THE EFFECT OF ISOMETRIC MUSCLE TRAINING
ON THE STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE OF
JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL BOYS
By
WILLIAM SMITH
B.P.E., The U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia, 1957
A Thesis Submitted i n P a r t i a l F u l f i l m e n t of
The Requirements
f o r t h e Degree o f
Master. of A r t s
i n t h e Department
of
Education
We a c c e p t t h i s t h e s i s as conforming t o t h e
required standard
The U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h
September, 1964.
Columbia
In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of
the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of
British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely
available for reference and study.
I further agree that per-
mission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly
purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by
his representatives. It is understood that, copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed
without my written permission.
Department of
EDUCATION
The University of British Columbia,
Vancouver 8, Canada
Date
SEPTEMBER 1964
ii
ABSTRACT
The e f f e c t o f i s o m e t r i c muscle t r a i n i n g on t h e s t r e n g t h and
endurance o f j u n i o r s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l boys i n t e s t s o f t r u n k f l e x i o n was
investigated.
A group o f f i f t y - o n e boys was t e s t e d f o r t r u n k f l e x o r
strength by the cable-tensiometer,
and f o r endurance b y a s i x t y - s e c o n d
s i t - u p t e s t and t h e n matched on t h e b a s i s o f s t r e n g t h s c o r e s .
matched s u b j e c t s were t h e n randomly d i v i d e d i n t o two groups.
The
One group
performed a s i n g l e , s i x - s e c o n d , maximal, i s o m e t r i c t r u n k f l e x i o n
e x e r c i s e f i v e days a week f o r f i v e weeks, w h i l e t h e o t h e r group d i d n o t .
A t t h e end o f t h e f i v e week t r a i n i n g p e r i o d t h e two groups were
r e t e s t e d f o r s t r e n g t h and endurance.
the d a t a i t was concluded
From t h e s t a t i s t i c a l t r e a t m e n t o f
( l ) t h a t t h e r e were s i g n i f i c a n t mean i n c r e a s e s
i n performance i n t h e s t r e n g t h and endurance t e s t s b y t h e i s o m e t r i c
muscle t r a i n i n g group and t h e c o n t r o l group, and (2) t h a t t h e r e was no
s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e between t h e g a i n s i n s t r e n g t h and endurance made
b y t h e t r a i n i n g group and t h e gains i n s t r e n g t h and endurance made b y t h e
c o n t r o l group.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The -writer w o u l d l i k e t o e x p r e s s h i s g r a t i t u d e t o those
i n d i v i d u a l s whose c o - o p e r a t i o n made i t p o s s i b l e t o a c c o m p l i s h t h i s
study.
I n p a r t i c u l a r , thanks a r e due t o Mr. Lorne Brown and D r .
S t a n l e y Brown w i t h o u t whose c o n t i n u e d i n t e r e s t a n d generous a s s i s t a n c e
t h i s s t u d y c o u l d n o t have been s u c c e s s f u l l y
completed.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
ABSTRACT
i i
LIST OF TABLES
v
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1
JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM
S
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
6
CHAPTER
I
II
III
TV
V
VI
METHODS AND PROCEDURE
17
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
30
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
38
BIBLIOGRAPHY
41
I N I T I A L TENSIOMETER TESTS - RAW SCORES I N POUNDS .
47
MUSCLE TRAINING GROUP - RAW SCORES ( STRENGTH AND
ENDURANGE )
48
CONTROL GROUP - RAW SCORES (STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE)
49
MATCHED PAIRS - RAW SCORES (STRENGTH)
50
ENDURANCE TESTS - RAW SCORES
51
APPENDIX
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
PAGE
PEARSON r COEFFICIENTS FOR THE INITIAL STRENGTH
TESTS
30
RELIABILITY OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INITIAL TESTRETEST SCORES
31
RELIABILITY OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INITIAL AND FINAL
TEST SCORES
32
PERCENT GAINS FOR STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE
33
RELIABILITY OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STRENGTH SCORES OF
MATCHED PAIES
RELIABILITY OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FINAL ENDURANCE
SCORES OF THE TWO GROUPS
34
35
CHAPTER I
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The purpose o f t h i s s t u d y i s t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e e f f e c t o f
i s o m e t r i c muscle t r a i n i n g on the s t r e n g t h and endurance o f t h e t r u n k
f l e x o r muscles o f j u n i o r secondary s c h o o l b o y s .
The h y p o t h e s i s t o be t e s t e d i s t h a t a s i g n i f i c a n t
difference
between two equated groups o f boys, w i t h r e s p e c t t o s t r e n g t h and
endurance o f t h e t r u n k f l e x o r muscles, would o c c u r when one o f t h e groups
performed a s i n g l e , s i x second, maximal i s o m e t r i c e x e r c i s e f i v e times a
week f o r f i v e weeks w h i l e the o t h e r group d i d n o t p e r f o r m t h e e x e r c i s e .
Delimitations
1*
T h i s s t u d y d e a l s w i t h a group o f f i f t y - o n e male s t u d e n t s i n
grade e i g h t o r grade n i n e .
2.
The t e s t o f s t r e n g t h o f t h e t r u n k f l e x o r muscles i n v o l v e s one
item only, the cable-tensiometer
3.
test.
The t e s t o f endurance o f t h e t r u n k f l e x o r muscles i n v o l v e s
t h e s i x t y second, f e e t f r e e s i t - u p
only
test.
Limitations
All
s u b j e c t s i n t h i s s t u d y were boys who v o l u n t e e r e d f o r a muscle
t r a i n i n g experiment and were t h u s n o t randomly s e l e c t e d .
Definitions
I s o m e t r i c muscle t r a i n i n g i s a method of p h y s i c a l
training
2
t h r o u g h the development o f t e n s i o n .
T e n s i o n i s produced i n a muscle
when i t attempts t o c o n t r a c t , or s h o r t e n , a g a i n s t an immovable
resistance.
CHAPTER I I
JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM
I n 1953,
H e t t i n g e r and M u l l e r ( l ) advanced a method o f s t r e n g t h
t r a i n i n g through i s o m e t r i c c o n t r a c t i o n o f muscles.
I n the t e n years
f o l l o w i n g t h e r e l e a s e o f t h e i r f i n d i n g s c o n s i d e r a b l e r e s e a r c h has been
done i n t h i s
area.
The m a j o r i t y o f t h i s r e s e a r c h has been done w i t h
r a n g i n g i n age f r o m e i g h t e e n t o f o r t y .
subjects
I t has been g e n e r a l l y c o n c l u d e d
t h a t f o r t h i s age range i s o m e t r i c e x e r c i s e s a r e e f f e c t i v e i n i n c r e a s i n g
muscle s t r e n g t h .
I n f a c t t o d a y many p r o f e s s i o n a l a t h l e t e s and teams use
i s o m e t r i c e x e r c i s e s as p a r t o f t h e i r t r a i n i n g r o u t i n e .
R e l a t i v e l y f e w s t u d i e s have been done o f t h e e f f e c t o f i s o m e t r i c
e x e r c i s e on t h e s t r e n g t h o r endurance o f young a d o l e s c e n t b o y s .
Eriksson's
(2) l a t e s t l i s t o f r e s e a r c h s t u d i e s done by Canadians c o n t a i n s no r e f e r e n c e
whatsoever t o i s o m e t r i c muscle t r a i n i n g .
I f i s o m e t r i c t r a i n i n g f o r a d o l e s c e n t boys s h o u l d prove e f f e c t i v e
i t w o u l d p r o v i d e p h y s i c a l e d u c a t o r s w i t h a way o f muscle t r a i n i n g w h i c h
i s s i m p l e , consumes l i t t l e t i m e , and may be l e a r n e d f o r use i n l a t e r
life.
I n t h e p e r i o d o f r a p i d growth d u r i n g a d o l e s c e n c e , many y o u n g s t e r s
have a preponderance o f abdominal t i s s u e .
not j u s t muscle.
Unfortunately this tissue i s
I n t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e w r i t e r many s u c h y o u t h s s u f f e r
s e v e r e embarrassment d u r i n g a r e g u l a r p h y s i c a l e d u c a t i o n p e r i o d because
of t h e a c u t e weakness o f t h e i r abdominal m u s c l e s .
I n a d d i t i o n t o the
y o u t h s j u s t d e s c r i b e d i t has a l s o been e v i d e n t t h a t o t h e r y o u t h s , w i t h a
4
more normal p h y s i q u e , hare d i f f i c u l t y p e r f o r m i n g some p h y s i c a l s t u n t s
and s k i l l s because t h e i r abdominal muscles a r e l a c k i n g i n s t r e n g t h and
endurance.
I t has been o b s e r v e d t h a t many o f t h e s e y o u t h s a r e n o t a b l e t o
s u c c e s s f u l y complete even one s i t - u p .
T h i s i n a b i l i t y m i g h t be due t o
l a c k o f s t r e n g t h o f t h e abdominal muscles o r a n " u n u s u a l " c e n t e r o f
gravity.
I n e i t h e r c a s e , f a i l u r e t o complete a n e x e r c i s e t h e y a r e asked
t o p e r f o r m , does n o t i n c r e a s e t h e i r i n t e r e s t i n p h y s i c a l e x e r c i s e .
There i s need, t h e n , f o r a n e x e r c i s e t h a t w i l l do more t o
encourage t h e s e boys t o a t t a i n a h i g h e r l e v e l o f s t r e n g t h and endurance
of t h e abdominal m u s c l e s .
I f isometric t r a i n i n g i s effective i n
i n c r e a s i n g t h e s t r e n g t h and endurance o f abdominal m u s c l e s , t h i s t y p e o f
t r a i n i n g c o u l d be recommended t o t h e s e boys f o r use a t home.
5
REFERENCES
1.
