Chapter - UCSD Cognitive Science

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6 U7?/2/W`\`6 "27( * X"?/"?#+Q6 U7?/2/W/+ 0:?#+ ([!#&10>. ( 6 U/& 3`\ T U/* 6 UV0>. W%& +[6 "27( * X"?/"?#+Q6 U7?/2/W/+
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) & 8/) & + & 27( * 2/X>( U/&:U/") * d "27( . 5 ‡ K`Š]. 2#3D<%& ) ( * 6 . 5Y‡ L Š]37* g`& ) & 2#6 &:!#& ( T & & 2V= & . ( ?/) & 1 H
. 2#3>= & . ( ?/) & 1 H I Ï B
_9* X"?/) & l B i ’ * 5 ?#+ ( ) . ( & + U/ T .1<7* + ?#. 59) "?/( * 2/&401* X"U7(]?#+ &4( U/* + ) & 8/) & + & 2/;
( . ( * "2a( 1) & 6 "X"2/* d &Q.137; 6 U7?/2/W`BZÈ[+Y01& 27( * "2/& 3`\7( U/&Q& + + & 27( * . 5'37* g`& ) & 2#6 &[!#& ( T & & 2
i ”7i
6 ; 6 U7?/2/W/+[. 2#3D37; 6 U7?/2/W/+]* +]( U#. (Q( U/&:) "?/( * 2/&4= ")437; 6 U7?/2/W/+[6 . 2/2/"(4+ * 018/5 A>= "5 T
( U/&]6 "27( "?/)Z"2#6 &]37; 6 U7?/2/WQ= & . ( ?/) & +Z+ ( . ) (( [0>. ( 6 U4= & . ( ?/) & +9"21( U/& !#%. ) 3`B, 2:( U/&
f#X"?/) &%\"( U/&Yf#) + (+ ( & 8:8/) 76 & & 3/+."+9!#& = ") & !#& 6 . ?#+ &]( U/&f#) + (!#%. ) 34= & . ( ?/) &]37%& +Z2/"(
0>. ( 6 U4( U/&Yf#) + (6 U7?/2/W]= & . ( ?/) &%BZ, 2:+ ( & 81‰7\"( U/& 0>. ) W%& 3Q!#%. ) 34= & . ( ?/) &Y0>. ( 6 U/& +'( U/&
f#) + (]6 U7?/2/W:= & . ( ?/) &%\#. 2#3a+ 1( U/&4+ 8#& 6 * . 5'6 U7?/2/W7; + ( . ) ( 0>. ) W%& ) \?Z\7* +Y8/5 ."6 & 3>"2a( U/&
!#%. ) 3
6 "27( "?/)Q. (Q( U/&16 ?/) ) & 27(]5 76 . ( * "2'B1c%( & 8 ’ ?/2/8#."6 W/+]( U/&: g'+ & (Q =Y( U/&:2/& -7(
6 U7?/2/W4= & . ( ?/) &Q. 2#31( U/& 2a+ U/* = ( +* ( +Z= 76 ?#+Y")9• ?/018#+( :( U#. ([‡ ) & 5 . ( * <%&"Š'5 76 . ( * "2'B, 2
( U/&:2/& -7([+ ( & 8'\`( U/&:) "?/( * 2/&:01 <%& + * ( +[6 U7?/2/Wa0>. ) W%& )]( >( U/&:2/& -7([6 U7?/2/W>= & . ( ?/) &
. 2#3a* ( f#2#3/+]. 2/"( U/& )[0>. ( 6 U'B c%( & 8 j * + 5 * W%&Q+ ( & 8 ’ * 2a( U#. ([( U/&Q) "?/( * 2/&Qf#2#3/+ ( U/&
g'+ & (1. 2#3a• ?/018#+Q( U/& ) &%BV$YU/&1f#2#. 5 6 U7?/2/WV= & . ( ?/) &>0>. ( 6 U/& +[* 2+ ( & 8 k \. 2#3D( U/&
!#%. ) 3V* +Y5 . !#& 5 & 3 T * ( Ua( U/&46 U7?/2/W1* 2V+ ( & 8 l B
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"8#& ) . ( * "2#+ ›
