2ND QUARTER TEST VOCAB LIST
SCIENCE 7/8
•
Binomial Nomenclature
•
Proton
•
Chlorophyll
•
Electron
•
CO2
•
Isotope
•
Concentration
•
Valence
•
Diffusion
•
Respiration
•
Euglena
•
Semi-permeable
•
Eyespot
•
Taxonomy
•
Homo sapiens
•
Animal Cell
•
Domain to species
•
Cell
•
Linnaeus
•
Cell Membrane
•
Archaea
•
Cell Wall
•
O2
•
Cytoplasm
•
Osmosis
•
Endoplasmic Reticulum
•
Paramecium
•
Mitochondria
•
Photosynthesis
•
Nucleus
•
Protista
•
Plant cell
•
Atomic number
•
Ribosome
•
Atomic Mass
•
Tissue
•
Neutron
•
Vacuole
2nd Quarter Survival Guide - Science 7/8
Cells
Study the diagrams of the animal & plant cell on the following page.
Notice their different shapes and the different organelles they contain.
Plant Cell
Cell Wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi Body
Mitochondria
Chromosomes
Ribosomes
Lysosomes
Vacuole
Animal Cell
Supports the PLANT cell
Allows materials in and out
Organelles float in this
Photosynthesis occurs here, this is where plants make their own food
(glucose).
Control center of the cell
Found in the nucleus, it makes ribosomes that are then released to the
cytoplasm or to be attached to the ER
System of tubes that transports materials, such as protein, to different parts of
the cell. Commonly called the transportation system of a cell. These come in
2 varieties: Smooth ER- which doesn’t have ribosomes and rough ER which
does have ribosomes.
Transports proteins to leave the cell. Because it packages them first, it is
nicknamed the post office.
Might Mitochondria, makes Energy. This energy is known as ATP. The
process to make this is known as respiration.
Found inside the nucleus. They contain information about the cell, and they
pass on traits to new cells.
Protein making sites of a sell. Found on the ER or floating free.
Little sacs full of digestive enzymes. They dissolve things that do not belong
in the cell, including worn out organelles such as old mitochondria. Because
of this they are known as the cleaners or garbage men. They keep the cell
clean.
Storage center for the cell. They contain food and water. A plant cell typically
has a large vacuole, where an animal cell usually has a few small vacuoles.
Cell Processes
How things move in and out of cells
Diffusion- Movement of molecules from a high to low concentration.
Osmosis- Movement of water molecules from an area of high to an area of low
concentrations through a semi-permeable membrane.
High
The rate of diffusion can be sped up by
1) Adding heat- Heat energy causes
the molecules in an object to vibrate
more and therefore move faster.
2) Increasing the surface area- If there
is more surface in contact with
water there are more points of
exit/entry. Therefore the molecules
can get in/out faster.
Low
Photosynthesis – The process a plant cell undergoes to make food from the
Sun’s light. This takes place in the chloroplast of a plant’s cells.
Light + Carbon Dioxide + Water  Glucose + Oxygen
Respiration- Cellular respiration is the creation of energy known as ATP. This
takes place in the mitochondria of both animal and plant cells.
Glucose + Oxygen  ATP + Carbon Dioxide + Water
Taxonomy – The Science Classifying Living Things
Classification is based upon a 6 Kingdom System!
All life can be placed into one of the 6 Kingdoms below. To be a member of a
Kingdom you must meet certain requirements.
Animal
Plant
Fungi
Protists
Bacteria
Archaea
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Multicellular
Eukaryote
Heterotroph
Mutlicelllular
Eukaryote
Autotroph
Multicellular or Unicellular
Eukaryote
Heterotroph
Unicellular
Eukaryote
Heterotrophs & autotrophs
Unicellular
Prokaryote
Heterotrophs & autotrophs
Unicellular
Heterotroph & autotroph
Prokaryote
Extremophiles
Domain is the
broadest category.
There are only 3
domains. As you go
down this list
members of each
group become
more closer
related.
Easy way to remember the order of the 8
groups of a kingdom:
Dumb Kids Play Catch On
Freeway Go Splat!
Family
Genus
Species
Species is the most specific unit. Species can de defined as a group whose
members can successfully breed with one another.
Carolus Linnaeus – “Father of Taxonomy”
He devised the 2 name naming system all living things have known as binomial
nomenclature. (Ex: Humans are known as Homo sapiens).
This name consists of the genus and species that an
organism belongs too. Look at the chart for humans.
