THE BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL OF
DICTIONARIES PUBLISHED IN MALAYSIA
BETWEEN 1990-2005
NOR HAMSIAH BINTI AHMAD HOSAINI
FACULTY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA
2007
THE BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTROL OF
DICTIONARIES PUBLISHED IN MALAYSIA
BETWEEN 1990-2005
NOR HAMSIAH BINTI AHMAD HOSAINI
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED AS A PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE
OF MASTER IN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE OF
THE FACULTY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA
2007
ABSTRACT
This study analysed the bibliographic control of dictionaries published in Malaysia
between 1990 to 2005. The data was collected from six libraries; University of Malaya
Library, Library of Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, National Library of Malaysia, University
of Science Malaysia Library, Tun Sri Lanang Library at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
and University Technology MARA Library. A total number of 1,231 titles of dictionaries
have been published in Malaysia in 16 years. The highest number of dictionaries
published in Malaysia was in 1995, 2000 and 2003 with 95 titles. There were 201
publishers involved in the production of dictionaries and more than 50% (103 out of 201)
of the publishers were one time publishers. The most active publisher was Dewan Bahasa
dan Pustaka with 227 titles of dictionaries, followed by Fajar Bakti with 90 titles and
Golden Books Centre with 70 titles. A total of 402 authors were involved in compiling
dictionaries. The most prolific author in compiling dictionaries was Abdullah Hassan
followed by Mohd Azani Ghazali. The dictionaries were compiled in five subjects areas;
Arts, Language and Literature, Science, Social Science and Technology and Computer.
827 titles of dictionaries were in Language & Literature. The dictionaries were
categorized into five types; monolingual (511 titles), bilingual (596 titles), trilingual (119
titles) and polyglotal (5 titles). It was found out that 35 languages were covered by
dictionaries published in Malaysia. Most of the dictionaries were published in two
languages; Malay and English. This study describes the dictionaries published in
Malaysia within the 16 years and highlights those involved in their publications. This
ii
study also contributes to the bibliographic control of dictionaries published in Malaysia
could be used by libraries for collection development purposes.
iii
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini menganalisis kamus yang diterbitkan di Malaysia daripada tahun 1990
sehingga 2005. Maklumat telah dikumpulkan daripada enam buah perpustakaan;
Perpustakaan Universiti Malaya, Perpustakaan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Perpustakaan
Negara Malaysia, Perpustakaan Universiti Sains Malaysia, Perpustakaan Tun Sri Lanang
di Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia dan Perpustakaan Universiti Teknologi MARA.
Daripada kajian ini, didapati 1231 judul kamus yang telah diterbitkan di Malaysia
sepanjang 16 tahun. Jumlah kamus yang tertinggi diterbitkan adalah dalam tahun 1995,
2000 dan 2005 dengan 95 judul kamus. Terdapat 201 buah penerbit yang terlibat dalam
menerbitkan kamus dan lebih daripada 50% (103 daripada 201) penerbit hanya
menerbitkan satu judul kamus sahaja. Penerbit yang paling aktif menghasilkan kamus
ialah Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka dengan 227 judul, diikuti oleh Fajar Bakti dengan 90
judul dan Golden Books Centre dengan 70 judul. Sejumlah 402 orang pengarang yang
terlibat dalam penghasilan kamus. Pengarang yang banyak mengahsilkan kamus ialah
Abdullah Hassan dan diikuti oleh Mohd Azani Ghazalli. Kamus yang diterbitkan
merangkumi lima bidang; Seni, Bahasa dan Sastera, Sains Sosial, Sains dan Teknologi
dan Komputer. Sejumlah 827 judul kamus adalah di dalam subjek Bahasa dan Sastera.
Terdapat 5 jenis kamus iaitu ekabahasa (511 judul), dwibahasa (596 judul) , tribahasa
(119 judul) dan pelbagai bahasa (5 tajuk). Keseluruhannya, terdapat 35 jenis bahasa yang
digunakan dalam kamus. Kebanyakan daripada kamus tersebut diterbitkan dalam 2
bahasa iaitu bahasa Melayu dan bahasa Inggeris. Kajian ini melihat secara menyeluruh
tentang kamus yang diterbitkan di Malaysia daripada tahun 1990 sehingga 2005 dan
iv
memberi penekanan bagi pihak yang terlibat dalam penghasilan kamus. Kajian ini juga
memberi sumbangan kepada usaha pengawalan bibliografi kamus yang diterbitkan di
Malaysia dan boleh juga digunakan oleh perpustakaan untuk tujuan pembangunan
koleksi.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This dissertation is the culmination of the efforts of a number of individuals whom I
would like to acknowledge. First of all, I would like to praise God for His guidance. My
special thanks goes to my Prof Dr Zainab Awang Ngah for her encouragement, support
and patience during entire course of my research and towards the completion of this
dissertation.
I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my parents Hj Ahmad Hosaini b Mat Arob and
Hjh Zaini bt Md Baki for your love, support and understanding. Furhermore, to all my
family members for showing me the strength, courage, patience and hope.
A special note of appreciation also goes to my MLIS colleagues, Syahranah, Hazwani
and Hilmi who have helped me with their encouragement, support and advice in one way
or another. I am grateful to my friends for their warmth and friendship.
Besides, I would like to thank all the lecturers and staffs of Faculty of Science Computer
and Technology Computer, University of Malaya who have helped directly or indirectly
in the process of producing this dissertation.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
x
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 History of Malay Lexicography
1
1.2 Monolingual Malay Dictionaries
3
1.3 Dictionaries in Malaysia
4
1.4 Objective of the Study
6
1.5 Research Questions
7
1.6 Importance of the Study
8
1.7 Limitations
8
1.8 Definition of terms
9
1.9 Summary
10
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
11
2.2 Bibliographic Control
12
2.3 Bibliographic Control of English and Oriental Language
14
2.4 Electronic Bibliographic Control of English and Oriental
Language Dictionaries
23
2.5 Bibliographic Control of Malaysia Dictionaries
29
2.6 Summary
33
vii
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
34
3.2 Bibliometrics
34
3.3 Data Collection
35
3.4 Database Design
36
3.5 Bibliometrics and Statistic Analysis
38
3.6 Summary
39
CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS
4.1 Total number of dictionaries published in Malaysia
40
4.1.1 Malay Dictionaries Published in Malaysia
44
4.2 The Active Publishers Publishing Dictionaries
47
4. 3 Authors involved
54
4.4 Subject of dictionaries
57
4.5 Types of dictionaries
58
4.6 Language of dictionaries
60
4.7 Summary
63
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION
5.1 Findings & Discussion
64
5.2 The total numbers of dictionaries published for each year
and cumulatively between the year 1990 and 2005
65
5.3 Publishers involved in publishing the dictionaries
66
5.4 Authors/ compilers of dictionaries published
66
5.5 Subject coverage of dictionaries published
67
5.6 Types of dictionaries are published
67
5.7 Language covered by dictionaries
68
5.8 Summary
69
viii
BIBLIOGRAPHY
70
APPENDIX – Dictionaries published in Malaysia between 1990
78
to 2005
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Table 1.1
Table 1.2
Table 1.3
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
Table 4.3
Table 4.4
Table 4.5
Table 4.6
Table 4.7
Table 4.8
Table 4.9
Table 4.10
Title
Number of Malay Dictionaries/Glossaries By Years of
Publication
Number of Bilingual Dictionaries Published in Malaysia and
Indonesia up to 1990
Published Malay Dictionaries/Glossaries By Broad Disciplines
(1631-1993)
Dictionaries Published in Malaysia from 1990 to 2005
Page
Chronological of Publications of Malay Dictonaries in Malaysia
Publisher Involved in Publishing Dictionaries (1990-2005)
Number of Dictionaries Published by Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka from 1960 to 2000
Publisher by Academic Institutions
Authors Involved in Publication of Dictionaries
Number of Publication by Subject
Number of Publication by Type of Dictionary
Language of Dictionaries
Monolingual, Bilingual, Trilingual and Polyglotal Dictionaries
(1990-2005)
46
47
4
5
6
42
50
53
55
58
59
60
61
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.2
Page
41
Figure 4.3
Title
Dictionaries Published in Malaysia between 1990 to 2005
Periodic Growth of Dictionaries Published in Malaysia Between
1990 to 2005
Malay Dictionaries Published in Malaysia
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6
Figure 4.7
Dictionaries by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka from 1960 to 2005
Group of Publisher
Subject of Dictionary
Type of Dictionary
51
52
57
59
x
43
44
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 History of Malay Lexicography
A language has a large inventory of words. It is impossible for individuals to have
knowledge of all words and their meanings, pronunciation and others. That is the reason
why people may look up such information that he/she is uncertain about in dictionaries.
In Malaysia, the national language is Bahasa Melayu and English is the second language.
The written history of the Malay language was mainly dominated by foreigners, mostly
Europeans. The Malay Jawi script were romanised due to western influence. The history
of Malay dictionaries started from the Melaka Sultanate, which began around 1403 to
1800. The growth of Malay dictionaries began around 1800-1950, compiled by local and
foreign compilers. A comprehensive Malay lexicographical work began with Hugh
Clifford and Frank Swettenham who collaborated on A Dictionary of the Malay
Language: Malay-English which was compiled from 1894-1902 and reached only to the
letter G.
The earliest 20th century bilingual dictionary was compiled by R J Wilkinson’s (1901)
entitled A Malay English Dictionary, which was published in three parts. This dictionary
included the Jawi writings of the Malay words. Wilkinson was the inspector of schools in
the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay states. He had gathered 15,000 phrases from
1
classical text such as Hikayat Abdullah, Hikayat Iskandar Dzulkarnain, Hikayat Koris,
Hikayat Bestamam and also folk-tales such as Sang Samba, Parang Putih and Putra Jaya
Pati .
R O Winsted compiled a number of dictionaries in the 20th century entitled An EnglishMalay Dictionary (1922), Dictionary of Colloquial Malay: Malay-English, EnglishMalay (1939), An Unabridge English-Malay Dictionary (1958) and A Practical Modern
English-Malay Dictionary (1958).
There were some Malaysians who were involved in lexicography work in the 20th
century. The first was Muhammad Idris Abdul Raof who compiled Kamus Idris alMarbawi (1931), which was an Arab-Malay dictionary, which was so popular that it was
reprinted 24 times. Another was Haji Shamsuddin M Joonos who published the New
English-Malay Dictionary in 1958 and M A Samy who produced A Concise Dictionary
of Malay-Tamil in 1962.