i‰7B4B M I7JI O ]C/J%C1G "†[)[( U/+ U/&Q* =2/( & (-71(Y.= &2
. (‡ ?/K ) &%n ŠZ+]8#‡ K%+E *L ( Š* " 2 g'+ & (
EL
$YU/&>) "?/( * 2/&12/& & 3/+Q"2/5 A@( U/) & &>0>. ) W%& ) +[( VW%& & 8@( ) ."6 WD =]* ( +Q+ ( . ( & RS"2/&1= ")4* ( +
8/5 ."6 &>* 2( U/&V6 U7?/2/W
+ & m%?/& 2#6 &%\Z"2/&>= "):( U/&V6 ?/) ) & 27(4!#%. ) 3
= & . ( ?/) &%\Y. 2#3
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Ç[+ * 2/X[<7* + ?#. 5#) "?/( * 2/& +9( Q) & 6 "X"2/* d &]37; 6 U7?/2/W/+9* +901") &]6 "018/5 * 6 . ( & 3Q( U#. 2
?#+ * 2/X:<7* + ?#. 5`) "?/( * 2/& +( :) & 6 "X"2/* d &Q6 ; 6 U7?/2/W/+!#& 6 . ?#+ &Q37; 6 U7?/2/W/+Y6 . 2/2/"( !#&4+ 8#& 6 * ;
f#& 31+ * 018/5 A1."+Y+ & m%?/& 2#6 & +9 ='= & . ( ?/) & + #B Z?/(Y+ * 018/5 A%\7+ 8#& 6 * = A7* 2/XQ.437; 6 U7?/2/W:) & m%?/* ) & +
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(0,3)
Discontiguous
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2.
3.
4.
Board
No Match
Follow Board
(0,3)
(2,2)
(0,3)
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Feature Match
Mark Chunk Start
(0,3)
S
Next Offset
Jump Offset
(0,3)
S
Next Feature
Feature Match
S
Next Offset
Jump Offset
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Next Feature
Chunk Match
(2,2)
(2,2)
(2,2)
5.
(0,3)
(2,2)
6.
(0,3)
(2,2)
7.
(0,3)
S
Label
Contour
(2,2)
_69"* 27X"?(/") ?/& ) l BB i Ȓ7›= ( $Y& )4U/&V( U/) &>"?/f#( ) * + 2/(>&a6 =U7"?/)12/)W@& 6 = "& X". (2/?/* d) *&a2/X
0>.37(; 66 U/U7&?/+42/W/.V+1= &6 .. 2/( ?/2/) "&>(a"+ 2* 01( 8/U/5&aA@!#= "%5. ) 3`T \Y(( U/U/&&
)( "U/?/&:( =* &2/.& ( •?/?/) 01& + 8#Ba+Y$'. @) "37?/V2#3a( U/( *U/+ &Q\'=!#& %. .( )?/3V) &16 " 27g'( + "& ?/( +4) (0::?#01+ (Q* ) !#) "&a)Y+ (( U/")&4& +3D8#.* 2D( * . ( 59U/&>. ) 37) .; 62/U7X"?/& 2/01W`& \927.( 2# 3 =
(= "U/)[&].:) "37?/& ( ( * .2/*&[5 & 0:3>?#37+ & (+ !#6 ) &Q* 8/. ( !/* "5 &]2a( ]=• (?/U/01* +Y81) =") ?/"(0* 2/5&%7B 6 . ( * "2a( 45 76 . ( * "2'BYc%& &]( U/&]0>. * 2>( & -7(
i ”"’
01") &7 M H £'( U#. 2:+ 8#& 6 * = A7* 2/X .]6 ; 6 U7?/2/W`B9È[+'+ U/ T 2'\". ) "?/( * 2/&( ]) & 6 "X"2/* d &.]6 ; 6 U7?/2/W
