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Ch. 18.1 Objectives
• 1. Explain the breakdown in relations
between the United States and the soviet
union after World War 2.
• 2. Summarize the steps taken to contain
Soviet influence.
• 3. Describe how the Truman doctrine and the
Marshall Plan deepened Cold War tensions.
• 4. Explain how conflicts over Germany
increased fear of Soviet aggression.
Chapter 18: Cold War Conflicts
Section 1: Origins of the Cold War
Cold War: 1945 – 1991
•
Conflict between US & USSR but never confronted the other on
the battlefield.
•
US & USSR fought for influence over nonnon-aligned nations.
Origins of Cold War
1. WWI
–
Russian Revolution,
Revolution, 1917 – pulled out of WWI.
•
2.
3.
US refused recognition of USSR until FDR in the ’30’s.
NonNon-Aggression Pact,
Pact, 1939 – Hitler & Stalin agree not to fight each other.
Stalin resented delay of Allies’ attack on Germany in Europe.
A-bomb - US tried to keep it a secret from USSR.
United Nations – chartered June 26, 1945, peacekeeping body became
arena for superpowers to compete.
Potsdam Conference – Stalin refuses to honor Yalta’s free election
agreement & Stalin wants reparations that Truman doesn’t.
–
•
–
Big Three agree to split Germany into occupation zones to get reparations.
“Iron Curtain,” USSR wants E. European “satellite nations” as protection
from W. Europe.
Containment Policy
•
Truman Doctrine – “official” policy of containment
–
•
US would support any nation resisting communism, 1st was Greece &
Turkey.
Marshall Plan
–
WWII
–
–
–
Post WWII
–
Communism = property controlled by state, Capitalism = private property
Between the Wars – 1917 – 1939
–
4.
•
Plan to aid all European nations to revive Europe & by 1952 W. Europe
was flourishing and COMMUNISM LOST ITS APPEAL.
APPEAL.
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) – April 4, 1949
–
–
–
10 W. European nations & US & Canada formed a defensive military
alliance to protect itself from USSR.
1st peace time military alliance in US history.
Reaction to the Berlin blockade.
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Berlin Airlift
Cause:
• 1948, the US, Britain & France decided to reunify W. Germany &
W. Berlin.
• June, 1948, USSR began a blockade of Berlin to force the 3 powers
to release W. Berlin & forget reunification.
• Next 327 days, 277k flights & 2.3 m tons of supplies dropped forced
USSR to lift blockade in May 1949.
• Two German nations created.
Chapter 18 Section 3:
Ch. 18.3 Objectives
• 1. Describe government efforts to
investigate the loyalty of U.S. citizens.
• 2. Explain the spy cases of Alger Hiss and
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.
• 3. Describe the efforts of Senator Joseph
McCarthy to investigate alleged Communist
influence in the United States.
Fear of Communist Influence
• Federal Employee Loyalty Program
– To determine loyalty of gov’t workers
– Atty. General drew up list of 91 “subversive” organizations
– 1947 – 52, 3.2 m. investigated, fired 212 & 2,900 resigned
• House UnUn-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
– Investigated communism in Hollywood.
– 43 “friendly” witnesses testified
– Hollywood Ten, 10 “unfriendly” witnesses called but refused. They felt the
hearings were unconstitutional & they were sent to jail.
– Hollywood execs put together a blacklistblacklist- approx. 500 actors, writers,
producers, & directorsdirectors- they could no longer work.
• McCarran Internal Security Act, 1950
– Unlawful to plan any action that might lead to the est. of a totalitarian
dictatorship in the US.
– Truman vetoed the bill, but Congress overrode his veto & passed it.
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Spy Cases Stun the Nation
• Alger Hiss – former State Department official
– Former communist spy implicated Hiss, saying he typed the documents.
– Hiss claimed innocence but convicted of perjury (lying) & sent to jail.
– 1990’s Soviet letters released by NSA seemed to prove Hiss’ guilt.
• The Rosenbergs - 1953
– Physics Klaus Fuchs admitted giving USSR information about the A
A--Bomb
and allowing USSR to make their bomb sooner than expected.