H e t t i n g e r , T. H. and M u l l e r , E. A. " M u s k e l l e i s t u n g und
M u s k e l t r a i n i n g , " A r b e i t p h y s i o l o g i e , 15, 111-126, 1953,
2*
E r i k s s o n , A r t h u r W. E. "Graduate R e s e a r c h b y C a n a d i a n s , " J o u r n a l
of t h e Canadian A s s o c i a t i o n f o r H e a l t h , P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n and
R e c r e a t i o n , 5:26-28, 1963,
CHAPTER I I I
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
The
s u b j e c t o f human s t r e n g t h has f a s c i n a t e d many w o r k e r s
engaged i n a v a r i e t y o f f i e l d s .
M e d i c a l workers have used s t r e n g t h
measurements as i n d i c a t o r s o f t h e r a t e o f r e c o v e r y f r o m d i s e a s e s
(1,2).
P h y s i c a l e d u o a t o r s have used s t r e n g t h t e s t s as c l a s s i f y i n g d e v i c e s ( 3 ,
4, 5) and as i n d i c e s o f growth ( 6 , 7 ) .
Tests o f s t r e n g t h have been g i v e n t o s u b j e c t s o f a l l a g e s , and
a v a r i e t y o f methods have been used.
One method, dynamometric measurement, has been i n use f o r over
h a l f a century.
S a r g e n t (8) was one o f t h e m a i n proponents o f s t r e n g t h
t e s t i n g and h i s w o r k i n t h e l a t e 1800's (9,10) was i n s t r u m e n t a l i n
stimulating f u r t h e r studies i n the f i e l d of strength t e s t i n g .
Nearly
f i f t y y e a r s l a t e r Rogers ( 3 ) r e v i s e d S a r g e n t ' s I n t e r c o l l e g i a t e
Strength
T e s t and,
i n so d o i n g , c o n s t r u c t e d norms f o r t h e s t r e n g t h index
(Si)
thus c r e a t i n g t h e p h y s i c a l f i t n e s s index ( P F I ) .
F o r many y e a r s t h e dynamometer remained t h e most w i d e l y used
instrument
f o r strength testing.
other instruments
During the past f i f t e e n years s e v e r a l
have been i n t r o d u c e d i n t h e f i e l d o f s t r e n g t h t e s t i n g .
Among t h e s e i s t h e c a b l e - t e n s i o n method i n t r o d u c e d b y C l a r k e
I n t h i s method he used a c a l i b r a t e d t e n s i o m e t e r
t e n s i o n e x e r t e d on a c a b l e .
(11,12,13).
t o t e s t t h e amount o f
The c a b l e c a n be a t t a c h e d b y b e l t s o f
v a r i o u s s i z e s and d e s i g n t o t h e body p a r t t o be t e s t e d .
The c a l i b r a t i o n
of t h e tensiometer
i s i n pounds and i s r e g i s t e r e d on t h e d i a l b y a s e l f -
recording needle.
Complete d e t a i l s o f t h e p r o c e d u r e s and a p p a r a t u s may"
7
be f o u n d i n C l a r k e ' s ( 1 4 ) t e s t i n g manual.
I t i s r e c o g n i z e d t h a t s t r e n g t h i s o f two k i n d s ( 1 5 ) , i s o m e t r i c
and i s o t o n i c .
I s o m e t r i c s t r e n g t h i s t h e amount o f t e n s i o n a muscle c a n
produce when i n a f i x e d p o s i t i o n , when l i t t l e o r no s h o r t e n i n g o f t h e
muscle f i b r e s o c c u r s ,
I I s o t o n i c s t r e n g t h i s t h e amount o f f o r c e a
m u s c l e c a n produce t h r o u g h a g i v e n range of movement, when much f i b r e
c o n t r a c t i o n occurs*
T r a d i t i o n a l l y , p h y s i c a l educators
have used i s o t o n i c e x e r c i s e s ,
e x e r c i s e s i n v o l v i n g movement, as a means o f i n c r e a s i n g m u s c u l a r s t r e n g t h
and endurance.
I n 1953 two German p h y s i o l o g i s t s , H e t t i n g e r and M u l l e r
(16) , r e p o r t e d t h a t i s o m e t r i c e x e r c i s e s seemed t o i n c r e a s e t h e s t r e n g t h
o f m u s c l e s t o t h e e x t e n t o f f i v e p e r c e n t p e r week.
The p o s s i b l e v a l u e o f i s o m e t r i c s was p o i n t e d o u t b y
(17) .
Steinhaus
The p r o s p e c t o f b e i n g a b l e t o b u i l d up t h e s t r e n g t h o f muscles
t h r o u g h a s i m p l e , q u i c k e x e r c i s e t h a t u s u a l l y does n o t r e q u i r e equipment
o r a g r e a t d e a l o f space has a p p e a l e d g r e a t l y t o r e h a b i l i t a t i o n a l i s t s
and p h y s i c a l e d u c a t o r s
alike.
Gersten
(18) r e p o r t s t h a t *
"... because o f t h e s h o r t e r time element, t h e l a c k o f
j o i n t movement, and use i n home programs, i s o m e t r i c
t h e r a p y i s a d i s t i n c t advantage i n many c a s e s . "
H e t t i n g e r and M u l l e r r e p o r t e d t h a t a s i n g l e , d a i l y ,
six-second
c o n t r a c t i o n o f t w o - t h i r d s maximal s t r e n g t h was as e f f e c t i v e i n i n c r e a s i n g
s t r e n g t h as a p r o l o n g a t i o n o f t r a i n i n g f r e q u e n c y and a n i n c r e a s e i n
t r a i n i n g strength.
8
Crakes (19) came c l o s e t o d u p l i c a t i n g the f i n d i n g s o f
Hettinger
and M u l l e r r e p o r t i n g a s t r e n g t h i n c r e a s e of about two p e r c e n t per week.
R a r i c k and L a r s e n (20) r e p o r t e d t h a t a s i n g l e , s i x - s e c o n d
a t t w o - t h i r d s maximum s t r e n g t h was
j u s t as e f f e c t i v e as
contraction
frequent
c o n t r a c t i o n s a t f o u r - f i f t h s maximum s t r e n g t h f o r grade e l e v e n and
twelve
boys.
Wolbers and S i l l s ( 2 1 ) , i n a s t u d y of the e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f s t a t i c
c o n t r a c t i o n s i n i n c r e a s i n g the s t r e n g t h of h i g h s c h o o l boys, c o n c l u d e d
t h a t s t a t i c c o n t r a c t i o n s of s i x seconds' d u r a t i o n w i l l cause s i g n i f i c a n t
gains i n s t r e n g t h .
Gardner (22) employed a s i x - s e c o n d ,
t w o - t h i r d s maximal i s o m e t r i c
c o n t r a c t i o n i n h i s s t u d y of t h e knee e x t e n s o r s and r e p o r t e d t h a t i t
caused a s i g n i f i c a n t improvement i n t o t a l
Taylor
strength.
(23) i n a s t u d y of d i f f e r e n t s t a t i c t r a i n i n g methods f o u n d
t h a t no one way was
s i g n i f i c a n t l y best.
Some s t u d i e s , however, i n d i c a t e t h a t b e t t e r s t r e n g t h gains
be o b t a i n e d
are v a r i e d .
can
i f the f o r c e o f c o n t r a c t i o n and t h e number of r e p e t i t i o n s
Rasch ( 2 4 ) , i n a r e v i e w of i s o t o n i c and
exercises, reported
i s accumulating."
"...
isometric
a c o n s i d e r a b l e body o f c o n t r a d i c t o r y e v i d e n c e
Littlefield
(25) r e p o r t e d t h a t a t e n - s e c o n d , e i g h t y
p e r c e n t maximal c o n t r a c t i o n performed t h r e e t i m e s a week f o r e i g h t weeks
was
s u f f i c i e n t t o cause a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n the r i g h t - h a n d
s t r e n g t h of t w e l v e and t h i r t e e n y e a r o l d b o y s .
Asa
grip
(26) f o u n d t h a t
9
i s o m e t r i c c o n t r a c t i o n s r e p e a t e d t w e n t y times gave b e t t e r r e s u l t s t h a n
did single contractions.
The
t r a i n i n g was
n e x t n a t u r a l s t e p i n the i n v e s t i g a t i o n of i s o m e t r i c muscle
a c o m p a r i s o n of i s o m e t r i c e x e r c i s e s w i t h i s o t o n i c e x e r c i s e s .
In a comparison of s h o r t periods
of s t a t i c c o n t r a c t i o n t o s t a n d a r d
weight
t r a i n i n g p r o c e d u r e s L o r b a c k (27) f o u n d t h a t b o t h methods i n c r e a s e d
s t r e n g t h and muscle g i r t h s i g n i f i c a n t l y b u t t h a t t h e r e was
d i f f e r e n c e between t h e groups.
significant
Other s t u d i e s (28,29,30,31) a l s o
no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e between i s o m e t r i c and
used t o i n c r e a s e s t r e n g t h .
no
the
reported
isotonic exercises
as
Marley (32), i n a study of the strength
of
the elbow f l e x o r s of t h r e e groups of s t u d e n t s , r e p o r t e d t h a t a f t e r t e n
weeks of t r a i n i n g , s t r e n g t h as measured by the c a b l e - t e n s i o m e t e r
appeared
t o be i n c r e a s e d e q u a l l y w e l l by b o t h i s o t o n i c and i s o m e t r i c methods.
B e r g e r (33) t e s t e d the s t a t i c and dynamic s t r e n g t h of
u n i v e r s i t y males b e f o r e
seventy-eight
and a f t e r a 12 week t r a i n i n g p e r i o d .
t r a i n e d s t a t i c a l l y , t h e o t h e r group t r a i n e d d y n a m i c a l l y .
showed an i n c r e a s e i n b o t h
One
group
B o t h groups
strengths.