6 . 2>"8#& ) . ( &]"2a.4+ & m%?/& 2#6 & ='= & . ( ?/) & +Z!7A4= "5 T * 2/X46 "27( "?/) +Y. 2#310>. ( 6 U/* 2/X46 ") ;
) & + 8#"2#37* 2/X[= & . ( ?/) & + BZ$YU/&]+ * d &Y ='.[6 ; 6 U7?/2/WQ* +'( U/& 27?/0:!#& )9 =#= & . ( ?/) & +9* (Z6 "27( . * 2#+
‡ 6 . 5 #( U/* +27?/0:!#& )YË'ŠZ( * 01& +9( U/&Q+ * d &] =Z.[= & . ( ?/) &%B˜Y& 6 . ?#+ &]( U/& ) &[. ) & i ‰[= & . ( ?/) & + \
= "?/)Z!/* ( +9. ) & + ?7Îa6 * & 27('( Q37* + ( * 2/X"?/* + U4( U/& 0:R T * ( U/"?/(Z6 "2#+ * 37& ) * 2/X]( U/& 6 "2/2/& 6 ( * <7;
* ( A:6 "2#+ ( ) . * 27(Z"2a."3 • ."6 & 27(9= & . ( ?/) & + BZ˜YA4( . W7* 2/X46 "2/2/& 6 ( * <7* ( AQ* 27( Q."6 6 "?/27( \"= & T & )
!/* ( +[. ) &:2/& & 37& 3 › !#& 6 . ?#+ &:& ."6 Ua= & . ( ?/) &16 . 2@"2/5 AV!#&4= "5 T & 3D‡ * 2V( U/&1+ & m%?/& 2#6 &"Š
!7A1"2/&[ =9( U/) & &["( U/& ) + \7( T 4!/* ( +Y. ) &Q+ ?7Îa6 * & 27(Z( 137* + ( * 2/X"?/* + Ua. 5 /= & . ( ?/) & +& -/6 & 8/(
( U/&Yf#) + ("2/&4‡ T U/* 6 U:+ ( * 5 /) & m%?/* ) & +`= "?/) Š BZe]& 2#6 &%\"( U/&]6 %+ ( ='37& + 6 ) * !/* 2/XQ.Q6 ; 6 U7?/2/W
* +[ˆ ‰7‡ NË i Š B1_/")Q* 2#+ ( . 2#6 &%\9.a6 ; 6 U7?/2/W@6 "27( . * 2/* 2/X1= "?/)Q= & . ( ?/) & +]) & m%?/* ) & + i 
!/* ( + \#. 2#3>"2/&:6 "27( . * 2/* 2/X1+ * -1= & . ( ?/) & +Y) & m%?/* ) & + i ˆ1!/* ( + B
˜YA>6 "27( ) ."+ ( \/.437; 6 U7?/2/W>6 . 2/2/"( !#&Q+ 8#& 6 * f#& 3>."+Y.:+ & m%?/& 2#6 &] ='= & . ( ?/) & + B
O."6 U:= & . ( ?/) & * 2>.Q37; 6 U7?/2/W>‡ & -/6 & 8/(Z( U/& f#) + (Z= & . ( ?/) &"Š'* +."+ + 76 * . ( & 3 T * ( U>. 2V‡ K E L Š
g'+ & ( BY$YU/& ) & = ") &%\/+ 8#& 6 * = A7* 2/X1.:37; 6 U7?/2/W>) & m%?/* ) & +01") &Q* 27= ") 0>. ( * "2a")]!/* ( + BÈ[+ ;
+ ?/01* 2/XD. 5 PK. 2#3 L g'+ & ( +:. ) &a!#& 5 T & * X"U7( \9& ."6 U
g'+ & (>6 . 2Df#(:* 2( U/) & &>!/* ( + B
$YU/&[6 %+ (Y =937& + 6 ) * !/* 2/X4.437; 6 U7?/2/W`\"( U/& 2'\7* +Zˆ%Ë k ‡ Ë i Š BYÈS37; 6 U7?/2/W16 "27( . * 2/* 2/X
= "?/)[= & . ( ?/) & +]) & m%?/* ) & +[‰ ” !/* ( + \'. 2#3
.>37; 6 U7?/2/W@6 "27( . * 2/* 2/XV+ * -a= & . ( ?/) & +]) & m%?/* ) & +
j ˆ1!/* ( + Bȑ6 ; 6 U7?/2/W>6 . 2V. 5 T . A/+Y!#&Q) & 8/) & + & 27( & 3:?#+ * 2/X:5 & + + + 8#."6 &Q( U#. 2V.137; 6 U7?/2/W
