulsion.
■
Ionic Character
■
Hardness of Wax
■
Slip Resistance
■
Solvent Compatibility
■
Hardness of Film
Ionic Character
Nonionic
Cationic
Lakeland wax emulsions produced using nonionic
emulsifiers are not substantive to hard surfaces. In coating
applications they are used in combination with film forming
polymers where the emulsion particles are mechanically
lodged in the polymer lattice, or form surface layers at the
polymer/air interface.
Lakeland wax emulsions produced using cationic emulsifiers
are film forming and more substantive to surfaces. This
property makes cationic wax emulsions ideal for temporary
protective coatings, textile applications and for formulating
water repellents.
Wax Hardness and Particle Size
Product
Drop Point of Wax
Component, °C
( ASTM 3954)
Typical Softening Point
Hardness of Wax dmm
(ASTM D5)
of Dried Wax Film Via
OXIDISED
HOMOPOLYMER
DSC,
°C
Typical
Particle Size
(Microns)
Lakewax 20
85
85
Lakewax 29
140
130
0.5 max
60.0
Lakewax 37
138
130
0.5 max
0.6
Lakewax C37
138
128
0.5 max
0.3
Lakewax 52
105
101
2.0
0.1
Lakewax 60/40
102
102
5.5
0.6
Lakewax C60
102
102
5.5
80.0
88
*
Lakewax 65
N/A
0.3
90.0 (ASTM D1321)
5.0
* No exact indication of softening point from DSC due to softness of wax.
Slip Resistance
The slip resistance of a wax emulsion can be approximated
from its softening point. In general it is observed that the
softer more flexible waxes show greater slip resistance than
the harder wax emulsions.
Solvent Compatibility
Product
10% Lakewax in 10% Solvent + 80% Water
10% Lakewax in 45% Solvent + 45% Water
OXIDISED
Methanol HOMOPOLYMER
DPM*
Water
Water
IPA
IPA
Methanol
DPM*
Lakewax 20
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✘
✓
✓
Lakewax 29
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Lakewax 37
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Lakewax C37
✓
✘
✘
✓
✓
✘
✘
✘
Lakewax 52
✓
✘
✘
✓
✓
✘
✘
✘
Lakewax 60/40
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✘
Lakewax C60
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✘
✘
✘
Lakewax 65
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✘
* Dipropylene glycol monomethylether.
2
Foaming Properties(F6)
Foam Height, cm
500
450
5.0% Solution
400
2.0% Solution
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
20
29
37
C37
(Analytical method reference)
available on request.
52
60/40
C60
65
LAKEWAX
Compatibility with Lakeland Surfactants
Amphoterics
Imidazolines
All Lakewaxes, except for 52,
should be stable in systems
containing dipropionate type
amphoterics such as AMA and
AMA LF40. Lakewaxes are not
very stable with monopropionate
type amphoterics, such as
Lakeland ACP-70.
The more water soluble Imidazolines,
such as Imidazoline 18OH, are
stable at relatively high concentrations
with Lakeland’s cationic waxes.
The nonionic waxes have only
been found to be stable with
Imidazolines in their acetate form.
Phosphate Esters
The potassium salts of phosphate
esters based on ethoxylated phenols
and ethoxylated alcohols, such as
PPE 604 and PAE 136, have been
found to be stable in systems with
Lakeland’s wax emulsions. The
emulsions are, however, known
to be less stable with free acids.
General Information
Product
Emulsifier
S.G (20°C)
Standard
CAS No
(typical) OXIDISED
Pack Size*
of Wax
HOMOPOLYMER
Wax
Content %
Viscosity 20°C
(typical) cPs
Data
Sheet
Lakewax 20
Nonionic
1.002
200 Kg
73138-46-2
17
52
963
Lakewax 29
Nonionic
0.995
200 Kg
68441-17-8
27
25
965
Lakewax 37
Nonionic
1.010
200 Kg
68441-17-8
26
200
967
Lakewax C37
Cationic
1.000
200 Kg
68441-17-8
19
15
972
Lakewax 52
Nonionic
0.995
200 Kg
9010-77-9
20
25
968
Lakewax 60/40
Nonionic
0.990
200 Kg
68441-17-8
31
70
969
Lakewax C60
Cationic
0.990
200 Kg
68441-17-8
19
15
973
Lakewax 65
Nonionic
0.985
200 Kg
68441-17-8
24
15
971
Temperature Stability
*Lakewaxes are available in pack sizes from 25kg up to bulk
road tankers, as well as in our standard containers.