Not a l l s t u d i e s , however, have r e v e a l e d u n e q u i v o c a l
findings,
Rasch and Morehouse (34) r e p o r t e d t h a t i s o t o n i c e x e r c i s e s produced b e t t e r
r e s u l t s t h a n i s o m e t r i c e x e r c i s e s , and C a r r
(35) r e p o r t e d t h a t f o r c o l l e g e
women n e i t h e r p r o g r e s s i v e body c o n d i t i o n i n g nor i s o m e t r i c e x e r c i s e
produced a s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r i n c r e a s e i n p h y s i c a l f i t n e s s t h a n d i d
p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n a r e q u i r e d badminton c l a s s .
I n s p i t e o f the few d i s s e n t i n g o p i n i o n s , i t i s now
g e n e r a l l y agreed
10
(30,36) t h a t t h e t r a i n i n g s t i m u l u s t o i n c r e a s e d m u s c u l a r s t r e n g t h i s t h e
development o f t e n s i o n .
B e s i d e s e x h i b i t i n g a keen i n t e r e s t i n s t r e n g t h , p h y s i c a l
e d u c a t o r s have l o n g b e e n i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e problem o f endurance, b o t h i n
maintenance and i n improvement.
C u r i o u s l y , t h e r e l a t i o n between s t r e n g t h
and endurance i s n o t a s d i r e c t as m i g h t f i r s t be i m a g i n e d .
Clarke (37)
r e p o r t e d a n i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n between t e n s i o m e t e r s t r e n g t h o f t h e t r u n k
f l e x o r s and s i t - u p s o f o n l y 0.13.
I t i s g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d ( 3 8 , 3 9 ) , how-
e v e r , t h a t a n i n c r e a s e i n m u s c u l a r endurance f o l l o w s a n i n c r e a s e i n
muscular strength.
T r a d i t i o n a l concepts o f endurance t r a i n i n g were c h a l l e n g e d b y t h e
i s o m e t r i c e x e r c i s e concept.
L i b e r s o n a n d A s a (30) f o u n d t h a t a f t e r a
twelve-week e x e r c i s e program, t h e t i m e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e f o r c e o f &
s u s t a i n e d maximum i s o m e t r i c c o n t r a c t i o n t o drop t o z e r o was as f o l l o w s :
Group
Holding
Time
A
i s o t o n i c (DeLorme method)
200 s e c .
B
i s o m e t r i c (1 c o n t r a c t i o n p e r d a y )
180 s e c .
C
i s o m e t r i c (as group B
)
( t h e n 20 c o n t r a c t i o n s p e r )
(day d u r i n g f i n a l 3 weeks)
240 s e c .
W a l t e r s e t a l . ( 4 0 ) , i n s t u d y i n g t h e e f f e c t on endurance o f t h r e e
e x e r c i s e groups, r e p o r t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g percentage
increases:
11
Group
Endurance
isotonic
8%
2/3 maximal i s o m e t r i c
maximal
Increase
12$
isometric
Two groups o f s t u d e n t s a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia
were s u b j e c t e d t o an i s o m e t r i c t r a i n i n g s e s s i o n and a w e i g h t t r a i n i n g
s e s s i o n t w i c e a week f o r e i g h t weeks.
t h a t although the weight-trained
Dennison e t a l . ( 4 1 ) , r e p o r t e d
groups made g r e a t e r g a i n s i n upper
amu
endurance, t h e d i f f e r e n c e between t h e means o f improvement of t h e
groups was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .
Three groups o f e l e v e n s u b j e c t s were equated on the b a s i s of
b i c y c l i n g f o r two m i n u t e s a t f o u r t e e n k i l o g r a m s '
al.
(42).
r e s i s t a n c e by Howell e t
Group I f o l l o w e d a r e g u l a r w e i g h t t r a i n i n g program, group I I
performed t h e commander s e t of e x e r c i s e s , and group I I I f o l l o w e d
normal a c t i v i t i e s .
The e x p e r i m e n t l a s t e d e i g h t weeks.
their
A t the c o n c l u s i o n
of e i g h t weeks t h e s u b j e c t s were r e t e s t e d on a b i c y c l e ergometer under
original conditions.
I t was h y p o t h e s i z e d
from the r e s u l t s t h a t
increases
i n m u s c u l a r endurance may be e f f e c t e d by c e r t a i n programs of i s o m e t r i c
c o n t r a c t i o n s as w e l l as by i s o t o n i c e x e r c i s e s .
Swegan (43) l i k e w i s e a t t e m p t e d t o determine t h e e f f e c t o f s t a t i c
c o n t r a c t i o n and s t a n d a r d w e i g h t t r a i n i n g p r o c e d u r e s on endurance.
c o n c l u d e d t h a t m u s c u l a r endurance, based on composite s c o r e s ,
i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f t e r t r a i n i n g b y each method.
d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e two groups were n o t
obtained.
was
Significant
I t was
12
The present accepted opinion regarding isometric and isotonic
exercise as reported by Parkinson ( 4 4 ) and Lawther ( 4 5 ) i s that research
indicates that isometric t r a i n i n g methods are as good as dynamic t r a i n ing methods i n increasing strength and endurance of muscles.
13
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14
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I n t e n s i t y of I s o m e t r i c M u s c u l a r E f f o r t i n D e v e l o p i n g S t a t i c
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October 1958.
21. W o l b e r s , C. P., S i l l s , F. D., "Development o f S t r e n g t h i n H i g h S c h o o l
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December 1956.
22. Gardner, G. W., " S p e c i f i c i t y o f S t r e n g t h Changes of the E x e r c i s e d
N o n - E x e r c i s e d Limb F o l l o w i n g I s o m e t r i c T r a i n i n g " , R e s e a r c h
^Quarterly, 34:98-101, 1963.
and
23. T a y l o r , W. E., "A S t u d y Comparing t h e E f f e c t i v e n e s s of Four S t a t i c
C o n t r a c t i o n T r a i n i n g Methods f o r I n c r e a s i n g t h e C o n t r a c t i l e
S t r e n g t h o f Two Body Movements", U n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r ' s T h e s i s ,
P e n n s y l v a n i a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , 1954.
24. Rasch, P. J . , " P r o g r e s s i v e R e s i s t a n c e E x e r c i s e : I s o t o n i c and I s o m e t r i c :
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R e h a b i l i t a t i o n , 15:46-50, M a r c h - A p r i l 1961.
25. L i t t l e f i e l d , J . C., "The Development o f S t r e n g t h i n J u n i o r H i g h School
Boys by a Ten-Second S t a t i c Muscle C o n t r a c t i o n " , U n p u b l i s h e d
M a s t e r ' s T h e s i s , Alabama P o l y t e c h n i c I n s t i t u t e , 1957.
26. A s a , M., " E f f e c t of I s o t o n i c and I s o m e t r i c E x e r c i s e s Upon the
Strength of Muscle", Unpublished Doctor's D i s s e r t a t i o n , S p r i n g f i e l d C o l l e g e , 1958.
27. L o r b a c k , M., "A S t u d y Comparing the E f f e c t i v e n e s s o f S h o r t P e r i o d s of
S t a t i c C o n t r a c t i o n t o S t a n d a r d Weight T r a i n i n g P r o c e d u r e s " ,
U n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r ' s T h e s i s , P e n n s y l v a n i a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , 1955.
15
28. B a e r , A. D., G e r s t e n , J . W., R o b e r t s o n , B. M., B i n k e n , H., " E f f e c t
of V a r i o u s E x e r c i s e Programs on I s o m e t r i c T e n s i o n , Endurance,
and R e a c t i o n Time i n t h e Human", A r c h i v e s o f P h y s i c a l M e d i c i n e
and R e h a b i l i t a t i o n , 36:495, A u g u s t 1955.
29. Meadows, P. E., "The E f f e c t o f I s o t o n i c M u s c l e C o n t r a c t i o n T r a i n i n g
on Speed, F o r c e , and S t r e n g t h " , U n p u b l i s h e d Ph.D. T h e s i s ,
U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s , 1959.
30. L i b e r s o n , W. T., A s a , M. M., " F u r t h e r S t u d i e s o f B r i e f I s o m e t r i c
E x e r c i s e s " , A r c h i v e s o f P h y s i c a l M e d i c i n e and R e h a b i l i t a t i o n ,
40:330-336, August, 1959.
31. D a r c u s , H. D. and S a l t e r , N., "The E f f e c t o f Repeated Muscle
E x e r t i o n on Muscle S t r e n g t h " , J o u r n a l o f P h y s i o l o g y , 129:325336, August 1955.
32. M a r l e y , W. P., "The Comparative E f f e c t i v e n e s s o f I s o m e t r i c E x e r c i s e
and I s o t o n i c E x e r c i s e i n t h e Development o f M u s c u l a r S t r e n g t h ,
Endurance and G i r t h " , U n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r ' s T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y
o f M a r y l a n d , 1962.
33. B e r g e r , R. A., "Comparison o f S t a t i c and Dynamic S t r e n g t h
R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , 33:329-333, 1962.
Increases",
34. R a s c h , P. J . , Morehouse, L.E., " E f f e c t o f S t a t i c and Dynamic E x e r c i s e
on M u s c u l a r S t r e n g t h and H y p e r t r o p h y " , J o u r n a l o f A p p l i e d
P h y s i o l o g y , 12:29, J u l y 1957.
35. C a r r , N. J . , "The E f f e c t o f I s o m e t r i c C o n t r a c t i o n a n d P r o g r e s s i v e
Body C o n d i t i o n i n g E x e r c i s e s on S e l e c t e d A s p e c t s o f P h y s i c a l
F i t n e s s and Badminton Achievement o f C o l l e g e Women", U n p u b l i s h e d
M a s t e r ' s T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f Washington, 1962.
i
36. Rasch, P. J . , P i e r s o n , W. R., " R e l a t i o n s h i p Between Maximum I s o m e t r i c
T e n s i o n and B r e a k i n g S t r e n g t h o f Forearm F l e x o r s " , R e s e a r c h
% i a r t e r l y , 31:534-535, 1960.