=( U/&4+ . 01&4+ * d &%B
$YU/* +Z. 2#. 5 A/+ * +'* 018/5 * & +`( U#. (Z* ('* +901") &Y& Îa6 * & 27('( Q+ ( ") & 6 ; 6 U7?/2/W/+'( U#. 2:( + ( ") &:37; 6 U7?/2/W/+]‡ * B &%B \7( U/& A1?#+ &45 & + +Y5 "2/X"; ( & ) 001& 01") A#Š BZ˜Y?/( 01") &Q* 018#") ( . 27( 5 A%\
i”ˆ
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C
c2
c3
c1
C = P c - c h u n k (c 1 , c 2 , c 3 )
Discontiguous
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D
d3
d1
d2
(!#_9@"* X"( 37?/UD& ) 6&( *U/37l &1&>B i 6 ˆ.V; 6› 37U7$Y;?/6U/2/U7&:W`?/\98/2/)]W@& \'37!#.* & 6 2#6 . 3@. ( ?#&:( + U/(&>V&1* (3737+Q;& 6 637U7* & 37?/+ &:2/6 )W`.a* \'8/6 Í4( ; * 6"\'U72/6 ?/;"52/27& WV2/( .X"* *(+[2@U
+ (* *01U/+Q) 8/+& U/5&4& ")]= ) & (( . &U#( ) .?/BV2
) & , (+2
U/B:&:( È[U/8/*+[+]) &+ f#37U/X"* 6?/T . ) 2'(&%& \\
(T U/U/&1& )= ?/& ."2#+46 ( ( * U/"&12D= ( ?/D2#376 (& * 6"* 2
37& ( DT U/37&& (6 U/* 37& &a):.V 6 ( ". 27W%( & "+Q?/"):2/6 5 "AD27(( U/. *) 2#& +4&%BD͚$Y( U/. &W%) & & +4= "+ ) & &%<%\Z& 62
; 6 . U7) ?/X"2/?/W/01+4& 27. )( &+
+ * 018/5 & )Y( U#. 2@37; 6 U7?/2/W/+ B
* (Q. 5 + a* 018/5 * & +]( U#. (Q( U/&:) "?/( * 2/&:( a) & 6 "X"2/* d &:.a6 ; 6 U7?/2/Wa0:?#+ ([( . W%&4= & T & )Q+ ( & 8#+
( U#. 2
( U/&1) "?/( * 2/&>( a) & 6 "X"2/* d &>.V37; 6 U7?/2/W@!#& 6 . ?#+ &>( U/&127?/0:!#& )Q =]+ ( & 8#+Q* 2D( U/&
6 "018/?/( . ( * "2
37& 8#& 2#3/+Q"2
( U/&>+ * d &: =]( U/&>6 U7?/2/W
‡ * B &%B \`( U/&>+ * d &: = ( U/&1) "?/( * 2/&%n +
* 2/8/?/( Š 7B Z?/([37* g`& ) & 27( 5 A%\/( U/&4C`F E Ê%M G J"H EY( a37& 6 * 37& T U/& ( U/& )[.1!#%. ) 3D6 "27( "?/)Q6 "2/;
( . * 2#+9.]6 ; 6 U7?/2/W[* +9+ * 018/5 & )'( U#. 24( U/&Y8/) & 37* 6 . ( &( [37& 6 * 37& T U/& ( U/& )9.]!#%. ) 3:6 "27( "?/)
6 "27( . * 2#+Q.a37; 6 U7?/2/W@!#& 6 . ?#+ &>6 ; 6 U7?/2/W/+[6 . 2D!#&>37& + 6 ) * !#& 3@01") &16 "018#."6 ( 5 AV( U#. 2
37; 6 U7?/2/W/+[‡ + & &4_9* X"?/) & l B i ˆ7Š B
c%@= . ) \Y,QU#. <%&V+ U/ T 2( U#. (1* (:* +4& ."+ * & ):( 37& 6 * 37& T U/& ( U/& )1.D6 "27( "?/)
6 "27( . * 2#+ .:6 "27( * X"?/"?#+ 6 U7?/2/W:( U#. 2V* (Y* +( 137& 6 * 37& T U/& ( U/& ) .:6 "27( "?/)]6 "27( . * 2#+ .
