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194FL
This book is printed on paper containing
a minimum of 10% post-consumer waste.
Developed in Consultation
with Florida Educators
6/24/10 2:52 PM
Table of Contents
Next Generation Sunshine State Standards Correlation Chart . . . 7
Benchmarks
Chapter 1 The Practice of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Lesson 1
Scientific Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
SC.4.N.1.1,SC.4.N.1.4,
SC.4.N.1.7, SC.4.N.2.1,
SC.4.E.6.5
Lesson 2
Observations, Inferences, and Predictions . . . . . . . . . 18
SC.4.N.1.1,SC.4.N.1.6,
SC.4.N.1.7
Lesson 3
Scientific Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
SC.4.N.1.1,SC.4.N.1.3,
SC.4.N.1.4, SC.4.N.1.6,
SC.4.N.1.7, SC.4.N.1.8
Lesson 4
Organizing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
SC.4.N.1.4, SC.4.N.1.6
Lesson 5
Presenting and Comparing Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
SC.4.N.1.2,SC.4.N.1.4,
SC.4.N.1.5
Lesson 6
Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
SC.4.N.3.1, SC.4.E.6.5
Chapter 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Chapter 2 Earth and Space. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Lesson 7
Earth, the Sun, and the Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
SC.4.E.5.3, SC.4.E.5.4
Lesson 8
The Night Sky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
SC.4.E.5.1, SC.4.E.5.4
Lesson 9
Phases of the Moon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
SC.4.E.5.2
Lesson 10
Space Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
SC.4.E.5.5, SC.4.E.6.5
Chapter 3 Earth’s Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Lesson 11 Minerals and Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
SC.4.E.6.2, SC.4.E.6.5
Lesson 12
How Rocks Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
SC.4.E.6.1
Lesson 13
Weathering and Erosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
SC.4.E.6.4
Lesson 14
Earth’s Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
SC.4.E.6.3
Lesson 15
Florida’s Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
SC.4.E.6.6
Chapter 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Chapter 4 Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Lesson 16 Properties of Matter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
SC.4.P.8.1, SC.4.P.8.3
Lesson 17
SC.4.P.8.2, SC.4.P.8.3
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law.
Chapter 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
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Benchmarks
Lesson 18
Chemical Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
SC.4.P.8.3, SC.4.P.9.1
Lesson 19
Magnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
SC.4.P.8.4
Chapter 4 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Chapter 5 Motion and Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Lesson 20 Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
SC.4.P.12.1, SC.4.P.12.2
Lesson 21
SC.4.P.10.1,SC.4.P.10.2,
Forms of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
SC.4.P.10.4
Lesson 22
Sound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
SC.4.P.10.3
Lesson 23
Heat and Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
SC.4.P.11.1, SC.4.P.11.2
Chapter 5 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Chapter 6 Life Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Lesson 24 Life Cycles of Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
SC.4.L.16.1, SC.4.L.16.4
Lesson 25
Life Cycles of Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
SC.4.L.16.4
Lesson 26
Inherited and Acquired Traits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
SC.4.L.16.2, SC.4.L.16.3
Lesson 27
When Seasons Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
SC.4.L.17.1
Lesson 28
Energy for Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
SC.4.L.17.2, SC.4.L.17.3
Lesson 29
How Animals and Plants Change the Environment . . 162
SC.4.L.17.4
Lesson 30
How Humans Change the Environment . . . . . . . . . . 166
SC.4.L.17.4
Chapter 6 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law.
Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Investigation 1 Exploring the Phases of the Moon . . . . . . . . . . . 177
SC.4.N.1.1,SC.4.N.1.3,
SC.4.N.1.4, SC.4.N.1.5,
SC.4.N.1.6, SC.4.N.1.7,
SC.4.N.3.1, SC.4.E.5.2
Investigation 2 Testing a Magnet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
SC.4.N.1.1,SC.4.N.1.3,
SC.4.N.1.4, SC.4.N.1.5,
SC.4.N.1.6, SC.4.N.1.7,
SC.4.P.8.4
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
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Chapter 4 • Lesson 17
Benchmarks: SC.4.P.8.2; SC.4.P.8.3
Water
Key Words • state • solid • liquid • gas • water vapor • melting • evaporation • condensation • freezing
Getting the Idea
What do ice cubes and raindrops have in common? They are both forms of
water. Water is constantly changing from one form to another and back again.
States of Matter
Recall that matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Matter is
found in different forms, or states. In everyday life, we find matter in the solid,
liquid, and gas states. A solid is matter that keeps its own shape. A liquid is
matter that takes the shape of its container. A gas is matter that spreads out
in all directions. The state of matter is a physical property.
