G.M.O.s For Sale: Assessing Consumer Awareness
G.M.O.s For Sale: Assessing Consumer Awareness
Domenic Dorisio
HLT00327-1: Consumer Health Decisions
Dr. JoAnne Bullard
March 9, 2015
Rowan University
1 G.M.O.s For Sale: Assessing Consumer Awareness
2 INTRODUCTION:
Genetically Modified Organisms “G.M.O.s” are becoming an increasingly relevant topic
in the world of agriculture, yet a majority of consumers remain unaware of what goes into the
food they are eating. Many people, especially the average consumer, are uninformed when it
comes to genetically modified organisms. These organisms affect the food we eat and are
therefore a global issue. Because of their rise in the global market, G.M.O.s are a critical and
prevalent issue in the United States today. In fact, there are most likely foods containing these in
every home in America at this very moment affecting adults and children. This paper will define
what G.M.O.s are and will discuss the safety of and the agricultural aspect behind G.M.O.s.
Results from studies conducted showing the affects of G.M.O.s have on health, as well as the
truth behind some common myths will be explained. Consumer tolerance percentage of
G.M.O.s and potential solutions such as grocery shopping strategies will be included as well.
Research Question:
What is the awareness level among customers at Whole Foods Market and ShopRite
about foods containing genetically modified organisms? Do these customers know what
G.M.O.s are and the health risks and benefits they pose? Do these consumers know the rules and
regulations on labeling and selling them? Additionally, this study will explore customers’
tolerance level of purchasing foods containing G.M.O.s.
Significance of the Problem:
According to Richie (2015), genetically modified organisms first hit the U.S. grocery
shelves in 1994. So why is it now, 21 years later, that this is still one of the major controversies
in the world today? One of the main contributing factors to this debate is consumer safety. “One
of the most common concerns about the prevalence of GMOs (genetically modified organisms)
G.M.O.s For Sale: Assessing Consumer Awareness
3 in North America is whether they are safe for our children and families to be eating.” (GMOs
and Your Family). This, along with the rational as to why farmers and companies are allowing
the production of these potentially harmful contaminants into our food, is one of the main
concerns in the G.M.O. debate. This study will show how educated the average American
consumer really is and will assist in educating readers on the truth behind G.M.O.s so that they
can make informed decisions about the food they’re purchasing. This is particularly relevant
when it comes to their own, as well as to their children’s, health and safety.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
According to The Non-GMO Project, G.M.O.s are living organisms whose genetic
material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering. The NonGMO Project is a non-profit organization whose mission is to protect the Non-GMO food supply
and to aid in giving the consumer an informed choice. They believe that if people ultimately
stop purchasing foods containing G.M.O.s, then companies will stop using them and farmers will
no longer grow them. Genetic modification creates unstable combinations of plant, animal,
bacteria, and viral genes that do not occur naturally or through the traditional crossbreeding
processes. There are two main groups associated with G.M.O.s. These are “High Risk” and
“Monitored Risk.” “High Risk” crops are those currently in commercial production and must be
tested every time prior to use in Non-GMO Project verified products. Crops are considered to be
a part of the “monitored risk” group when they have genetically modified relatives and when an
incident of contamination is suspected. If contamination is found in these types of crops they are
then moved into the high-risk group for further testing (What is GMO?).
Second, consumers might ask if G.M.O.s are safe for their family. Most nations do not
consider them to be safe. Over sixty countries around the world have placed bans or restrictions
G.M.O.s For Sale: Assessing Consumer Awareness
4 on the production and sale of G.M.O.s, except the United States. The government has approved
G.M.O.s in the U.S. based on studies conducted by the same corporations that create them and
profit from their sale. These products can also be dangerous for the environment, not only a
human being. Over 80% of all G.M.O.s grown worldwide are engineered for tolerance toward
herbicides. As a result, the use of toxic chemicals like Roundup has increased 15 times since
G.M.O.s were introduced in 1994 (GMO Facts). What is particularly intriguing is that the Food
and Drug Administration has absolutely no GMO safety testing requirements, and genetically
modified ingredients are found in almost every food in the grocery store (The Good, Bad and
Ugly about GMOs, 2014).
The average American remains uninformed when it comes to this subject and that is why
it is pertinent and crucial to provide them with correct information. Despite their dangers, there
is some good that comes from G.M.O.s. According to The Natural Revolution group and the
GMO industry, the advantages of G.M.O.s include a reduced need for herbicides and pesticides
since they are immune to them, reduced greenhouse gasses since G.M.O.s require less plowing,
the ability to manipulate foods to increase nutrient density, and the overall increased production
of food for starving third world countries (The Good, Bad and Ugly about GMOs, 2014). It is
believed that over a trillion G.M.O. meals have been consumed, thus proving their safety.
