MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE
MINISTRY OF PUBLIC HEALTH OF UKRAINE
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF PHARMACY
Posylkina O.V., Litvinova E.V.
Fundamentals of ecology
Collection of practice tests for the individual work of foreign students on
specialty 8.110201 “Pharmacy”
Kharkiv 2014
2
UDC 577. (03)
Recommended by Central Methodological Commission
of the National University of Pharmacy (letter № 1 „02” February 2014 year)
Reviewers:
Toryanik L.A., Ph.D., associate professor, head of the Foreign Languages
department of National University of Pharmacy
Maslova N.F. Doctor of biological sciences, professor, academic secretary of State
enterprise “State scientific center of drugs”
Posylkina O.V., Litvinova E.V.
Fundamentals of ecology : Collection of practice tests for the individual work of
foreign students on specialty 8.110201 “Pharmacy”. – Kharkiv: NUPh, 2014. – 29 p.
This learning course provides students with an overview of objects of ecology (earth
as a system; basic biochemical cycles, scientific basis of ecosystems, biological
diversity, ecological restoration and environmental health, management of
environmental resources). It discusses water pollution; climate change and air
pollution; urban environments, and integrated waste management. Information is
presented in an ecology perspective necessary to deal successfully with
environmental problems. The goal is to teach the student how to think through
environmental issues.
UDC 577. (03)
3
THE CONTENT
Introduction
4
Module 1. Ecology of biosphere
5
Control questions
5
Fundamentals of Ecology
5
The biosphere
9
Food chain, web
13
Natural resources, pollution
17
Human ecology
23
Test answers
27
Literature
28
4
Introduction
Ecology, that part of biology that deals with the relationships among living
things and their environment. We depend on our environment. People can live only in
an environment with certain kinds of characteristics and within certain ranges of
availability of resources. Because modern science and technology give us the power
to affect the environment, we have to understand how the environment works, so that
we can live within its constraints.
Unprecedented population growth, food shortages, scarce or environmentally
damaging energy supplies, air and water pollution, and destruction of habitat and
biological resources are among the most pressing problems we face.
All organisms alter their environment, but humans are now making changes on a
global scale. Among the technological revolutions that have made this possible are
the invention and application of tools, agriculture, industry, and electronics. Each of
these stages has had profound effects on both us and our environment. Technology
makes it possible to make mistakes on a grander scale, but it also provides
opportunities to correct our mistakes.
This course allows to get theoretical and practical knowledge of ecology (earth
as a system; basic biochemical cycles, scientific basis of ecosystems, biological
diversity, ecological restoration and environmental health, management of our
environmental resources). It discusses water pollution; climate change and air
pollution; urban environments, and integrated waste management. Information is
presented in an ecology perspective necessary to deal successfully with
environmental problems. The goal is to teach the student how to think through
environmental issues.
This guideline is intended for foreign faculty students, English department.
There are tasks for 5 ecological topics (fundamentals of ecology, the biosphere,
food chain, web, natural resources, pollution, human ecology) and literature list in the
guideline.
5
Module 1. Ecology of biosphere
Control questions
1.
1.
Fundamentals of Ecology
The branch of biology that deals with the environment and the interactions of
organisms in it is:
A) ecology;
B) a niche;
C) an ecosystem;
D) natural history.
2.
Organisms that can feed on autotrophs as well as on heterotrophs are known
as:
A) herbivores;
B) omnivores:
C) carnivores;
D) producers.
3.
Abiotic factors in the environment are all:
A) the same as dead things;
B) nonliving;
C) living;
D) easily measured.
4.
Organisms that obtain energy directly from photosynthesis are known as:
A) heterotrophs;
B) herbivores;
C) primary consumers;
D) Autotrophs.
5.
A relationship between two organisms of different species in which one
benefits, while the other neither benefits nor is harmed:
A) symbiosis;
B) commensalism;
6
C) parasitism;
D) mutualism.
6.
The genetic makeup of a cell is:
A) genotype;
B) phenotype;
C) prokaryotes;
D) eukaryotes.
7.
A group of organisms of different species living together in a particular place
is called a:
A) community;
B) biome;
C) population;
D) habitat.
8.
Biotic factors are:
A) non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment;
B) conditions of environment of dwelling, rendering affecting organism;
C) the living organisms that make up an ecosystem;
D) effects, processes or materials are those that are derived from human
activities, as opposed to those occurring in natural environments without
human influence.
9.
Antropogenous factors are:
A) non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment;
B) conditions of environment of dwelling, rendering affecting organism;
C) the living organisms that make up an ecosystem;
D) effects, processes or materials are those that are derived from human
activities, as opposed to those occurring in natural environments without
human influence.
10.
Biotope is:
A) a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile
offspring, and separated from other such groups with which interbreeding
7
does not (normally) happen;
B) the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular species;
C) is an assemblage of two or more populations of different species
occupying the same geographical area;
D) an area of uniform environmental conditions providing a living place for a
specific assemblage of plants and animals.
