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Contents
1
2
3
4
Present simple; present continuous; state verbs
3
Past simple; used to
6
Past continuous; Past continuous – Past simple
9
Countable / uncountable nouns; some / any / a lot of / much / many / (a)few / (a)little; Somebody / Anybody / Nobody
12
5 Too / enough
15
6 Comparatives / superlatives
16
7 Αdverbs; comparison of adjectives / adverbs
19
8 Be going to; Present continuous for future
21
9 Conditionals 0 and 1
23
10 Will / going to
25
11 Shall we ... ? / Would you like ... ? / Let’s ... / Why don’t we ... ?
26
12 Must / have to / mustn’t / don’t have to
27
13 May / might / could / should
28
14 Can / could
29
15 Present perfect
30
16 P
resent perfect: for/since/just/yet/already/
before/ever/never
33
17 Present perfect / Past simple
35
18 Conditional 2 (If + past simple + could/would/might ...) 36
19 Conditionals 1 and 2
39
20 Present simple passive
41
2 1 Past simple passive
44
22 Who / which / that 46
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Present simple; present continuous; state verbs
1
Present simple
I work in a bank.
Where do you live? I don’t live near here.
Does he live in the centre? He doesn’t live in the centre.
The sun sets in the west.
George goes to school by bus every morning.
Χρησιμοποιούμε τον present simple για να μιλήσουμε για:
• μ όνιμες καταστάσεις.
Jason lives in Scotland.
•επαναλαμβανόμενες πράξεις.
Ben rides his bike to school every day.
•γενικές αλήθειες.
Babies cry a lot!
Με τον present simple χρησιμοποιούμε συνήθως τις παρακάτω χρονικές φράσεις:
in July/August/September, κλπ.
in the summer/winter, κλπ.
on Sunday(s)/Monday(s), κλπ.
at 5 o’clock/at weekends/at noon/at midnight
once a week, twice a month, three times a year
every day/every evening/every Sunday, κλπ.
Τα επιρρήματα συχνότητας (always, usually, sometimes, often, seldom, never) μπαίνουν πριν το
κυρίως ρήμα αλλά μετά το ρήμα be και το βοηθητικό ρήμα do.
He never stays at home at the weekend.
He is always late for school.
Όταν θέλουμε να μάθουμε πόσο συχνά κάνει κάποιος κάτι, ρωτάμε ως εξής:
How often do you go to the beach in the summer? Every day.
Present continuous
I am playing a computer game now.
Is Grandma lying in bed now?
The little child isn’t hiding behind a tree.
Dad is sitting on the sofa at the moment.
Peter is running around a lot these days.
Χρησιμοποιούμε τον present continuous για να:
•μιλήσουμε για κάτι που συμβαίνει τώρα, αυτή τη στιγμή που μιλάμε.
Helen is working on the computer at the moment.
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1
• μιλήσουμε για κάτι που συμβαίνει προσωρινά, αυτόν τον καιρό.
I am going to bed late these days.
•περιγράψουμε φωτογραφίες, να μιλήσουμε για το τι συμβαίνει σε αυτές.
The girls are making a cake.
Χρονικές εκφράσεις με present continuous
Συνήθως χρησιμοποιούμε τις παρακάτω χρονικές εκφράσεις με τον present continuous:
now, at the moment, these days, today, this year
State verbs
Υπάρχουν κάποια ρήματα που τα ονομάζουμε state verbs και τα οποία συνήθως
δεν τα χρησιμοποιούμε στον present continuous. Μερικά από αυτά είναι:
like, love, hate, know, believe, dislike, notice, own, remember, see, seem, smell, think,
understand, want, wish, κλπ.
I believe you. (not I am believing you.)
John loves chocolate! (not John is loving chocolate!)
1 Tick (P) the correct questions.
2 Circle the correct answer.
1a)Does he always get Α in maths?
....................
1 I’m studying in / at the moment.
b)Is he always getting A in maths?
2 a)Do they usually go to the beach
in the summer?
b)Are they usually going to the
beach in the summer?
3 a)Why are they crying now?
b)Why do they cry now?
4a)How often are you doing tests?
b)How often do you do tests?