However, new technology is far different from the hybridization and selection methods used in
the past. A study conducted by Dr. Putsztai, a highly respected leader with 35 years of
employment at the Rowett Institute in Scotland, reveals the dangers of G.M.O.s. His study
showed that when rats were fed potatoes modified to produce a supposedly safe insecticide
called the GNA lectin, all of the animals showed pre-cancerous cell growths, smaller brains,
livers and testicles, partially atrophied livers, and damage to the immune system. These changes
G.M.O.s For Sale: Assessing Consumer Awareness
5 appeared in as little as 10 days. However, in another study conducted examining the
gastrointestinal tracts of rats fed with G.M.O.s, it was found that there were no toxic or
pathological alterations observed that could be related to feeding these genetically modified
crops to them (Carman, Edwards, Haynes, & Zdziarski, 2014). These studies received almost no
press in the U.S. media, which further emphasizes how little Americans known about G.M.O.s’
harmful effects (The Good, Bad and Ugly about GMOs, 2014).
Another issue is that companies who create non-G.M.O. containing products to be sold to
countries that have a ban placed on G.M.O.s, such as Europe, are the same companies that sell
GMO products to the U.S. However, most Americans will not even realize this since they are so
uneducated on the issue. The main crops containing G.M.O.s are soy, corn, cottonseed, and
canola. These are products that are used regularly, however there is a way to go completely
GMO free. Only buy organic foods. Organic foods are not permitted to contain genetically
modified ingredients. Even the small amount of non-organic ingredients present in some organic
foods can not test positive for G.M.O.s. Checking your ingredient list is always a good strategy
to evaluate exactly what you are eating and whether it contains G.M.O.s (The Good, Bad and
Ugly about GMOs, 2014).
Scott Gauslow, chairman of North Dakota Soybean Council, states that all sunflower
seeds are known to be GMO free, so no genetically modified sunflower seeds exist. However,
there is a sunflower manufacturer that puts “Non-GMO Project” right on the label as a marketing
ploy. This tactic gets customers to buy that product over sunflower seeds or oils that are not
clarified as GMO free. If the consumers were educated in the area, they would realize the
deception behind this labeling. Therefore, informed consumers hold the power. If the
uninformed understand what G.M.O.s are and the risks they pose, they can stop buying and
G.M.O.s For Sale: Assessing Consumer Awareness
6 supporting modified foods. Jason Mewes, president of North Dakota Soybean Growers
Association, explains that farmers will respond to consumer demands by stating that “At the end
of the day, we’re all businessmen […] If the market demands non-GMO beans, that’s what we’ll
do.” (Richie, 2015).
A peer-reviewed study from October 2014 has shown weakness in G.M.O. safety. “For
nearly two decades, no studies have been performed on the human safety of GMO products – in
fact the first research is only now emerging and almost all of it in countries outside the U.S. To
date, no American scientist has investigated the levels of toxic residues in GMO foods” (Peer
Review of GMO Safety Studies Finds Significant Flaws, 2014). This shows the lack of
investigation of the safety level of products going into human bodies. The study also reveals that
no long term testing has been performed on assessing the previously referenced toxic chemical
weed killer, RoundUp. The number one trait acquired from G.M.O.s is being RoundUp ready.
This means that the crops can be repeatedly sprayed with RoundUp with no detrimental effects
on the plant. However, the overexposure of crops to harmful chemicals such as RoundUp has
shown to have dangerous side effects in humans (Peer Review of GMO Safety Studies Finds
Significant Flaws, 2014).
“GMO Myths and Truths (2nd edition)” which was co-authored by genetic engineers Dr.
Fagan, Dr. Antoniou, and researcher Claire Robinson, includes new information from laboratory
studies. One study of human cells shows that very low levels of glyphosate, which is the main
chemical in RoundUp, acted like the hormone estrogen and stimulated the growth of breast
cancer cells. Additionally, Antoniou says that “there is evidence that Roundup, even at the low
levels permitted in food and drinking water, could lead to serious effects on health over time,
such as liver and kidney toxicity” (earthopensource.org, 2014). The genetic engineers urge that
G.M.O.s For Sale: Assessing Consumer Awareness
7 genetically modified crops and foods are neither safe nor necessary to feed the world. Fagan
states that there are far better ways of ensuring a safe and sustainable food supply. So “What is
the motivation behind the deception? Money” (earthopensource.org, 2014). Robinson makes
this statement to emphasize the myths in which the G.M.O. industry is reliant on to make money.