D = P d - c h u n k ( d 1, x 2 ,y 2 , d 2 , x 3 ,y 3 , d 3 )
i ”"j
37* + 6 "27( * X"?/"?#+6 U7?/2/WQ?#+ * 2/XQ<7* + ?#. 5/) "?/( * 2/& + B9™SU#. (* ='6 U7?/2/W4) & 6 "X"2/* ( * "2:* +9* 018/5 & ;
01& 27( & 3[?#+ * 2/XQ+ 8#& 6 * . 5 ; 8/?/) 8#%+ & 8#. ) . 5 & 5/37& ( & 6 ( ") +'"2:( T "; 37* 01& 2#+ * "2#. 57* 0>. X"& + ;>, (
* +Q+ ( * 5 Z& ."+ * & )Q( a) & 6 "X"2/* d &16 ; 6 U7?/2/W/+]* 2D( U/* +Q6 ."+ &%\Z. 2#3V= ")4& + + & 27( * . 5 Aa( U/&>+ . 01&
) & ."+ "2 › !#& 6 . ?#+ &:.16 ; 6 U7?/2/Wa6 "27( . * 2/* 2/X>ËV= & . ( ?/) & + ?#+ & + & -/."6 ( 5 AaË@8/) * 01* ( * <%&]= & . ;
( ?/) &Q37& ( & 6 ( ") + \7!/?/( .:37; 6 U7?/2/W>6 "27( . * 2/* 2/X:Ë>= & . ( ?/) & +Y01* X"U7(2/& & 3>."+Y0>. 27A>."+ QË 8/) * 01* ( * <"&Q37& ( & 6 ( ") +[‡ . 2#3a. 5 T . A/+Y01") &Q( U#. 2@Ë'Š B R
U7?/2/W/+ 6 . 2V!#&Q( U/"?/X"U7(] =Y."+]+ 8#. ( * . 5 A1") X%. 2/* d & 3V6 "5 & 6 ( * "2#+Y =Z8/) * 01;
* ( * <%& + B@$YU7?#+ \& ."6 U37& 37* 6 . ( & 3
6 U7?/2/WD37& ( & 6 ( "):* +Q5 * W%&>.@( & 018/5 . ( &1")10>. ( ) * -D =
8/) * 01* ( * <"&[= & . ( ?/) &137& ( & 6 ( ") + B[È 6 ; 6 U7?/2/Wa = Ë@= & . ( ?/) & +[6 . 2@!#&:& 2#6 737& 3a!7A@.>+ & ;
m%?/& 2#6 &a =QË= & . ( ?/) &V37& ( & 6 ( ") +:5 . * 3
"?/(1* 2( T D37* 01& 2#+ * "2#+a‡ + & &V_9* X"?/) & l B i j Š B
˜Y& 6 . ?#+ &:. 5 Z = .a6 ; 6 U7?/2/W`n +]Ë@= & . ( ?/) & +[. ) &1."3 • ."6 & 27([( a"( U/& )]= & . ( ?/) & +4‡ ( U/&4f#) + (
. 2#315 ."+ (Y. ) &Q."3 • ."6 & 27(( Q"2/&]= & . ( ?/) &]& ."6 U'\%. 2#31( U/&]) & + ( . ) &[."3 • ."6 & 27(( 4( T [= & . ;
( ?/) & + \/."+Z= ") 0>. 5 A1+ 8#& 6 * f#& 31* 2>+ & 6 ( * "2 j B ‰%Š \7( U/& * )Y+ 8#. ( * . 5`5 . A%"?/( 6 . 2>!#&[& 2#6 737& 3
* 2V6 "2/2/& 6 ( * "2#+ . 01"2/X1( & 018/5 . ( &Q6 & 5 + BZ_/")]6 ; 6 U7?/2/W/+ \/. 5 ' =Z( U/&4+ 8#. ( * . 59* 27= ") 0>. ;
( * "21* +6 "27( . * 2/& 3:* 21( U/& = "?/)Y37* ) & 6 ( * "2#+ R. !# <%&%\%!#& 5 T \%) * X"U7( \"")Y5 & = ( RS!7A T U/* 6 U
."3 • ."6 & 27(Q6 & 5 +]. 2#3a= & . ( ?/) & +[6 . 2
6 "2/2/& 6 ( BQ, 2D6 "27( ) ."+ ( \'.a37; 6 U7?/2/Wa =]Ë@= & . ( ?/) & +
01* X"U7(Q2/& & 3D."+Q0>. 27A@ =[QË Q= & . ( ?/) &>37& ( & 6 ( ") + \9."+:+ U/ T 2
* 2D( U/&:f#X"?/) &%BV, 2D( U/* +
6 ."+ &%\9!#& 6 . ?#+ &1= & . ( ?/) & +4. ) &12/"(:."3 • ."6 & 27( \98/) & + & ) <7* 2/Xa( U/&a+ 8#. ( * . 5Y5 . A%"?/(Q01& . 2#+
* 27( & ) 8#%+ * 2/XSE ]C#H L>37& ( & 6 ( ") +Q!#& ( T & & 2D= & . ( ?/) &a37& ( & 6 ( ") + B
$YU7?#+ \Z0:?#6 U
5 * W%&:= ")
<7* + ?#. 5Y) "?/( * 2/& + \Z& <%& ) AD6 ; 6 U7?/2/W
