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α α DB-β β Book “The old man and the sea” Manual “Windows XP Service Guide” Book “The old man and the sea” Unintended models must be taken into account! “Windows XP Service Guide” / -H " B 7 2+ : ( > > ( : > # I . :< 8 :# " FJ # / 1 1 / ! ' ( + # E ( 6 ( I > I > + ' ! ! - .* ? ? ? > > ' ! * . * - .* > Conceptualization C Commitment: K = < C,I > Language L Interpretation Intended models IK(L) Models MD(L) Ontology 3 ( ) ! Less good E # ( B > BAD " # > ( # ( WORSE B > ( ! tennis football game field game court game athletic game outdoor game ) game(x) → activity(x) athletic game(x) → game(x) court game(x) ↔ athletic game(x) ∧ ∃y. played_in(x,y) ∧ court(y) tennis(x) → court game(x) double fault(x) → fault(x) ∧ ∃y. part_of(x,y) ∧ tennis(y) game athletic game court game tennis outdoor game field game football Taxonomy Glossary Catalog game NT athletic game NT court game RT court NT tennis RT double fault Thesaurus Ontological precision Axiomatized theory DB/OO scheme MD(L) IB(L) IA(L) 4 5 ! & ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! > ( ( ! * 6 7 " 8 ! &9 @ % . > ! " ! ! ? ' ! 7 , ! < ! B ) * % ! > ( ! B ! ( ( " ! ! : ! :' ! ; > ) ' " > > ! : # > 4 6 E < 6 ' ( > ( < ( ( " ( > ( ! & * 4 ? 6 ? ? < ? ' ? C ? ) ? 6 ? = ) A common ontology vocabulary should be based on these theories!! " ! 8 ! ( 0 <& =& >& ?& A& ) 0 0 @9 $ ( % B& C& % @9 0 ! ) ! D& ! @9 $ ) ! $ $ E F Object Group Location Region Social group Group of people Nation1 Nation2 depends on Admin. district Nation3 is located in WonderWeb 4 4 = . ) # ( 0 > > 7 7 : ! ! : ( ( ! ( ( : ( % E % % = ! =C ! C ! DG ' $ <GG $ >G ( F E F 7 :H ' Endurant Physical Quality Amount of matter Physical object Feature Non-Physical Mental object Social object … Perdurant Static State Process Dynamic Achievement Accomplishment Spatial location … Temporal Temporal location … Abstract Abstract Quality region Time region Space region Color region … … Physical ! & ) : * + + ( + > * + = " " # 777 : : ! ) ! &) * % ! ! ) ! " ! 4 ! ! E ! ' ! ! ' > $ ( * + ( + $ + > ( Qualities vs. Features • 4 ! • • ( 7 * - ( . 7 # 7 J1K ' B) L' M , ! ! B > 4 4 : ( F70 ' & : < B) L' M , 4 ' ! " D 4 - . ( B) L > # 7 7 ) ) ) ) ( + ( + + < N , ) :$ 7 I $ ( : ) ) ) : > ( 9 " B, 0 " ; 1 7 - ( B . - . ( B ! 9 : : % 6 / # " # 4 7 ! ) ! ! ! 0 $ " ! ! ! $ ! " ! " ! " ! www.loa-cnr.it
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