The main source of deception that keeps the G.M.O. industry afloat is the mislabeling of
modified products. According to an essay, “Labeling of genetically modified food”, the top five
countries that contain the most global area (in million hectares) of genetically modified crops is
the U.S.A., Brazil, Argentina, Canada, and India, in that order. The U.S. also contains the
highest quantity of crop variety. They consist of maize, soybean, cotton, canola, sugar beet,
alfalfa, papaya, and squash while the other countries mentioned have four or less crops.
Surprisingly, these contaminated foods do not have to be labeled (Wohlers, 2013).
The key issue in the labeling process today is consumer tolerance. “Tolerance is the
acceptable percentage of genetically modified impurity in a product before it must be labeled as
genetically modified or before it can not use a non-GMO label” (Huffman, Rosu, Shogren, &
Tegene, 2004). It costs a lot of money to have a completely zero percent tolerance and can never
be truly guaranteed according to the article “Are United States Consumers Tolerant of
Genetically Modified Foods?” The article also states that after the author’s experimental
research was conducted they have concluded that consumers valued a food with 1% GM
tolerance more than a food with a 5% GM tolerance. They did however say that their sample
size was small and should not applied broadly. They believe that the U.S. should implement a
tolerance level but that it should be 5% rather than 1% due to the fact that it is less expensive and
consumers do not vastly value 1% GM products over 5% products. Consumers are, however,
willing to pay a large premium to avoid GM contamination in an uncontaminated product.
G.M.O.s For Sale: Assessing Consumer Awareness
8 Implementing a tolerance level as high as 5% could lead to an abundance of products containing
G.M.O.s without consumers even realizing it (Huffman, Rosu, Shogren, & Tegene, 2004).
A potential solution to consumers seeking safe foods is to choose a grocery store that
commits itself to selling products that have been tested and that don’t contain G.M.O.s. Whole
Foods Market is the most well known grocery store taking a stand on G.M.O.s. They have
recently announced at the Natural Products Expo West that by 2018 all products in its U.S. and
Canadian stores must be labeled to indicate if they contain genetically modified organisms.
Whole Foods is the first national grocery company to set a deadline for full GMO transparency.
They support the consumers right to know. Whole Foods has begun to put its store brand “365
Everyday Value” line through the Non-GMO Project’s verification process and has encouraged
its grocery supplier partners, which produce the other brands they sell, to do the same. They
currently sell 3,300 Non-GMO Project verified products from 250 brands, which is more than
any other retailer in North America. Whole Foods also offers detailed information about the
products that they sell. These include the 5-Step Animal Welfare Ratings in the meat
department, Eco-Scale rated cleaning products in grocery, wild and farm-raised standards in
seafood, and the accurate labeling of G.M.O.s throughout the store. Walter Robb, co-CEO, said
“We’re responding to our customers, who have consistently asked us for GMO labeling and we
are doing so by focusing on where we have control: in our own stores.” Whole Foods sells
thousands of organic products, which is the largest variety in the country (Whole Foods Market©
commits to full GMO transparency, 2015). By doing something as simple as shopping at Whole
Foods, consumers are taking control over what is placed into their bodies and what agricultural
industries can put into foods.
G.M.O.s For Sale: Assessing Consumer Awareness
9 METHODS:
Subjects:
The study will be conducted on the general consumer knowledge about G.M.O.s and
some of the key points that are discussed in this paper. I will conduct my research at Whole
Foods Market in Marlton, New Jersey and at ShopRite in Marlton, New Jersey to compare
samples. There are no certain criteria the individuals’ surveyed need to meet other than to be
shopping at that store at the specific time I am surveying. There will be a total of 20 participants,
10 from each store.
Tools:
An eleven-question survey containing multiple choice and a few short answer questions
will be given out to randomly selected compliant customers to be filled out and returned to me. I
have made most questions multiple choice for a quick, easy, and accurate survey. Each
participant surveyed will receive a copy of the survey with the correct answers highlighted once
they hand back their own survey.
Timeline:
The pilot test of the survey will be given to the first two customers that are seen in each
store. Then, revisions will be made if necessary. The study will continue on another day at each
store surveying the remaining sixteen people, eight from each store.