11.
An ecosystem consists of:
A) a community of organisms;
B) energy;
C) the soil, water, and weather;
D) All of the above.
12.
The specific physical location in which a given species lives is called its:
A) habitat;
B) community;
C) abiotic factor;
D) climate.
13.
Organisms that manufacture organic nutrients for an ecosystem are called:
A) consumers;
B) producers;
C) predators;
D) omnivores.
14.
The primary producers in a grassland ecosystem would most likely be:
A) insects;
B) grasses;
C) bacteria;
D) algae.
15.
Parasites:
A) coevolve with their hosts;
B) are usually smaller than their hosts;
C) rarely kill their hosts;
8
D) All of the above.
16.
Organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment:
A) aerobic organism;
B) anaerobic organism;
C) the hydrosphere;
D) All of the above.
17.
The organisms whose cells have a nucleus:
A) anaerobic organism;
B) prokaryotes;
C) eukaryotes;
D) All of the above.
18.
Ecosystem includes:
A) anaerobic organism;
B) all abiotic factors in one particular environment;
C) all biotic factors in one particular environment;
D) all abiotic and biotic factors in one particular environment.
19.
The term "ecology" was first coined by:
A) Albert Einstein;
B) Ernst Haeckel;
C) Vladimir Vernadsky;
D) Thomas Mann.
20.
A group of populations that interact in an area is:
A) an ecosystem;
B) a population;
C) a community;
D) a biome.
9
2. The biosphere
1.
The biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and
their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of:
A) the atmosphere;
B) the hydrosphere;
C) the hydrosphere;
D) All of the above.
2.
The term "biosphere" was coined by:
A) Eduard Suess;
B) Ernst Haeckel;
C) Vladimir Vernadsky;
D) Thomas Mann.
3.
Atmosphere includes ___ % Oxygen:
A) 70;
B) 21;
C) 50;
D) 62.
4.
The hydrosphere is:
A) the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their
relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere,
hydrosphere, and atmosphere;
B) a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth that is retained by the Earth's
gravity;
C) the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a
planet;
D) the rigid outermost shell of a planet.
5.
Which statement is false:
A) Photosynthesis is a process that converts organic compounds into
inorganic ones;
B) Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and many species of Bacteria;
10
C) Photosynthesis is vital for life on Earth;
D) Photosynthesis is a process that converts carbon dioxide into organic
compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight
6.
What layer of the atmosphere includes the protective ozone layer:
A) troposphere;
B) stratosphere;
C) mesosphere;
D) exosphere.
7.
____% of water on Earth is fresh water;
A) 3;
B) 97;
C) 50;
D) 20.
8.
Ultimately, all of the energy in most food chains or food webs comes from:
A) the oceans;
B) the sun;
C) the producers;
D) the carnivores.
9.
When an organism dies, the nitrogen in its body:
A) can never be reused by other living things;
B) is immediately released into the atmosphere;
C) is released by the action of decomposers;
D) All of the above.
10.
The processes of photosynthesis and respiration are tied together in:
A) the phosphorus cycle;
B) the carbon cycle and oxygen cycle;
C) the nitrogen cycle;
D) the nitrogen cycle and water cycle.
11.
Process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor is:
A) condensation;
11
B) precipitation;
C) transpiration;
D) evaporation.
12.
Nitrogen is a component of:
A) proteins;
B) carbohydrates;
C) fats;
D) All of the above.
13.
In the nitrogen cycle, plants use nitrates and nitrites to form:
A) ammonia;
B) fats;
C) nitrogen gas;
D) proteins and nucleic acids.
14.
Product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under
gravity is:
A) transpiration;
B) evaporation;
C) precipitation;
D) condensation.
15.
Precipitation and evaporation are important components of the:
A. nitrogen cycle;
B. carbon cycle;
C. water cycle;
D. all of the above.
16.
Which of the following is common to the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle,
and the water cycle?
A. the substance is rearranged into different types of molecules as it moves
through its cycle;
B. the substance must pass through decomposers in order to complete its
cycle;
12
C. the largest reserves of the substance are always in organisms;
D. the substance is required by all living things and is involved in many
processes that occur in living things.
17.
Which chemical cycle uses bacteria to fix gases from the air?
A) water;
B) nitrogen;
C) carbon;
D) phosphorus.
18.
The portion of Earth that supports life is the:
A) community;
B) ecosystem;
C) biosphere;
D) individual.
19.
Ecosystem is:
A) the zone of life on Earth;
B) is a natural unit consisting of all plants, animals and micro-organisms in
an area functioning together with all of the physical factors of the
environment;
C) a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth that is retained by the Earth's
gravity;
D) is the global system integrating all living beings.
20.
Community is:
A) an assemblage of two or more populations of different species occupying
the same geographical area;
B) the eating relationships between species within an ecosystem or a
particular living place;
C) a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile
offspring;
D) the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular species.