5 a)Do you always wear black?
b) Are you always wearing black?
6a) Do you learn English this year?
b) Are you learning English this year?
7a)What’s that you read these days?
b)What’s that you’re reading these days?
8a)Do the flowers smell beautiful?
b)Are the flowers smelling beautiful?
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
2 We go on holiday in / on July.
3 She has Maths at / on Mondays.
4 We eat dinner on / at 8 o’clock.
5 Do you work on / at weekends?
6 It’s cold in / on the winter!
7 I’m working hard those / these days.
8What do you usually eat / do you eat usually for
lunch?
9 Tom plays tennis once week / a week.
10They rarely eat / eat rarely out in the evenings.
....................
....................
....................
3 Complete the sentences with
these state verbs in the correct
tense.
....................
smell think want know believe
....................
....................
....................
....................
1I .................................... the answer!
2Mmm! That food .................................... good!
3Very young children usually .................................... what we
tell them.
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1
4She .................................... some help.
5I .................................... I will go to bed now – it’s very late.
4 Circle the correct phrase.
1Does it rain/ Is it raining at the moment?
2I stay / am staying at my cousin’s house at the
moment.
3I like / am liking this place!
4We don’t want / aren’t wanting to come to your
party!
5We think / are thinking this exercise is quite
difficult.
6My sister always comes / is coming with us when
we go out.
7What do you do / are you doing at school these
days?
8I read / am reading something every day.
9Every morning, we go / are going to school on the
bus.
10I usually go / am going on holiday with my mum and
dad.
11 Jason seems / is seeming sad today.
12 How often do they go / are they going swimming
in the summer?
5 Complete with the present continuous or present simple form of the verbs in brackets.
1 Georgia .................................... emails every day. (write)
2The boys .................................... football at the moment.
(play)
3 I .................................... fruit and vegetables. (like)
4 We .................................... to the sea. (often/go)
5 I .................................... my English homework today. (do)
6She.................................... with her friend this week. (stay)
7 Rita .................................... very happy today. (seem)
8 He .................................... what you mean. (know)
9 He .................................... to the beach every day. (go)
10 Jane .................................... coffee at the moment. (drink)
11 I .................................... (always/have) coffee in the morning.
12.................................... (you/work) hard these days?
13He .................................... (understand) what you
.................................... (talk) about.
14Sarah and Tom .................................... (watch) TV at the
moment.
15 Dad .................................... (have) dinner at 8 every day.
6 Use the correct tense of the verbs
in the list to complete the email.
not want go(x2) write come do like think take be
Hi Paul,
I (1) ........................................................... on an island at
the moment. I usually (2) ........................................................... on
holiday in July but my mum had to work, so we
(3) ........................................................... our holidays in August this
year. It’s great here!
Every morning, we (4) ........................................................... for a walk
on the beach. There is a dog at the hotel and he always
(5) ........................................................... with us.
The hotel is really good and I
(6) ........................................................... the food. There is
an Internet café and I (7) ...........................................................
my emails there every day. My parents and I
(8) ........................................................... this island is really amazing
and we (9) ........................................................... to come home!
What (10) ........................................................... these days? Write
and tell me your news!
Love,
Jim
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2
Past simple; used to
Past simple (regular/irregular verbs)
We went to school yesterday.
Where did you go yesterday?
He didn’t go to the cinema last night.
Greg carried the heavy bags upstairs ten minutes ago.
She gave me some money last week.
When they were young, they rode their bikes to school every day.
Χρησιμοποιούμε τον past simple για να μιλήσουμε για:
•πράξεις που συνέβησαν σε συγκεκριμένη στιγμή στο παρελθόν.
I met Bill yesterday morning.
•επαναλαμβανόμενες πράξεις στο παρελθόν.
When Tom was a baby, he cried all the time.
Συνήθως χρησιμοποιούμε τις παρακάτω χρονικές εκφράσεις με τον past simple:
a week / a year / ten minutes / three weeks / two years / two days ago
last night/week/month/year/summer, κλπ.
yesterday / yesterday morning / yesterday afternoon / yesterday evening
on/last Monday/Tuesday, κλπ.
in April/May/1997, κλπ.