6 "27( . * 2/* 2/XV( T V= & . ( ?/) & +Q* +:+ * 018/5 & )Q( U/& 2& <%& ) A
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37; 6 U7?/2/W:6 "27( . * 2/* 2/XQ( T [= & . ( ?/) & + B$YU/&[+ . 01&]* +9( ) ?/& = ")Y6 U7?/2/W/+6 "27( . * 2/* 2/XQ( U/) & &
= & . ( ?/) & + \%. 2#3:+ ["2'BZ$YU/& ) & = ") &%\ & <%& 2Q= ")Z37& 37* 6 . ( & 346 U7?/2/W[) & 6 "X"2/* d & ) + \".[6 ; 6 U7?/2/W
* +Y& ."+ * & ) ( :& 2#6 737&4( U#. 2V.137; 6 U7?/2/W`B
, 2@+ ?/010>. ) A%\',YU#. <%&4X"* <%& 2V( U/) & &40>. * 2V) & ."+ "2#+]= ")Q37& f#2/* 2/X>6 U7?/2/W/+]."+
6 "27( * X"?/"?#+]= & . ( ?/) &1+ & m%?/& 2#6 & + B:_9* ) + ( T ."+[( U/&1m%?#. 27( * ( Aa) & ."+ "2 › ( U/&:( "( . 527?/01;
!#& )Y6 "27( * X"?/"?#+Y6 U7?/2/W/+Z* +Z0:?#6 U1+ 0>. 5 & )( U#. 2>( U/&]( "( . 5#27?/0:!#& ) =Z37* + 6 "27( * X"?/"?#+
6 U7?/2/W/+ B:h]& -7([6 . 01&:( U/&1<%& ) * f`6 . ( * "2D. ) X"?/01& 27( › 6 "27( * X"?/"?#+Q+ & m%?/& 2#6 & +]0>. W%&4* (
& ."+ * & )]( U#. 2
37* + 6 "27( * X"?/"?#+[+ & m%?/& 2#6 & + ( a37& ( & ) 01* 2/& T U/& ( U/& )[.>6 . 2#37* 3/. ( &:8/5 ."6 & ;
01& 27([* +Q.a5 & X%. 5Z8/5 ."6 & 01& 27( \'. 2#3
6 "27( * X"?/"?#+4+ & m%?/& 2#6 & +[. ) &12/& & 37& 3V= ")Q<%& ) * f`6 . ;
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6 "018/?/( . ( * "2D( a) & 6 "X"2/* d &16 "27( * X"?/"?#+Q6 U7?/2/W/+]( U#. 2D( a) & 6 "X"2/* d &137* + 6 "27( * X"?/"?#+
6 U7?/2/W/+ BZ_/")]( U/& + &Q) & ."+ "2#+ \`,6 U/%+ &Q( 1?#+ &46 "27( * X"?/"?#+]6 U7?/2/W/+Y* 2a "!#%$'& ( ) * +], , B
$YU/&:2/& -7(Q+ & 6 ( * "2@37& + 6 ) * !#& +[+ * 0:?/5 . ( * "2V& -78#& ) * 01& 27( + T U/* 6 U@+ U/ T ( U#. (
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+ & . ) 6 U T ."+]( %a6 "018/5 & ->* 2V!#"( UD+ 8#."6 &>‡ T ") W7* 2/X101& 01") A>) & m%?/* ) & 3>( >U/"5 3a( U/&
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3 cells
C
D =
Discontiguous
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D
3 x 3 = 9 cells
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. 2#63>& 5( U/+]& . ) )& &1= "&) <%&[& & )]."2/6 Ua& & 6 37& & 5 3>n +Z= "8#)4%+ .>* ( 6* "; 62VU76?/. 2/2aWa!#!#&[& 6& .2#?#6 +7&>37& . 3>5 Z!7 A1=Y** (( ++Y6= &".2/( 2/?/& ) 6 & ( +[* ". 2>) &>( :."3. •2/.""6 ( & U/27& ( ) \
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8/) * 01* ( * <"&Q) & 8/) & + & 27( . ( * "2V = + * ( ?#. ( * "2`Š . 2#3V( * 01&>‡ 27?/0:!#& ) =Y8/) "X") . 0+ ( & 8#+]) & ;