– Fuchs accused Julius & Ethel Rosenberg of being involved.
– Convicted of espionage & sentenced to death.
– People pleaded for clemency, thought evidence & testimony too weak for
death sentence.
– 1953 they were executed, 1st civilians executed for spying in US history.
McCarthyism
• Tactics
– Repub. Senator Joseph McCarthy needed an issue to get reelected.
– Said he had names of Communists in State Department, claims were
unsupported.
– Republicans didn’t stop him and he only accused in the Senate where he had
immunity from slander.
• Downfall
– 1954, McCarthy accuses the US Army
– His bullying of witnesses cost him support & the Senate condemned him for
improper conduct.
– He died 3 years later.
• Other AntiAnti-Communist Measures
– 39 states passed making it illegal to advocate the violent overthrow of the
gov’t. (later ruled the laws violated “freedom of Speech”)
Chapter 18. 4: Two Nations Live on the Edge
Ch. 18.4 Objectives
• 1. Explain the policy of brinkmanship.
• 2. Describe American and Soviet actions
that caused the Cold War to spread around
the world.
• 3. Summarize the impact of Sputnik and the
U-2 incident on the United States.
Brinkmanship Rules US Policy
• H-Bomb createdcreated-67x’s the AA-bomb on Hiroshima
• Arms race began to get the HH-bomb; Nov. 1 1952, the US won.
• Pres. Eisenhower & Sec. Of State Dulles were staunch antianticommunists.
– Willing take world to the edge of war, hence Brinkmanship.
– Increase the air force (Strategic Air Command) to attack at any moment.
• Schools practiced airair-raid procedures(duck & cover), families built
fall out shelters, Americans feared nuclear war over next 30 yrs.
Cold War Spreads Around the World
• CIA created to obtain information for gov’t, used covert methods.
• 1951, CIA took out Iran’s Democratically elected prime minister &
inserted the Shah, for nationalizing the oil fields in Iran.
• 1954, CIA trained an army to invade & take out Pres. Of Guatamala
for taking over US own farm land & giving it to the peasants –
looked like communism.
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• Warsaw Pact – 1955
– West Germany was allowed to rearm & join NATO, USSR grew fearful &
created their own defensive military alliance w/ 7 E. European nations.
• Geneva Summit
– Ike proposed “open skies” over each others countries to guard against surprise
nuclear attacks. USSR rejected the proposal.
• Suez War
–
–
–
–
Egypt wanted to build a dam on the Nile River
Nasser asked US & UK for $ but at the same time asked the USSR.
US backed out & Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal
France & UK were angered, and Nasser refused to let ships to Israel go
through.
– Israel, France & UK sent in troops & seized control of Mediterranean side of
Canal.
– UN steps & gets Israel, France & UK to leave but allow Egypt to keep Canal.
• Eisenhower Doctrine
Hungarian Uprising
• 1956, Hungarians revolted against USSR control & wanted a
democratic gov’t.
• Nagy, popular & liberal communist leader, promised free elections
& denounced Warsaw Pact.
• Nov. 1956, USSR responded brutally, killing 30k Hungarians &
Nagy executed.
– US did nothing to help, ignoring the Truman Doctrine.
Cold War in the Skies
• Nikita Krushchev, leader of USSR after Stalin’s death in 1953.
– Believed in a more peaceful coexistence, competition.
• Space Race
– Oct. 4, 1957, USSR put Sputnik, 1st satellite into orbit.
• Americans were shocked & embarrassed.
– Jan. 31, 1958, US successfully launched its 1st satellite into orbit.
– US will defend the Middle East against an attack by a communist country.
• U-2 Incident
– 1955, CIA used the U
U--2 spy plane to get info on USSR troops & missile sites.
– By 1960, Ike wanted to stop flights.
• The press knew about the flights
• USSR knew about them & would try to shoot them down.
– May 1, 1960, Francis Gary Powers gets shot down and captured by the USSR
and sentenced to 10 yrs. In prison.
– Krushchev demanded an apology from Ike & to stop flights.
– Ike stopped flights but no apology.
– Krushchev canceled May 15th summit & Ike’s visit to USSR.
– Increasing tensions between the superpowers.
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