All wax emulsions are sensitive to cold and as such should
be protected from freezing/cold temperatures. Optimum
storage conditions: 10°C to 25°C in sealed containers.
3
Where to use Wax Emulsions?
We now have answers to WHY and WHICH wax emulsion.
The following examples of WHERE Wax Emulsions are
often applied should give the formulator a complete
picture of the flexibility of these types of surfactant.
Major Areas of Application
Paints/Lacquers
Floor Polishes/Maintainers
Due to environmental pressures, replacing solvents in paint
systems is a major requirement/problem for the paint
industry. The obvious choice to the formulator is to move
towards water-based systems. Polyethylene wax emulsions
are the ideal additive for water-based coatings due to
their physical stability, small particle size and ease of
handling. Addition of polyethylene wax emulsion can
improve anti-scuff properties, gloss, anti-blocking,
waterproofing, and slip properties. Polyethylene wax
emulsions are finding applications in emulsion paints
and wood finishes. Lakewax 37 and 29 are the preferred
emulsions for these purposes.
Oxidised polyethylene waxes are an essential component
of liquid floor polish systems. The addition of the wax
gives the following properties: durability, gloss, black heel
mark resistance, self-healing, buffability, and water
resistance. Hard waxes such as Lakewax 37 are used when
high gloss is required. Softer waxes such as Lakewax 60/40
are used for institutions where there is concern over injury
due to slipping. Lakewax 52 is a popular choice of wax as
it offers gloss with lower slip properties. Lakewaxes are
often used in combination to produce the desired effect.
After applying the polish, the floor has to be maintained
until stripped and re-applied. Maintainers are produced
by incorporating a wax emulsion in a neutral detergent.
The preferred wax for maintainers is Lakewax 52.
*For information on floor strippers we would refer you to our
brochure on amphoterics.
Printing Inks
Water-based flexographic printing systems have been
designed for economical printing of, for example, packaging
material and disposable paper goods. The systems were
designed for water-based printing inks. Therefore aqueous
wax emulsions were required to impart anti-scuff properties
and more importantly anti-blocking properties. Lakewax 37
and 29 are the preferred products due to their hardness
and anti-slip properties.
Facade Protection
Lakewaxes are used in combination with film forming
polymers to produce facade protection/coatings that are
barely visible and non-yellowing. They are designed to
act as sacrificial coatings, that is, resistant to rain water
but removable by hot water or slightly alkaline stripper.
For this application Lakewax 60/40 and 20 are the
preferred emulsions.
Textiles
Polyethylene wax emulsions are used in the textile industry
on both natural and synthetic fibres. Nonionic wax
emulsions are generally applied in admixture by padding
prior to heat setting, to add softening, improved tear
strength, anti-pilling, and reduced needle cutting, due
to lower friction. Cationic wax emulsions, due to their
substantive nature, can be used as post dye-bath
additives for synthetic fibres to impart an antistatic
and softening finish.
Wood and Timber Protection
Wax emulsions are widely used in interior wood finishes as
well as for outdoor timber treatment. Interior wood finishes
are enhanced by the addition of a wax emulsion; in
particular their gloss, anti-scuff and sandability properties
are improved, along with a better feel to the finish. In Timber
Protective Coatings improvements experienced from wax
emulsion addition are in abrasion resistance, water proofing,
weathering and anti-blocking properties.
Fabrics such as cotton and its polyester blends are usually
resin treated for easy care. The handle of the fabric is
altered and can be rectified by the use of Lakewax 60/40 as
a softener. Where sewing speeds and needle wear/burn are
of prime consideration Lakewax 37,29 and C37 are
recommended since these are based on harder waxes and
provide better sewing lubricity. The higher melting point of
these grades also provides benefits in terms of greater
permanence/resistance to removal by laundering. The
average level of use is 0.8% - 1.0% on weight of fabric.
Lakewax 52 is often the preferred emulsion for use in interior
wood finishes, whereas Lakewax 37, due to its film
hardness, possesses better weathering resistance, and is
therefore preferred in exterior wood treatment. Wax
emulsions are used in wood coatings as anti-blocking
agents. They are also used to impart sandability, surface
protection and softness of touch. Lakewaxes 29 and 37
are the recommended waxes for these applications,
and Lakewaxes 52 and 60 are also recommended as
anti-slip agents.
Cationic wax emulsions are substantive and can be applied
as post dye-bath additives to impart softening and antistatic
effect. This latter property is particularly useful in treating
acrylic yarn prior to knitting. For this application Lakewax
C37 is recommended.