In 1956, the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP) was established. DBP’s main role was in
the development of the Malay language. Further more DBP was also involved in
promoting, developing and enriching the language. One of the function was in the
compilation of dictionaries and glossaries. The first bilingual dictionary was published in
1979, entitled the Kamus Dwibahasa (English-Melayu). This was followed by the Kamus
English-Melayu Dewan in 1991, a compilation of 37 years work. It was a comprehensive
dictionary, covering a wide spectrum of fields from general to the technical, science,
2
literary and idiomatic. Rather than merely providing definitions in Malay, the dictionary
also provided equivalents and an abundance of carefully selected example sentences.
Furthermore, it was considered the most complete English-Malay dictionary. An abridged
version of this dictionary was published in 1995. The DBP had also collaborated with the
French Embassy and the Universiti Sains Malaysia to produce the Kamus PerancisMelayu in the 1996.
1.2 Monolingual Malay Dictionaries
Monolingual Malay dictionaries were first compiled by Western scholars. J A Howison
entitled the Dictionary of the Malay Tongue, as spoken in the Peninsula of Malacca, the
Island of Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Pulo Pinang in 1801. Richard Olof Winstedt compiled
Kamus Bahasa Melayu in 1960 and have contributed to the development of Malay
vocabulary. The oldest monolingual dictionary by a Malay author was
Kitab
Pengetahuan Bahasa by Raja Ali Haji in 1858. Words was sorted according to the
alphabetical sequence. This was followed by Syed Mahmud bin Syed Abdul Kadir alHindi who compiled a dictionary entitled Kamus Waman Yatawakkal in 1894. Another
monolingual dictionary in the early 20th century was the Kamus Melayu (Makna
Perkataan Melayu) by Haji Shamsuddin bin Muhammad Yunus in 1920.
From 1950 onward, more monolingual dictionaries were published and more institutions
were involved in compilation works. The DBP’s Kamus Dewan was published in 1970
and was reprinted in 1984 and 1989. Kamus Dewan is the main reference for Malay
3
vocabulary/lexical data, with the inclusion of lexical items from Bahasa Indonesia, from
the Malay classics, idiomatic saying (peribahasa) the dialects of Peninsular Malaysia and
Sarawak, general terminologies, as well as the infusion of data found in Wilkinson’s
work and Winstedt’s Kamus Bahasa Melayu. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka continues to be
the institution which is responsible for the growth of lexicographical works in Malaysia.
1.3 Dictionaries in Malaysia
Zainab (1994) did a study of lexicographical publications in a bibliographical essay on
published Malay dictionaries and glossaries. She focused on the publication trend and
distribution of Malay dictionaries, together with the authorship pattern as well as the
publishers involved. She gave the total number of Malay dictionaries/glossaries published
between 1931 to1993 (Table1.1) and indicated that there were 747 known titles which
have been published up to December 1993. The number published shows an increase of
over 200% since 1631. She expected a steady increase in future years.
Table 1.1
Number of Malay Dictionaries/Glossaries By Years of Publication
Years
1631-1899
Total
N=747
57
%
100
7
1900-1939
50
7
1940-50s
60
8
1960s
74
10
1970s
125
17
1980s
278
37
1990s (up to 1993)
103
14
(Source: Zainab, 1994 )
4
Table 1.2 showed the total number of bilingual dictionaries published in Malaysia and
Indonesia according to the source of language.
Table 1.2
Number of Bilingual Dictionaries Published in Malaysia and Indonesia up to 1990
No
Language
Total
1
English – Malay
212
2
Chinese – Malay
75
3
Arabic – Malay
37
4
Dutch – Malay
42
5
Tamil – Malay
9
6
Japanese – Malay
17
7
France – Malay
19
8
Thai – Malay
10
9
Latin / Portuguese / Italy/ Dutch – Malay
10
10
German – Malay
13
11
Russia - Malay
7
(Source: Zainab, 1990)
Zainab (1994) also categorized the Malay dictionaries/glossaries by broad disciplines
(Table 1.3 ). The dictionaries was categorized into three broad groups. About 50% (152)
of the subject dictionaries falls in Science and Technology, followed by the Social
Sciences (30%) and Language & Literature (14%).
5
Table 1.3
Published Malay Dictionaries/Glossaries By Broad Disciplines (1631-1993)
Disciplines
Total
%
N=302
100
Language & Literature
42
14
Social Sciences
108
36
Science & Technology
152
50
(Source: Zainab, 1994 )
1.4 Objective of the study
The objectives of the study is two fold. Firstly the study attempts to compile a union list
of all dictionaries published in Malaysia between 1990-2005. The list being prepared is
based on the Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) of the:
•
University Malaya Library (UML)
•
Library of the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBPL)
•
National Library of Malaysia
•
University of Science Malaysia Library
•
Tun Sri Lanang Library at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
•
University Technology MARA (UiTM) Library
6
This study on dictionaries published in Malaysia is an attempt to supplement the
bibliography compiled by Zainab (1990), who covers only Malay dictionaries produced
up to 1989. Secondly the study aims to:
a. ascertain the trends and growth of dictionaries published between the year 1990
and 2005.
b.
find the publishers involved in publishing the dictionaries
c. find out the productive authors involved in compiling the dictionaries
d. ascertain the subject discipline covered by the dictionaries
e. find out the types of dictionaries published (monolingual, bilingual, trilingual,
polyglotal)
1.5 Research questions
This study aims to answer the following research questions
a. What are the total numbers of dictionaries published for each year and
cumulatively between the year 1990 and 2005?
b. Who are the publishers involved in publishing the dictionaries?
c. Who are the compilers of dictionaries published?
d. What are the subject coverage of dictionaries published?
e. What types of dictionaries are published?
f. What are the language covered by the dictionaries?
7
1.6 Importance of the study
This study attempts to bibliographically control dictionaries published in Malaysia
between 1990 and 2005. The listing would help enrich the pool of contributions in the
field of library and information science. The listing would make it possible to apply
bibliometrics analysis to the bibliographic data to ascertain trends, growth and active in
the field of lexicographical works in Malaysia. The listing would also help those
institutions which collects such publications as part of their collection development
policy.
1.7 Limitations
Due to time, manpower and financial constrained, the investigation was restricted to
selected libraries only, which include the
•
University of Malaya Library (UML). It is the oldest university in Malaysia which
covered many type of studies such as the faculty of Language and Linguistic,
Malay Language Academy, faculty of Engineering, faculty of Law and others.
•
Library of the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBPL). DBPL is one of the
government agency which is actively developing and promoting the usage of the
national language.
•
National Library of Malaysia. This library is for all users; from children to adult.
The library also has the collection of all publication in Malaysia.
•
University of Science Malaysia Library. USM was established in Penang in 1969,
is one of the oldest public institutions of higher learning in Malaysia.
8
•
Tun Sri Lanang Library at the University Kebangsaan Malaysia. UKM has the
Faculty of Language and Linguistic studies.
•
Library of University Technology MARA. UiTM is one of the early academic
institution in Malaysia, which is formerly known as Institute of Technology
MARA
As such dictionaries that have been bought by the other libraries would have been
missed.
1.8 Definition of terms
Dictionary; according to Crystal (1987:181):
A reference book that lists the words of one or more languages, usually in
alphabetical order, along with information about their spelling, pronunciation,
grammatical status, meaning, history and use.
Monolingual dictionary – the monolingual dictionary lists the words in one language
with the meaning in the same language. The meanings of words are given by definitions
of explanation in depth.
Bilingual dictionary – the bilingual dictionary lists the words in one language with the
meaning in another language.
Trilingual dictionary – the trilingual dictionary lists the words in one language with
their equivalents two other languages.
9
Polyglotal dictionary - the polyglotal dictionary lists the words in one language with the
meaning in more than three languages.
1.9 Summary
This chapter explains the history of Malay lexicography. The study attempts to compile a
union list of all dictionaries published in Malaysia between 1990-2005 and to study the
growth and characteristics of dictionaries published in Malaysia between 1990-2005.
This study presents six research questions, which formed the focus of the research. This
chapter also describes the importance and limitations of the study.
10
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Definition of words and spelling are the primary use of the dictionary. Dictionary is used
not only for definitions and spelling purposes, but also for pronunciation, meaning,
syllabication (word division), and other points (Katz, 2002).
Dictionaries cover every interests. There are eight generally accepted categories in print
or digital;
•
General English language dictionaries
•
Paperback dictionaries
•
Historical dictionaries
•
Period or scholarly specialized titles that focus on a given time period or place
•
Etymological dictionaries
•
Foreign language titles
•
Subject works
•
“Other”
(Katz, 2002).
11
A bibliography is a list of information sources which have a factor in common. The
sources are each described uniquely in a bibliographic description and these descriptions
are then included together in one list. ( Bahrens, 2000 cited by Hjørland,2006)
2.2 Bibliographic Control
Bibliographic control refers to the general term covering a range of bibliographic
activities, including standardization of bibliographic descriptions and the distributions of
union catalogues. (Keenan, 2000).
According to Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science (Kent, 1986),
bibliographic control refers to a standard representation of bibliographic item giving its
author, title, edition, pagination and source.
Bibliographic control is the identification, description, analysis, and classification of
books and other materials of communication so that they may be effectively organized,
stored, retrieved and used when need (Infoplease, 2000).
Bibliographic control refers to the operations by which recorded information is organized
or arranged according to established standards and there by made readily retrievable.
(Chan,1994 cited by Hjørland,2006)
12
The purpose of bibliographic control is to list information sources in a systematic manner
to enable us to become aware of what information is available, and where it can be
located ( Bahrens, 2000 cited by Hjørland,2006). Hjørland (2006) defines bibliographic
control as “power over writings”. Wilson (1968) express bibliographic control as follows.
“There seem to me to be quite distinct sorts of things that deserve to be called exercises
of bibliographical control,” and includes two forms of control. He terms the two forms
“exploitative control,” conditions for the best possible utilization of the documents (to
identify the best text to a given purpose) and “descriptive control,” which involves the
pure descriptive recording of the documents (Wilson,1968 cited by Hjørland,2006).
Ping (1996) further explains that bibliographic control is developed according to the
increase of information quantity and needs for information. The aim of bibliographic
control is to manage information more efficiently, to promote information interchange
and to realize global information resource sharing.
