On the Roles of Geospatial Information
for Risk Assessment of Land Subsidence
in Urban Areas of Indonesia
HASANUDDIN Z. ABIDIN 1, H. ANDREAS 1, I. GUMILAR 1,
T.P. SIDIQ 1, Y. FUKUDA 2
1 Geodesy Research Group, Faculty of Earth Science and Technology,
Institute of Technology Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia,
E‐mail : [email protected], [email protected]
2 Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan
The 8th International Conference on Geo‐information for Disaster Management, 13‐14 December, 2012, Enschede, The Netherlands
Land Subsidence
 Land subsidence is the downward displacement of the land surface relative to certain reference surface, such as mean sea level (MSL) or reference ellipsoid.
 It may occurs in active volcanic and tectonic areas, mining areas, oil and gas exploration areas, and large urban areas.
 Can be caused by natural and/or human activities. Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2012
Ref: Polland (1984)
San Joaquin Valley
subsidence
LandSubsidenceinIndonesianCities
Cilegon
Denpasar
Observedlandsubsidence:Expectedlandsubsidence:
• Surabaya
• Jakarta
• Denpasar observeddecrease
• Bandung
ingroundwaterlevel
• Cilegon
• Semarang
• Medan
Hasanuddin Z.Abidin,2011
Land Subsidence
Types of Subsidence in large Indonesian cities :
• subsidence due to groundwater extraction,
• subsidence induced by the load of constructions (i.e. settlement of high compressibility soil), • subsidence caused by natural consolidation of alluvium soil, and • tectonic subsidence. Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2006 IMPACTS OF LAND SUBSIDENCE
IN URBAN AREAS (CITIES)
The wider expansion of inland & coastal flooding areas
Malfunction of drainage system
Increasing the maintenance costs for
the affected buildings and infrastructure
Changes in river canal and drain flow systems
Cracking of buildings and infrastructure
Lowering the quality of living environment and life
(e.g. health and sanitation condition) in the affected areas
Hasanuddin Z.Abidin,2012
IMPORTANCE OF LAND SUBSIDENCE INFORMATION
Groundwater
extraction regulation
(Inland and Coastal)
Flood Mitigation
Spatial planning
consideration
LAND
SUBSIDENCE
INFORMATION
Sea water
intrusion control
Sub‐surface
Utility Planning
Environmental
conservation
Infrastructure
design & construction
Sewerage and Drainage System Design
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2012
Geospatial Information and Land Subsidence
Roles of geospatial information for risk assessment of land subsidence in urban areas :
 estimating the characteristics of land subsidence, e.g. magnitudes and rates of land subsidence, and its variation both in spatial and temporal domain.  studying causes and impacts of land subsidence.
 estimating economic losses due to land subsidence.
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2012
Geospatial Information
for estimating
Characteristics of Land Subsidence
Measurement and Observation
of Land Subsidence in Urban Areas





Leveling Survey
GPS Survey
InSAR
Microgravity
Geometric‐historic
Hasanuddin Z.Abidin,2012
Geodetic Methods for Land Subsidence Monitoring
City
Leveling
GPS
InSAR
Gravity
JAKARTA
Since 1982
Since 1997
Since 2005
Since 2008
BANDUNG
Limited
Since 2000
Since 2007
Since 2008
SEMARANG
Since 1999
Since 2008
Since 2007
Since 2002
GRD of ITB mainly involved with GPS Surveys and InSAR.
