Growth of the
United States
1. War of 1812
a. Politics
Outline
b. War
c. Results of War
2. Growing Nationalism
a. Definition
b. Monroe Doctrine
c. Missouri Compromise
3. President Andrew Jackson
a. Election
b. Indian Removal Act
c. Trail of Tears
d. Nullification Crisis
4. Manifest Destiny
a. Definition
b. Second Great Awakening
c Mormon Expansion
d. Mexican-American War
e. California
5. Conclusion
US History Review
1. Has the U.S. ever attacked Canada?
2. What color is the “Executive Mansion?”
3. What is the name of our National Anthem?
− What do the lyrics refer to?
− How long did it take to become our anthem?
4. Historically what job did Presidents hold before
becoming President?
5. How do people know when to stop fighting at the end
of a war?
Events leading up to war
• Thomas Jefferson = 3rd US President
• 1801 – 1809
• Napoleonic Wars in Europe
• 1799 – 1815
• Effects on US?
• British took US ships
• “Impressment”
• Attacked at sea
1. War of 1812
a. Politics
• New politicians in Congress
−3 demands
• President James Madison (1809-17) pushed for war
−War declared by Congress in 1812
•For = Democratic-Republicans
•Against = Federalist Party
−Irony of War of 1812
1. War of 1812
b. War
• US unprepared for war
−Attack Canada failed; burnt York (capital)
− USA used privateers against British navy
−“Old Ironsides”
−Video
1. War of 1812
b. War
• British focused after 1814
−Sent troops to attack D.C.
−British retaliated for York burning
•News united Americans
1. War of 1812
b. War
• British attacked Baltimore, Ft. McHenry
−50 British ships, ~4,000 British soldiers
• American Francis Scott Key held on British ship
−“Defense of Fort McHenry”
•Poem published as “Star Spangled Banner”
−Became national anthem in 1931!
1. War of 1812
b. War
• Treaty of Ghent ended war in 1814
• Kept Pre-war borders
• Didn’t talk about impressment
• Most famous battle happened after peace treaty
1. War of 1812
b. War
• Gen. Andrew Jackson sent to New Orleans
−Battle lasted 2 hours
•2,000 British KIA/MIA vs 13 Americans
−Generals dead within 20 minutes
−Andrew Jackson became national hero
1. War of 1812
C. Results of War
1. Democratic Republicans strengthened
2. Federalists disappeared
3. Pride grew
2. Growing Nationalism
A. Definition
• Being loyal and proud of your country
• Americans began creating own culture in 1800s
− Noah Webster
• An American Dictionary of the English Language, 1828
− Painters and writers emerged
• America in 1823 = less than 10 million Americans
− New York City = 120,000 residents
− Philadelphia & Baltimore = ~ 60,000
2. Growing Nationalism
B. Monroe Doctrine
• President James Monroe elected in 1816
• New foreign policy called Monroe Doctrine
−Western Hemisphere off limits to Europeans
−US foreign policy into 1900s
2. Growing Nationalism
C. Missouri Compromise
• 1819 = 22 states in Union
− ½ slavery legal (South)
− ½ Slavery Illegal (North)
= Identical representation in the Senate
• Missouri applied for Statehood
2. Growing Nationalism
C. Missouri Compromise
• Missouri (slave) and Maine (free) added to Union
− Kept balance in Senate
• New line used Missouri’s southern border
− No slavery in Northern Louisiana territory
• Crash Course
3. President Andrew Jackson
a. Election
• Monroe’s “Fusion Policy” (reading)
• 4 Democratic-Republicans ran in 1824
• John Q. Adams selected President by House, 1824
− Dem. Republican party broke into 2
1) National Republican Party
2) Democrat-Republicans Party
− Jackson became “Democrat” leader
3. President Andrew Jackson
a. Election
• Jackson elected 1828
− 1.13 million voted vs 355,000 in 1824
– “Jacksonian Democracy”
• Power exercised by ordinary Americans
– “Spoils System”
• Rewarding supporters with government jobs
3. President Andrew Jackson
b. Indian Removal Act
• 5 Civilized Tribes located in Southeast US
−Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, Creek
• Indian Removal Act passed in 1830
• “Indian colonization zone” became Oklahoma
• Some tribes tried to resist
− Seminole tribe fought back
− Cherokees went to Supreme Court and won
3. President Andrew Jackson
c. Trail of Tears
• Jackson’s didn’t support Supreme Court decision
• “John Marshall has made his decision, now let
him enforce it!"
• US military force marched Native Americans
− Thousands died from starvation and disease
− whooping cough, typhus, dysentery, cholera
− Southeast went from ~125,000 to very few N.A.