Reitz (2005) describes bibliographic control as a broad term encompassing all the
activities involved in creating, organizing, managing, and maintaining the file of
bibliographic records representing the items held in a library or archival collection, or the
sources listed in an index or database, to facilitate access to the information contained in
them. Bibliographic control includes the standardization of bibliographic description and
subject access by means of uniform catalogue code, classification systems, name
authorities, preferred headings; the creation, maintenance of catalogs, union list, and
finding aids; and the provision of physical access to the items in the collection.
13
The issue of the quality of bibliographic control is part of establishing quality service in
libraries (Thomas, 1996). On a national level, bibliographic control provides a system,
which makes the identification and location of information sources within the country’s
borders possible (Snyman, 2000). The aim of bibliographic control is to list the
information sources in a systematic manner to enable people to become aware of what
information is available, and where it can be located (Lor, 1996 cited by Snyman, 2000).
The main bibliographic control activities involve acquiring information sources;
compiling bibliographic descriptions for these sources; assigning bibliographic access
points to the descriptions, subject cataloguing (which include classification, assigning
verbal subject headings, indexing and abstracting); and authority control (Lor, 1996 cited
by Snyman, 2000).
One way to achieve bibliographic control is to compile a special reference sources called
bibliographies. This will help to create awareness, identify and find the sources needed.
Bibliographies are bibliographic control tools (Hjørland,2006).
2.3 Bibliographic Control of Dictionaries in the English and Oriental Languages
This section will describe compilation of bibliography on dictionaries chronological. For
the acquisition librarians, having a list of published dictionaries would help in identifying
and locating dictionaries for purchase. Kister (1990) claims that the English language has
grown so large and complex that more and more dictionaries are needed to track and
14
codify it’s development. The English language continues to grow at an astronomical rate,
perhaps by as many 25,000 or more new words each year. It is for this reason that
bibliographic listing becomes necessary to help identify the existence of these
dictionaries.
There are several attempts to bibliographically control dictionaries published in the
English language. Katz (2002) lists two titles compiled by
Kister (1992) and
Laughbridge (1990).
Starnes (1954) compiles a list of Latin-English and English-Latin dictionaries kept in
American libraries.
He divides the bibliography into three parts, which are (a) the
fifteenth century, (b) the sixteenth century and (c) the seventeenth century. The study is
useful to researcher and general public who are interested in the history of Latin-English
and English-Latin lexicographical works.
Walford (1967) provides an annotated list of grammars, dictionaries and audio-visual aids
for the major foreign languages of Western Europe, which also includes dictionaries in
the
Russian and Chinese languages. This listing is for use by teachers, students,
graduates who may be taking up a particular subject for the first time, scientist, tourists
and librarians.
Languages covered includes French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese,
German, Dutch, Scandinavian languages, Russian, Finnish and Chinese.
15
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
(1970) lists 560
dictionaries and also vocabularies. The list is divided into (1) Technical dictionaries and
vocabularies (2) Dictionaries and vocabularies published by FAO and (3) Language
dictionaries and vocabularies. The technical dictionaries and vocabularies are arranged in
alphabetical order by subject. The Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) is given as a
reference to locate the source at the Terminology Reference Library, FAO.
Bibliografi Perkamusan Indonesia (1976) is a bibliography which lists Indonesians
dictionaries. This bibliography consists of five sections; (1) Indonesian Dictionaries, (2)
District Language Dictionaries, (3) Terms Dictionaries, (4) Encyclopedias and (5) Short
form Dictionaries. There are three sections under Indonesian Dictionaries, which includes
Indonesian-Indonesian (43), Indonesian-Foreign (101) and Foreign-Indonesian (137).
The section covering the district language dictionaries lists dictionaries in various
languages from Indonesia and gives a total number of 204 dictionaries. The section of
terms dictionaries lists 170 dictionaries according to the subjects which are religion,
language, economy, geology, industry, medicine and political science.
Chinese-English and English-Chinese dictionaries in the Library of Congress: an
annotated bibliography (Library of Congress,1977) lists 569 dictionaries. Entry of
dictionaries are listed under two categories, which are Special Subject Dictionaries and
General Language Dictionaries. The bibliographic information given are author, the
place of publication, the publisher and date of publication, pagination and series.
16
Shastree (1978) surveys published uni-lingual and bi-lingual dictionaries related to the
Gujarati language. He concludes that there is a need for bilingual dictionaries of all the
languages of India. He also discusses about the Gujarati dictionaries from the earliest to
1974. Information about the title, year, author/compiler and also some annotation about
the dictionaries are a given.
Porizka (1979) discusses about the early dictionaries in Hindi-Russian and Urdu-Russian
in the Archiv Orientalni. Porizka claims that the production of Hindi dictionaries have
increased after independence in 1947. This bibliography is a useful tool for the researcher
who are looking at the early contributions on the Hindi language.
Boyce (1980) reviewes the International Bibliography of Specialized Dictionaries by
K.G. Saur. Boyce finds that this source is useful because it provides information about
the prices, number of pages and volume, ISBN and date of published dictionaries.
An American attempt to compile Chinese dictionaries (Mathias, 1982) includes a number
of titles of Chinese-Malay, Indonesian dictionaries found in 13 libraries in the United
States. There were six Malay-Chinese dictionaries listed under entry 418-473.
Shapiro (1983) claims that there has been a large growth in Hindi reference materials of
all kinds, including dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances, yearbooks and
bibliographies. A survey of Hindi language reference materials, reveals some 24 number
of Hindi-Hindi dictionaries, 24 dictionaries either from English to Hindi or Hindi to
17
English and 50 bilingual dictionaries between Hindi and languages other than English
(Aggarwal, 1982 cited by Shapiro,1983).
Laughbridge (1990) listed dictionaries according to categories. Besides dictionaries,
Laughbridge also listed cross word puzzle and subject dictionaries.
Handrickson and Newell (1991) compile a list entitled A bibliography of Philippine
languages dictionaries and vocabularies. This bibliography
lists
dictionaries and
vocabularies, published and unpublished on the Filipino languages. Titles in the
bibliography are organized alphabetically by author, date and title. There is an index of
the works arranged alphabetically by language.
Kister (1992) lists over 132 dictionary titles for adult use ranging from the Oxford
English Dictionary to the less expensive paperbacks. Kister also provides information
about 168 children’s dictionaries. Kister’s list is important in locating information about
the publishers involved. The analysis of each titles listed is thorough and includes
usefulness ratings. This is an American publication.
US government dictionaries: a selective guide by Kirby and Boorgeest (1994) presents a
content analysis of 198 federal government scientific and technical dictionaries published
between the late 1800s and 1993. It also provides an annotated subject bibliography in
order to bring to light these valuable reference resources.
18
Hinton (1995) lists a bibliography of Arabic dictionaries. A total number of 313
dictionaries is listed alphabetically according to authors’ names. It covers dictionaries
published from the year 1845 to 1993 and in various languages such as English, Turkish,
Persian, French, German and Deutsch.
Shea (1996) compiles a bibliography on specialized Chinese dictionaries. The
bibliography of dictionaries lists according to
32 main subjects area ranging from
aeronautics, agriculture, architecture and archeology to the social sciences. A total of 291
dictionaries are listed in this bibliography.
Stöger (1996) compiles a reference of thesauri, monolingual, multilingual dictionaries
and also terminologies and papers discussing terminological issues or classification
problems. Stöger lists more than 370 publications, which cover more than 40 languages.
English dictionaries comprises the majority of dictionaries listed. Stöger’s project,
“is to produce a bibliography designed to provide an overview of and
knowledge about the existing dictionaries, glossaries and other papers and
publications in the field of forestry. In effect, this bibliography is an
inventory of the resources in the field.”
All dictionaries and vocabularies listed are divided into the ten groups, based on the
Oxford System of Decimal Classification for Forestry:
(0) Forest, Forestry and the Utilization of Forest Products
(1) Factors of the Environment, Biology
(2) Silviculture
19
(3) Work Science (Work Studies). Harvesting of Wood : Logging and Transport
Forest Engineering
(4) Forest Injuries and Protection
(5) Forest Mensuration
(6) Forest Management
(7) Marketing of Forest Products, Economics of Forest Transport and the Wood
Industries
(8) Forest Products and their Utilization
(9) Forests and Forestry from the National Point of View.
Isaacson (1997) states that one of the most challenging reference questions concern
information about new words. The librarian therefore may help users locate an
appropriate dictionary or other source of word information that users may refer to.
Isaacson suggests that dictionaries and other word sources are useful to librarians in order
to verify and find information about word enquiry.
Didero (1997) compiles a bibliography of dictionaries and encyclopedias according to the
English, Italian, German, French and other languages. In the English language, Didero
lists 108 dictionaries, followed by 24 dictionaries under Italian language. Under the
German language he lists 28 dictionaries and 11 French
dictionaries. Under other
languages which includes Rusian, Spanish, Dutch, Hebrew, Swedish and Hungarian he
lists 22 dictionaries.
20
The periodical Online Booklist (1997- ) is a useful source for currently published
dictionaries. This periodical is issued semi monthly and is available free on the Internet.
McGiverin (1998) lists dictionaries published in the United States from 1703 to 1832 and
also dictionaries printed in Britain from 1467-1646. The dictionaries are arranged in
alphabetical order according to the author’s name. The list is a unique contribution on
early lexicographical works.
The Early Modern English Dictionaries Database (EMEDD) (Lancashire, 1999) is a
reference work for English of the Renaissance period. It combines full texts of the early
dictionaries written over 160 year by lexicographers with varying purposes.
It is
designed to make accessible the English-language content of bilingual (English and other
languages) and monolingual (English-only) dictionaries, glossaries, grammars, and
encyclopedias published in England from 1500 to 1660.
Lancashire (1999) cites that the late Jürgen Schäfer (1989) had published a list of wordforms from about 135 glossaries between 1485 and 1640 (as well as from the small
English dictionaries by Cawdrey, Cowell, Bullokar and Cockeram) that add information
to 5,000 Oxford English Dictionary (OED) entries. There are 47,938 headwords in the
works that Schäfer lists. Schäfer's excellent work tells us that 10% of headwords in these
early works contribute to the OED.
Jones (2000) in German Lexicography in the European Context compiles a bibliography
of printed dictionaries and word list, which contains the German language. It covered
21
works published from year 1600 to 1700. These bibliography is divided into two parts,
which is by anonymous works and by author.
Tomchyshyn (2000) lists children’s dictionaries. The list is divided according to the
grade levels, which comprises kindergarten to grade 3, grade 3-6, grade 6-9 and high
school. A total number of 22 children’s dictionaries are listed.