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2012
Strength and Limitation of Geodetic Method for LS Study In Urban Areas
Leveling surveys
GPS surveys
InSAR
Microgravity
LS information
point‐wise
point‐wise
continuous
point‐wise
Spatial coverage
local
local to regional
local to regional
local
user dependent
required
Temporal coverage
user dependent
user dependent
images availability dependent
Ground benchmark
required
required
not required
Data acquisition (survey)
day time and weather dependent
Typical limitation
Typical accuracy level of LS
day and night, dependent on day and night, weather satellite passes in weather dependent
independent
the region
signal obstruction poor image requires stringent by buildings, coherence due to laborious and time observation strategy infrastructures land use and land consuming
and quite costly
and trees
cover dynamics
mm
(relative)
mm‐cm
(relative)
mm‐cm
(relative)
mm‐cm
(relative)
Hasanuddin Z.Abidin,2012
ObservedSubsidenceRatesinJakarta
(theratesvarybothspatiallyandtemporally)
Period
Subsidence Rates (cm/year)
1982‐1991
1 ‐ 9
1991‐1997
1 ‐ 25
GPS surveys
1997 ‐ 2011
1 ‐ 28
InSAR
2006 ‐ 2007
1 ‐ 12
Method
Leveling surveys
HasanuddinZ.Abidin,2011
Land Subsidence in Jakarta Basin (2007 – 2008)
dari Survei GPS
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2008
KK Geodesi ITB
Land Subsidence in Jakarta Basin (2008 – 2009)
dari Survei GPS
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2009
KK Geodesi ITB
Land Subsidence in Jakarta Basin (2009 – 2010)
dari Survei GPS
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2010
KK Geodesi ITB
Subsidence
from InSAR
in Jakarta
Real estate area
(Reclamation land)
CONES OF SUBSIDENCE
Cooperation with
ERSDAC Japan
Deguchi, 2007
0
June 2006
to February 2007
(8 months)
30km
Land Subsidence in Jakarta from PSI, ALOS PALSAR, 2007 to 2010
© P.T. Hatfield Indonesia
Examples of GPS‐derived Land Subsidence
in Bandung basin
Augt 2008 – July 2009
July 2009 – July 2010
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2011
InSAR derived
Subsidence
in Bandung
June 2006
to March 2007
(about 9 months)
about 12 cm
subsidence
about 12 cm
subsidence
Reference:
Deguchi and
Maruyama (2007)
ERSDAC Japan
InSAR derived Subsidence in Bandung
Jan – Dec 2009
InSAR derived subsidence (cm)
0.0
20.8
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2011
Observed Subsidence Rates in Semarang (the rates vary both spatially and temporally)
No.
Method
Subsidence Rates (cm/year)
Observation Period
1
Leveling
1 ‐ 17
1999 – 2003
2
GPS Surveys
1 ‐ 19
2008 – 2011
3
PS InSAR
1 ‐ 10
2002 – 2006
4
Microgravity
1 ‐ 15
2002 ‐ 2005
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2012
Levelling derived Subsidence in Semarang in the period of 2000 to 2001
8-20
6-8
4-6
2-4
4-6
0-2
Courtesy of Geological Agency Bandung, after [Murdahardono et al., 2007]
PSInSARderivedSubsidenceRatesinSemarang
Thecontourlinesinthis
Figurearebasedonthe
PSInSARbasedvelocity
dataderivedfrom28
ERS‐2andENVISAT‐
ASARradarscenes
recordedbetween27
November2002and23
August2006.
CourtesyofGeological
AgencyBandung,after
[Murdahardono etal., 2009]
Microgravity derived Subsidence in Semarang from Sept. 2002
to Nov. 2005
after [Supriyadi, 2008].
GPS derived Subsidence in Semarang (2008 to 2009)
Abidin et al. (2009)
Geospatial Information
for studying
Impacts of Land Subsidence
Impacts of Land Subsidence in Jakarta
LOWERINGINBRIDGE
STRUCTURE
TIDALFLOOD
TIDALFLOOD
TIDALFLOOD
TILTEDBUILDING
TIDALFLOOD
Hasanuddin Z.Abidin,2008
Impacts of Land Subsidence in Bandung G: Dayeuh Kolot J: Gedebage H: Cimahi K: Leuwigadjah I: Gedebage L: Dayeuh Kolot
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2011
ExamplesofSubsidenceImpactsinSemarang
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2008)
CoastalFloodinginSemarang(midApril2009)
courtesyofKompas photo,2July2009
Mapping the Features of LS Impacts
Gumilar (2011)
Shortened distances from the roof to the floor and the street to the floor
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2011
Mapping the Features of LS Impacts
Gumilar (2011)
Crack on the highway (TOL Padalarang Cileunyi – Kilometer Pasirkoja)
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2011
Distribution of LS Impacts in Bandung
-2.6 m
GPS and InSAR derived subsidence (1999-2010)
0.0
Gumilar et al. (2012)
Distribution of LS Impacts in Semarang
Semarang
‐15
cm/year
0
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2012
TidalFlooding(ROB)inSemarang
(SPOTImage2000)
Java sea and
occurred sedimentation
ROB
ROB
Hilmi (2006)
Geospatial Information
for studying
Causes of Land Subsidence
Observed by
Geodetic
Techniques
Total Subsidence
Geodetic‐derived Total Subsidence
Modeling and estimation
using other external data




Hidrogeology
Geoctechnical
Geomorphology
Tectonic displacements
 Land use and land cover
?