10 G.M.O.s For Sale: Assessing Consumer Awareness
CONSUMER G.M.O. SURVEY:
General Information:
___ Male ___ Female
Age ____
Weight ____
Race (White, Black, Asian, Indian, Hispanic or Latino, Other) _______________
Please answer each question to the best of your ability. Circle your multiple-choice answers.
1. What does G.M.O. stand for?
2. How are G.M.O.s related to food products?
A. They are placed into crops as an engineering process
B. They pose health risks when consumed from foods
C. They cannot exist in organic foods
D. A and C are true
E. All of the above are true
3. Rate how good G.M.O.s are for you from 1-10, ten being the best.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
4. Can organic foods contain G.M.O.s?
A. Yes
B. No
5. Are there any benefits from consuming G.M.O.s? Negatives?
A. Only Benefits
B. Only Negatives
C. Benefits and Negatives
6. Why are G.M.O.s used?
A. To create a larger crop production rate
B. To improve crop protection
C. Most are resistant to chemical pesticides and herbicides
D. All of the above are true
7. Do you buy G.M.O. products or look to avoid them?
A. Buy
B. Avoid
C. Don’t pay attention to G.M.O.s
10
11 G.M.O.s For Sale: Assessing Consumer Awareness
8. Do products containing G.M.O.s have to be labeled in the U.S.?
A. Yes
B. No
9. Are you familiar with the Non-G.M.O. project?
A. Yes
B. No
10. Does Whole Foods sell G.M.O. products?
A. Yes
B. No
11. Where are G.M.O. foods illegal?
A. USA
B. Europe
C. Canada
D. Argentina
12 G.M.O.s For Sale: Assessing Consumer Awareness
CONSUMER G.M.O. SURVEY ANSWER SHEET:
1. What does G.M.O. stand for?
Genetically Modified Organism
2. How are G.M.O.s related to food products?
A. They are placed into crops as an engineering process
B. They pose health risks when consumed from foods
C. They cannot exist in organic foods
D. A and C are true
E. All of the above are true
3. Rate how good G.M.O.s are for you from 1-10, ten being the best.
1 through 4 is acceptable (opinion based question)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
4. Can organic foods contain G.M.O.s?
A. Yes
B. No
5. Are there any benefits from consuming G.M.O.s? Negatives?
A. Only Benefits
B. Only Negatives
C. Benefits and Negatives
6. Why are G.M.O.s used?
A. To create a larger crop production rate
B. To improve crop protection
C. Most are resistant to chemical pesticides and herbicides
D. All of the above are true
7. Do you buy G.M.O. products or look to avoid them?
Opinion based question
A. Buy
B. Avoid
C. Don’t pay attention to G.M.O.s
8. Do products containing G.M.O.s have to be labeled in the U.S.?
A. Yes
B. No
10
13 G.M.O.s For Sale: Assessing Consumer Awareness
9. Are you familiar with the Non-G.M.O. project?
Opinion based question
A. Yes
B. No
10. Does Whole Foods sell G.M.O. products?
A. Yes
B. No
11. Where are G.M.O. foods illegal?
A. USA
B. Europe
C. Canada
D. Argentina
G.M.O.s For Sale: Assessing Consumer Awareness
14 RESULTS:
Based off of question number one, seven participants out of ten knew what the acronym
G.M.O. stands for at ShopRite in Marlton. Three of the ten participants did not know. The same
results occurred from the other ten people surveyed at Whole Foods Market in Marlton. This
shows that each store has a 70% knowledge rate of the first question.
At ShopRite, eight people knew how G.M.O.s relate to food. This leaves two
participants answering wrong. At Whole Foods, seven shoppers answered correctly and three
answered wrong. The correct answer is E, all of the above. There was an 80% rate of
correctness at ShopRite and a 70% rate at Whole Foods among shoppers for question number
two.
ShopRite and Whole Foods were both the same for question three. Each store had seven
correct answers of G.M.O.s falling between the ranges of one to four out of a scale of ten
determining how good they are for human consumption. This leaves three wrong answers for
each store. There was a 70% success rate in each store.
Most people were extremely bright on question number four. Eight out of ten people
from each store answered correctly in saying that if a food is organic, it can not contain G.M.O.s.
Two from each store answered wrong and said that organic foods could contain these chemicals.
80% of participants from each store answered correctly.
Whole Foods beat Shop Rite in Question number five. Only four people answered
correctly at ShopRite, stating there are benefits and negatives when consuming G.M.O.s. This
leaves six total wrong answers at ShopRite. Whole Foods had seven correct answers and three
wrong answers. Whole Foods ranked at 70% correct on question five and ShopRite had a 40%
rate of correct answers.