37. C l a r k e , H. H., " R e l a t i o n s h i p s o f S t r e n g t h and A n t h r o p o m e t r i c Measures
t o P h y s i c a l Performances I n v o l v i n g t h e Trunk and L e g s " , R e s e a r c h
Q u a r t e r l y , 28:223-232, October 1957.
38. J o s e n k a n s , W. K. T., "An E v a l u a t i o n o f Some Methods o f Improving
Muscle S t r e n g t h " , Revue Canadienne de B i o l o g i e , 21:314-323,
September-December 1962.
39. Capen, E. K., "A Study o f Four Programs o f Heavy R e s i s t a n c e E x e r c i s e s
f o r Development o f M u s c u l a r S t r e n g t h " , R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y , 27:132,
May 1956.
16
40. W a l t e r s , C. E., S t e w a r t , C. L., L e C l a i r e , J . F., " E f f e c t of S h o r t
Bouts of I s o m e t r i c and I s o t o n i c C o n t r a c t i o n s on Muscular
S t r e n g t h and Endurance", A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l o f P h y s i c a l M e d i c i n e ,
39:131-141, August 1960.
4 1 . Dennison, J . D., H o w e l l , M. L., M o r f o r d , W. R., " E f f e c t of I s o m e t r i c
and I s o t o n i c E x e r c i s e on M u s c u l a r Endurance", R e s e a r c h Q u a r t e r l y ,
32:348-352, October 1961.
42. H o w e l l , M. L. Kimoto, R., M o r f o r d , W. R., " E f f e c t of I s o m e t r i c and
I s o t o n i c E x e r c i s e Programs Upon M u s c u l a r Endurance," R e s e a r c h
t & J a r t e r l y , 33:536-540, December 1962.
43. Swegan, D. B., "The Comparison of S t a t i c C o n t r a c t i o n W i t h S t a t i c
T r a i n i n g i n E f f e c t on C e r t a i n Movement Speeds and Endurance",
U n p u b l i s h e d Ed.D. T h e s i s , P e n n s y l v a n i a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , 1957.
44. P a r k i n s o n , G. J . , "A Summary of C u r r e n t R e s e a r c h i n I s o m e t r i c
E x e r c i s e " , Unpublished P h y s i c a l Education Graduating Essay,
U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia, Vancouver, 1964.
The
4 5 . Lawther, J . D., "The P e n n s y l v a n i a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y S t u d i e s on
S t r e n g t h Decrement, Maintenance and R e l a t e d A s p e c t s " , S i x t y - F i r s t
A n n u a l P r o c e e d i n g s o f the C o l l e g e P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n ,
1958, p. 142.
CHAPTER IV
METHODS AND PROCEDURES
T h i s s t u d y was a comparison o f g a i n s i n s t r e n g t h and endurance
o f two equated groups o f j u n i o r s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l boys.
One of t h e s e
groups performed a s i n g l e , s i x - s e c o n d , maximal i s o m e t r i c c o n t r a c t i o n o f
the t r u n k f l e x o r m u s c l e s once a day, f i v e days a week f o r f i v e weeks
w h i l e t h e o t h e r group d i d n o t do t h e e x e r c i s e .
F o r t h e purpose o f t h i s s t u d y t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e t r u n k f l e x o r
muscles was measured b y t h e C a b l e - T e n s i o n Method ( l ) and t h e endurance
o f t h e t r u n k f l e x o r m u s c l e s was d e t e r m i n e d by a s i x t y - s e c o n d f e e t - f r e e
sit-up test
(2).
The s u b j e c t s f o r t h i s s t u d y were chosen f r o m a v o l u n t e e r group
of f i f t y - o n e grade e i g h t o r grade n i n e boys i n t e r e s t e d i n t a k i n g p a r t i n
a muscle t r a i n i n g e x p e r i m e n t .
A l l t h e s e boys were i n r e g u l a r a t t e n d a n c e
a t Edmonds J u n i o r Secondary S c h o o l , Burnaby, B r i t i s h Columbia, f o r t h e
duration of the study.
P i l o t Study
A p i l o t s t u d y i n v o l v i n g a s i m i l a r group o f v o l u n t e e r boys was
completed i n the p r e v i o u s y e a r .
These boys were equated on t h e r e s u l t s
o f t e n s i o m e t e r t e s t s of t h e t r u n k f l e x o r muscles and randomly p l a c e d i n
a c o n t r o l group and a t r a i n i n g group.
t h i s procedure.
Ten equated p a i r s r e s u l t e d f r o m
These two groups were a l s o t e s t e d on t h e i r a b i l i t y t o
do f e e t - f r e e s i t - u p s t o e x h a u s t i o n .
The t r a i n i n g group t h e n underwent
a t r a i n i n g p e r i o d o f t h r e e weeks i n v o l v i n g a d a i l y , s i n g l e , s i x - s e c o n d ,
18
maximal i s o m e t r i c c o n t r a c t i o n o f t h e t r u n k f l e x o r m u s c l e s .
The c o n t r o l
group u n d e r t o o k o n l y t h e i r normal p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t i e s f o r t h e t h r e e week p e r i o d .
A t t h e end o f t h i s p e r i o d b o t h groups were r e t e s t e d f o r
s t r e n g t h and endurance o f t h e t r u n k f l e x o r m u s c l e s .
Two s o u r c e s o f d i f f i c u l t y were o b s e r v e d by t h e w r i t e r d u r i n g t h e
p i l o t study.
F i r s t l y , the subjects experienced great d i f f i c u l t y i n
p u l l i n g c o n s i s t e n t l y w i t h t h e t e n s i o m e t e r a p p a r a t u s and s e c o n d l y , many
s u b j e c t s were unable t o overcome t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l b a r r i e r i n h e r e n t i n
p e r f o r m i n g an endurance t e s t t o e x h a u s t i o n ( 3 ) .
I t was f e l t t h a t i n any
f u t u r e s t u d y a n a t t e m p t would have t o be made t o m i n i m i z e t h e s e two
difficulties.
F i n a l Study
A t t h e f i r s t m e e t i n g o f t h e boys who v o l u n t e e r e d f o r t h e s t u d y
the n a t u r e o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t was e x p l a i n e d and a p r a c t i c e program was
arranged.
The purpose o f t h i s p r a c t i c e program was t o f a m i l i a r i z e t h e
s u b j e c t s w i t h t h e t e s t s and a p p a r a t u s t o be used.
I t was hoped t h a t t h i s
would e l i m i n a t e t h e i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s o f performance t h a t were so a p p a r e n t
during the p i l o t study.
The P r a c t i c e Procedure Used W i t h The Tensiometer
The f i f t y - o n e v o l u n t e e r s u b j e c t s were a r b i t r a r i l y p l a c e d i n groups
of f i v e or fewer.
1.
The groups i n s p e c t e d t h e t e n s i o m e t e r a p p a r a t u s , watched a
d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f t h e t e s t and t h e n performed two p u l l s i n t h e
19
required position.
As t h e t e n s i o m e t e r
c o u l d n o t be o b t a i n e d a t
t h i s t i m e s c o r e s f o r t h e s e p u l l s ( P P l ) c o u l d n o t be
2.
recorded.
A few days l a t e r t h e s u b j e c t s were a g a i n a l l o w e d two p u l l s i n
the r e q u i r e d p o s i t i o n .
A g a i n t h e t e n s i o m e t e r was n o t a v a i l a b l e
and these p u l l s (PP2) were n o t r e c o r d e d .
A f t e r each p u l l the w r i t e r c o r r e c t e d the technique
s u b j e c t and encouraged him as much as p o s s i b l e .
of the
From t h e i n t e r e s t and
e f f o r t shown b y t h e s u b j e c t s i t appeared t h a t a h i g h degree o f m o t i v a t i o n
was o b t a i n e d .
I t was f e l t t h a t a f t e r t h e s e f o u r p r a c t i c e p u l l s w i t h t h e
c a b l e - t e n s i o n apparatus,
t h e s u b j e c t s were r e a d y t o c a r r y on w i t h t h e
i n i t i a l strength tests.
The endurance t e s t was n o t done u n t i l e x h a u s t i o n , b u t was
designed
so t h a t t h e number o f r e p e t i t i o n s completed i n a g i v e n t i m e
i n t e r v a l were c o u n t e d .
no t i m e l i m i t was used.
I n the p i l o t study a f e e t - f r e e s i t - u p t e s t w i t h
I n t h i s p i l o t s t u d y , s u b j e c t s showing a h i g h
l e v e l o f endurance i n t h e i n i t i a l t e s t , seemed, on r e t e s t , t o v i e w t h e
t a s k o f m a t c h i n g o r b e t t e r i n g t h e i r p r e v i o u s mark as h o p e l e s s , and
d e s p i t e p r o m p t i n g , gave up w e l l s h o r t o f t h e i r p r e v i o u s s c o r e .
I n an
a t t e m p t t o s o l v e t h i s problem a s i x t y - s e c o n d , f e e t - f r e e s i t - u p t e s t was
s e l e c t e d t o measure endurance.
The P r a c t i c e Procedure F o r The S i t - U p
Test
The v o l u n t e e r s f i r s t watched a d e m o n s t r a t i o n
feet-free sit-up test.
of the s i x t y - s e c o n d ,
The s u b j e c t s were p a i r e d and a f i f t e e n second
20
t r i a l s i t - u p t e s t was
performed by one s u b j e c t w i t h t h e second
one
s c o r i n g and t h e n b y t h e second w i t h the f i r s t s u b j e c t k e e p i n g s c o r e .
As
t h i s i s a s i m p l e t e s t t o p e r f o r m and s c o r e one p r a c t i c e s e s s i o n seemed
adequate.