Bulson (2002) lists dictionaries recommended for public, academic and high-school
libraries based on the currency, quality, cost and availability. The dictionaries he list
ranges from the late 1999s to the 2002. Titles of dictionaries are listed by type, which
includes classic, unabridged dictionaries, comprehensive dictionaries and college or desk
dictionaries.
Jasco (2003) discusses digital ready reference sources in Spanish. He includes
dictionaries which he obtains from the Consulta database from Gale, the Nueva
Enciclopedia en lines from Grolier, World book Enciclopedia Estudiantil Hallazgos;
Microsoft’s Spanish language Encarta and the Enciclopedaia Universal en Espanol.
Klaus (2004) lists glossaries, dictionaries and encyclopedias and online dictionaries. The
listing is divided according to their subjects, which are;
a) general works
b) palaeontology
c) botany
d) biology
22
e) environment
f) microscopy
g) geology
h) chemistry and geochemistry
i) statistic
j) meta indexes.
SIL Bibliography (2005) records the published works authored or edited by members of
SIL International or produced by a publishing unit of SIL. SIL publications on
dictionaries is listed by country. It is divided under four main geographic areas, Africa,
Americas, Asia and Pacific. Under the subsection Australia and Papua New Guinea, 16
dictionaries are listed. Ten countries are listed under Asia and this include 43
dictionaries. Only one dictionary is listed under
Malaysia and this dictionary was
compiled by Lasimbang, Rita, John Miller, and others, compilers in 1995 entitled
Kadazan Dusun - Malay - English dictionary. A total number of 74 dictionaries are listed
under the Americas and 16 dictionaries under Africa.
2.4 Electronic Bibliographic Control of English and Oriental Language Dictionaries
This section will describe bibliographies or wordlists on dictionaries chronologically.
When online dictionaries first come into being, only a few are produced by major
publishers or lexicographers. Today, nearly all major traditional dictionaries have online
versions, whether partial or full, available for a fee or free. Information given in detail
23
that is almost as good as in traditional hard copies of dictionaries are now available on
screen The quality has improved and speed in finding what is wanted has increased.
Another useful listing is A Web of Online Dictionaries at http://angli02.kgw.tuberlin.de/call/webofdic/diction4.html (Beard, 1996). This website is developed by
Bucknell University and provides links to dictionaries and workbook in various
languages besides English.
Dictionaries, glossaries and lexicon on-line by Marmier (1997) lists dictionaries in five
categories; the acronyms, the bilingual, the multilingual and monolingual dictionaries
form the first four categories. The fifth category consists of downloadable dictionaries.
The main languages are French, English, German, Spanish and Italian.
LibrarySpot (1997) (http://www.libraryspot.com/dictionaries/) lists dictionaries under
three main sections which are; popular dictionaries, special dictionaries and foreign
dictionaries. Popular dictionaries lists 8 suggested link to other online dictionaries, while
special dictionaries lists 9 subjects; business/finance, etymology, humanities, legal,
medical, professional, rhyming, science and technology dictionaries. The foreign
language dictionaries section lists titles under six languages, Chinese, French, German,
Italian, Japanese and Chinese.
Chinese Online Dictionaries by Hua Lin (1998)
(http://web.uvic.ca/ling/lin/chinlang.htm#top) lists 22 online Chinese dictionaries. It
covers many types of Chinese based languages such as Tibetan, Taiwanese and Kanji.
24
The types of dictionaries which is included are bilingual, triligual and polyglotal. It gives
meanings in many languages such as English, Japanese, Korean and German.
Erdmann and See-Young (1999) lists English dictionaries which are divided into four
categories; (1) Latin and French history, (2) Early English dictionaries: The seventeenth
century, (3) Dictionaries of the eighteenth and nineteenth century and (4) Dictionary of
the 20th century. The dictionaries which are listed are published from 1440 to 1983.
Collection
of
by
Web-Dictionaries
Gendreyzig
(2000),
at
http://home.leo.org/~mike/dictionaries.html lists dictionaries according to languages.
Most of the dictionaries are bilingual dictionaries. There are 113 language dictionary
groups.
Katz (2002, pp 414) lists an online dictionary entitled Onelook Dictionaries by Ware
(1996). This online listing lists about 300 subject dictionaries ranging from sports to
religion. Submission of a word would provide the user with a list of dictionary titles.
Most of the dictionaries in the listing is available online or on cd-rom.
Nebraska Library Commission Best of the Web (2003) lists 44 online dictionaries. The
dictionaries are arranged in alphabetical order. The dictionaries cover a variety of subject
area such as language, arts and others.
25
Dictionaries by Kantola (2004) at www.helsinki.fi/~hkantola/dict.html lists dictionaries
according to language type such as Slovak-English, Spanish, Tamil, Welsh, Latin,
Mongolian and multilingual dictionaries which cover many languages simultaneously.
alphaDictionary.com (2004) at http://www.alphadictionary.com/index.shtml lists 992
online English dictionaries. The dictionaries are classified by language. There are 284
language dictionaries listed in alphabetical order. Furthermore, dictionaries are also
classified by specialty dictionaries, subject and abbreviations.
Ectaco Online Dictionaries (http://www.ectaco.com/online-dictionary/) by Ectaco
Corporate Center (2005) lists dictionaries according to languages. There are 41 languages
ranging from Albanian, Arabic, Vietnamese and Yiddish.
Dictionaries and vocabularies (2005) lists titles of dictionaries and vocabularies which
are arranged under country’s name in alphabetical order. There are sections under Asia
which includes Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan,
Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. Four titles are listed under Malaysia; which are:
a) King, John Wayne and Julie K.King. 1990. Totongaron Sungai/Tombonuwo –
Molayu – Inggilis = Perbendaharaan kata Sungai/Tombonuwo (Labuk-Sugut)
– Bahasa Malaysia – Inggeris = Sungai/Tombonuwo (Labuk-Sugut) – Bahasa
Malaysia – English vocabulary. Sabah Museum series B, 2. Kota Kinabalu:
Sabaha Museum and States Archives Department. Xiii, 236 p.
26
b) Hurlbut, Hope M., compiler. 1989. Tinangaran Kadajan – Malayu – Inggilis
= Perbendaharaan kata Kadazan Labuk – Kinabatangan – Bahasa Malaysia
– Inggeris = labuk – Kinabatangan Kadazan – Malay – English vocabulary.
Sabah Museum series B, 1. [Kota Kinabalu]: Sabah Museum and States
Archive Department. Xv, 255p.
c) Johansson, Jim, compiler. 1993. Kamus kigambar = Kamus bergambar =
Picture dictionary; Kimaragang – Bahasa Malaysia – English. Sabah
Museum series D, 2. Kota Kinabalu: Department of Sabah Museum. Vii, 26p.
d) King, John Wayne and Julie K. King, compilers. 1992. Kamus Kigambar =
Kamus bergambar = Picture dictionary; Sungai/Tombunuwo – Bahasa
Malaysia – English. Sabah Museum series D, 1. Kota Kinabalu; Department
of Sabah Museum and States Archives. V, 35 p.
World eBook Library by WorldLibrray.net (2005)
(http://www.netlibrary.net/ReferencesDT.htm) is a list of links to dictionary and
thesaurus resources that can be found on the Internet. It is classified according to; general
dictionaries, special dictionaries and thesauri, science and technical dictionaries,
biochemistry dictionaries, language translation dictionaries and grammar/sentence
translation dictionaries.
Lexico
Publishing
Group
(2005)
(http://thesaurus.reference.com/Roget-Alpha-
Index.html) is a useful online dictionary. Each entry is divided into different section, with
27
definition and a full list of synonyms for each sense, to ensure that the selected usage is
the most appropriate. Furthermore, all special usage are labeled and grouped together.
yourDictionary.com
(2005)
(http://www.yourdictionary.com/languages.html)
lists
dictionaries according to languages. There was over 302 language dictionaries given by
this site such as Miami, Dutch, Malay, Basa and Bemba. A list of dictionaries available
are given when a language was selected.
The Linguist List
by Aristar (2006) lists online dictionaries according to the three
categories;
a) Bilingual and multilingual dictionaries
b) Dictionary meta sites
c) Monolingual dictionaries and lexicons
About 250 dictionaries are listed. Users can browse through the subject, language,
linguistic subfield and language family.
Dictionaries, Thesauri, & Acronyms by Robert (2006) lists thesauri, acronym and
dictionaries. There are about 20 dictionaries listed, which includes Merriam Webster
Online, Roget’s Internet Thesaurus, WordNet, Acronym Finder, Acronyms and
Abbreviations Server and AWeb of On-line Dictionaries.
28
2.5 Bibliographic Control of Malaysia Dictionaries
Khoo (1987) gives instances when librarians consciously collect and acquire dictionaries
in order to meet the need of lexicographical research and language teaching. She
mentions that the University of Malaya libraries have acquired about 320 titles of
Indonesia/Malay dictionaries to meet the need of academician, learners and researchers.
The first Malay-Portuguese dictionary is compiled by Antonio Pigafetta
in 1519.
Pigafetta had followed Ferdinand Maggelan who sailed the spice islands and compiled a
short word list of 400 Malay words. This list is mentioned in a number of essays by
Blagden (1931), Gonda (1938), Kern (1938), Roux (1939), Bousani (1961) and Sabtu
(1970).
In 1880, Dennys publish a bibliography in the Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal
Asiatic Society, which lists Malay-European language and Malay-Indonesian language
dictionaries. This is a unique contribution since it provides information about dictionaries
published before 1880.
Blagden and Edwards (1930-1932), indicates that the first known Malacca Chinese
Malay word and phrase list is compiled between 1403 and 1511. In the article Blagden
and Edwards list 482 words.
There are several attempts to bibliographically control dictionaries, which are being
published in Malaysia. One of the earliest wordlist for the Malay Dutch language is
29
compiled by Peter Floris in 1604. This is reported by Linehan (1949) and Gibson–Hill
(1953) which
provides a chronological list of wordlists and dictionaries which are
published between 1511 to 1708. He indicates that Floris’s wordlist provide the Malay
equivalent words in the Jawi script.
A critical study on the Malay and Indonesian language by Teeuw (1961)
traces the
history of Malay lexicography from 1400 to 1950s. On pages 91 to 171 of the publication
Malay/Indonesian dictionaries are listed. Teeuw’s work is a useful source of reference for
those who are studying the history of Malay/Indonesian lexicography.
Yusof Hitam (1961) compiles a list of Malay dictionaries published since 1511 in an
article published in Dewan Bahasa in April 1961. In the article Yusof traces the
development of the compilation of Malay dictionaries. The article lists Malay wordlist
and dictionaries in chronological sequence.