Water is a kind of matter. It is commonly found in nature in all three states.
People use all three states in everyday life.
Water in the liquid state is found in oceans, lakes, and rivers. Liquid water falls
from clouds as rain. Liquid water is also found underground.
Water in the solid state is frozen water, or ice. In nature, frozen water is found
mostly in the polar ice caps and in glaciers. Snow and frost are frozen water.
Liquid water in ponds and lakes can freeze to form ice. People ski on snow
and skate on ice. But people use ice mostly for cooling things. We put ice in
drinks and use ice to cool food.
Most kinds of matter take up less space when they
freeze. But water is different. Water takes up more
space when it freezes. That is why you should not
put a bottle full of water in a freezer. When the water
freezes, the bottle may break.
Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law.
Like all living things, people need liquid water for drinking. People also use
liquid water for washing and for watering plants. People boat, swim, and fish
in liquid water. People use ships to travel by water and to move goods around
the world.
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Water in the gas state is called water vapor. Water vapor is one of the gases in
the air. You cannot see water vapor. But you can feel its effects. You feel sticky
when the amount of water vapor is high. Think of a time the air felt sticky on a hot,
summer afternoon.
Too little water vapor can cause dry skin and a dry nose. You can get shocked by
static electricity after walking on carpet and touching a doorknob. Air is commonly
dry in cold climates during winter. People sometimes use machines called
humidifiers. These machines change liquid water into a gas, and put more water
vapor into the air.
The diagram below shows the different states of water. But you would not really be
able to see the water vapor rising from the bowl.
Ice
Liquid water
Water vapor
Water Changes State
Water on Earth changes states. Ice melts. Water freezes to form ice. Puddles dry up.
Water vapor turns into drops of dew.
Melting is the change of matter from a solid to a liquid. Frozen water melts when
it gets warm enough. Ice cubes melt when you leave them out of the freezer. Heat
moves to the ice from warmer air in the room. The solid water melts and changes to
liquid water.
Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law.
Evaporation is the change of matter from a liquid to a gas. Puddles dry up because
liquid water in the puddle changes to water vapor. The water vapor goes into the
air. Evaporation happens at the surface, or top, of the puddle. As the surface gets
warmer, the water evaporates.
Liquid water can also change to a gas by boiling. Suppose you heat a pot of water
on a stove. After a while, the water boils. Bubbles of water vapor form throughout the
liquid. They rise to the surface. The water vapor goes into the air. You may see steam
rising from the pot. But what you see is not water vapor. Water vapor is invisible. The
steam you see is tiny droplets of liquid water.
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Condensation is the change of matter from a gas to a liquid. Cooling a gas causes
condensation. Suppose it is a hot, sunny day. You have a cold glass of water filled
with ice cubes. Drops of water form on the outside of the glass. The drops come
from water vapor in the air that has condensed on the cold glass. The water vapor
changes to liquid water.
Freezing is the change of matter from a liquid to a solid. Freezing happens if enough
heat is removed. Water freezes at 0⬚C (32⬚F). Frozen water melts at this same
temperature if heat is added instead of removed. The diagram below shows how
water changes state. Notice that arrows point in both directions.
Evaporation
Heating
Heating
Liquid water
Ice
Cooling
Cooling
Freezing
Condensation
Water vapor
When water changes state, some other physical properties change, too. For example,
the texture changes. Liquid water feels soft and silky. Ice feels hard and smooth.
The volume also changes. Ice takes up more space than the same amount of liquid
water. But the amount of water stays the same. Try it yourself. Measure the mass
of a container filled with ice cubes. Let the ice cubes melt. Then measure the mass
again. You will see that the mass is the same. When water changes state, its total
mass does not change.
Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law.
Melting
102 • Chapter 4: Matter
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Lesson 17: Water
Discussion Question
When the air cools at night, drops of water called dew form on grass. How do these drops
form? Why do they disappear during the day, when the sun warms the air?
Lesson Review
1.
2.
What is the change of a gas to a
liquid called?
3.
Which process causes water to
disappear into the air?
A. evaporation
A. melting
B. condensation
B. freezing
C. melting
C. condensation
D. freezing
D. evaporation
Which is a way people use water in
its solid state?
4.
What happens to water when
it melts?
A. for moving things
A. It becomes a liquid.
B. for swimming
B. It becomes a solid.
C. to cool food
C. It is no longer matter.
D. to add water to the air
D. It becomes a gas in the air.
Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law.
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