4
Further Application Areas
concrete facades. The coatings give atmospheric corrosion
protection and soiling pick-up and the film is then easily
removable using 2-3% ammonia or 0.5-1% sodium
hydroxide solution.
Mould Release
Oxidised Polyethylene wax emulsions are used as mould
release agents for the production of polyurethane products.
The emulsion is diluted and sprayed on the mould. The
melting point of the wax emulsion should be above the
mould temperature, so that the emulsion dries, to form a
film. Lakewax 37 is usually preferred in this application.
Anti-Transpiration
When applied to foliage of plants the coating acts as a
barrier to water vapour whilst allowing the passage of
gases essential for continued growth.
Tube Drawing
Oxidised polyethylene wax emulsions are used as
lubricants in tube drawing, Lakewax 37 is the most
commonly used emulsion in this application.
Paper and Board
Coatings/Lubricant - High quality glossy printing paper is
produced by clay coating followed by a subsequent friction
glazing procedure. The lubricant normally used is calcium
stearate which acts to reduce dusting and to facilitate
release during calendering. Lakewax emulsions can
replace the stearates particularly in high speed calendering
of heavy publication grade paper.
Agricultural
A potential use for Lakewaxes is in spraying on
seeds/fertilizer. This can improve the flow properties of the
bulk material, as well as protecting the seeds from moisture
loss/penetration and aiding the release properties of
the fertilizer.
Sizing - In combination with resin and wax sizes, Lakewax
emulsions improve low temperature properties, chemical
resistance and surface smoothness. Lakewax 37 and 29
are the preferred emulsions.
Automobile Polishes
The incorporation of polyethylene wax emulsion in a nonbuilt detergent system gives the formulator the option to
dispense the polish via a trigger spray or a high pressure
hose. When using the trigger spray method, the car can be
cleaned by cloth followed by the buffing of the wax with a dry
cloth. Lakewax C37 and C60 are the preferred emulsions.
Corrugated Board Treatment - Lakewax emulsions can be
sprayed or roll coated on to board to matt down the fibres.
This reduces the tendency of packaging to scratch furniture
and appliances. Lakewax 37 is recommended in this application.
Transfer Papers - Receptor sheets of duplicating paper are
frequently treated with Lakewax emulsions in order to
improve ink release.
Packaging Films
The application of wax emulsions by roller imparts
improved properties on polyethylene and polypropylene
film used for packaging. Lakewax 20 is recommended for
this application.
Wet Strength Improvement - Lakewax emulsions improve
wet and dry strength of the melamine wet strength resins.
Printability Improvement - Lakewax 60 is added to the
starch treatment to improve ink hold-out. With certain inks
this gives a better print and lower ink consumption.
Temporary Protective Coatings
Due to environmental constraints, solvent based products
are frequently being replaced by water based systems.
Wax emulsions can be formulated to show complete film
forming properties. The coatings give atmospheric
corrosion protection and the film itself is easily removable
by 2 - 3% ammonia or 1-2% sodium hydroxide solution.
Glass Bottle Lubricant
Lakewaxes used at 0.1-0.3% solids are sprayed onto bottles
as they leave the annealing furnace, ie whilst they are still hot
and the water flashes off. Lakewax 52 is preferred as it does
not interfere with the printing or gluing of labels. The thin
polyethylene film acts as a lubricant thus reducing breakages.
Fruit Coatings
Although not on the range, Lakeland can produce ‘Anionic’
based wax emulsions. These can be incorporated into
shellac based resins and used in the coating of citrus fruits.
In this application the fruit skin is coated to protect both the
skin and the fruit itself from moisture loss.
Glass Fibre Sizing
Lakewax 37 and C37 improve lubricity and pilling.
Insecticide Stickers
Lakewax 60/40 with excess surfactant are added to
insecticide concentrate. The emulsion acts as a spreading
agent for better distribution of insecticide. The latter retains
its activity for a longer period due to better water resistance
from the inclusion of polyethylene.
Metal Working
Wax emulsions coated onto small metal parts/components
such as nails, tacks and screws ease handling for the
operator by reducing agglomeration and also help protect
the components from abrasion. Lakewaxes 29 and 20 are
recommended for this application.
Leather Treatment
Lakewax additives improve surface smoothness, buffability,
plating and glazing properties in typical casein-type
dressings. They are also used on the surfaces of grained,
buffed and aniline leathers. The preferred products are
Lakewax 37 and 60/40.