In giving a critical account of the development of Malay lexicographical works, Asmah
(1969) describes the history of monolingual, bilingual and polyglotal Malay dictionaries
compilations. In this article, she includes titles of Malay dictionaries chronologically.
Asmah updates this listing in 1969 in an article entitled ‘Perkamusan Melayu’.
Khalid (1978) contributes a list of dictionaries published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
between 1972 and 1981. A detailed description is given for Kamus Dewan (1972), Kamus
berilustrasi untuk sekolah rendah (1979), Kamus Dwibahasa: bahasa Inggeris-Bahasa
30
Melayu (1978), Kamus Bahasa Inggeris- Bahasa Malaysia ANU-DBP (1983) and Kamus
Istilah Kimia (1981).
Idros and Raja Mashitah (1984) compile an annotated bibliography of lexicographical
works published in Dewan Bahasa between 1953 and 1983. Within the thirty years they
list 65 vocabularies and dictionaries published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP). The
listing is useful for counter checking what dictionaries has been published by DBP
between 1953 and 1983.
Zainab (1990) compile a bibliography of Malay/Indonesian dictionaries as well as studies
about Malay/Indonesian dictionaries, focusing on those available in Malaysia. The
bibliography is based on collections held in three main libraries, the Zaaba Memorial
Library, University of Malaya, The National Library of Malaysia and Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka library. The bibliography is divided into eight sections; section 1 lists 73 titles of
Malay/Indonesian dictionaries in manuscripts; section 2 lists 106 monolingual
Malay/Indonesia
dictionaries;
section
3
lists
513
bilingual
and
polyglotal
Malay/Indonesia dictionaries and vocabularies; section 4 lists 422 dictionaries under
broad subject areas which includes languages and literature, social sciences and
humanities, the science and technology; section 5 focuses on studies and writings about
Malay lexicography found in books, theses, periodicals and conference proceedings;
section 6 lists writings found in local newspapers; section 7 lists titles which were found
after the compilation have been numbered and section 8 provides a chronological listing
of all titles of dictionaries and vocabularies.
31
Zainab (1994) also studied the pattern of growth and characteristics of Malay dictionaries
and glossaries published between 1631 and 1993. She shows that the publication of
Malay dictionaries and glossaries has increased over 200%. The total number of
published dictionaries from 1963 up to 1993 is 747 titles; which comprises 10% (78)
monolingual dictionaries, 49% (307) bi/tri/polyglotal dictionaries and 41% (302) were
subject dictionaries. Among the bi/tri/polyglotal dictionaries and glossaries published, the
majority is in English-Malay (179), which followed by Chinese-Malay (68), ArabicMalay (31) and Dutch-Malay (23) dictionaries. The rest are languages ranging from
Latin, Portuguese, Spanish, German, Japan, Russian, French, Tamil, Chinese, Urdu and
Thai. Zainab also provide a list of publishers active in Malay lexicographical publishing.
A more recent work is carried out by Wan Khairoslinda (2004). She lists 812 dictionaries
which are held at the Malay Documentation Center (Pusat Dokumentasi Melayu), Dewan
Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur. Among the 812 dictionaries, 452 entries are
dictionaries published in Malaysia, 327 entry of dictionaries are published in Indonesia,
12 dictionaries are published in Singapore and 22 dictionaries are published in Brunei.
The scope of this bibliography covered only the printed Malay dictionaries in various
languages. Dictionaries are listed according to the alphabetical order in three sections;
which are Malay-Malay, Malay-Foreign and Foreign-Malay. Each entry provided
information about the compiler/editor, year published, title, edition, place of the publisher
and call number. This bibliography is very useful for tracing Malay dictionaries which
are available for references.
32
Roosfa (2005) discussed about dictionaries on publisher. In her writing, she lists terms
dictionaries published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka from 1989 to 2003. Twenty-one
dictionaries have been listed. The main objective of her study is to complete the corpus of
dictionary in Malaysia. Furthermore, it will be a reference to people who involved in the
field of publishing. She is also mentioned some publishers actively in publishing subject
dictionaries which are Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Fajar Bakti and Utusan Publications.
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (2005) lists Malay online dictionaries for users; it is called
Malay reference. There are 11 dictionaries listed such as computers dictionaries (kamus
komputer), student dictionaries (kamus pelajar) and Malay thesaurus.
2.6 Summary
There are quite a number of the studies in the bibliographic control of dictionaries by
foreign researchers. However, there are not many studies of this nature by Malaysians.
This situation points clearly the significance of such a study. This study therefore
attempts to contribute to the effort of bibliographic control of dictionaries published in
Malaysia. The result of this effort provides the data, which reveals the trends, scope,
growth and subject coverage of the published dictionaries. The results will be described
in the following chapter.
33
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research method
This study involves collecting information about dictionaries published in Malaysia
between 1990-2005. The data collected for this study are obtained by searching five
Online Public Catalogue (OPAC). Bibliometric analysis is used to show and determine
the spread, trend and character of dictionaries collected. According to ODLIS (Online
Dictionary of Library Information Science, 2003), bibliometrics refer to the use of
mathematical and statistical methods to study and identify patterns in the usage of
materials and services within a library to analyze the historical development of a specific
body of literature, especially its authorship, publication and use.
3.2 Bibliometrics
Bibliometrics means literally “book measurement” but the term is used to refer for
measuring all kinds of documents (with journal articles as the dominant kind of
document). What is measured are not the physical properties of documents but statistical
patterns in variables such as authorship, sources, subjects, geographical origins and
citations (Hjorland, 2006).
34
The definition and purpose of bibliometrics is to shed light on the process of written
communications and of the nature of a discipline (in so far as this is displayed through
written communication) by means of counting and analyzing the various facets of written
communication. (Nicholas & Ritchie,1978 cited by Hjorland, 2006)
Bibliometrics is the ensemble of methodological knowledge that will serve the
application of quantitative techniques in order to evaluate the processes of production,
communication and use of scientific information. Its goal is to contribute to the analysis
and evaluation of science and research (Carrizo-Sainero).
3.3 Data collection
The database for this study comprises all dictionaries published in Malaysia between
1990 to 2005 that have been retrieved from:
•
University Malaya Library (UML)
•
Library of the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBPL)
•
National Library of Malaysia
•
University of Science Malaysia Library
•
Tun Sri Lanang Library at the University Kebangsaan Malaysia
•
University Technology MARA (UiTM) Library
35
Information about the title, the publisher and year of publication of each title are entered
into an Access database to generate tables. For some of the titles which are published in
numerous editions, each edition is entered separately.
3.4 Database Design
Microsoft Access is used to record data and the complete bibliographic information. The
database is designed and structured in such a way that it emphasizes on friendliness,
efficiency and effectiveness. The database created in this study contains collected
bibliographic data in order to manage the data more effectively and efficiently. The
database includes 11fields.
a) IDNo
b) Title of dictionary
c) Author- all contributors of a dictionary
d) Publisher;
e) Language- language used in dictionary;
f) Publication Year;
g) Place of publication;
h) The type of dictionaries;
i) Subject of dictionaries;
j) Location- library holding;
36
a. IDNo - The AutoNumber primary key of the table. A unique sequential (incremented
by 1) number assigned by Microsoft Access whenever a new record is added to a
table. AutoNumber fields cannot be update
b. Title of dictionary - Title of dictionary is recorded.
c. Author - All contributors of a dictionary is recorded (author, compiler, illustrator).
d. Publisher – Name of publisher which is used to analyze the publishers involved in
publishing the dictionaries.
e. Language - Language used by dictionary (Malay, English, Mandarin, Tamil etc)
f. Publication Year - Publication year of dictionary is used to analyse the trend of
publications for 16 years.
g. Place of publication - Place of dictionaries have been published.
h. The type of dictionaries – The dictionaries are categorized into monolingual,
bilingual, trilingual and polyglotal. Dictionaries will be identified accordingly to their
type.
37
i.
Subject of dictionaries – The dictionaries are categorized into five subjects areas;
Arts, Language & Literature, Science, Social Science and Computer & Technology.
Dictionaries will be identified accordingly to their subject area.
j.
Location–Library Holdings - This indicate the location of dictionaries. Six libraries
are used to search for dictionary titles in order not to miss any published titles.
3.5 Bibliometrics and Statistics Analysis
Micosoft Excel 2000 is used to analyze the raw data retrieved from the Access database.
The raw data is converted into conventional graphs with corresponding legends or table.
It is used to analyse the six major categories which are:
(a) the total numbers of dictionaries published for each year and cumulatively between
the year 1990 and 2005
(b) the publishers involved in publishing the dictionaries
(c) the compilers of dictionaries published
(d) the subject coverage of dictionaries published
(e) the types of dictionaries are published
(f) the language covered by the dictionaries?
The results are presented in the form of linear graphs, pie charts and bar graphs with
explanations.
38
In short the data will be keyed to serve two purposes, to present a bibliographic list and
another is to be used for analysis.
3.6 Summary
This chapter elaborates the research method used to collect and analyze data. The scope
of dictionaries cover only those published in Malaysia. The retrieved titles is analyzed
bibliometrically and the findings is discussed and presented in the next chapter. The
bibliographic control of dictionaries published in Malaysia are analyzed in accordance to
six categories, the total number of dictionaries published, publishers involved, authors
involved, subjects of dictionaries, language of dictionaries and type of dictionaries.
39
CHAPTER 4
DATA ANALYSIS
This chapter presents the results of bibliographic analysis of published
dictionaries in Malaysia under six areas; number of dictionaries published in Malaysia,
publishers involved, active authors, subject coverage, type of dictionaries and languages
covered by the dictionaries.
4.1 Total Number of Dictionaries Published in Malaysia
Through the OPAC search of six libraries, 1,231 titles of dictionaries published in
Malaysia during 1990 to 2005 is identified. Figure 4.1 shows the graphic distribution of
dictionaries published each year from 1990 to 2005. During the period of 16 years (19902005), the trend of publications fluctuates up and down.
The highest number of dictionaries published in Malaysia was in 1995, 2000 and
2003 with 95 publications (7.7%) (Table 4.1). The second highest number was in 2002,
which gives a total number of 91 publications (7.4%). The third place was in 1996, which
gave a total number of 90 publications (7.3%).
