GEOLOGY ‐ CONCEPT CHECKS NAME ______________________________________ PER _____ CHAPTER 7 – SEDIMENTARY ROCKS SCORE: Answer the following questions in the space provided. New vocabulary is in bold. 80
OUT OF 7.1 1. How does the volume of sedimentary rocks in Earth’s crust compare to the volume of igneous and metamorphic rocks? (1 pt) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. List two ways in which sedimentary rocks are important? (2 pts) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 7.2 1. Outline the steps that would transform an exposure of granite in the mountains into various sedimentary rocks. (3 pts) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. List (3 pts) and briefly distinguish (3 pts) among the three basic sedimentary rock categories. _____________________ ‐ _________________________________________________________ _____________________ ‐ _________________________________________________________ _____________________ ‐ _________________________________________________________ 7.3 1. What minerals are most abundant in detrital sedimentary rocks? (2 pts) _________________________________ __________________________________ In which rocks do these minerals predominate? (4 pts) _________________________________ __________________________________ _________________________________ 2. What is the primary basis for distinguishing among detrital rocks? (1 pt) __________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Describe how sediments become sorted. (3 pts) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Distinguish between conglomerate and breccia. (2 pts) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 7.4 1. Explain how the formation of biochemical sediments differs from the formation of sediments formed by inorganic processes. (2 pts) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Distinguish among limestone, dolostone, and chert. (3 pts) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. How do evaporates form? (1 pt) __________________________________________________________________________________ Name three examples. (3 pts) _________________________ __________________________ _________________________ 7.5 1. What is the ‘raw material’ for coal? (1 pt) _______________________________________________ Under what circumstances does it accumulate? (1 pt) _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Draw, label, and briefly describe the successive stages in the formation of coal. Fig 7.18 pg 197 (8 pts) 7.6 1. What is diagenesis? (1 pt) ___________________________________________________________ 2. Compaction is most important as a lithification process with which sediment size? (1 pt) _________________________________________________________________________________ 3. List three common cements (3 pts) and describe how they can be identified. (3 pts) _____________________ ‐ _________________________________________________________ _____________________ ‐ _________________________________________________________ _____________________ ‐ _________________________________________________________ 7.7 1. What is the primary basis for distinguishing (naming) different chemical sedimentary rocks? (1 pt) How is naming detrital rocks different? . (1 pt) 2. Distinguish between clastic and nonclastic. (2 pts) _____________________ ‐ _________________________________________________________ _____________________ ‐ _________________________________________________________ Which of these textures are associated with all detrital rocks? (1 pt) _________________________ 7.8 1. What are the three broad categories of sedimentary environments? (3 pts) Give an example. (3 pts) _____________________ ‐ _________________________________________________________ _____________________ ‐ _________________________________________________________ _____________________ ‐ _________________________________________________________ 2. Why might a single layer exhibit different types of sedimentary rock? (1 pt) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ What term applies to the different parts of such a layer? (1 pt) _____________________________ 3. What is the single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks? (1 pt) ____________________ 4. What is the difference between cross‐bedding and graded bedding? (1 pt) ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 5. How might mud cracks and ripple marks be useful clues about the geologic past? (1 pt) 7.9 1. Nonmetallic mineral resources are commonly divided into two broad groups. List the two groups (2 pts) and give examples of materials that belong to each? (2 pts) _____________________ ‐ _________________________________________________________ _____________________ ‐ _________________________________________________________ 2. Why are coal, oil, and natural gas called fossil fuels? (1 pt) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Coal has the advantage of being plentiful. Describe two of coal’s disadvantages? (2 pts) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 4. What is an oil trap? (1 pt) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Sketch and label 2 examples. (2 pts) __________________________________________________________________________________ 7.10 1. Describe how chemical weathering and the formation of biochemical sediment remove carbon from the atmosphere and store it in the geosphere? (2 pts) __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Provide an example of how carbon moves from the geosphere into the atmosphere? (1 pt) __________________________________________________________________________________