Alkali Strippable Coatings
Combinations of Lakewax 37 and Lakewax 60/40 with
ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer emulsion can be used in
coatings where severe soiling is a problem, eg automotive
coatings, trains, Aluminium cladding, tiled walls, brick and
5
AMPHOTERICS
Types
Properties
Industrial Applications
The following represent the synthesis
capabilities of Lakeland plant resources;
Dipropionates
• Amidation
• Cyclisation
• Esterification
• Quaternisation
• Oxidation
Monopropionate
Solubilisation
Hydrotrope
Highly Alkali Stable
Acid Stable
Salt Free
Corrosion Protection
Low Foam/High Foam
Biostatic
Wetting
Emulsification
Hydrophobe (In Acid)
Free Rinsing
Non Toxic
Hard Water Stable
Skin Friendly
Lubrication
Detergents
Maintenance Chemicals
Metal Finishing
Lubricants -Bottling/Conveyer
Vehicle Cleaning
Toiletries
Textiles
Oil Fields
Micro Emulsions
Agriculture
Institutional
Water Treatment
SYNTHESIS CAPABILITIES
• Condensation
• Dehydration
• Organophosphates
• Saponification
• Others Considered
TOLL MANUFACTURE AND CUSTOM SYNTHESIS
Toll manufacture has always been an
important part of Lakeland’s business. The
strategic location and our proven track
record leads to long lasting
working relationships. With on-site
engineering facilities our existing plant can
be easily modified to customer
requirements. All custom and Toll
manufacture is carried out under a mutually
agreeable secrecy contract.
TECHNICAL SERVICES
Research and development of in-house
products extends our expertise into new
markets. Toll and custom synthesis is
backed-up by lab-scale work and customer
liaison. To support the above and to develop
and improve new products the laboratory
facilities include;
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Gas Chromatography
FTIR
Ultraviolet/Visible Spectroscopy
Automated Wet Analysis Methods:Karl Fisher, Chloride Determination,
Titroprocessor
Classical Wet Analysis
Autoclave Facilities
Process Development
Formulation
Small scale custom laboratory synthesis will
be considered. Applications and formulation
help is given where possible.
Amino Betaines
Amido Betaines
PHOSPHATE ESTERS
Types
Properties
Phosphated
Alcohols
Industrial Applications
Wetting
Solubilisation
Hydrotropes
Highly Alkali Stable
Corrosion Inhibition
Phosphated
Low Foam/High Foam
Alcohol Ethoxylates Emulsification
Load Carrying
Free Rinsing
Hard Water Stable
Phosphated
Phenol Ethoxylates
Metal Work/Finishing
Detergents
Maintenance Chemicals
Textiles
Agriculture
Oil Fields
Institutional
Water Treatment
Vehicle Cleaning
Lubricants
Emulsion Polymerisation
IMIDAZOLINES
Types
Properties
Industrial Applications
Aminoethyl
Corrosion Inhibition
Dispersants
Dewatering
Emulsification
Rheology Modifiers
Oil Soluble
Water Soluble (Salts)
Adhesion Promoters
Acid Stable
Flocculation
Textiles Softeners
Bitumen Emulsification
Oil Fields
Metal Working
Textiles
Paper
Lubricants
Road Making
Paints
Inks
Agriculture
Maintenance Chemicals
Lapping Compounds
Pigment Dispersion
Hydroxy Ethyl
Amido Ethyl
Amide Blends
WAX EMULSIONS
QUALITY
Types
At Lakeland we are fully aware of the
necessity for complete customer service
in terms of both technical back-up and
quality/flexibility of supply.
Polyethylene
Properties
Completely Aqueous
Nonionic
Oxidised
Cationic
Polyethylene
Small Particle Size
Highly Stable
Polyethylene/
Hard Waxes
Acrylic Copolymers Soft Waxes
18-35% Solids
Montan Ester
We are a BS EN ISO 9002 registered
company which, in itself, shows our
dedication to quality manufacture and
customer satisfaction.