m%?/* ) & 348#& )+ & 6 "2#3#Š9( Q!#&[6 "X"2/* ( * <%& 5 A[8/5 . ?#+ * !/5 &%BZ˜Y?/* 5 37* 2/X]"2>( U/&]+ & . ) 6 U:01& ( U/73`\
"!#%$'& ( ) * +], , T ."+]. 2V& -78#& ) * 01& 27(Y* 2V."3/37* 2/X>8#& ) 6 & 8/( ?#. 596 U7?/2/W/+Y( 15 * 01* ( 6 . 2#37* ;
3/. ( &[X"& 2/& ) . ( * "2'B#Z5 . A%& )* 27( & ) <7* & T + \%8#. ) ( * 6 ?/5 . ) 5 A:( U/&]) & 8#") ( +Y =9( U/&]( T 4& -78#& ) ( +
‡ + & &>. 8/8#& 2#37* -D˜]Š \9+ ?/X"X"& + ( & 3D( U#. (:. 8/8/) "8/) * . ( &>8/5 ."6 & +[( V8/?/(Qd "* 3/+ T & ) &1 = ( & 2
. 8/8#. ) & 27( \`) & m%?/* ) * 2/X:5 * ( ( 5 &Q")]2/a37& 5 * !#& ) . ( &:6 "2#+ * 37& ) . ( * "2'B]e] T & <%& ) \/* ( T ."+]2/"(
6 5 & . )Z.]8/) * ") * T U/& ( U/& )Z6 . 2#37* 3/. ( & X"& 2/& ) . ( * "216 "?/5 34!#&]. 8/8/) "8/) * . ( & 5 A:6 "2#+ ( ) . * 2/& 3
!7AV8#& ) 6 & 8/( ?#. 5Z6 U7?/2/W/+ B4, 2D."3/37* ( * "2'\`* ( T ."+]2/"(46 5 & . )]U/ T 0>. 27A@6 U7?/2/W/+ T "?/5 3
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ÿ 2/& 8/) "!/5 & 0 * 2:* 018/5 & 01& 27( * 2/XQ "!#%$'& ( ) * +, , T ."+37& ( & ) 01* 2/* 2/X]& -/."6 ( 5 A
T U/* 6 US6 U7?/2/W/+:( ?#+ &V( 6 "2#+ ( ) . * 26 . 2#37* 3/. ( &@X"& 2/& ) . ( * "2'B‘È]2"!7<7* "?#+>+ & (> =
6 U7?/2/W/+Y( 1& 2#6 737&4* 2@ "!#%$'& ( ) * +], , n +Y5 "2/X"; ( & ) 001& 01") A T ."+ ( U/&:+ & (] =Y6 U7?/2/W/+
( U#. (C#E F A E G H K #L ]HZ( U/&]6 "27( "?/) + ='( U/&]d "* 3/+Y‡ + & &[_9* X"?/) & l B i k Š #B OZ-78#& ) * 01& 27( + T * ( U
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=98#%+ + * !/5 &46 U7?/2/W/+9= ") & ."6 U1( "W%& 2 T & ) &[. 5 `( U/&Q+ ?/!#+ ( ) * 2/X%+Y =9( U/&[5 "2/X"& + ( 8#& ) = & 6 (
6 U7?/2/WV( U#. (:6 "27( . * 2/& 3D.>= & . ( ?/) &1"2 T U/* 6 U@( U/&1d "* 3D6 "?/5 3@5 . 2#3`Ba$YU#. (4* + \'& ."6 U
6 U7?/2/W>6 "27( . * 2/& 3>"2/&4 =Z( U/&[= "5 T * 2/X4f#<%& P"H P ^A E J"H I7F E £ ›
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U: + ='& 6 * (( +9* "= 2 & . j ( ?/B ‰7) B &‰7+ \
+?/") 01& &aj B 8/ˆ7)Š *B<01*9&( * <") &:= & 6= &( .5 AD( ?/f#) &( (+Q* 2/f#X
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<"˜Y. & 5 6?/. & ?#+ RS+ &42#f#. ( 012/& & + 5 +[A%\ 8/‰ 5 RS. A%(& U#3V. 2:.a*+ 01?/!#8#+ & ( ) . = 27& 6( (* .5 A5f#) "( 5( &:* 2/* X[2D8# . *") !#+ RS%$'2#& (. )01* +4& 5 , A%n +]\ i 8#R& ) ‡= +"& ) & 0>$9. . 2#!/6 5&%& \`j * ([B ’ *Š + B
f#) & ( ."2/+ & "+ 2#+ . <"!/. 5 5&1?/&( V+ \7+( ?/U#8/. 8#(]%* ++ &>\/8#( &U#) . = (Q& 6 ( ( U/5 A4&1f#!#( & ( + * (42/X>6 U76 ?/U72/?/W/2/+ W/+T B "?/5 3@!#&1( U/%+ & T * ( UD( U/&:U/* X"U/& + (
