Drifting Toward Disunion
1854-1861
The North-South Contest for Kansas
• On election day in 1855, hordes of
Southerners from Missouri
flooded the polls and elected
Kansas to be a slave state
• Free-soilers were unable to
stomach this and set up their own
government in Topeka
• By 1857, Kansas had enough
people to apply for statehood, and
those for slavery devised the
Lecompton Constitution
• Angry free-soilers boycotted the
polls and Kansas approved the
constitution with slavery
• The Democratic Party was divided
on the issue, ending the last
remaining national party for years
to come
“Bleeding Kansas”
Bleeding Kansas, 1854–1860
“Bully” Brooks and His Bludgeon
• “Bleeding Kansas” was an
issue that spilled into Congress:
Senator Charles Sumner was
a vocal abolitionist, and his
blistering speeches condemned
all slavery supporters
• Congressman Preston S.
Brooks decided that since
Sumner was not a gentleman
he couldn’t challenge him to a
duel, so Brooks beat Sumner
with a cane until it broke
• However, the incident touched
off fireworks, as Sumner’s “The
Crime Against Kansas” speech
was reprinted by the thousands,
and it put Brooks and the South
in the wrong
Southern Chivalry: Argument
versus Club’s, 1856
Presidential Election of 1856
James Buchanan
The Dred Scott Bombshell
• On March 6, 1857, the Dred Scott
decision was handed down by the
Supreme Court
• Chief Justice Roger Taney said
that no slave could be a citizen of
the U.S.
• The Court said a
legislature/Congress cannot
outlaw slavery, as that would go
against the 5th Amendment saying
a person’s property cannot be
taken without due process of law
• The Court then concluded the
Missouri Compromise had been
unconstitutional all along (because
it’d banned slavery north of the
36° 30’ line)
Dred
Scott
Roger
Taney
The Financial Crash of 1857
• Psychologically, the Panic of
1857 was the worst of the 19th
century, though it really was not
as bad as the Panic of 1837
• It’s causes were the California
gold causing inflation, overgrowth of grain, and overspeculation in land and railroads
• In 1860, Congress passed a
Homestead Act that would
provide 160 acres of land at a
cheap price for those who were
less-fortunate, but it was vetoed
by Buchanan
• The panic also brought calls for
a higher tariff rate, which had
been lowered to about 20% only
months before
Wall Street, Half Past Two
O’clock, October 13, 1857, by
James H. Cafferty and Charles
G. Rosenberg
The Great Debate: Lincoln Versus Douglas
• In 1858, Senator Stephen
Douglas’s term was about to
expire, and against him was
Republican Abraham Lincoln
• The most famous debate came
at Freeport, Illinois because
Lincoln asked Douglas, "What if
the people of a territory should
vote down slavery?“
• Douglas's reply to Lincoln
became known as the
"Freeport Doctrine“
• Freeport Doctrine caused the
South to dislike Douglas even
more and it prevented him from
winning the 1860 election for
presidency
Abraham
Lincoln
Stephen
Douglas
John Brown: Murderer or Martyr?
• John Brown now had a plan to invade
the South, seize its arms, call upon the
slaves to rise up and revolt, and take
over the South and free it of slaves
• At Brown’s raid of Harper’s Ferry,
Virginia, the slaves didn’t revolt, and
he was captured by the U.S. Marines
under the command of Lieutenant
Colonel Robert E. Lee
• Brown portrayed himself as a martyr
against slavery, and when he was
hanged, he instantly became a martyr
for abolitionists; northerners rallied
around his memory
John Brown
The Disruption of the Democrats
• In 1860, the Northern
Democrats nominated Stephen
Douglas for president while the
Southern Democrats chose
John C. Breckinridge
• The Republicans nominated
Abraham Lincoln
• The Republican platform had an
appeal to every important nonsouthern group:
– for free-soilers it proposed the nonexpansion of slavery;
– for northern manufacturers, a
protective tariff;
– for the immigrants, no abridgement
of rights;
– for the West, internal improvements
at federal expense; and
– for the farmers, free homesteads
Rare picture of Lincoln
growing his beard
Presidential Election of 1860
(electoral vote by state)
Presidential Election of 1860
(showing popular vote by county)
Southern Opposition to Secession, 1860–1861
The Secessionist Exodus
• South Carolina had threatened to
secede if Lincoln was elected
president, and it seceded in
December of 1860
• Alabama, Mississippi, Florida,
Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas
(the Deep South) followed in the
next six weeks
• The seven secession states met
in Montgomery, Alabama in
February of 1861 and created
the Confederate States of
America, and they chose
Jefferson Davis as president
• In a last-minute attempt at
compromise James Henry
Crittenden of Kentucky proposed
the Crittenden Compromise
Jefferson Davis
Proposed Crittenden Compromise, 1860