− Video
3. President Andrew Jackson
d. Nullification Crisis
• 1828 tariff angered Southern states
− Called the “Tariff of Abominations!” by South
− Taxed raw materials and agricultural imports
− Cost Southern planters $100 million/annually
• Vice Pres. John C. Calhoun stated right to “nullify” laws
− South Carolina threatened to secede
− Became known as the Nullification Crisis
3. President Jackson
d. Nullification Crisis
• South Carolina voted to nullify the law 1832 tariff
− Jackson sent a warship to South Carolina!
• Crisis ended after tariff was dropped
• Congress later passed a “Force Bill” (1833)
− South Carolina then voted to nullify the force bill...
• Important Theme in US History:
− “State and Federal power relationships continually
change”
3. President Andrew Jackson
e. “Modern” Presidency
• Jackson believed he represented the people
− National Bank example
• Criticized as “King Andrew”
• Supported rights for common white man
− Fought against rights for Indians, Blacks, Women
4. Manifest Destiny
a. Definition
• God wanted Americans to spread across America
3 ideas
• Americans would expand to the continental limits.
geographically, politically, economically
• Americans would “Americanize” all people living
within the continental limits.
• Americans would forcibly extinguish any attempt
by peoples to resist Americanization.
4. Manifest Destiny
b. Second Great Awakening
• 1820s and 1830s = “Second Great Awakening”
−New religious revival throughout states
• Pushed 3 reform movements
1) Temperance Movement
2) Education Movement
3) Abolitionists
4. Manifest Destiny
c Mormon Expansion
• Joseph Smith, Book of Mormon (1830)
− Church of Later Day Saints (LDS)
• By 1844 = ~35,000 members
• LDS church constantly moved
− Polygamy = 5-15% participated
4. Manifest Destiny
c Mormon Expansion
• Smith’s announced running for President (1844)
− Arrested and killed while in prison (Illinois)
• Brigham Young took over, moved to Utah
• Utah territory added to US
− Polygamy became issue of statehood
− 1890, Mormon Manifesto
4. Manifest Destiny
d. Mexican-American War
• Mexico gained independence from Spain 1821
− Leader = General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
• By 1830, +30,000 US settlers moved to Texas
• Mexico tried to stop US immigration, sent military
− Mexico refused U.S. offer to buy Texas
• Series of battles became the Texas Revolution
4. Manifest Destiny
d. Mexican-American War
• Majority of fighting = Mexican victories
• Texans captured San Antonio, contained the Alamo
− Santa Anna led military, almost all Texans killed
− “Remember the Alamo” became American battle cry
4. Manifest Destiny
d. Mexican-American War
• Texans captured Santa Anna in 1836
− Forced him to sign Treaty of Velasco
• Texas independence/border was unclear
• Mexico VERY upset by US annexation in 1845
4. Manifest Destiny
d. Mexican-American War
• President James Polk was an expansionist
− Sent military to Texas to start war
• Troops led by Gen. Zachary Taylor
• Previous Wars justification?
• Mex.-Amer. War ONLY for territorial expansion (46-48)
• New technology = telegraph
−First war correspondents
4. Manifest Destiny
d. Mexican-American War
• Americans won majority of battles
− Gen. Taylor became famous
− Peace treaty negotiations started after 1st year
• Back in Washington D.C.
− Abraham Lincoln spoke against the war in House of
Representatives
• In Massachusetts
− Henry David Thoreau was arrested, wrote paper
on Civil Disobedience (English class)
4. Manifest Destiny
d. Mexican-American War
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848
− Ended Mexican-American War
− US gained a LOT of land for $15 million
− 13,000 American dead (mostly disease)
• Importance of war?
− US stretched coast to coast
4. Manifest Destiny
e. California
• Gold Rush started in ’49 after gold discovered in ’48
− ~100,000 raced west, “forty niners”
• San Francisco became the BIG city out west
• 1848 = ~800 People
• 1849 = ~25,000 People
• California applied for statehood
− Upset congressional balance!
4. Manifest Destiny
e. California
• Compromise of 1850 (upset Missouri Compromise)
− CA admitted as free state
− New Mexico and Utah organized, Locals decided
slavery question
− Texas-New Mexico border settled
− Washington DC slave trade abolished
− New fugitive slave act
Conclusion
• New developments in first half of 1800s
− Growing pride as Americans
− 3 Wars
− Power of Americans increased
− New ideas challenged government
• Manifest Destiny forced America to deal with slavery
− Missouri Compromise
− Compromise of 1850