Initial
Tests
One week a f t e r the c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e p r a c t i c e s e s s i o n the
s u b j e c t s were measured f o r t r u n k f l e x i o n s t r e n g t h by t h e t e n s i o m e t e r .
Each o f t h e f i f t y - o n e s u b j e c t s was
ing
o f two t r i a l s .
There was
between t h e s e two t e s t s .
tested twice w i t h both tests c o n s i s t -
a time i n t e r v a l o f from t h r e e t o f o u r days
The s c o r e s from t h e s e t e s t s were r e c o r d e d as
i n i t i a l t e n s i o m e t e r t e s t 1 ( I T ) and i n i t i a l t e n s i o m e t e r t e s t 2 ( I T ).
2
1
Two
days a f t e r t h e l a s t t e n s i o m e t e r t e s t had been g i v e n t h e s i x t y - s e c o n d
f e e t - f r e e s i t - u p t e s t ( I E ) was a d m i n i s t e r e d t o t h e f i f t y - o n e s u b j e c t s .
P r e l i m i n a r y e v i d e n c e from the p i l o t s t u d y w i t h the c a b l e - t e n s i o n
t e s t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t the r e l i a b i l i t y
o f b e s t s c o r e s f o r T r i a l s IT^ and
ITg w o u l d be b e t t e r t h a n , o r a t l e a s t e q u a l t o , t h e r e l i a b i l i t y
average s c o r e s f o r T r i a l s IT^
and ITg.
of t h e
'Best s c o r e s ' were t h e r e f o r e
used i n t h i s s t u d y as the performance s c o r e s o f the s u b j e c t s i n t h e
tensiometer t e s t .
The r e p r e s e n t a t i v e or f i n a l t e n s i o m e t e r s c o r e s used f o r the
e x p e r i m e n t a l s t u d y ( I T S ) were t h e b e s t o f t h e f o u r s c o r e s made by t h e
s u b j e c t s i n t e s t s I T j and ITg.
i n d i v i d u a l was
S i m i l a r l y the average s c o r e of each
the averaged s c o r e s from b o t h t e s t s IT^ and ITg.
be r e p r e s e n t e d s c h e m a t i c a l l y as f o l l o w s :
T h i s can
21
Best
)
a
c
Matching
Average Scores
Scores
b e s t o f two)
)
) ITS - b e s t of
) f o u r chosen
b e s t o f two)
)
IT.
1
IT
a
average
b
average o f
f o u r chosen
c
2
average
d
of Subjects
The s u b j e c t s were matched i n p a i r s on t h e b a s i s o f t h e i r b e s t
s t r e n g t h s c o r e s o b t a i n e d i n t e n s i o m e t e r t e s t s IT
and IT •
The m a t c h i n g
procedure was as f o l l o w s :
a)
A l l s u b j e c t s were p l a c e d i n r a n k o r d e r a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r b e s t
strength score.
b)
S u b j e c t s who were n o t w i t h i n two pounds o f another s u b j e c t were
e l i m i n a t e d from t h e s t u d y .
The o t h e r s were p a i r e d , s t a r t i n g
f r o m t h e t o p o f t h e r a n k o r d e r and w o r k i n g down.
c)
S i x t e e n matched p a i r s were o b t a i n e d by t h i s method.
d)
The s u b j e c t ' s name, a l o n g w i t h an i d e n t i f y i n g number, was
then
w r i t t e n on a c a r d and p l a c e d i n a c o n t a i n e r .
e)
Cards were drawn randomly one a t a time f r o m t h i s c o n t a i n e r and
p l a c e d i n a p i l e u n t i l t h e r e were s i x t e e n cards i n t h e p i l e .
S u b j e c t s who were r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e s e c a r d s formed t h e muscle
t r a i n i n g group.
f)
Whenever cards were drawn f o r b o t h members of a matched p a i r , t h e
one drawn l a s t was p l a c e d i n a second p i l e .
S u b j e c t s who were
r e p r e s e n t e d b y these c a r d s were p l a c e d i n the c o n t r o l group a l o n g
22
w i t h those whose cards remained i n the c o n t a i n e r a t t h e
completion
g)
of the draw,
T h i s formed two matched groups w i t h one member of a matched
p a i r i n each group.
F o r t h e n e x t f i v e weeks t h e members o f the muscle t r a i n i n g group
performed a d a i l y , s i n g l e , s i x - s e c o n d , maximal i s o m e t r i c e x e r c i s e o f the
t r u n k f l e x o r m u s c l e s i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e i r normal p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t i e s .
D u r i n g t h i s f i v e - w e e k p e r i o d t h e c o n t r o l group t o o k p a r t i n t h e i r
normal p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t i e s
The
only.
s i x t e e n matched p a i r s were l a t e r r e d u c e d t o f i f t e e n p a i r s
f o l l o w i n g an i n j u r y t o one
of t h e
subjects.
I s o m e t r i c E x e r c i s e Procedures
i
The
i s o m e t r i c e x e r c i s e s e s s i o n s began on t h e s c h o o l day f o l l o w i n g
the s e l e c t i o n of t h e two groups.
The members of the e x p e r i m e n t a l
r e p o r t e d t o the gymnasium Monday t h r o u g h F r i d a y a t 8:30
a.m.
Here t h e y
performed a s i n g l e , s i x - s e c o n d , maximal i s o m e t r i c e x e r c i s e of t h e
f l e x o r muscles,
A d a i l y a t t e n d a n c e r e c o r d was
t r a i n i n g group, group M, was
d a i l y p r o c e d u r e was
1,
kept.
The
group
trunk
i s o m e t r i c muscle
d i v i d e d i n t o p a i r s ( P a r t n e r s A and B ) ,
The
as f o l l o w s :
P a r t n e r A assumed a b a c k - l y i n g p o s i t i o n on the f l o o r , f e e t f i r m l y
p l a c e d i n a s l o t a t the bottom o f the gymnasium w a l l w i t h arms
c l a s p e d around h i s c h e s t ,
2.
P a r t n e r B k n e l t a t the head of A
N
N
and h e l d "A's"
shoulders
to
23
the f l o o r .
3.
On t h e command " b e g i n " , p a r t n e r A attempted a "V" s i t - u p w h i l e
p a r t n e r B r e s t r a i n e d him from d o i n g t h e "V" s i t - u p .
4.
A maximum e f f o r t was made u n t i l t h e command " s t o p " .
was
5.
This e f f o r t
f o r a p e r i o d o f s i x seconds t i m e d on a s t o p w a t c h .
P a r t n e r B t h e n performed
the exercise while partner A restrained
him.
F i n a l Tests
All
s u b j e c t s were r e t e s t e d w i t h two t e n s i o m e t e r t e s t s o f two p u l l s
each (FT., and FT ) and one f e e t - f r e e s i t - u p t e s t o f s i x t y seconds d u r a t i o n
(FE).
The b e s t s c o r e a c h i e v e d on t h e t e n s i o m e t e r t r i a l s was r e c o r d e d
(FTS) as t h e performance s c o r e .
S t a t i s t i c a l Methods
S i n c e t h e two groups c o n s i s t e d o f r a n d o m l y - s e l e c t e d matched p a i r s
from a v o l u n t e e r p o p u l a t i o n o f grade e i g h t and grade n i n e boys, and
s i n c e t h e number o f s u c h p a i r s was fewer t h a n f i f t y ,
methods were used i n t h e s t a t i s t i c a l
s m a l l sample t h e o r y
analysis.
Strength Test A n a l y s i s
The r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e s between means o f i n i t i a l and
f i n a l s t r e n g t h s c o r e s was t e s t e d b y means o f F i s h e r ' s t s t a t i s t i c f o r
matched d a t a . f o r t
1.
t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l group a l o n e
24
2*
t h e c o n t r o l group a l o n e
3.
t h e two matched groups t o g e t h e r , where t h e i n i t i a l and f i n a l
means were a c t u a l l y mean d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e p a i r e d s c o r e s
of t h e i n i t i a l and f i n a l
tests.
The f o r m u l a ( 4 ) used f o r t h e p a i r e d s t r e n g t h s c o r e d a t a was
t(df»N-l)
=
D
' i?" —
where
1
N = t h e number o f D - v a l u e s ( p a i r s ) i n t h e sample
D = t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n g a i n shown b y e a c h matched
pair
D m t h e mean o f t h e sample o f D - v a l u e s
Sj}= t h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f t h e sample o f D - v a l u e s
df» degrees o f freedom
The s t a t i s t i c a l hypotheses t e s t e d f o r p a i r e d s t r e n g t h s c o r e d a t a were:
1.
D i f f e r e n c e s i n i n i t i a l and f i n a l mean s c o r e s f o r e x p e r i m e n t a l
(muscle t r a i n i n g ) group.
M
F-I
-
0
F-I
>
0
1 U
2.
D i f f e r e n c e s i n i n i t i a l and f i n a l mean s c o r e s f o r c o n t r o l group.
H:
/D
U
F-I
~
0
H: / D
F-I
3.
>
0
D i f f e r e n c e s between mean d i f f e r e n c e s o f e x p e r i m e n t a l and c o n t r o l
group.
25
H : / D ,
Hs f
0
> 0
D,
Endurance Test A n a l y s i s
The r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e between means o f i n i t i a l and
f i n a l endurance s c o r e s was t e s t e d b y means o f F i s h e r ' s t s t a t i s t i c f o r :
1.
t h e muscle t r a i n i n g group a l o n e .
2.
t h e c o n t r o l group a l o n e .
Each o f t h e f o r e g o i n g groups was t r e a t e d as matched p a i r s , i . e . , t h e
i n i t i a l and f i n a l s c o r e s f o r each i n d i v i d u a l were t r u l y matched
criterion).