Subsidence due to
groundwater extraction
?
Subsidence due to
natural consolidation
?
Subsidence due to
building/infrastructure loading
?
Subsidence due to
tectonic activity
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2012
Land Subsidence & Urban Development
will cause




Increase in built‐up areas
Increase in population
Increase in economic and
industrial activities
Increase in groundwater extraction
LAND
SUBSIDENCE
URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
will affect will lead to 




Land use planning
Groundwater extraction regulation
Building and infrastructure codes
Flood management and control
Sea water intrusion control
should be
considered in
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2011
Land Use Changes in Jakarta
Red color indicates the built‐up areas
In 1965, the green areas made up more than 35% of the Jakarta's area and in 2008 it is only 9.3%
Ref : Djakapermana (2008)
LANDUSECHANGESINBANDUNGBASIN
adaptedfromSampurno (2006).
Theurbanareasareindicatedwiththered‐pinkcolourregion.
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2009
INCREASE
INBUILT‐UP
AREASAND
POPULATION
Decreasein
WaterRecharge
Areas
Decreasein
rechargeability
ofwithdrawn
groundwater
Increasein
Groundwater
Consumption
&Extraction
Increasein
Buildingand
Infrastructure
Loading
LAND
SUBSIDENCE
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2009
GPS‐derivedSubsidenceinBandung
Location of GPS Stations CMHI and DYHK (in the areas of textile industries)
Subsidence rate (2009 – 2010): Subsidence rate (2009 – 2010): 14.5 cm/year
7.4 cm/year
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2011
GPS‐derivedSubsidenceinBandung
Location of GPS Stations MJL2 and RCK2 (in the areas of textile industries)
North
North
RCK2
MJL2
Textile Industries
(grey‐white roofs)
Textile Industries
(grey‐white roofs)
Subsidence rate (2005‐2008): Subsidence rate (2005 – 2008): 6.5 cm/year
5.9 cm/year
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2011
Land Subsidence in Bandung
and Natural Consolidation of Alluvium Soil
Kosambi formation = lake alluvium (sediment)
Kosambi Formation
Cikapundung Formation
Cibereum Formation
Tertiary Volcanic
Tertiary Sedimentary Rock
Intrusives
Quaternary Volcanic, besides
Cikapundung & Cibereum Formations
Ref: Hutasoit (2010)
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2011)
Land Subsidence in Bandung
and Natural Consolidation of Alluvium Soil
Location of GPS Station : GDBG
Textile Industries
(grey‐white roofs)
± 3.2 km
GDBG
Subsidence rate (2009 – 2010): 9.1 cm/year
Combined effects of groundwater abstraction and natural consolidation ?
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin (2011)
GPS‐derivedSubsidenceinSemarang
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2012
Demak
Semarang
Natural consolidation of alluvium soil should have
quite significant contribution for land subsidence in Semarang
Sedimentation and Coastline Change, Semarang 1741‐1920
Topographic Map, Department of Railways, Tokyo, Japan
1920
Sedimentation Impact and Coastline
Change, Semarang 1741-2007
Ristek, DKP, UNDIP, IPB, 2009
Geospatial Information
for estimating
Losses due to Land Subsidence
Losses due to Land Subsidence
DIRECT EFFECTS
Primary
Subsidence Phenomena
 Vertical subsidence
 Tilting
 Horizontal strains
 Ground breaks
 Subsurface deformation
Damage, Costs and
Other Impacts
 Man‐made system
 Natural system
Aggravation of
Other Hazards
 Flooding
 Faulting
 Dam failures
 Induced seismicity
Ref. : Viets (2010)
Adjustments and their
Costs and Impacts
 Studies
 Subsidence control
 Damage Mitigation
Damage, Costs and
Other Impacts
 Man‐made system
 Natural system
INDIRECT EFFECTS
•
•
•
•
Development Cost
Maintenance Cost
Social Cost
Environmental Cost
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2012
LS Impact and Flooding in Bandung
From the total flooded area of about 6388 ha, about 21% or 1388 ha coincides with land affected by subsidence.