Used to
When I was younger, I used to eat pizza every week.
Did you use to like maths at school?
Kate didn’t use to go to the beach in the summer.
Μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε used to αντί για past simple για να μιλήσουμε:
•για πράγματα που συνηθίζαμε να κάνουμε στο παρελθόν αλλά δεν κάνουμε πια.
When I was young, I used to have milk and cereal for breakfast.
(I don’t have milk and cereal for breakfast anymore.)
•για καταστάσεις που ίσχυαν στο παρελθόν αλλά δεν ισχύουν πια.
Athens used to be a small city. (It’s not a small city anymore.)
Πρόσεξε: με το used to δεν μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε χρονικές
εκφράσεις που αναφέρονται σε μια συγκεκριμένη στιγμή στο παρελθόν.
My dad used to live in America. (not My dad used to live in America last year.)
I used to like chips but I don’t now. (not I used to like chips yesterday.)
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2
Σχηματίζουμε ερωτήσεις και αρνήσεις με το βοηθητικό ρήμα did / didn’t.
Did you use to live in London?
What did you use to do every day? (not What did you used to ...)
I didn’t use to like chips, but I do now. (not I didn’t used to ...)
He didn’t use to fight with his brother.
Συνήθως χρησιμοποιούμε τις παρακάτω χρονικές εκφράσεις με το used to:
When I was young(er)/small(er) / When I was a little boy/girl
When I went to my first school, / When I lived in ...
In the past, / A long time ago, / Five years ago,
Five years ago, I used to work very hard every day.
In the past, I didn’t use to eat a lot of fruit.
1 Write the past simple of these regular verbs.
hunt
happen
want
carry
laugh
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
3 Write use or used.
1I .................................... to live in Thessaloniki.
chase
live
decide
play
work
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
2 Complete with the past simple of
the verbs in brackets.
1The ship ..................................................... in the sea. (sink)
2She ..................................................... to me! (speak)
3Damian ..................................................... the test was easy.
(think)
4We ..................................................... to a football match
yesterday. (go)
5The girls ..................................................... their homework last
night. (do)
6When I first started school,
I used to ..................................................... next to Fred. (sit)
7Mum ..................................................... me to tidy my room.
(tell)
8He ..................................................... the king. (become)
9He ..................................................... in love with her
and ..................................................... her a house. (fall, build)
10Jane ..................................................... a letter to her aunt last
week. (write)
2My brother didn’t .................................... to like ice cream.
3Did you .................................... to be friends with Gill?
4Where did you .................................... to live before you
came here?
5He .................................... to be very rich but he lost all his
money.
6Ian and I .................................... to be very good friends.
7They didn’t .................................... to eat vegetarian food.
8Did Fiona .................................... to spend summers in
Crete?
4 Circle the correct time expression.
1We bought this car two years ago / before.
2Kate used to live in London when she was younger
/ last week.
3I watched a great film last night / yesterday night.
4The bus left before ten minutes / ten minutes
ago.
5We met last summer / the last summer in Chios.
6A long time ago/ Before a long time, we used to
live in France.
7Tina and I met last / on last Monday for coffee.
8 A long time ago / Last year Luke used to work as
a photographer.
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2
5 Find the irregular past verbs and
use them to complete the text.
6 Choose the correct answer.
1Sally didn’t use to like vegetables ...................
A
C
A
U
G
H
T
Y
P
L
K
R
C
R
R
U
I
G
O
P
R
D
G
R
T
B
K
F
R
S
R
C
Z
M
U
T
O
A
A
S
F
D
R
O
V
E
Y
A
O
D
F
A
H
V
C
I
G
Y
S
U
K
Q W
I
R
T
Y
B
C
D
S
G
D
S
D
D
J
U
T
E
S
A
X
H
R
V
R
E
Y
A
T
E
F
S
U
T
Y
A
Q W
E
R
W
S
F
A
Y
U
D
Z
W O
K
E
B
I
E
T
D
E
take
drive
wake
eat
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
catch
teach
sit
say
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
When I was younger, I used to live in a small village. One
day, my grandfather (1) ........................................, ‘Lucy, tomorrow
I’ll take you to the river.’ The next morning, we (2) ...............