(infallible
The same s t a n d a r d e r r o r f o r m u l a used i n a n a l y s i n g t h e
s t r e n g t h performance s c o r e s was used f o r 1 and 2 above.
3.
t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l and c o n t r o l groups t o g e t h e r where t h e i n i t i a l and
f i n a l means were a c t u a l l y mean d i f f e r e n c e s between i n i t i a l and
f i n a l s c o r e s o f e a c h group.
S i n c e t h e s u b j e c t s o f b o t h e x p e r i m e n t a l and c o n t r o l groups were
not
matched i n p a i r s on i n i t i a l s i t - u p t e s t performance, t h e q u e s t i o n a r o s e as
t o whether or n o t t h e r e was a r e l a t i o n s h i p between s t r e n g t h and endurance
scores.
T h i s was i n v e s t i g a t e d i n o r d e r t o c o n s i d e r whether o r n o t t h e
s u b j e c t s were r e a s o n a b l y matched on a f a l l i b l e c r i t e r i o n .
The c o r r e l a t i o n
between s t r e n g t h and endurance s c o r e s f o r f i f t y - o n e s u b j e c t s was 0.17
w h i c h was t o o l o w t o i n c r e a s e p r e c i s i o n any more t h a n w o u l d be o b t a i n e d b y
u s i n g a f o r m u l a f o r unmatched
data.
26
The s t a n d a r d e r r o r f o r m u l a
+
S
2
was used f o r s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s o f t h e endurance s c o r e s a l t h o u g h i n a n
a l t e r n a t i v e but equivalent form ( 5 ) ,
The s t a t i s t i c a l h y p o t h e s i s t e s t e d were
1*
f o r t h e muscle t r a i n i n g group
Ht / D
M
0
<
F-I
Hi/D.
2.
f o r t h e c o n t r o l group
H: /> D
F-I
H:
D
0
>
°F-I
3.
f o r d i f f e r e n c e between mean d i f f e r e n c e s o f muscle t r a i n i n g and
c o n t r o l groups
Hi /'D..
H:
^
0
- / D„
>
°F-I
0
- /D
?-I
D
V l
F-I
The s t a t i s t i c a l t r e a t m e n t u s i n g equated p a i r s p r o v i d e d a p o w e r f u l
27
t e s t o f the n u l l h y p o t h e s i s .
was
0.10.
I t was
The l e v e l of c o n f i d e n c e chosen f o r t h i s
c o n s i d e r e d t h a t s i n c e t h e main c o n c e r n o f the s t u d y
study
was
t o determine whether or n o t i s o m e t r i c e x e r c i s e was an e f f e c t i v e means o f
i n c r e a s i n g s t r e n g t h of the t r u n k f l e x o r s , and t h a t s i n c e i s o m e t r i c
e x e r c i s e s , i f e f f e c t i v e , would be advantageous over o t h e r methods i n terms
o f space, t i m e , and equipment i n s c h o o l s , t h e danger o f a type I e r r o r
s h o u l d be m i n i m i z e d .
I n o t h e r words, i f a procedure has
reasonable
p r o b a b i l i t y o f b e i n g e f f e c t i v e and i f a t the same time t h e r e i s no
real
d i s a d v a n t a g e i n u s i n g i t even though i t m i g h t i n t r u t h be i n e f f e c t i v e , t h e n
t h e r e i s no p o i n t i n s e t t i n g a h i g h l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e .
A o n e - t a i l e d t e s t was
used f o r t h e c r i t i c a l r e g i o n s i n c e t h e r e
was
no cause t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e s u b j e c t s would n o t show improvement.
R e l i a b i l i t y o f the Test Items
Pearson r c o e f f i c i e n t s were c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g i n i t i a l
t e s t s I T ^ and I T ^ .
s t u d y i t was
S i n c e t h e problem of r e l i a b i l i t y was
tensiometer
important i n t h i s
d e c i d e d t o examine o t h e r measures o f r e l i a b i l i t y as w e l l .
An attempt was made t o examine the group s t a b i l i t y from t e s t t o
r e t e s t on t h e i n i t i a l t e n s i o m e t e r t e s t s by a n a l y s i n g the r e l i a b i l i t y o f the
d i f f e r e n c e between t h e means o f the two t e s t s .
chosen was
The l e v e l of c o n f i d e n c e
0.05 w i t h a t w o - t a i l c r i t i c a l r e g i o n .
Another aspect of r e l i a b i l i t y
( a b s o l u t e r e l i a b i l i t y ) was
determined
b y t h e s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f measurement of t h e i n i t i a l t e s t s o f s t r e n g t h and
" n o t i n g those s u b j e c t s whose s c o r e s v a r i e d b y more t h a n pl;«ss or minus two
28
t i m e s t h e s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f measurement.
The f o r m u l a used f o r t h i s
purpose was
S.E.
= S_ . . .i| 1 - r
T r i a l 1, T r i a l
'meas.
T r i a l l\
2
29
REFERENCES
1.
C l a r k e , H. H. A Manualt C a b l e - T e n s i o n S t r e n g t h T e s t s ,
M a s s a c h u s e t t s , Brown-Murphy Company, 1953.
Chicopee,
2.
Yuhasz, M. S. "The 5 Minute M u s c u l a r Enduranoe T e s t " , J o u r n a l o f t h e
A s s o c i a t i o n f o r H e a l t h , P h y s i c a l E d u c a t i o n and R e c r e a t i o n ,
5:13-14, 1963.
3.
I k a i , M., S t e i n h a u s , A. H. H e a l t h and F i t n e s s i n t h e Modern W o r l d ,
The A t h l e t i c I n s t i t u t e , 1961, pp. 148-161.
4.
Blommers, P., L i n d q u i s t , E. F., E l e m e n t a r y S t a t i s t i c a l Methods,
B o s t o n , Houghton M i f f l i n Company, 1960, p. 350.
5.
I b i d . , p. 347.
CHAPTER V
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
Reliability
Pearson r c o e f f i c i e n t s
f o r t e s t s I t l and I T 2 , u s i n g b e s t
scores
and average s c o r e s , a r e g i v e n i n Table I . As p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d i n
Chapter IV t h e " b e s t s c o r e " method was chosen f o r t h i s study as t h e r e
appeared t o be no d i f f e r e n c e i n r e l i a b i l i t y between "average s c o r e s and
"best s c o r e " methods.
The "average s c o r e s " method was used i n t h e p i l o t
s t u d y and d i d n o t produce c o n s i s t e n t s t r e n g t h s c o r e s *
TABLE I
PEARSON r COEFFICIENTS FOR THE
INITIAL STRENGTH TESTS ( I T 1 , I T 2 )
S c o r i n g Method
N
Pearson r
b e s t scores
51
.72
average s c o r e s
51
.74
The problem o f o b t a i n i n g c o n s i s t e n t s c o r e s w i t h t h e c a b l e - t e n s i o n
a p p a r a t u s a p p a r e n t l y does n o t i n v o l v e t h e s c o r i n g method used as much as
i t i n v o l v e s t h e number o f t r i a l s t h a t t h e s u b j e c t s a r e a l l o w e d w i t h t h e
apparatus.
I n a r e l i a b i l i t y s t u d y , Brown and F i e l d ( l ) f o u n d t h a t when
s u b j e c t s were g i v e n f o u r t r i a l s on t h e same t e s t , w i t h adequate r e s t
between t r i a l s , s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e means o f e a r l y t r i a l s
o c c u r r e d i n most i n s t a n c e s , b u t t h e d i f f e r e n c e between means o f t r i a l s 3
and 4 were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .
These t e s t s were motor f i t n e s s i t e m s ; i . e . ,
31
items o f t h e AAHPER Youth F i t n e s s T e s t .
R e s u l t s such as these seem t o i n d i c a t e t h a t i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n
a h i g h degree o f c o n s i s t e n c y ( r e l i a b i l i t y )
on a p h y s i c a l t e s t o f
s t r e n g t h , s u b j e c t s , i n a d d i t i o n t o b e i n g a d e q u a t e l y m o t i v a t e d , s h o u l d be
t e s t e d a g a i n and a g a i n u n t i l t h e r e i s no l o n g e r improvement f r o m
practice alone.
T h i s p r o c e d u r e , however, was n o t f e a s i b l e i n t h i s
The f o l l o w i n g t a b l e shows t h e s t a t i s t i c s
study.
obtained i n an a n a l y s i s
o f t h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e between means o f i n i t i a l ( p r e experimental) t e s t - r e t e s t strength scores.
TABLE I I
RELIABILITY OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
INITIAL TEST - RETEST SCORES
N
51
Means
IT1
IT2
Mean
Diff.
Stand. Dev.
IT1 ,:. IT2
^•^•fr
59.67 66.67
+7.0
20.45 21.66
4.22
*
Stat.
C. R.
+1.65
+1.605
Accept/Reject
No D i f f e r e n c e
Accept
The means o f t h e i n i t i a l s t r e n g t h measurements IT1 and IT2
appeared t o be r e a s o n a b l y s t a b l e .
A n a l y s i s of the r e l i a b i l i t y of the
d i f f e r e n c e between means produced a ' t ' s t a t i s t i c
s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e .
o f 1.65 w h i c h was n o t
The l o w r e l i a b i l i t y
c o e f f i c i e n t o f .72 d i d show, however, t h a t some i n d i v i d u a l s f a i l e d t o
m a i n t a i n t h e i r rank order from t e s t t o r e t e s t .
A t h i r d measure o f r e l i a b i l i t y - t h e s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f measurement -
32
was
12.6
l b s . f o r the i n i t i a l t e s t s .
P l u s o r minus two s t a n d a r d e r r o r s
o f measurement (+ 2 x 12.6) a b o u t an observed s c o r e can be c o n s i d e r e d a
r e g i o n w i t h i n w h i c h an i n d i v i d u a l ' s t r u e s c o r e w o u l d f a l l 95.4
of t h e t i m e .
percent
Of t h e f i f t y - o n e v o l u n t e e r s i n t h e s t u d y , seven i n d i v i d u a l s
were f o u n d whose s c o r e s from IT1 t o IT2 v a r i e d b y more t h a n 25.2 l b s .