G.M.O.s For Sale: Assessing Consumer Awareness
15 The correct answer to question number six is D; all of the above are true. This question
asks why G.M.O.s are used. There were eight correct answers at Shop Rite, leaving two wrong
answers. Whole Foods had a total of six correct answers and four incorrect. ShopRite had an
80% success rate in this question while Whole Foods only had 60% correct.
Question number seven evaluated if customers looked to buy, avoid, or do not pay
attention to G.M.O.s. At ShopRite, zero said they bought G.M.O.s, three avoid them, and seven
do not pay attention to them. At Whole Foods, zero claimed to buy them, four avoid them, and
six do not pay attention to G.M.O.s. This leaves ShopRite’s percentages at 0% A, 30% B, and
70% C. Whole Foods’ percentages are 0% A, 40% B, and 60% C.
Question number eight evaluated whether products containing G.M.O.s are sold in the
United States or not. The correct answer is yes, they are. Both ShopRite and Whole Foods had
equal responses. Six people from each store answered correctly and four from each store
answered wrong. This is a 60% success at each store and a 40% failure rate.
Whole Foods had a slight advantage in correctness for question number nine. One out of
nine people from ShopRite stated that they are familiar with the “Non-G.M.O. Project”. This
leaves nine incorrect answers at ShopRite. Whole Foods had a total of five customers who were
familiar with the project. This leaves five more people who do not know what this non-profit
organization is. ShopRite’s percentages are 10% correct and 90% incorrect or not familiar.
Whole Foods had an even split of 50% each familiar and not familiar.
Whole Foods does sell products containing G.M.O.’s. At ShopRite, nine people
answered question number ten wrong and one shopper answered it correctly. At Whole Foods,
six participants answered wrong while four answered correctly. This leaves a 10% success rate
G.M.O.s For Sale: Assessing Consumer Awareness
16 at ShopRite and a 90% incorrect rate for question ten. At Whole Foods, 40% of shoppers
answered correctly and 60% answered wrong.
As for the final question, the correct answer is G.M.O.s are illegal only in Europe out of
the countries given. Six people from ShopRite answered correctly and five did not. Nine
shoppers from Whole Foods answered correctly and one did not. ShopRite received a 60%
correct score and a 50% incorrect score. Whole Foods received a 90% correct score and a 10%
incorrect score.
There were eight female survey participants and two male participants at each store.
Nine participants were white in race and one was black. The individual who is black was at
Whole Foods. All ten participants at ShopRite were white. There were two people from ages
18-30, three from ages 31-50, and five who are 50 years of age and over surveyed at Whole
Foods. There were two people from ages 18-30, three from ages 31-50, and five who are 50
years of age and over surveyed at ShopRite. The ranges of numbers just happened to come out
the same from each store. It was not desired to do so. Weight was not taken into consideration
since not enough people were willing to give their body weight.
The bar chart below shows how many participants answered each question correct and
false from each store. The pie chart below shows which store had more correct responses for
each question.
17 G.M.O.s For Sale: Assessing Consumer Awareness
10 9 8 7 ShopRite VS Whole Foods 6 5 4 3 2 ShopRite Correct ShopRite False Whole Foods Correct Whole Foods False 1 0 Which Store Won Each Category? What does G.M.O. stand for? How are G.M.O.s related to food products? Rate how good G.M.O.s are for you from 1-­‐10, ten being the best. Can organic foods contain G.M.O.s? Are there any beneOits from consuming G.M.O.s? Negatives? Why are G.M.O.s used? Do you buy G.M.O. products or look to avoid them? Do products containing G.M.O.s have to be labeled in the U.S.? Are you familiar with the Non-­‐
G.M.O. project? Does Whole Foods sell G.M.O. products? Where are G.M.O. foods illegal? Key: ShopRite = Red, Whole Foods = Green, Tie = Yellow G.M.O.s For Sale: Assessing Consumer Awareness
18 DISCUSSION:
According to the survey’s results, the overall customer awareness levels were mostly
positive, but there were some questions with a bigger incorrect ratio at both stores than correct.