......................... up really early, climbed into his big old car and
(3) ........................................ for three hours until we reached
the river. When we arrived, he (4) ........................................ me
how to catch fish.
Well, I (5) ........................................ there for
hours and nothing happened! Then, suddenly, I
(6) ........................................ my first fish! I was really excited
because it was quite big!
We (7) ........................................ the fish home with us and, later
that night, my mum cooked it and we all
(8) ........................................ it together. It was delicious!
a) yesterday.
b) when she was younger.
c) but she doesn’t now.
2Francis ................... school last week.
a) started
b) starts
c) used to start
3I didn’t ................... lunch to school.
a) used to take
b) use to take
c) use to took
4................... in England, I used to have lots of friends.
a) Three years ago
b Last year
c) When I lived
5Did you ................... school?
a) use to like
b) used to like
c) liked
7 Put the words in the correct order.
1homework / do / I / my / last / didn’t / night
...............................................................................................................................
2me / present / yesterday / gave / my / a / brother
...............................................................................................................................
3my / school / found / sister / finished / she / job / a /
when / great
...............................................................................................................................
4his / young / didn’t / to / brush / use / Julian / was /
when / teeth / he
...............................................................................................................................
5April / had / I / a / last / party
...............................................................................................................................
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3
Past continuous
I was sleeping at 10 o’ clock last night.
What were you doing today at 9 in the morning?
Helen and Celia weren’t playing loud music at 11 o’clock last night.
Σχηματίζουμε τον past continuous ως εξής: was/were + ρήμα + -ing
Affirmative
I was talking
You were talking
He was talking
She was talking
It was talking
We were talking
You were talking
They were talking
Question
Was I talking?
Were you talking?
Was he talking?
Was she talking?
Was it talking?
Were we talking?
Were you talking?
Were they talking?
Negative
Long form
I was not talking
You were not talking
He was not talking
She was not talking
It was not talking
We were not talking
You were not talking
They were not talking
Short form
I wasn’t talking
You weren’t talking
He wasn’t talking
She wasn’t talking
It wasn’t talking
We weren’t talking
You weren’t talking
They weren’t talking
Answer
Yes, I was.
No, I wasn’t.
Yes, you were.
No, you weren’t.
Yes, he was.
No, he wasn’t.
Yes, she was.
No, she wasn’t.
Yes, it was.
No, it wasn’t.
Yes, we were.
No, we weren’t.
Yes, you were.
No, you weren’t.
Yes, they were.
No, they weren’t.
Χρησιμοποιούμε τον past continuous για να μιλήσουμε για γεγονότα ή για να περιγράψουμε
καταστάσεις που βρισκόντουσαν σε εξέλιξη σε μια συγκεκριμένη χρονική στιγμή στο παρελθόν.
We were watching television at eight o’clock last night.
Tom was studying English at 5 o’ clock on Monday afternoon.
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3
Past continuous – Past simple
Θυμήσου ότι χρησιμοποιούμε τον past simple για να μιλήσουμε για πράξεις που συνέβησαν και
ολοκληρώθηκαν στο παρελθόν.
I talked to Jane yesterday.
She told me her news.
Μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε τον past simple και τον past continuous μαζί στην ίδια πρόταση.
Τους χρησιμοποιούμε μαζί για να περιγράψουμε μια κατάσταση όπου μία πράξη διέκοψε μία άλλη. Η
πράξη που βρισκόταν σε εξέλιξη εκφράζεται με τον past continuous ενώ η πράξη που τη διέκοψε
εκφράζεται με τον past simple.
I was walking to school (past continuous) when I saw my friend (past simple).
While Jane was watching TV, she heard a noise.
Παρατήρησε πώς μπορούμε να συνδέσουμε τον past continuous και τον past simple,
χρησιμοποιώντας when και while ως εξής:
past continuous + when + past simple
while + past continuous, past simple
past simple + while + past continuous
Janet was getting ready to go to bed when the telephone rang.
While Janet was getting ready to go to bed, the telephone rang.
The telephone rang while Janet was getting ready to go to bed.