(+ 2 S.E. measurement).
F i v e o f t h e s e i n d i v i d u a l s were among t h o s e
e l i m i n a t e d f r o m t h e experiment
d u r i n g t h e procedure
of o b t a i n i n g matched
pairs.
Statistical
Analysis
Table I I I shows r e s u l t s o f the s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s o f t h e
r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f i n i t i a l and f i n a l mean s c o r e s made by
each o f t h e groups on t h e i r t e s t s of s t r e n g t h and endurance.
was
t o determine
The
purpose
i f over the e x p e r i m e n t a l p e r i o d s i g n i f i c a n t mean changes
i n s t r e n g t h and endurance o f t h e t r u n k f l e x o r m u s c l e s d i d occur i n each
group.
TABLE I I I
RELIABILITY OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
INITIAL AND
FINAL TEST SCORES
Means
Mean
Initial Final Diff.
N
Variable
M
15
Strength
68.67
M
15
Endurance
30.6
35.4
, c .
15
Strength
68.86
c
15
Endurance
30.53
Group
Stand.
Dev.
S
' -D
E
t
Stat.
C.R.
Acc/Rej
No D i f f .
15.20
4.06
3.59
1.35
Reject
4.80
2.64
.71
6.80
1.35
Reject
81.87 12.99
17.80
4.76
2.73
1.35
Reject
3.28
.88
3.27
1.35
Reject
83.27 14.60
33.40
2.87
33
I n a l l f o u r a n a l y s e s t h e ' t ' s t a t i s t i c was
s u f f i c i e n t l y large
t o show r e j e c t i o n o f t h e s t a t i s t i c a l h y p o t h e s i s of no d i f f e r e n c e between
means.
A l l o f t h e i s o m e t r i c s t r e n g t h t r a i n i n g s t u d i e s r e v i e w e d show
s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t g a i n s between i n i t i a l and f i n a l measures.
These g a i n s were u s u a l l y s i m i l a r t o those a c h i e v e d by o t h e r groups w h i c h
were matched w i t h t h e i s o m e t r i c t r a i n i n g group b u t w h i c h used o t h e r
methods o f s t r e n g t h t r a i n i n g .
Table IV shows percentage
g a i n s of groups M and C f o r b o t h
s t r e n g t h and endurance.
TABLE TV
PERCENT GAINS FOR
STRENGTH AND
ENDURANCE
Group
Strength
Endurance
M
21.2
15.1
C
18.9
9.1
Percentage
g a i n s of the e x p e r i m e n t a l group have a marked
s i m i l a r i t y t o those o f o t h e r s t u d i e s (2,3,4,5) i n w h i c h w e e k l y s t r e n g t h
g a i n s o f two t o f i v e p e r c e n t were r e p o r t e d .
The
reasons f o r t h e l a r g e g a i n s made by the c o n t r o l group over
t h e f i v e - w e e k p e r i o d a r e unknown, b u t a r e p o s s i b l y due t o one or more of
several factors.
Members of the c o n t r o l group were e x t r e m e l y
i n the proposed experiment
and e x h i b i t e d c o n s i d e r a b l e
interested
disappointment
when t o l d t h a t t h e y w o u l d n o t be p a r t o f the muscle t r a i n i n g group.
34
D u r i n g the f i n a l t e n s i o m e t e r t e s t s many of the c o n t r o l group e x p r e s s e d
a n x i e t y about d o i n g b e t t e r t h a n the muscle t r a i n i n g group.
The
unexpected changes i n the s t r e n g t h s c o r e s of the c o n t r o l group c o u l d have
r e s u l t e d , a t l e a s t i n p a r t , from e x t r a o r d i n a r y d e s i r e t o surpass
the
members of the e x p e r i m e n t a l group.
A l t h o u g h the c o n t r o l group was
a s k e d not t o p r a c t i c e
exercises
t h a t w o u l d s p e c i f i c a l l y s t r e n g t h e n the t r u n k f l e x o r s , i t i s p o s s i b l e
t h a t e x e r c i s e s were done i n w h i c h the s t r e n g t h and
endurance of these
muscles m i g h t have been i n c r e a s e d w h i l e a c t i n g as
synergists.
F i n a l l y , because of the r a p i d growth i n p h y s i c a l m a t u r a t i o n t h a t
o c c u r s a t t h i s age,
the p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t some of t h e improvement of
c o n t r o l group over t h e f i v e - w e e k p e r i o d was
i n s t r e n g t h cannot be
due
to a natural
the
increase
overlooked.
Table V shows the s t a t i s t i c s o b t a i n e d
i n an a n a l y s i s of
the
r e l i a b i l i t y of d i f f e r e n c e between the matched p a i r s i n the s t r e n g t h
test.
TABLE V
RELIABILITY OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
STRENGTH SCORES OF MATCHED PAIRS
N
15
Mean
Diff.
+1.40
The
Standard
Deviation
18.4
S.E.—.
D
7.33
t
Statistic
.285
C.R.
Accept/Reject
No D i f f e r e n c e
1.35
Accept
t s t a t i s t i c o f 0.285 r e s u l t e d i n a c c e p t a n c e of t h e h y p o t h e s i s
of no d i f f e r e n c e between mean g a i n s of the equated groups.
Failure to
35
show a d i f f e r e n c e between mean gains o f two groups i s sometimes t h e
r e s u l t of u n r e l i a b l e data.
I t i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o determine whether o r
not the data are h i g h l y u n r e l i a b l e i n t h i s study.
The g r e a t d i f f e r e n c e
between i n i t i a l and f i n a l mean s c o r e s o f t h e c o n t r o l group was i n marked
c o n t r a s t t o t h e t e s t - r e t e s t mean s c o r e s o f t h i s group b e f o r e t h e
e x p e r i m e n t began.
There was no a p p a r e n t e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h i s .
It is
p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e c o n t r o l group was v e r y determined t o do w e l l on t h e
f i n a l t e s t and t h a t t h e t e s t i t e m i s s u b j e c t t o l a r g e s c a l e c o n t a m i n a t i o n
by such m o t i v a t i o n a l e f f e c t s .
The c o m p a r a t i v e l y l o w r e l i a b i l i t y c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t of .72
shows t h a t r e p e a t e d t e s t i n g b e f o r e t h e experiment
f o r a minimum o f s i x
r e c o r d e d t e s t s may be n e c e s s a r y as p a r t o f t h e p r e p a r a t o r y t r a i n i n g f o r
c a b l e - t e n s i o n t e s t s w i t h a group o f s c h o o l b o y s *
Table V I shows t h e s t a t i s t i c s
obtained i n an a n a l y s i s o f the
r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e between mean d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e endurance
s c o r e s o f t h e muscle t r a i n i n g and c o n t r o l
groups.
TABLE V I
RELIABILITY OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FINAL
ENDURANCE SCORES OF THE TWO GROUPS
C
Mean
Diff.
Standard
Deviation
M
C
35.4 33.4
2.0
4.06 4.06
Means
N
15
M
s
» »?r
E
D
1.53
*
Stat.
C. R.
Accept/Reject
No D i f f e r e n c e
1.31
1.35
Accept
A t s t a t i s t i c of 1.31 i n d i c a t e s t h e acceptance
o f t h e h y p o t h e s i s o f no
36
d i f f e r e n c e between t h e means a t the 0.10
l e v e l of
confidence.
E q u a t i n g the groups on one v a r i a b l e o n l y ; i . e . , s t r e n g t h o f the
t r u n k f l e x o r m u s c l e s , was
a disadvantage,
s i n c e s t r e n g t h had a
c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h endurance and t h u s reduced p r e c i s i o n i n the
used.
low
statistics
37
REFERENCES
1.
Brown, S. R., F i e l d , A., " R e l i a b i l i t y a n d E r r o r s o f Measurement o f
t h e &AHPER Youth F i t n e s s T e s t " , U n p u b l i s h e d Paper, The
U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia, Vancouver, 1964.
2.
H e t t i n g e r , T. H., M u l l e r , E. A., " M u s k e l l e i s t u n g und M u s k e l t r a i n i n g " ,
A r b e i t p h y s i o l o g i e , 15:111-126, 1953.
3.
C r a k e s , J . G., "An A n a l y s i s o f Some A s p e c t s o f an E x e r c i s e and
T r a i n i n g Program Developed b y H e t t i n g e r and M u l l e r " ,
U n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r ' s T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f Oregon, 1957.
4.
C l a r k e , H. H., " I s o m e t r i c and I s o t o n i c T r a i n i n g " , P h y s i c a l F i t n e s s
News L e t t e r , Eugene, Oregon, S e r i e s V I , Number 8, A p r i l 1960.
5.
S t e i n h a u s , A. H., How t o Keep F i t and L i k e I t , C h i c a g o ,
The D a r t u e l C o r p o r a t i o n , 1957, p. 4 0 .
Illinois,
CHAPTER V I
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The purpose o f t h i s s t u d y was t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e e f f e c t o f
i s o m e t r i c muscle t r a i n i n g on t h e s t r e n g t h and endurance o f j u n i o r
secondary school boys.
F i f t y - o n e v o l u n t e e r grade e i g h t o r grade n i n e boys a t t e n d i n g
Edmonds J u n i o r Secondary S c h o o l were t e s t e d f o r t r u n k f l e x o r s t r e n g t h
b y t h e c a b l e - t e n s i o n method and f o r t r u n k f l e x o r endurance b y a s i x t y second f e e t - f r e e s i t - u p t e s t .
The boys were matched on t h e b a s i s o f
t h e s t r e n g t h o f t h e t r u n k f l e x o r s as measured b y t h e c a b l e
tensiometer.