The lowest number of publication was in 2005 with a total number of 48
dictionaries (3.9%) out of 1231 publications. The reason for this might be because
dictionaries for the year 2005 may have not been completely acquired by the six libraries
40
as it would take sometime before published works get distributed to booksellers and
subsequently acquired by the libraries. It would also take some time for libraries to
catalogue and include the titles into the library collection.
Figure 4.1 Dictionaries Published in Malaysia between 1990 to 2005
100
Number of publication
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
0
1990
10
Year of publication
The chronological distribution of these publications is shown in Table 4.1. From
the year 1990-2004, it shows that more than 56 titles of dictionaries have been published
each year in Malaysia. The reason behind this might be because Malaysia is a developing
country and had focused more on the education field. Therefore, more languages need to
be translated into the local language and hence the need for dictionaries.
41
Table 4.1 Dictionaries Published in Malaysia from 1990 to 2005
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Number of Publications (n=1231)
77
6.3%
72
5.8%
62
5.0%
79
6.4%
66
5.4%
95
7.7%
90
7.3%
85
6.9%
88
7.1%
56
4.5%
95
7.7%
65
5.3%
91
7.4%
95
7.7%
67
5.4%
48
3.9%
Cumulative Number of Publications
77
6.3%
149
12.1%
211
17.1%
290
23.5%
356
28.9%
451
36.6%
541
43.9%
626
50.8%
714
57.9%
770
62.4%
865
70.1%
930
75.4%
1021
82.8%
1116
90.5%
1183
95.9%
1231
100%
There are three increments of dictionaries published in Malaysia. From 19902000, the number of dictionaries published each year increased by an increment of 39
dictionaries. From 1994-1995, the number of dictionaries published each year increased
by an increment of 29 dictionaries. From 2001-2002, the number of dictionaries
published each year increased by an increment of 26 dictionaries. Between year 19981999, the highest decreased number of dictionaries published was 32 publications. The
second period was in 2000-2001, the decreased number of dictionaries published was 30.
Figure 4.2 summarizes the number of dictionaries published in Malaysia in three
periods of time. The data on periodic growth of publication are presented in 5-year
42
intervals except for the last period comprising 1990-1994, 1995-1999 and 2000-2005. For
the first five years (1990-1994), 356 (28.9%) dictionaries were published, which
increased in the following years (1995-1999) to 414 (33.6% ). The last period was
between 2000 and 2005, which gave a total number of 461 (37.4%) dictionaries. The
years between 2000 and 2005 showed the highest number of dictionaries published in
Malaysia compared to the other two periods. On average about 76 dictionaries were
published each year.
Number of publication
Figure 4.2 Periodic Growth of Dictionaries Published in Malaysia Between 1990-2005
500
461
414
400
356
300
200
100
0
1990-1994
1995-1999
Year
43
2000-2005
4.1.1 Malay Dictionaries Published in Malaysia
Figure 4.3 shows the total number of Malay dictionaries published in Malaysia
from 1820 to 2005. The study for the earliest Malay dictionaries up to 1990 was taken
from a bibliography compiled by Zainab (1994) of Malay and Indonesian dictionaries
from 1980 to 1990. Zainab however recorded only few dictionaries in 1990 as libraries
might not have completely acquired published dictionaries in 1990. This study therefore
started the data collection from the year 1990 to adequately capture dictionary publication
for that year.
Figure 4.3 Malay Dictionaries Published in Malaysia
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
2000-2005
1995-1999
1990-1994
1985-1989
1980-1984
1975-1979
1970-1974
1965-1969
1960-1964
1955-1959
1950-1954
1945-1949
1940-1944
1935-1939
1930-1934
1925-1929
1920-1924
1915-1919
1910-1914
1905-1909
1900-1904
<1889
0
Figure 4.3 indicates that the Malay dictionaries published may be divided into
three periods. The first period is 1820-1954, exemplified a long and consistently low
44
period of dictionary publication productivity. A total number of 20 Malay dictionaries
were published in those years. The second period is 1955-1989, comprising the medium
but incremental period where a total number of 242 Malay dictionaries were published.
The last period is 1990-2005, the highly active period. This is the peak of Malay
dictionaries publication, which produced 947 publications. The chronological distribution
of these publications is shown in Table 4.2.
For the first period, it shows that only few Malay dictionaries have been
published. A very limited interest is displayed during this period. The highest publication
is 4 in a year. During this period, no Malay dictionaries were published between the
years 1910-1914, 1920-1924, 1930-1934 and 1935-1939.
The second period shows the publication of dictionaries increasing. It started from
the year 1955-1959 which produced 7 publications. Dictionary publication increased to 9
publications in the years 1960-1964 and 1965-1969. Then, for the next 5 years,
publications of Malay dictionaries increased threefold to 28 publications. Thereafter, the
growth of Malay dictionaries continues upwards.
The highly active period shows the highest publication of Malay dictionaries. It
revealed that between the periods of 1985-1989 and 1990-2005, indicated sharp
increments of dictionary publications. The difference between the two years was 209
titles. There was a phenomenal jump in the publication output from 1990 onward. It is
predicted that this trend could continue in future. At this highly active period, Malaysia
45
obtained independence in 1957 and subsequently the government, publishers and
academic institutions began to contribute to the field of Malaysian lexicography.
Table 4.2 Chronological Number of Publications of Malay dictionaries in Malaysia
Year
<1889
1900-1904
1905-1909
1910-1914
1915-1919
1920-1924
1925-1929
1930-1934
1935-1939
1940-1944
1945-1949
1950-1954
1955-1959
1960-1964
1965-1969
1970-1974
1975-1979
1980-1984
1985-1989
1990-1994
1995-1999
2000-2005
Number of Publications
4
0.3%
2
0.2%
1
0.1%
0
0.0%
3
0.3%
0
0.0%
1
0.1%
0
0.0%
0
0.0%
3
0.3%
2
0.2%
4
0.3%
7
0.6%
9
0.8%
9
0.8%
28
2.3%
33
2.7%
42
3.5%
74
6.2%
283
23.8%
325
27.3%
359
30.2%
4.2 The Active Publishers Publishing Dictionaries
46
Cumulative Number of
Publications
4
0.3%
6
0.5%
7
0.6%
7
0.6%
10
0.9%
0
0.9%
11
1.0%
11
1.0%
11
1.0%
14
1.3%
16
1.5%
20
1.8%
27
2.4%
36
3.2%
45
4.0%
73
6.3%
106
9.0%
148
12.5%
222
18.7%
505
42.5%
830
69.8%
1189
100.0%
There were 201 publishers involved in the production of dictionaries in Malaysia
during 1990 and 2005. More than 50 percent of the publishers are one time publishers of
dictionaries (103 out of 201).
Table 4.3 Publishers Involved in Publishing Dictionaries (1990-2005)
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Number of
publication
Publisher
Cohort: 1
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
Cohort: 1
Fajar Bakti
Cohort: 1
Golden Books Centre
Cohort: 1
Pelanduk Publications
Cohort: 1
United Publishing House
Cohort: 2
Crescent News
Federal Publications
Cohort: 1
Perniagaan Jahabersa
Cohort: 1
Utusan Publications & Distributors
Cohort: 1
Penerbitan Daya
Cohort: 1
Minerva Publications
Cohort: 1
Penerbitan Pelangi
Cohort: 1
Pearson Malaysia
Cohort: 1
Pustaka Delta Pelajaran
Cohort: 2
Eastview Publications
S. Abdul Majeed
Cohort: 1
PTS Publications & Distributors
Cohort: 2
Cerdik Publications
Thinker's Library
Cohort: 2
277
90
70
43
39
32
32
30
29
26
22
20
18
15
14
14
13
12
12
47
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Anika Publication & Distributors
Pustaka Zaman
Cohort: 2
Associated Educational Distributors (M)
Synergy Books International
Cohort: 2
Darulfikir
Penerbitan Fargoes
Cohort: 3
Al-Hidayah Publishers
Kiddibird
Times Educational
Cohort: 6
Buku Must
International Law Book Services
Pustaka Ilmi
Sabah Museum and State Archives Department
Sasbadi
Tunas Pelangi
Cohort: 6
Albaz Publishing
Iqra' Publications
KohWai & Young Publications
Longman Malaysia
Mahir Publications
Sam Publishing
Cohort: 5
Kumpulan Rusa
Pearson Education Malaysia
Penerbitan Prestasi
Prentice Hall
PTS Professional Pub
Cohort: 8
Adlaunch (M)
Arowana Publications
Penerbitan Minda
Penerbitan Seni Hijau Sdn.Bhd
Piramid Perdana
Pustaka Antara
Sweet & Maxwell Asia
Victory Agencies
Cohort: 11
A.S. Noordeen
Amiza Publications
Jacaranda
Jasmin Enterprise
Neverland Book Publications
Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia
Penerbitan Al-Madani
Perniagaan Fajar
48
11
11
10
10
9
9
8
8
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
26
27
SNP Eastview Publications
Syarikat Nurulhas
Uma Publications
Cohort: 34
Alpha Sigma
AMK Interaksi
Arenabuku
Badan Cemerlang
Bahagian Penyelidikan dan Sekretariat Bahasa Malaysia
Mahkamah Agung
Berita Publishing
Darul Nu'man
Ensimal (M) Sdn. Bhd
Institut Penyelidikan dan Kemajuan Pertanian Malaysia
Jabatan Muzium Sabah
Jabatan Penerbitan Universiti Malaya
JalarMamat
Karisma Publications
Malaya Press
Oxford University Press
Pekan Ilmu Publications
Penerbit Universiti Malaya
Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Penerbit Warisan Intelek
Penerbitan Nadi Ilmu
Penerbitan Seribu Dinar
Penerbitan Sinar Suria
Pusat Penerbitan Universiti (UPENA)
Pusat Pengajian Sains Kajihayat, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Pustaka Budi
Pustaka Yakin
Read Resources
Rhythm Pub
Saravanabhavan Publications
Synergymate
Tazmull Publishing
Times Books International
Wholesale-Mart Business Point
Zebra Editions
Cohort: 103 single publishers
Total
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1231
Publishers have played an important role in the production of dictionaries. Table
4.3 revealed the rank of publisher’s name in descending order of publisher groups based
on their productivity. A total of 201 publishers were involved in publishing the 1231
dictionaries. Of these, 1128 publishers have been responsible for publishing between 2
49
and 227 titles of dictionaries. Among the highly active publishers, Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka ranked as the top most active publisher (Table 4.4, Figure 4.4). Dewan Bahasa
dan Pustaka has published 227 dictionaries out of 1231 dictionaries (18.4%). This study
suggests that Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka played a vital role in publishing dictionaries in
Malaysia. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka was set up to create and consolidate Bahasa
Melayu into one language that fulfils modern requirements. The main objective of Dewan
Bahasa dan Pustaka is to build and enrich national language in all fields including the
science and technology. Furthermore, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka aimed to publish
books, magazines, brochures and other forms of literature in the national language and
also other languages.
