Activity
of
Kelud Volcano
FEBRUARY 2014
MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES
REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
Location:
Kediri, Blitar, Malang Regencies, East
Java Province
Geographical Location:
7°56’ 00″ S dan 112° 18’ 30″ E
Elevation 1731 m asl
Most recent eruption is an effusive
eruption (lava dome growth) on 3
November 2007.
1990 Eruption
Eruption Characteristics
Kelud eruptions are characterized by
explosive eruption (magmatic) which
erupted materials from ash-sized to
rocks and pyroclastic flow. The
magmatic eruption could be preceded by
phreatic eruption. The sand and rocks
could reach the distance of several
kilometers from the crater.
KELUD ERUPTIVE HISTORY 1900 - 1990
Year
Volume (106 m3)
Pyroclastic Flow
Distance (km)
Fatalities
1901
40
?
?
1919
40
37,5
5110
1951
1,8
6,5
7
1966
21,6
31
210
1990
2,4
5
34 *
* Fatalities caused by collapsed roofs at evacuation centers.
Selang Waktu Letusan G. Kelut dari 1901 - 1990
60
Selang Waktu
50
40
37
32
30
24
18
20
15
10
0
1901
1919
1951
Tahun Letusan
1966
1990
Most recent eruption: effusive eruption on 4 November
2007
1990
4 Nov 2007
1920
23 Feb 2014
Latest Activity of Kelud
VISUAL OF KELUD 8 Feb 2014
Fumarole was observed at the lava
dome and there were bubbles near
the inlet.
Lava dome volume = 16.28 million m3
MONITORING NETWORK OF KELUD
Crater
5 Seismic Stations
2 Tiltmeter Stations
1 Water Temperature Sensor
Station
1 CCTV Station
After the eruption only one seismic station survived.
On 17 February 2014, two new seismic stations, one
tiltmeter station and one CCTV were installed.
Eruption at 22:50
1200
1100
1000
400
200
0
250
200
150
100
50
0
5
4
3
2
1
0
Amplituda
Tremor
15
10
5
0
15
10
5
0
W aspada
SiagaAwas
Vulkanik Dangkal (VB)
Low-frequency (LF)
Hybrid
Hembusan
Amp_Tremor
1 Jan
3 Jan
5 Jan
7 Jan
9 Jan
11 Jan
13 Jan
15 Jan
17 Jan
19 Jan
21 Jan
23 Jan
25 Jan
27 Jan
29 Jan
31 Jan
2 Feb
4 Feb
6 Feb
8 Feb
10 Feb
12 Feb
14 Feb
16 Feb
18 Feb
Jumlah Gempa
400
300
200
50
0
NORMAL
Vulkanik Dalam (VA)
Tremor
menerus
SEISMICITY
• The number of Shallow Volcanic
(VB) earthquake increased. On 2
February 2014 until 11:00 WIB
there were 68 VB earthquakes
recorded. Alert status was
increased to Waspada (level II).
• The number of VB dan VA
increased. On 10 Februari 2014
there were 244 VB and 75 VA
recorded. Alert status was
increased to Siaga (level III).
• VB and VA were still increasing,
LF earthquakes were recorded.
• On 13 February 2014 until 18.00
WIB there were 895 VB and 312
VA.
• On 13 Februari 2014 at 21.11
WIB, continuous tremor started,
amplitude overscale. Alert status
was increased to Awas (level
IV).
• Eruption started at 22:50 WIB
Hypocenter
Hypocenters were located up
to 7 km below the summit.
From 11 to 13 February, the
hypocenters were located up
to 4 km below the summit and
concentrated in a location
around 1 km below the
summit.
TILTMETER
• Tiltmeter was located at
South Lirang station.
• Tiltmeter data indicated
an inflation on Y-axis
(radial) component.
•On 8 February 2014,
another tiltmeter station
was installed at the
location of Lirang seismic
station (North Lirang)
• Before the eruption, an
inflation was observed,
started at 12:40 WIB
WATER
TEMPERATURE
•Water temperature is
measured continuously.
•Water temperatur in the
crater has been increasing
since 10 September 2013.
•From 23 January until 13
February 2014 a significant
increase (4°C) was
observed.
Magma accumulated until 2007 was 37.4 million
m3 and only 16.28 million m3 was ejected.
In 2014, magma accumulated in Kelud was 36.52
million m3.
Material ejected from Kelud in 2014 eruption
was 105 million m3 or 52.80 million m3 DRE
(dense rock equivalent).