S t u d e n t s were c o n s i d e r e d t o be matched i f t h e i r s t r e n g t h s c o r e s were
w i t h i n two pounds o f one a n o t h e r .
F i f t e e n p a i r s r e s u l t e d from matching
b y t h i s method.
Two groups were formed b y random s e l e c t i o n so t h a t one member o f
each matched p a i r was i n each group.
One group was c a l l e d t h e muscle
t r a i n i n g group (group M) t h e o t h e r was c a l l e d t h e c o n t r o l group (group C
Group M u n d e r t o o k a s i n g l e , d a i l y , s i x - s e c o n d , maximal i s o m e t r i c
c o n t r a c t i o n o f t h e t r u n k f l e x o r s f o r a p e r i o d o f f i v e weeks.
Group C
u n d e r t o o k o n l y t h e i r normal p h y s i c a l a c t i v i t i e s d u r i n g t h e f i v e week
period.
A t t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f t h e t r a i n i n g p e r i o d t h e two groups were
r e t e s t e d f o r s t r e n g t h and endurance f o l l o w i n g t h e i n i t i a l t e s t procedure
In the s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s of t h e data Pearson £ c o e f f i c i e n t s
39
were c a l c u l a t e d f o r t h e i n i t i a l t e n s i o m e t e r t e s t s and s i x F i s h e r ' t *
s t a t i s t i c s were o b t a i n e d t o t e s t t h e h y p o t h e s i s o f no d i f f e r e n c e between
t h e means o f groups f o r v a r i a b l e s o f s t r e n g t h and endurance.
The P e a r s o n r r e l i a b i l i t y c o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t f o r t h e i n i t i a l
t e n s i o m e t e r t e s t t r i a l s was 0.72.
The magnitude o f t h i s
reliability
c o e f f i c i e n t i n d i c a t e d some change i n r a n k o r d e r o f s u b j e c t s between t e s t s .
B o t h t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l and c o n t r o l groups made mean changes i n
s t r e n g t h s c o r e s t h a t were v e r y s i m i l a r .
The s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e between
them was n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y
I n t h e endurance t e s t f o r s i x t y
significant.
seconds, t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l group showed a mean d i f f e r e n c e o f two s i t - u p s
g r e a t e r t h a n t h e mean d i f f e r e n c e o f t h e c o n t r o l group.
between groups was n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y
This d i f f e r e n c e
significant.
Conclusions
1.
I t was n o t p o s s i b l e t o come t o any c o n c l u s i o n s about t h e e f f e c t
o f t h e i s o m e t r i c t r a i n i n g program used i n t h i s s t u d y upon t h e
s t r e n g t h o f t h e t r u n k f l e x o r muscles o f a d o l e s c e n t b o y s .
2.
There was a mean raw s c o r e i n c r e a s e o f 4.8 s i t - u p s i n s i x t y
seconds f o r t h e t r a i n i n g group compared w i t h a mean raw s c o r e
i n c r e a s e o f 2.87 s i t - u p s f o r t h e c o n t r o l group.
The mean
d i f f e r e n c e between groups f e l l j u s t b e l o w t h a t r e q u i r e d f o r
s i g n i f i c a n c e a t t h e 0.10 l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e .
T h e r e f o r e i t must
be c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e r e i s no s i g n i f i c a n t improvement i n endurance
for
t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l group a s measured b y t h e s i x t y - s e c o n d , f e e t -
40
free sit-up t e s t .
Re c ommendati ons
1.
I n a n y s t u d y u s i n g t h e c a b l e - t e n s i o m e t e r t e c h n i q u e t o measure t h e
s t r e n g t h o f the t r u n k f l e x o r muscles of adolescent boys, i t i s
recommended t h a t r e p e a t e d t r i a l s s h o u l d be g i v e n t o t h e s u b j e c t s
u n t i l t h e r e i s no l o n g e r a n y improvement t h a t c o u l d be
attributable t o practice.
T h i s m i g h t be f o r as many as s i x o r
e i ght s e p a r a t e t r i a l s .
2.
To make a more v a l i d assessment o f t h e e f f e c t o f i s o m e t r i c musole
t r a i n i n g on endurance o f t h e t r u n k f l e x o r muscles o f a d o l e s c e n t
b o y s , i t i s recommended t h a t a two-minute, f e e t - f r e e
be used i n p l a c e o f t h e s i x t y - s e c o n d , f e e t - f r e e
in this
3.
sit-up test
s i t - u p t e s t used
study.
There does n o t seem t o be any r e a s o n f o r m a t c h i n g t h e s u b j e c t s as
c l o s e l y as was done i n t h i s s t u d y .
Almost h a l f of the volunteer
group was l o s t b y t h e m a t c h i n g o f the s u b j e c t s w i t h i n a t e n s i o m e t e r
s t r e n g t h s c o r e o f two pounds.
A more r e a s o n a b l e t e c h n i q u e would,
have b e e n t o match s u b j e c t s whose s t r e n g t h s c o r e s were w i t h i n f i v e
pounds o f each o t h e r .
41
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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44
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46
APPENDIX
47
INITIAL TENSIOMETER TESTS - RAW SCORES (LBS.)
Subject
MN
TC
CL
JD
GP
BG
DM
DT
KJ
RA
GP
RM
RT
JM
GM
SR
TP
BW
LL
PM
WL
LB
JP
JR
PL
CW
IT1
38
87
25
56
43
23
49
73
75
56
36
48
29
53
45
36
56
53
31
29
51
53
83
73
78
83
22
126
22
29
38
40
45
72
56
32
22
45
26
45
46
59
61
57
56
19
53
49
68
65
75
70
IT2
63
107
33
70
75
68
36
109
54
56
43
45
41
56
38
68
28
65
69
31
87
45
75
102
59
73
54
90
36
52
65
49
37
92
57
31
31
31
24
46
40
72
41
75
59
28
76
41
48
89
38
80
Subject
RV
JM
JM
BR
JT
ML
TW
JC
TB
TM
MR
RT
DS
CS
GM
MR
BT
LH
TH
FP
GS
GD
RS
RR
DG
IT1
54
48
56
75
31
68
30
102
43
52
57
54
45
42
42
51
57
94
109
89
51
61
52
68
69
51
31
41
78
46
63
49
87
22
59
43
54
32
38
45
48
59
70
111
92
43
59
53
80
65
IT2
63
59
54
126
53
70
51
59
56
49
56
69
68
52
57
41
56
85
124
68
53
83
67
80
76
42
40
46
83
48
69
45
70
51
56
48
67
56
37
33
31
67
78
105
102
56
85
78
87
72
48
MUSCLE TRAINING GROUP - RAW SCORES
(STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE)
Subject
Strength
Initial
Final
IT1
IT2
FT1
FT2
Endurance
Initial
Final
1.
JP
36322
43 31
42 36
59 41
25
30
2.
RM
48 45
45 31
63 48
61 49
39
40
">3.
JT
31 46
53 48
75 65
53 42
30
33
4.
TW
30 49
51 45
68 69
85 56
29
35
5.
TB
43 22
56 51
48 57
69 63
35
38
6.
GS
51 43
53 56
68 63
97 87
31
35
7.
GM
42 45
57 33
78 56
61 72
29
33
8.
TM
52 59
49 56
73 57
48 46
29
37
9.
BT
57 59
56 67
56 56
70 70
24
31
10.
RT
54 54
69 67
72 69
102 59
25
32
11.
BW
53 57
65 75
80 63
99 69
35
44
12.
JP
83 68
75 48
76 53
65 61
30
33
13.
GD
61 59
83 85
85 63
51 72
33
34
14.
FP
89 92
68 102
107 83
109 75
34
43
15.
TC
87 126
109 87
70 63
31
33
107 90
49
CONTROL GROUP - RAW SCORES
(STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE)
Strength
Subject
Initial
Endurance
Initial
Final
Final
1.
RT
29
26
41
24
46
42
42
40
26
34
2.
DM
49
45
36
37
65
54
75
63
32
39
3.
LB
53
49
45
41
48
46
56
53
31
32
4.
MR
51
48
41
31
57
51
45
37
27
28
5.
JM
56
41
54
46
70
75
96
80
25
28
6.
RA
56
32
56
31
56
54
68
61
34
34
7.
MR
57
43
56
48
75
67
70
61
34
36
8.
JM
48
31
59
40
43
40
49
46
34
35
9.
LL
31
56
69
59
75
69
82
73
36
35
10.
DS
45
32
68
56
82
99 109
73
29
32
11.
DG
69
65
76
72
96
94
72 105
27
38
12.
CW
83
70
73
80
109
96
99
99
41
40
13.
RR
68
80
80
87
78
89
65
75
29
31
14.
JR
73
65 102
89
100
63 115 115
23
25
15.
BR
75
78 126
83
97
82
30
34
63
52
50
MATCHED PAIRS - RAW SCORES (STRENGTH)
Group M
No.
Group C
ITS
PTS
ITS
FTS
1
43
59
41
46
2
48
63
49
75
3
53
75
53
56
4
51
85
51
57
5
56
69
56
96
6
56
97
56
68
7
57
78
57
75
8
59
73
59
49
9
67
70
69
82
10
69
102
68
109
11
75
99
76
105
12
83
76
83
109
13
85
85
87
89
14
102
109
102
115
15
126
109
126
97
51
ENDURANCE TESTS - RAW SCORES
Group M
Group C
No.
IE
FE
IE
FE
1
25
30
26
34
2
39
40
32
39
3
30
33
31
32
4
29
35
27
28
5
35
38
25
28
6
31
35
34
34
7
29
33
34
36
8
29
37
34
35
9
24
31
36
35
10
25
32
29
32
11
35
44
27
38
12
30
33
41
40
13
33
34
29
31
14
34
43
23
25
15
31
33
30
34