Table 4.4 Number of Dictionaries Published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka from 1960 to
2005*
Year
Number of dictionaries
1960-1965
2
1966-1970
5
1971-1975
8
1976-1980
21
1981-1985
32
1986-1990
48
1991-1994
69
1995-2000
58
2001-2005
36
Total
279
*The total number of dictionaries between 1960 to 1990 was taken from Zainab’s (1994) bibliography
Figure 4.4 Dictionaries by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka from 1960 to 2005
50
80
69
70
58
60
48
50
40
36
32
30
21
20
10
2
5
8
0
19601965
19661970
19711975
19761980
19811985
19861990
19911994
19952000
20012005
Table 4.4 shows the number of dictionaries published by Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka from 1960 to 2005 in 5-year intervals. It shows that the number of dictionaries
published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka has increased from 1960 to 1990. It started from
the year 1960 to 1965 which produced 2 dictionaries. Thereafter, the growth of Malay
dictionaries continues upwards. Then, for the next 20 years, the publication of
dictionaries increased up to 69 dictionaries. For the years 1995 to 2000 and 2001 to 2005,
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka has produced more than 30 dictionaries in 5 years. (Figure
4.4)
The second active publisher was Fajar Bakti. It has published 90 dictionaries,
followed by Golden Books Centre which published 70 titles. These three publishers;
51
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Fajar Bakti and Golden Books Centre accounted for 35%
(437 out of 1231) of total publishers involved.
The other publishers which had produced dictionaries between 30 to 50 titles in
descending order were Pelanduk Publications, United Publishing House, Crescent News,
Federal Publications and Perniagaan Jahabersa.
Figure 4.5 Group of Publisher
180
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
7
20
14
0
Commercial
Government
agencies
Academic
institutions
Figure 4.5 shows that publishers of dictionaries are divided into three group
which are commercial publishers, government agencies and academic institutions.
Publishers from
commercial agencies produced a total number of 180 out of 201
52
(89.55%) publishers. Government agencies contributed 3.48% while academic
institutions give percentage of 6.97%.
Table 4.5 Publisher by Academic Institutions
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Academic institutions
Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia
Jabatan Penerbitan Universiti Malaya
Penerbit Universiti Malaya
Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Pusat Penerbitan Universiti (UPENA)
Pusat Pengajian Sains Kajihayat, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Akademi Pengajian Melayu, Universiti Malaya
Biroteks, ITM
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia
Jawatankuasa Peristilahan Matematik Antara Universiti-Universiti SeMalaysia
Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Pusat Komputer Universiti Malaya
Pusat Penerbitan Universiti
Universiti Teknologi MARA
Pusat Pengajian Sains Perubatan, Universiti Sains Malaysia
There are also publishers which came from the higher academic institutions. The
most active are Penerbit Universiti Putra Malaysia, which has published three
dictionaries. This is followed by
Jabatan Penerbitan Universiti Malaya, Penerbit
Universiti Malaya, Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Pusat Penerbitan Universiti
(UPENA) and Pusat Pengajian Sains Kajihayat, Universiti Sains Malaysia, with two
publications each. Akademi Pengajian Melayu, Universiti Malaya,
Biroteks, ITM,
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Jawatankuasa
Peristilahan Matematik Antara Universiti-Universiti SeMalaysia, Penerbit Universiti
53
Kebangsaan Malaysia, Pusat Komputer Universiti Malaya, Pusat Penerbitan Universiti,
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Pusat Pengajian Sains Perubatan, Universiti Sains Malaysia
have published one dictionary each.
Some of publishers are from the governments sector. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka
is at the top rank. Sabah Museum and State Archives Department have published 7
dictionaries. Another five government agencies are ‘Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia’,
‘Bahagian Penyelidikan dan Sekretariat Bahasa Malaysia Mahkamah Agung’, ‘Jabatan
Penyelidikan dan Kemajuan Pertanian Malaysia’, ‘Jabatan Muzium Sabah’ and Forest
Research Research Institute Malaysia. The list indicates that local government sector
have been involved in publishing dictionaries in Malaysia.
4. 3 Authors Involved in Compiling Dictionaries
A total of 402 authors are involved in compiling dictionaries. Table 4.6 presents
the publication productivity by authors. The listing is arranged in order of the number of
dictionaries compiled to highlight the prolific authors. Abdullah Hassan emerged as the
most prolific author in compiling dictionaries. He was involved mostly in compiling
dictionaries in the subject of language and literature. There were some dictionaries which
he co-author with Ainon Mohd, which include works on synonyms English-Malay
synonyms: Inggeris-Melayu sinonim (1994), Kamus seerti bahasa Melayu (2001) and on
proverbs, Kamus pepetah bidalan dan perumpaman, (2001) and Kamus peribahasa
kontemporari (2001).
54
Mohd Azani Ghazali ranked as the second most productive author with 16
publications. Mohd Azani Ghazali was involved in compiling dictionaries in the Arabic
language providing Malay or English equivalent. Most of the dictionaries were either
bilingual or trilingual and were published by Perniagaan Jahabersa.
Othman Puteh and Ainon Mohd ranked equally as the third most productive
authors with 13 publications. Othman Puteh and Ainon Mohd were mostly involved in
compiling language and literature dictionaries.
Zulkiflee Yazid was involved in compiling 9 dictionaries between the years 1996
and 2002. He covered subject from language and literature to the social sciences.
There were 53 authors involved in compiling three to twenty-two dictionaries.
The majority (279) of authors were involved in compiling just one dictionary. In general,
Malaysian authors are one time compilers.
Table 4.6 Authors Involved in Publication of Dictionaries
Group
Author
1
Cohort: 1
2
Cohort: 1
No of Publication
Abdullah Hassan
22
Mohd. Azani Ghazali
3
4
16
Cohort: 2
Othman Puteh
13
Ainon Mohd
13
Cohort: 1
Zulkiflee Yazid
5
9
Cohort: 1
Hassan
6
8
Cohort: 2
Daud Baharum
7
Kamarudin (Diam)
7
55
7
8
9
10
Cohort: 6
Abd. Aziz Rahman
6
Hawkins, Joyce M.
6
Ibrahim Ismail
6
Siti Nor Azura Abd. Wahid
6
Yang Kassim
6
Zainudin Dirin
6
Cohort: 3
Rahman Shaari
5
Abd. bin Nuh
5
Mat Nor Hussin
5
Cohort: 3
Curzon, L. B.
4
Maznah Noordin
4
Othman Sulaiman
4
Cohort: 33
Ahmad Mahmood Musanif
3
al- Habsyi, Husin
3
Anita bt. Morah Abas
3
Arbak Othman
3
Cai, Yongxiang
3
Chopra, U.B.
3
Clark, John O.E.
3
Hasan Muhammad Ali
3
Hawkins, Richard
3
Helmi Hashim
3
Jaafar Mat Sani
Jawatankuasa Istilah Pusat Teknologi Pengajaran dan
Multimedia, Universiti Sains Malaysia
3
3
Kasnani Ab Karim
3
Lee, Shok Mee
3
Mohammad A. Quayum
3
Mohd. Ali Abdul Hamid
3
Muhammad Firdaus
3
Nandy, Milon
3
Noor Azlina Yunus
3
Noraini Ibrahim
3
Norshafinaz Malek
3
Nuraihan Mat Daud
3
Rasidin Ghani
3
S. Kumaran.
3
Safiah Md. Yassin
3
Takahashi.
3
Tan, Hui Seng
3
Tan, On Tin
3
Tay, Choo Chuan
3
Tay, T.S.
3
Wee, Chwee Geok
3
56
Zoraini Wati Abas.
3
11
Cohort: 69 authors
2
12
Cohort: 280 authors
1
4.4 Subject of the Dictionaries
Figure 4.6 provides a breakdown of dictionaries published in Malaysia in broad
disciplines. About 67.2% (827) of dictionaries were in the subject of language and
literature. Dictionaries in the social sciences covered about 12.6% (155) of the total.
Those in the sciences category contributed about 11.9% (146), followed by technology
and computer, 6.1% (75). A total number of 28 dictionaries were compiled in the Arts.
Figure 4.4 indicates that language and literature are the main subjects covered by
dictionaries compiled in Malaysia.
Figure 4.6 Subject of Dictionaries
155
75
28
Arts
146
Language & Literature
Science
827
57
Social Science
Technology & Computer
Details of dictionaries in the language and literature category revealed coverage in
topics such as synonyms, proverbs, idiom and acronyms, literature and linguistics.
Dictionaries in the social sciences cover a range of subjects such as economics,
administration, communications, culture, geography, history, library, education, tourism,
law, nursing, psychology, philosophy and others. Dictionaries in science covered subjects
such as animal, mineral, aeronautic, agriculture, astronomy, biology, biotechnology,
botany, chemistry, drug, ecology, health, human, marine, nuclear, nutrition, pharmacy,
physics, veterinary, zoology and others. Meanwhile, dictionaries in the arts cover aspects
of culture, fashion, graphic, landscapes, printing, textile, photography and others.
Table 4.7 Number of Publication by Subject
Subject
Number of Publications
Arts
28
Language & Literature
827
Science
146
Social Science
155
Technology & Computer
75
Total
1231
%
2.30%
67.20%
11.90%
12.60%
6.10%
100%
4.5 Types of Dictionaries
Table 4.8 shows a breakdown of published dictionaries in four categories. There
were 511 monolingual dictionaries (41.5%), followed by 596 (48.4%) bilingual, 119
(9.7%) trilingual and 5 titles (0.4%) polyglotal dictionaries.
Figure 4.7 shows that
bilingual dictionaries cover almost half (596 out of 1231) of the total number of
58
dictionaries published in Malaysia. The ratio for the monolingual dictionaries to the
bilingual dictionaries was 1 :1.17 . The ratio for polyglotal dictionaries to the
monolingual dictionaries was 1 : 102.2 . The results show that many publishers have
shown more interest in publishing monolingual and bilingual types of dictionaries.