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= ?/5 %+ & (' =#6 U7?/2/W/+ BZc%8#& 6 * f`6 . 5 A%\ 6 U7?/2/W7; + & ( +`6 "27( . * 2/& 3Q. 5 76 U7?/2/W/+# =/"2/&8#. ) ( * 6 ?/5 . )
5 & 2/X"( U>‡ &%B X/B \ . 5 /6 U7?/2/W/+`( T = & . ( ?/) & +'5 "2/X7Š'")Z. 5 76 U7?/2/W/+' =`.]) . 2/X"&Y =#5 & 2/X"( U#+Y‡ . 5
6 U7?/2/W/+( T /\7( U/) & &%\/. 2#3>= "?/)Y= & . ( ?/) & +Y5 "2/X7Š B ÿ =6 "?/) + &%\/( U/& ) & T ."+Y2/1X"?#. ) . 27( & &
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6 U7?/2/W/+ T & ) &4= "?/2#3`\Z( U/&18/) "X") . 0u) & 5 * & 3@"2
& -7U#. ?#+ ( * <%&1+ & . ) 6 U‡ * B &%B \'37& = . ?/5 ( * 2/X
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66 U7U7?/?/2/2/W/W/++ BY?#‡ + c%& & 3V&4* .2@5 + >"_9!#* %X"$'?/&) (& ) *j +QB ‰7, B , Š 6 "27( . * 2/& 3@. 5 9( U/&1+ ?/!#+ & m%?/& 2#6 & + =Y( U/& + &:5 "2/X"& + (
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f F5g d e i j þ<h F i e"Š \/+ "01&[+ & ( +Z =96 U7?/2/W/+9& 2#. !/5 & 3: "!#%$'& ( ) * +Y, ,'( 46 5 & . )Z01") &
( U#. 2 ’"" ) T +]* 2@& ."6 U@ = + * -VX%. 01& + \ T U/* 6 U T ."+]"2/&1* 2#37* 6 . ( * "2V =Y& -78#& ) ( ; 5 & <%& 5
8#& ) = ") 0>. 2#6 &
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+ U/ T +1U/ T 37* g`& ) & 27(
6 U7?/2/W7; + & ( +[. g`& 6 ( & 3@ "!#%$'& ( ) * +[, , n +]8#& ) = ") 0>. 2#6 &%B4È[+[+ U/ T 2'\'?#+ * 2/Xa. 5 6 U7?/2/W/+
( T >")Q( U/) & &4= & . ( ?/) & +]5 "2/X/\9 "!#%$'& ( ) * +Q, , 8/5 . A%& 3V. (Q( U/&:& -78#& ) ([5 & <%& 5 \`6 5 & . ) * 2/X
01") &]( U#. 2 ’"" ) T +* 2>+ * -:X%. 01& +Y. 2#3>. <%& ) . X"* 2/XQ01") &]( U#. 2 ’"Œ ) T +Y6 5 & . ) & 348#& )
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T & 5 %?#+ * 2/X[.]6 "2#+ ( ) . * 2/& 346 . 2#37* 3/. ( &YX"& 2/& ) . ( ") B˜Y?/('U/ T 0:?#6 UQ+ & . ) 6 U T ."+9+ . <%& 3 ;
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= ")Q& ."6 UDd "* 3 T U/& 2D?#+ * 2/Xa( U/&101%+ (:+ ?#6 6 & + + = ?/5+ & (Q =[6 U7?/2/W/+ B>"018#. ) & 3 T * ( U
& -7U#. ?#+ ( * <%&+ & . ) 6 U'\ ( U/&01& . 2427?/0:!#& )' =#6 . 2#37* 3/. ( &Y8/5 ."6 & 01& 27( + T ."+') & 37?#6 & 3[!#"( U
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& 6 . 5 ( U#. (:( U/&>8/) * 01* ( * <"&:= & . ( ?/) &>) & 8/) & + & 27( . ( * "2D0>."37&a& -78/5 * 6 * (Q( U/&a37& X") & &>( T U/* 6 UD( T V6 ") 2/& ) +[f#(4( "X"& ( U/& ) b9( U#. (4* + \ ]H T ."+437& f#2/& 3D!7AD$9. !/5 & j B ’ BVÈ) & 8/;
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