Coastal Subsidence
and Flooding
Watch out subsidence along
the coastal areas of North Jakarta
Sea Level Rise:
0.1 – 0.5 cm/year (IPCC)
Coastal Subsidence:
1 ‐ 15 cm/year
 Tidal Flooding
 Surface water degradation
 Decrease in livelihood quality
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2008 Linear‐term of sea level change for 1993‐2009
from satellite altimetry Benoa (circle) Jakarta (square) Sibolga (diamond) Surabaya (triangle)
Nurmauliaetal.,2010
PossibleInundationAreas
inCoastalAreasofJakarta
CONSERVATIVE
SCENARIO
PESIMISTIC
SCENARIO
Landsubsidencerate
2.5cm/year
10cm/year
Sealevel riserate
0.2cm/year
1cm/year
HasanuddinZ.Abidin,2009
POSSIBLEINUNDATIONAREASINCOASTALAREASOFJAKARTA
(Assumptionofhomogeneoussubsidenceratesalongthecoast)
Abidinetal.(2009)
POSSIBLEINUNDATIONAREASINCOASTALAREASOFJAKARTA
(Assumptionofspatiallydifferentsubsidenceratesalongthecoast)
HasanuddinZ.Abidin,2009
POSSIBLEINUNDATIONAREASINCOASTALAREASOFSEMARANG
(Assumptionofhomogeneoussubsidenceratesalongthecoast)
CONSERVATIVE - 2020
CONSERVATIVE - 2050
PESIMISTIC - 2020
PESIMISTIC - 2050
HasanuddinZ.Abidin,2009
POSSIBLEINUNDATIONAREASINCOASTALAREASOFSEMARANG
(Assumptionofspatiallydifferentsubsidenceratesalongthecoast)
CONSERVATIVE - 2020
CONSERVATIVE - 2050
PESIMISTIC - 2020
PESIMISTIC - 2050
HasanuddinZ.Abidin,2009
Closing Remarks
Roles of Geospatial Information for Risk Assessment of Subsidence in Urban Areas
GEOSPATIAL
INFORMATION
Leveling data
GPS data
InSAR data
Gravity data
Satellite images
Aerial photos
Topographic maps
Hydro‐geological information
Geotechnical information
Socio‐economy information
Characteristics
Observed height differences in spatial and temporal domain
LAND SUBSIDENCE
Causes
Impacts
Cost
Location of land subsidence features in the field
spatial distribution of man‐made and natural features (e.g. built‐up areas, industries, buildings and infrastructures, forest, paddy fields, etc.)
spatial characteristics and dynamics of Numerical groundwater, aquifers and confining estimation and beds
modeling of physical properties of soil and rock in subsidence
spatial domain
spatial distribution and characteristics of
population and economic activities
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2012
Roles of Geospatial Information
for Risk Assessment of Subsidence in Urban Areas
Geospatial Information
Urban Development
Land Subsidence
Collateral Hazards
Mitigation
• People
• Environment
• Infrastructure
Adaptation
 Structural
 Cultural
Sea Level Rise
Characteristics ● Causes ● Impacts ● Costs
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2012
Thankyou
GPS Stations for Studying Land Subsidence in Jakarta
 Surveys since 1997
 Yearly basis
 There about 65 GPS stations in 2012
 Reference Station : IGS BAKO Station
at Cibinong
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2012
GPS Stations for Studying Land Subsidence in Bandung
 Surveys since 2000
 Yearly basis
 There about 34 GPS stations in 2012
 Reference Station : PSCA
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2012
GPS Stations for Studying Subsidence in Semarang
 Surveys since 2008
 Yearly basis
 There about 52 GPS stations in 2012
 Reference Station : SMG1
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2012