6
Industrial Applications
Floor Polish
Printing Ink (Flexographic)
Temporary Protective Coatings
Metal Working
Wood Finishes
Facade Protection
Textile Finishing
Packaging Films
Paints (Water Based)
Fruit Coating
Anti Blocking
Mould Release
AUSTRALIA
DENMARK
Fernz Speciality Chemicals
Sydney
Tel: +61 (0) 2 9755 9600
Fax: +61 (0) 2 9755 9611
AUSTRIA
Chr. Krogh, AS
Kobenhaven
Tel: +45 (0) 39 62 98 08
Fax: +45 (0) 39 62 50 88
FRANCE
Jauk GmbH & Co KG
Wien
Tel: +43 (0) 1 535 12 69
Fax: +43 (0) 1 535 97 55
BENELUX
A. Arnaud SA
Paris
Tel: +33 (0) 1 44 73 10 00
Fax: +33 (0) 1 44 73 10 49
GERMANY
Espachem
Bunschoten, HOLLAND
Tel: +31 (0) 33 298 1983
Fax: +31 (0) 33 298 8468
Polygon Chemie AG
Olten, Switzerland
Tel: +41 (0) 62 205 50 20
Fax: +41 (0) 62 205 50 30
INDIA (Manufacturer)
Vapson Chemical Products Ltd
Bombay
AGENCIES AND
DISTRIBUTION
INDONESIA
Prior Company Ltd
Jakarta
Tel: +62 (0) 816 835 761
Fax: +62 (0) 21 916 9718
ISRAEL
Paz Lubricants & Chemicals Ltd
Haifa
Tel: +973 (0) 4 835 2095
Fax: +972 (0) 4 862 5601
ITALY
➔
PRESTON & M6
ROCHDALE
Chemservice srl
Milano
LEEDS
➔
M66
M62
BOLTON
CARLISLE
➔
Tel: +91 (0) 22 496 2244
Fax: +91 (0) 22 496 4499
MALAYSIA
M61
Prior Chemical Ind (M) SDN. BHD
Selangor
OLDHAM
A 580
CANAL
NEW ZEALAND
M602
SHEFFIELD
M67
M60
Fernz Chemicals (NZ) Ltd
Auckland
➔
➔
LAKELAND
LABS
M60
MANCHESTER
CITY CENTRE
M56
✈ MANCHESTER
INTERNATIONAL
SvedaKjemi AS
Oslo
Tel: +47 (0) 22 88 16 00
Fax: +47 (0) 22 72 00 52
Frederikstadt
Tel: +47 (0) 69 32 30 10
Fax: +47 (0) 69 32 10 70
AIRPORT
M6
Tel: +64 (0) 9 415 7001
Fax: +64 (0) 9 415 7002
NORWAY
STOCKPORT
➔
Tel: +60 (0) 3 732 6628
Fax: +60 (0) 3 732 8628
M60
A 580
M60
M6
Tel: +39 (0) 362 554 807
Fax: +39 (0) 362 554 877
A1
KNUTSFORD
M6
PORTUGAL
BIRMINGHAM & LONDON
Horquim Representações
Lda, Maia
LEEDS
SINGAPORE
M61
M62
Prior Co (Singapore) Pte Ltd
M1
M62
Tel: +65 (0) 784 7560
Fax: +65 (0) 784 7562
SPAIN
MANCHESTER
M56
A1 (M)
Merck Farma y Quimica, SA
Barcelona
Tel: +34 (0) 3 565 55 00
Fax: +34 (0) 3 544 02 59
SWEDEN
M6
M1
MB-Sveda
Malmo
Tel: +46 (0) 40 35 28 00
Fax: +46 (0) 40 12 51 72
Norrköping
Tel: +46 (0) 11 10 64 20
Fax: +46 (0) 11 10 26 21
Kista
Tel: +46 (0) 8 632 36 00
Fax: +46 (0) 8 752 00 91
Göteborg
Tel: +46 (0) 31 83 80 00
Fax: +46 (0) 31 84 39 80
BIRMINGHAM
NORTHAMPTON
M5
Tel: +351 (0) 2 967 0982
Fax: +351 (0) 2 967 3287
M6
SWITZERLAND
LAKELAND LABORATORIES LIMITED
Peel Lane, Astley Green, Tyldesley,
Manchester M29 7FE, England.
Telephone: +44 (0)1942 873555, Fax: +44 (0)1942 884409.
Tel: +41 (0) 62 205 50 20
Fax: +41 (0) 62 205 50 30
TAIWAN
Keeneyes Industrial Corp
Taipei
Tel: +886 (0) 2 2394 9504
Fax: +886 (0) 2 2393 4896
THAILAND
Prior Chemical Ind (Thailand) Co Ltd
Bangkok
Tel: +66 (0) 2 332 5234
Fax: +66 (0) 2 332 6595
Ref: Lakeland W.Emul (2), SLDC 4/98 1m
LL
Polygon Chemie AG
Olten