When comparing ShopRite to Whole Foods, ShopRite beat Whole Foods in two questions, fell to
them in five, and was equal with them in four. This means that Whole Foods had a total of five
overall questions that had more correct responses than ShopRite. A lot of shoppers did not do
well on questions number nine and ten, especially at ShopRite. These questions were “Are you
familiar with the Non-G.M.O. Project” and “Does Whole Foods sell G.M.O. products?” A total
of thirteen participants said that they do not pay attention to G.M.O.s when shopping out of the
total twenty surveyed from both stores. This is a percentage of 65%! This means that either
these people are uneducated about G.M.O.s and their regulation, or simply do not care. A total
of 40% of people surveyed did not know that G.M.O.s do not have to be labeled in the United
States. The Whole Foods customers did extremely better in questions number nine and ten. This
is mostly because Whole Foods promotes the Non-G.M.O. Project and question ten is strictly
about Whole Foods. Most customers somewhat knew how bad G.M.O.s can be for you but were
not aware of the benefit that they can also make foods more nutrient dense, even though it is unnatural. Too many people surveyed were uneducated in the matter and guessed a lot, so they do
not know all of the health risks that come from G.M.O.s. The tolerance level of G.M.O.s based
off the surveys was overall negative. This is a good thing even if the customers were uneducated
since G.M.O.s are not good to purchase. They are mostly not beneficial. The customers were
then more educated once they received the survey’s answer sheet to take home with them after
completing the survey.
G.M.O.s For Sale: Assessing Consumer Awareness
19 If the study had to be conducted again, more specific questions would have been added to
the survey. Some of the questions given could be tweaked as well to become even more specific.
More participants would also benefit the outcome. This would be achievable by printing out
roughly one hundred surveys for each store and handing them out at the door. The shoppers will
be asked to fill them out for a chance to win a $25.00 gift card to that store if they are the
customer(s) who answers the most questions correctly. If there is a tie, those participants will
receive their own $25.00 gift card. The customers will be asked to fill the surveys out
immediately and put them in a “vote box” held by the surveyor in the main lobby of each
building. This will ensure there is no one cheating and looking up the answers on their
electronical devices while in the store. The surveys will be graded and the winner(s) will be later
announced in the day. Phone numbers will be added to the surveys so the winner(s) can be
called if they are still not present in the store. This strategy will push people to not guess as
much and try as hard as they can to answer each question to the best of their ability.
G.M.O.s For Sale: Assessing Consumer Awareness
20 REFERENCE LIST:
Internet
Carman, J., Edwards, J., Haynes, J., & Zdziarski, I. (2014, September 20). GM crops and the rat
digestive tract: A critical review. Retrieved March 1, 2015, from
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412014002669
Internet
GMO Facts. (n.d.). Retrieved March 1, 2015, from http://www.nongmoproject.org/learn-more/
Internet
What is GMO? (n.d.). Retrieved March 1, 2015, from http://www.nongmoproject.org/learnmore/what-is-gmo/
Internet
GMO Myths and Truths (2nd edition) - Earth Open Source. (2014, May 19). Retrieved March 1,
2015, from http://earthopensource.org/earth-open-source-reports/gmo-myths-and-truths-2ndedition/
Internet
GMOs and Your Family. (n.d.). Retrieved March 1, 2015, from
http://www.nongmoproject.org/learn-more/gmos-and-your-family/
Internet
Huffman, W., Rousu, M., Shogren, J., & Tegene, A. (2004). Are United States Consumers
Tolerant of Genetically Modified Foods? Retrieved March 9, 2015, from
http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.rowan.edu/stable/pdf/1349785.pdf?acceptTC=true
Internet
Peer Review of GMO Safety Studies Finds Significant Flaws. (2014, October 3). Retrieved
March 1, 2015, from http://gmo-awareness.com
Internet
Richie, G. (2015, March 1). Understanding the ABCs of GMOs. Retrieved March 1, 2015, from
http://www.grandforksherald.com/news/agriculture/3689212-abcs-gmos
Internet
The Good, Bad and Ugly about GMOs - Natural Revolution. (2014, October 23). Retrieved
March 1, 2015, from http://naturalrevolution.org/the-good-bad-and-ugly-about-gmos/
Internet
Whole Foods Market© commits to full GMO transparency. (2015). Retrieved March 1, 2015,
from http://media.wholefoodsmarket.com/news/whole-foods-market-commits-to-full-gmotransparency
G.M.O.s For Sale: Assessing Consumer Awareness
21 Internet
Wohlers, A. (2013, March 1). Labeling of genetically modified food. Retrieved March 2, 2015,
from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.rowan.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=854f773baca0-4533-8482-d123ec91c4ec%40sessionmgr198&vid=5&hid=126