Πρόσεξε πως δεν βάζουμε κόμμα πριν τα when και while.
1 Write was or were.
1 Harry .................................... working all day yesterday.
2The girls .................................... having dinner at nine o’clock
last night.
3 I .................................... living in England at that time.
4 Why .................................... you crying earlier?
5 You .................................... not listening to me!
6Jason .................................... playing basketball yesterday at 4
in the afternoon.
2 Complete the sentences with the
past continuous form of the verbs
below.
watch shop do study look talk
1Anthony ..................................................... hard all last week
because he had exams.
2The girls found a perfect present for Mum while they
..................................................... .
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3Our teacher shouted at us because
we ..................................................... in the lesson.
4I ..................................................... television in my room when I
heard a noise outside.
5When I met Jane, she ..................................................... for a new
job.
6What ..................................................... (you) when the lights
went out?
3 Make questions.
1you / were / working / last night
...............................................................................................................................
?
2he / was / what / doing / yesterday
...............................................................................................................................
?
3were / they / watching / what / on TV
...............................................................................................................................
?
4she / why / crying / was
...............................................................................................................................
?
5going / just now / you / where / were
...............................................................................................................................
?
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3
4 Match to make sentences.
1I was working on my
PC
2Alex was talking to
his friend when
3Were you listening
to the radio
4While I was having
my coffee,
5They started playing
dance music
ahe walked into
a tree!
bI heard a nice song on
the radio.
cwhile we were getting
ready to leave the
party.
dwhen the phone rang.
ewhen the earthquake
happened?
6 What were you doing ...
an hour ago?
...............................................................................................................................
three hours ago?
...............................................................................................................................
yesterday evening?
...............................................................................................................................
at lunchtime yesterday?
...............................................................................................................................
last Saturday morning?
...............................................................................................................................
when you first met your best friend?
...............................................................................................................................
5 Make sentences with when and
while. Add ideas of your own.
when, while
we were walking home
I was doing my
homework
Ed was riding his bike
I was making a sandwich
they were watching TV
we were having a lesson
it started to rain
Sarah phoned me
he fell off
the postman came
John started laughing
we saw my teacher
We
were walking home when it started to rain.
.............................................................................................................................................
It.............................................................................................................................................
started to rain while we were walking home.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
7 Complete the dialogues using
the verbs in brackets in the past
simple or past continuous.
1.......................................................................................................... on the
phone at 6:30 yesterday evening?’ (David / talk)
‘No, ..........................................................................................................
maths for today’s test!’ (he / study)
2‘Where ..........................................................................................................
when I saw you?‘ (you / go)
.......................................................................................................... to
school.‘ (I / go)
3‘What .......................................................................................................... in
the street?’ (you / find)
.......................................................................................................... to school
and I found 20 euros! (I / walk)
4‘ .......................................................................................................... when I
phoned?’ (you / read)
‘No, .......................................................................................................... to a
CD!’ (I / listen)
5‘ .......................................................................................................... last
night?’ (you / go out)
‘Yes. .......................................................................................................... an
interesting film.’ (we / see)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
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4
Countable / uncountable nouns; some / any / a lot of /
much / many / (a)few / (a)little
Με τα μετρήσιμα (countable) ουσιαστικά πληθυντικού αριθμού χρησιμοποιούμε:
•some / a lot of / a few / few σε καταφατικές προτάσεις
There are some children in the classroom.
There are a lot of cars in the streets today.
There are a few apples in the basket. I can make an apple pie.
I have got (very) few apples. I can’t make an apple pie.
Σημείωση: a few σημαίνει λίγα αλλά αρκετά / (very) few σημαίνει πολύ λίγα, όχι αρκετά
•any σε ερωτηματικές και αρνητικές προτάσεις
Have you got any notebooks?
There aren’t any books on the desk.
•many σε αρνητικές και ερωτηματικές προτάσεις
I haven’t got many pencils.
Are there many mistakes?
How many mistakes are there?
Με τα μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά πληθυντικού αριθμού, χρησιμοποιούμε ρήμα
πληθυντικού αριθμού.
There are a lot of children in my class.