Table 4.8 Number of Publication by Type of Dictionary
Type of
dictionary
Monolingual
Bilingual
Trilingual
Polyglotal
Total
Number of
publication
511
596
119
5
1231
%
41.5%
48.4%
9.7%
0.4%
100%
Figure 4.7 Type of Dictionary
119
5
Monolingual
511
Bilingual
Trilingual
596
Polyglotal
59
4.6 Language of the Dictionaries
A total number of 35 languages were covered by the dictionaries published in
Malaysia (Table 4.9). Most of the dictionaries were published in two main languages;
which were Malay and English (Table 4.10). The results imply that languages covered by
the dictionaries is race related with focus on languages use by the Malaysians first.
Besides this, there were also language dictionaries covering languages such as Thai,
Viatnamese, Korean, Japanese, German, French, Dutch, Russian, Italian, Burmese and
Portuguese. This maybe influenced by political, economic and education ties with these
countries.
Table 4.9 Language of dictionaries
No
Language
No
Language
1
Achinese
19
Kimaragang
2
Arabic
20
Korean
3
Bajau
21
Malay
4
Begak
22
Murut
5
Bisayan
23
Pali
6
Burmese
24
Potugese
7
Chinese / Mandarin
25
Russian
8
Dusun
26
Sanskrit
9
Dutch
27
Selakau
10
English
28
Spanish
11
French
29
Sungai
12
German
30
Tambunuwo
13
Iban
31
Tamil
14
Indonesian
32
Tatana'
15
Italian
33
Thai
16
Japanese
34
Tionghua
17
Kadazan
35
Viatnamese
18
Kayan
60
Table 4.10 shows the breakdown of monolingual, bilingual, trilingual and
polyglotal dictionaries. Bilingual dictionaries formed the biggest percentage (48.4%)
among all of the dictionary types (Figure 4.5). Table 4.10 shows that Malay-English or
English-Malay dictionaries gave a total number of
443 titles. This might be because
English is the second or third language for most Malaysians. Besides, most of the higher
educational institutions in Malaysia are using English as their communication and
learning language. Most of the bilingual dictionaries, are translations from the Malay
language to other languages or vice versa.
Trilingual dictionaries formed 119 titles (Table 4.8) comprising most of the
Malay, English and other language dictionaries. Only 5 titles were polyglotal dictionaries
(Table 4.6) covering the Malay, English, French, Italian, German, Russian, Spanish, Thai,
Kadazan, Dusun, Mandarin and Arabic languages.
Table 4.10
Monolingual, Bilingual, Trilingual and Polyglotal Dictionaries (1990-2005)
Languages
Malay / English
Malay
English
Malay / Arabic
English / Mandarin
Malay / English / Arabic
Malay / English / Mandarin
Mandarin
Malay / Arabic
Malay / English / Tamil
English / Arabic
61
Total
N=1231
443
306
170
52
43
43
43
30
16
8
7
Malay / Mandarin
Malay / Japanese
Malay / English / Japanese
English / Japanese
Malay / English / Arabic
Malay / English / Sungai
Malay / French
English / Arabic
English / Iban
English / Vitenamese
Malay / English / Arabic
Malay / English / French
Malay / Indonesian
Malay / Thai
Achinese
English / Kayan
English / Korean
English / Malay / French / German / Italian / Portugese / Russian / Spanish
Malay / Arabic / English
Malay / Bajau
Malay / Bisayan
Malay / Burmese
Malay / English / Arabic
Malay / English / Begak
Malay / English / Dusun
Malay / English / French / Thai
Malay / English / Iban
Malay / English / Kadazan
Malay / English / Kadazan / Dusun
Malay / English / Kimaragang
Malay / English / Mandarin / Arabic
Malay / English / Pali / Sanskrit
Malay / English / Tambunuwo
Malay / English / Tatana'
Malay / English / Thai
Malay / English / Tionghua
Malay / German
Malay / Japanese
Malay / Mukut
Malay / Selakau
Malay / Tamil
Tamil
62
7
5
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4.7 Summary
A total of 1231 titles of dictionaries were published in Malaysia during the years
1990 and 2005. This chapter presents the following results;
a. the total number of dictionaries published for each year and cumulatively
between the year 1990 and 2005
b. the publishers involved in publishing the dictionaries
c. the productive authors in compiling the dictionaries
d. subject coverage of dictionaries published
e. types of dictionaries published
f. languages covered by the dictionaries
63
CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
For this study, bibliographic data was collected from six libraries to ascertain the trends
and growth of dictionaries published in Malaysia between the years 1990 to 2005 and to
find out the publishers involved, the productive authors, the subject coverage and types of
dictionaries published. The data analysis provided answers to research questions listed in
Chapter One.
5.1 Findings and Discussion
Dictionaries published in Malaysia can be traced in various libraries. The
dictionaries of words are variegated in nature as they are meant for a multitude of people
with diverse interest and needs.
Before the twentieth century, lexicographers of Malay language comprised
entirely of foreigners, who were the Europeans, but in the twentieth century, Malaysians
themselves seems to be active in Malays lexicography. As a result, a great number of
dictionaries, big and small have been produced.
64
5.1.1 The total numbers of dictionaries published for each year and cumulatively
between the year 1990 and 2005
A total number of 1231 dictionaries have been published in Malaysia between the
years 1990 to 2005. The publication of dictionaries in Malaysia is quite steady with an
average of 76 titles a year. Dictionary is an important reference tool used by all level of
users, beginning from the pre school students and extending to primary students,
secondary students, college /university students and adults.
Zainab (1994) who compiled a bibliography of Malay/Indonesian dictionaries has
indicated that their publication has increased by 200 percent since 1963. Her prediction
that the number of publication will increase steadily proves to be true based on the results
obtained by the present study. This study shows that Malay dictionaries have been
increasingly published in Malaysia. Malay is the national language of Malaysia and there
are continue requests from the market for Malay dictionaries.
Wan Khairoslinda (2004) lists 452 dictionaries published in Malaysia which is
held at the Malay Documentation Center. It showed that 48.9% (221 out of 452) of
dictionaries have been published between 1990-2005. The bibliographic control of
dictionaries published in Malaysia between 1990-2005 is more complete as it covered up
to 2005. Furthermore, this study is also covered dictionaries from all languages.
65
5.1.2 Publishers involved in publishing the dictionaries
The most active publisher is Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka which published 277
dictionaries between years 1990 to 2005. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka is the government
body that played an important role in research and development on the Malay language
in Malaysia.
Fajar Bakti and Golden Books Center are commercials publishers, which have
produced more than 50 dictionaries in 16 years (1990 to 2005). The private sectors have
contributed in the publication lexicographical works. Most of publishers however, are
one time publishers of dictionary.
Academics institutions have also published
dictionaries. The high number of publishers involved indicate that there are demands for
dictionaries among Malaysians.
5.1.3 Authors/compilers of dictionaries published
Compilers played an important role in the production of dictionaries. Abdullah
Hassan is the most active authors in compiling dictionaries with
22 publications,
followed by Mohd Azani Ghazali who has compiled 16 dictionaries. Most of the authors
(279) compiled only one dictionary. The study carried out by Zainab (1994) also showed
that most of the compilers (73%) are one-time compilers.
66
This study helped to highlight those involved in compiling dictionaries in
Malaysia. Other authors who are also active in publishing dictionaries are Othman Puteh,
Ainon Mohd, Zulkiflee Yazid, Daud Baharom and Kamarudin (Diam).
5.1.4 Subject coverage of dictionaries published
Five main subject areas have been identified, for which dictionaries have been
published. These are the Arts, Language and Literature, Sciences, Social Sciences and
Technology and Computer. Language and Literature is the most popular subject area of
dictionaries in Malaysia. As Malaysia is looking forward to achieve its vision in the year
2020, the fields of sciences and technology and computer sciences are also popular
subject areas selected by dictionaries compilers.
5.1.5 Types of dictionaries that are published
The dictionaries in this study are categorized into monolingual, bilingual,
trilingual and polyglotal. Bilingual dictionary is the most popular dictionary published in
Malaysia between years 1990 to 2005. It comprises 48.4% of all types of dictionaries
published. Monolingual dictionary is placed second and covered 41.5% of all type of
dictionaries. This type of dictionary provides more detailed explanations of words listed.
Trilingual dictionary, which consist of three languages numbered 119 publications.
There are only 5 polyglotal dictionaries published in Malaysia within the 15 years.
Usually, this type of dictionary provides short and simple explanation.
67
5.1.6 Language covered by dictionaries
Languages play a big role in society. There are many languages covered by
dictionaries published in Malaysia between 1990to 2005, comprising 35 altogether.
Bahasa Melayu and English are the two main languages which are very popular. Bahasa
Melayu is the national language in Malaysia and maintain its position as the most
influential language of Southeast Asia and one of the five languages in the world with the
largest number of speakers (Collins, 1998). English is the second language highly used
among Malaysians and it also act as an international language.
Malaysia is a multi racial country compromising Malays, Chinese and Indian as
the three main races. The languages covered by the dictionaries who comes from
minority ethnics languages in Sabah and Sarawak like Iban, Kadazan, Sungai, Bajau,
Murut and Dusun.
Other than that, there are also dictionaries covering other languages such as
Thai, Arabic, Portuguese, Russian, French, German, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese,
Korean, Spanish and Burmese. Malaysia as a developing country, works with other
country in the academic, business, technology, religious and political fields. These
activities help in contributing to the growth of language dictionaries published in
Malaysia.
68
5.2 Summary
This study attempts to analyze dictionaries published in Malaysia between the
years 1990 to 2006. This study helps to highlight those involved in the publications of
dictionaries in Malaysia, the individuals, agencies, publishers that contribute to the
growth of lexicographical works. The study also contributes to the bibliographic control
of dictionaries published.
The list of dictionaries compiled help librarians to trace dictionaries, which are
not in their library in order to complete or supplement their collections. Furthermore, it
also help them to assists users in choosing dictionaries that are suitable for user based on
their requirement. For the researchers in lexicography, they can continue to analyzed the
growth of dictionaries published in Malaysia for future years.
In Malaysia, there are a number of languages, each with its own history and each
play its own individual role in the development of a multilingual society. Bahasa Melayu
continues to grow as the language for education and as the medium of instruction and
learning in school and higher education. As such the growth of lexicographical works is
expected. Different dictionaries are compiled for varying levels of users for the various
languages available in Malaysia. As such, many types of dictionaries become available in
the market for the respective users. The growth of the literature analyzed in this study
indicates that publication of dictionaries will continue to increase in the future.
69
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APPENDIX
Dictionaries Published in Malaysia Between
1990 to 2005
78