3/3/2010
Nonmetallic Elements
Nonmetallic Elements
and Their Compounds
Chapter 21
21.1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Binary Hydrides of the Representative Elements
Hydrogen Production
C3H8 (g) + 3H2O (g)
C (s) + H2O (g)
3CO (g) + 7H2 (g)
CO (g) + H2 (g)
Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq)
ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Laboratory Preparation of H 2 Gas
21.2
21.2
The Hydrogen Economy
Isotopes of Hydrogen
1H
1
(hydrogen),
2
1H
(deuterium, D),
3
1H
(tritium, T)
2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
2H2O (l)
Fuel Values of Some Common Fuels
Fuel
Kinetic isotope effect
CH3COOH (aq)
CH3COOD (aq)
CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)
CH3
COO-
(aq)
+
D+
(aq)
Ka = 1.8 x 10-5
Ka = 6 x
10-6
21.2
Fuel Value (kJ/g)
Wood (pine)
18
Coal
31
Crude oil
45
Gasoline
48
Natural gas
49
Hydrogen
142
21.2
1
3/3/2010
Phase Diagram of Carbon
Synthetic Gas from Coal
C (s) + H2O (g)
CO (g) + H2 (g)
C (s) + 2H2 (g)
CO (g) + 2H2 (g)
C (diamond)
C (graphite)
CH4 (g)
CH3OH (l)
G0 = -2.87 kJ
21.3
21.3
2Ca3(PO4)2 (s) + 10C (s) + 6SiO2 (s)
P4 (s) + 5O2 (g)
nP4 (white phosphorus)
3000C
6CaSiO3 (s) + 10CO (g) + P4 (s)
P4O10 (s)
(P4)n (red phosphorus)
21.4
21.4
Common Phosphorus-Containing Oxoacids
21.4
21.4
2
3/3/2010
(aq)
4O2- (aq)
+ 2H2O (l)
+ 2H2O (l)
••
••
••
••
O2- (aq) + H2O (l)
O22
Ozone
•• • O O
•• ••
superoxide
••
••
• • • • 2O O
•• ••
peroxide
••
••
• • 2O
••
oxide
3O2 (g)
O2 (g) +
3O2 (g) +
(aq)
4OH-
Electrical Discharge Production of Ozone
(aq)
amphoteric
acidic oxides
basicity
basic oxides
G0 = 326.8 kJ
(powerful oxidizing agent)
2OH- (aq)
4OH-
2O3 (g)
21.5
21.5
21.5
21.5
Frasch Process
Electrolytic Production of Fluorine
2F2H+ + 2e2HF
21.6
F2 (g) + 2eH2 (g)
H2 (g) + F2 (g)
21.6
3
3/3/2010
Chlorine Production by the Chlor-Alkali Process
2Cl- (aq)
2Na+
(aq) +
Hg (l)
2e-
2NaCl (aq)
Cl2 (g) + 2e2Na/Hg
2Na/Hg (g) + Cl2 (g)
21.6
21.6
4