Με τα μη μετρήσιμα (uncountable) ουσιαστικά χρησιμοποιούμε:
•some / a lot of / a little / little σε καταφατικές προτάσεις
There is some orange juice in the fridge.
I’ve got a lot of money in my purse.
There’s a little milk in the fridge.You can make a cake.
There’s (very) little milk in the fridge.You can’t make a cake.
Σημείωση: a little σημαίνει λίγo αλλά αρκετό / (very) little σημαίνει πολύ λίγο, όχι αρκετό
•any σε ερωτηματικές και αρνητικές προτάσεις
Have you got any milk?
There isn’t any information in this book.
•much σε αρνητικές και ερωτηματικές προτάσεις
There isn’t much milk in the fridge.
Have you got much money?
How much money have you got?
Με τα μη μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά χρησιμοποιούμε ρήμα ενικού αριθμού.
There isn’t any ice cream in the fridge.
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4
Countable
affirmative
some
negative
(a) few
interrogative
affirmative
P
any
a lot of
Uncountable
interrogative
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
(a) little
P
much
many
negative
P
P
P
P
Μερικά συνηθισμένα μη μετρήσιμα ουσιαστικά είναι τα εξής:
φαγητά: food, sugar, chocolate, butter, salt, pepper, spaghetti, cheese, rice, bread, fruit κλπ.
υγρά: oil, water, milk, juice, κλπ.
διάφορα: furniture, money, time, hair, weather, information
Somebody / someone / something / somewhere
Χρησιμοποιούμε somebody/someone (κάποιος), something (κάτι), somewhere (κάπου) για να
αναφερθούμε αόριστα σε κάποιο πρόσωπο, πράγμα ή μέρος. Η πρόταση είναι καταφατική.
There’s someone/somebody here to see you.
Something terrible happened yesterday!
Let’s go somewhere for dinner tomorrow night.
Anybody / anyone / anything / anywhere
Σε αρνητικές και ερωτηματικές προτάσεις, χρησιμοποιούμε anybody/anyone (κανείς), anything (τίποτα),
anywhere (πουθενά).
Is there anybody/anyone there?
There isn’t anybody/anyone here.
Is there anything you need?
I don’t have anything to eat.
Are you going anywhere nice this summer?
I can’t find him anywhere.
Nobody / no one / nothing / nowhere
Οι προτάσεις με τις λέξεις nobody/no one (κανείς), nothing (τίποτα), nowhere (πουθενά) είναι αρνητικές.
Πρόσεξε όμως: το ίδιο το ρήμα δεν έχει άρνηση.
There’s nobody/no one in the house.
I can tell you nothing more.
There’s nowhere to go around here at this time of day.
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4
1 Circle is or are.
4 Circle the correct answer.
1 There is / are a lot of exercises to do.
1 Have you got much / many friends?
2
3
4
5
6
The news is / are not very good.
Is / Are there any oranges left?
Hurry up! There is / are not much time!
Where is / are all the people?
How many sandwiches is / are there?
2 Complete with some or any.
1 There are .................................... letters here for you.
2Have you got .................................... ideas about what to do
today?
3I don’t drink coffee but I’d like .................................... water,
please.
4I turned on my computer but there weren’t
.................................... emails today.
5Did you buy .................................... new CDs when you
went shopping yesterday?
3 Tick (P) the correct sentences.
1a) Is there any news?
....................
b) Are there any news?
2a) You had a very few mistakes.
b) You had very few mistakes.
3a) I’m thirsty. I think I’ll drink a
little water.
b) I’m thirsty. I think I’ll drink
little water.
4a) There were little people at
the party.
b) There were few people at
the party.
5a) I haven’t got much money.
b) I haven’t got many money.
6a) Have you got some questions?
b) Have you got any questions?
7a) There’s nothing to do here.
b) There’s anything to do here.
8a) I can’t find him anywhere.
b) I can’t find him nowhere.
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
2There are only few / a few tickets left for
the concert.
3We have very little / few time, so please
hurry up.
4There are a little / a few good programmes
on television.
5We only have little / a little furniture in
this room.
6Bill doesn’t eat much / many meat but he eats a lot
of vegetables.