Kelud eruption in 2014 was explosive
(VEI 4). Material ejected was105 million
m3. The height of eruption column was
more than 17,000 m above the crater or
more than 19,000 m asl (Plinian Type).
Cumulative volume of ejected magma since 1900. Eruption took place in
1901, 1919, 1951, 1966, 1990, and 2007.
Mount
Umbuk
BEFORE 13 FEBRUARY 2014
ERUPTION
AFTER 13 FEBRUARI 2014
ERUPTION
Mount
Umbuk
Edge of
pyroclastic flow
deposit
Photo: 21 Feb
2014
WESTERN SLOPE OF
KELUD CRATER
2008
Parking Area
21 Feb 2014
ERUPTION IMPACT
On 13 Februari 2014 at 22:50 WIB eruption started. The eruption column
reached 17.000 meter above the crater. The 2007 lava dome was destroyed.
Boulders and blocks fell around the crater in 3 km radius while sand – pebblessized material fell in 30 km radius from Kelud crater.
Volcanic ash was distributed to all direction especially to the west, most of
Central Java and part of West Java.
Six airports (Surabaya, Malang, Jogja, Solo, Semarang dan Bandung) were
temporarily closed.
Damages on the roof caused by
rocks (Ds. Kepung, 10 km
northwest of Kelud crater)
Ds. Puncu
Ds. Wonorejo
7 km northeast
of kelud crater
Ash deposit (10 cm) at Simpang
Lima Gumul Kediri (30 km from
Kelud)
KELUD CRATER
ERUPTION IMPACT
Pyroclastic flow reached 2 km to the
west of Kelud.
Ejected boulder found 3 km west of
Kelud crater
Ejected rocks (~ 10 cm) 7 km from the
crater. Deposit thickness: 7 cm
CURRENT CONDITION
• Explosive eruption took place on 13 February 2014 at 22:50 and lasted for
three hours.
• After the eruption, thick white gas emission is observed, with maximum
height of 1000 m above the crater.
• Seismicity is dominated by continuous tremor with decreasing amplitude.
On 23 February the maximum amplitude is 0,5 mm.
HAZARD POTENTIAL
1.
2.
Eruption could still occurred, ejecting ash to lapili-sized materials (2 –
6 cm) in 5 km radius.
In 3 km radius around the summit there are a lot of pyroclastic flow
deposits which could generate secondary eruption when they interact
with rain water.
3.
Lahar could occurred in river valleys that started at Kelud, caused by
combination of large volume of eruptive material deposit and high
rainfall.
4.
Toxic volcanic gas could be ejected from Kelud crater.
Post-eruption
Lahar
Modelling
HAZARD MAP OF KELUD – EAST JAVA
Hazard Zone III
Always threatened by pyroclastic
flow,s toxic gases, eruption lahars
and probably lava flows.
Threatened by ejected rock
materials (glowing) and hot mud
(2 km radius)
Hazard Zone II
Areas potentially threatened by
pyroclastic flows, lava flows, eruption
and rain lahars.
Potentially threatened by ash fall
and possibly threatened by ejected
rock materials (glowing)
(5 km radius).
Hazard Zone I
Areas potentially affected by
rain lahars and possibly affected by
eruption lahars.
Areas potentially threatened by
ash fall and possibly threatened by
ejected rock materials (glowing).
(10 km radius)
Evacuation Center
CONCLUSION
Visually there is still continuous gas emission from Kelud crater.
Seismicity is dominated by continuous tremor with decreasing
amplitude.
Deep volcanic (VA) earthquake which indicates magma supply from
depth is not recorded.
• Based on visual and instrumental monitoring results and its hazard
threat potential, since 20 February 2014 at 11:00 WIB Kelud alert
level was lowered from AWAS (level IV) to SIAGA (level III).
If there is a decrease or increase in Kelud volcanic activity, the alert
level can be lowered or raised according to its level of activity and
threat.
RECOMMENDATION (Alert Level: SIAGA)
1) People must not enter the 5 km (from the crater) exclusion zone.
2) People should remain calm and only listen to directives from local
BPBD/SATLAK.
3) People who lives outside 10 km radius and is currently in the
evacuation centers may return to their homes while maintaining their
alertness.
4) People who lives in Hazard Zone II (KRB II) must stay alert and always
be aware of notice on Kelud issued by local BPBD/SATLAK.
5) Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation always
coordinates with BNPB, East Java provincial government (provincial
BPBD) and SATLAK PBP of Kediri Regency, BPBD of Blitar Regency
and BPBD of Malang Regency on Kelud activity. People should always
listen to directives from provincial BPBD and regency BPBD/ SATLAK
PBP
http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/