Rules for writing organisms name in binomial nomenclature
1. Genus name is Capitalized
2. All other letters are lowercase
3. Both names must either be in italics or underlined.
Correct way: Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens
Incorrect way: Homo Sapiens
Taxonomic Key – (AKA: Dichotomous Key)
Are tools used to determine the identity of an unknown object. They are setup to
narrow the identity of the object down until it is named. "Dichotomous" means
"divided into two parts". Therefore, dichotomous keys always give two choices in
each step. For practice take some currency and run it through this key until each
coin/bill is named.
1. a) Metal ___________________________________ go to 2
1. b) Paper ___________________________________ go to 5
2. a) Brown (copper)____________________________penny
2. b) Silver ___________________________________go to 3
3. a) smooth edge________________________________nickel
3. b) Ridges around the edge_______________________go to 4
4 a) Torch on tail side_____________________________dime
4 b) Eagle on tail side______________________________quarter
5. a) Number 1 in the corner________________________ $1 bill
5. b) Number 5 in the corner________________________$5 bill
Kingdom Protista
1) Unicellular
2) Eukaryotic
3) Heterotrophic / Autotrophic
Euglena
Paramecium
All Reproduce by Binary Fission
Binary Fission = Asexual reproduction in which a cell divides and producing two identical
daughter cells. Pictured to the below is a Euglena undergoing Binary Fission, and to the left is an
amoeba undergoing binary fission. Notice that the offspring are identical.
Chemistry
Atomic Number- the number of protons in an atom. Also the number of electrons.
•
This determines what element it is, each element has a unique atomic number
Atomic Mass- the total number of protons & neutrons in an atom.
•
Can vary because different isotopes have different numbers of neutrons - C-12 vs.
C-14
•
Protons have a mass of 1 AMU, Neutrons = 1 AMU, Electrons = 0 AMU
# protons = atomic mass
# electrons = atomic mass
# neutrons = atomic mass (rounded) - atomic number
Electron Diagrams
Orbital drawing (includes all electrons)
Electron Dot (includes only valence
electrons
Calculating atomic mass of compounds
Coeffecient (# of molecules) X the all subscripts for an element X the atomic mass of that
element
Oxidation Number
a number indicates how many extra or missing electrons an element has to become stable
• If their are less than 4 valence electrons - the element has extra electrons and a +
oxidation number
• If more than 4 valence electrons the element is missing electrons to get to 8 - it has a
- oxidation number
Forming compounds
Metals and nonmetal will often form compounds together.
1. Write the symbol for each element and the oxidation number above
2. Drop the sign and criss-cross to form the subscripts
Radicals act as a single element, they are in parenthesis and you can look them up on the
back of the periodic table.
Name: ___________________________
Period:______
2nd Quarter Review Questions-
Cells
Matching Organelles
____1. Mitochondria
A. Controls the Cell
____2. Ribosome
B. Makes glucose
____3. Nucleus
C. Releases energy
____4. Cell Membrane
D. Supports the plant cell
____5. Endoplasmic Reticulum
E. Transportation System
____6. Chloroplast
F. Makes protein
____7. Cell Wall
G. Controls what enters and
leaves the cell
Draw and label an animal and plant cell below include all organelles.
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Cell Processes
1. Define Diffusion.
2. Define Osmosis
1. If a cell is placed in pure water, what happens to it?
2. When an egg is placed in a very salty solution what happens to it?
3. a) What is the equation for photosynthesis? (Label reactants and
products)
b) Which organelle does this occur in?
4. a) What is the equation for respiration? (Label reactants and
products)
b) Which organelle does this occur in?
Taxonomy
1. Who is the father of Taxonomy?
2. Write the scientific name of humans. (Pay attention to capital and
lowercase letters). What language is this in?
3. What are the 8 groups of modern classification, and write the
mnemonic device you used to remember this?
4. List the 6 Kingdoms and tell which are unicellular or multicellular:
heterotrophic or autotrophic: and eukaryotic or prokaryotic. Also,
provide an example of each.
Kingdoms
# of cells
Eukar or
Prokar
Heter or
Auto
Example
Review Sheet Accelerated: Chemistry
NAME
Proton
MASS
CHARGE
LOCATION
Neutron
Electron
1. Which subatomic particle determines the chemical properties of an atom?
2. Distinguish between atomic mass and atomic number.
3. a) How many electrons are in each electron shell of chlorine?
1st ______
2nd ______
3rd _____
b) Which are the valence electrons for chlorine and what would its
charge be?
4. Distinguish between molecule and compound.
5. List the subatomic particles for the isotope Neon-22
Electrons = _______
6.
Protons = _______
Neutrons = _______
What is the molecular mass of 4Na2(OH3)2
7. Form a compound between Sodium and Bicarbonate.
8. List all the noble gases.