Addend – any one of a set of numbers that are added
5+3+1=9
Addends
7
+3
10
Ballpark Estimate – a rough estimate that’s “in the ballpark”; can serve
as a check of reasonableness of an answer obtained through some other
procedure, or it can be made when an exact value is unnecessary or is impossible
to obtain
“About how many people live in the U.S.?”
“About 305 million!”
Change Diagram – a diagram used to model situations in which
quantities are either increased or decreased by addition or subtraction
Change-to-less Number Story – a story problem in which
subtraction is used
Ben had $76. He spent $29 on Legos. How
much money does Ben have left?
$76
-29
$47
Change-to-more Number Story – a story problem in which
addition is used
Abby had $52. She earned $15 raking leaves.
How much money does Abby have now?
$52
+15
$67
Comparison Diagram – a diagram used to model situation sin which
two quantities are compared by addition or subtraction
Comparison Number Stories – story problems that involve
finding the difference between two separate quantities
What is the difference between
the high and low temperature
from yesterday?
Complement – the difference between a number, n, and the next multiple
of 10
The complement of 4 is 6 (10 – 4 = 6)
The complement of 73 is 27 (100 – 73 = 27)
The complement of 468 is 532 (1,000 – 468 = 532)
Counting-Up Method – a method of finding the difference between
two numbers (subtracting) by counting up from the lower number to the higher
number
56 – 24 = ?
24 + 10 = 34 + 10 = 44 + 10 = 54 + 2 = 56
10 + 10 + 10 + 2 = 32
56 – 24 = 32
Deposit – putting money into a bank account
Fact Extension – calculations with larger numbers using knowledge of
basic arithmetic facts
5+3=8
So . . .
50 + 30 = 80
500 + 300 = 800
Etc.
Fact Family/Number Family – a set of related arithmetic facts
linking two inverse operations
Fact Family
5 + 7 = 12
12 - 7 = 5
7 + 5 = 12
12 - 5 = 7
Function Machine/What’s My Rule? – a problem in which
two of the three parts of a function (input, output, and rule) are known, and the
third is to be found out
Higher-Decade Facts – use of basic addition and subtraction facts to
solve problems with larger numbers
Label – words that go with numbers to describe the units which the numbers
represent
Labels
16 apples
12 cookies
3 horses
Measurement Unit – words that go with numbers to describe the unit
of measure which the numbers represent
Measurement Unit
16 inches
12 liters
3 centimeters
Number Model – a number sentence, expression, or other representation
that models a number story or situation
Sally had $5.00 and then earned $3.00
more. How much money does Sally have
now?
Number Model = $5.00 + $3.00 = $8.00
Partial Sums – an addition algorithm in which separate sums are
computed for each place value of the numbers and then added to get a final sum
Parts and Total Diagram – a diagram used to model problems in
which two or more quantities (parts) are combined to get a total quantity
Rule/Algorithm – a set of step-by-step directions for carrying out
computation, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division
Trade-First Subtraction – a subtraction algorithm in which all
necessary trades between places in the numbers are done before any subtractions
are carried out
Turn-around Rule – a rule for solving addition and multiplication
problems based on the Commutative Property
If you know 6 + 8 = 14, then you know 8 + 6 = 14
If you know 6 * 8 = 48, then you know 8 * 6 = 48
Unit Box – a label used to put a number in context; students often keep
track of units in unit boxes