5 Match to make sentences.
1Someone
phoned me
2 There’s nothing
3There’s nowhere
exciting to go
4 Is there anywhere
safe where
5 No one knew the
6 I found somewhere
7Do you want anything
8There’s something
wrong
ain the
evenings.
bto eat?
cwith my DVD player.
dreally nice to go on
holiday.
ebut I don’t know
who it was.
fI can put my bike?
gon television tonight!
hanswer to the
question.
6 Complete the text with the words
below.
many little few lot some any
My room at home is very small. I don’t really mind
because I have (1) .................................... things in the room. I don’t
have (2) .................................... books but I have a (3) .................................... of
CD-ROMs because I have a computer. I like surfing the
net and I can get (4) .................................... information from the
Internet when I need it.
When I have a (5) .................................... free time, I listen to music.
But I don’t have (6) .................................... CDs – not one! That’s
because I get all my music from the Internet too!
....................
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5
Too / enough
This book is too expensive. (I can’t buy it.)
This book is cheap enough. (I can buy it.)
I have enough money for that book. (I can buy it.)
I haven’t got enough money for that book. (I can’t buy it.)
Χρησιμοποιούμε too + adjective + (for somebody) + to + verb για να πούμε ότι κάτι
ισχύει σε πολύ μεγαλύτερο βαθμό απ’ ότι θα έπρεπε, θα θέλαμε ή θα χρειαζόμασταν. Έχει
αρνητική σημασία.
She’s too young to go to that club. (She needs to be older.)
The shelf is too high for me to reach. (I’m not very tall.)
Χρησιμοποιούμε adjective + enough + (for somebody) + to + verb για να πούμε ότι κάτι ισχύει
στο βαθμό που πρέπει, θέλουμε ή χρειαζόμαστε. Έχει θετική σημασία.
She’s old enough to drive a car.
The milk is warm enough for me to drink.
Χρησιμοποιούμε enough + noun για να πούμε ότι υπάρχει αρκετή ποσότητα ή αρκετός αριθμός
από κάτι. Έχει θετική σημασία.
There’s enough pizza for everyone.
Χρησιμοποιούμε not + adjective + enough + (for somebody + to + verb) για να πούμε ότι
κάτι δεν ισχύει στο βαθμό που πρέπει, θέλουμε ή χρειαζόμαστε.
The weather isn’t warm enough for us to go swimming.
Χρησιμοποιούμε not + enough + noun + (for somebody + to + verb) για να πούμε ότι δεν
υπάρχει αρκετή ποσότητα ή αρκετός αριθμός από κάτι.
I don’t have enough time to do my homework.
Μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε too + much και too + many με μη μετρήσιμα και μετρήσιμα
ουσιαστικά αντίστοιχα για να πούμε ότι κάτι είναι πολύ περισσότερο απ’ ό,τι χρειάζεται.
There’s too much olive oil in the soup.
There are too many books in the bag.
1 Write too or enough.
2 Match to make sentences.
1 James is not old .................................... to drive a car.
1I didn’t have enough
2There are .................................... many people
here – let’s go home.
3Have you got .................................... money to buy Mum
some flowers?
4I’m not tall .................................... to reach the books on the
top shelf.
5There weren’t .................................... boys to make a
football team.
6This exercise is .................................... difficult for me
to do.
money
2This house is big
enough
3When Sally is old
enough
4There is not enough
time
5The dinner was too
hot
6Sheila is too young
7The desk was
too big
afor my room so I didn’t
buy it.
bto finish all this
homework.
cand I burned my mouth!
dto go to parties on her
own.
eshe wants to travel to
the USA.
ffor all of us but the
garden is too small.
gto go out, so I stayed at
home.
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6
Comparatives / superlatives
Σ χηματίζουμε τον συγκριτικό βαθμό των μονοσύλλαβων και δισύλλαβων επιθέτων
προσθέτοντας την κατάληξη -er. Ακολουθεί πάντα η λέξη than.
tall – taller than
short – shorter than
young – younger than
Σχηματίζουμε τον υπερθετικό βαθμό των μονοσύλλαβων και δισύλλαβων επιθέτων
προσθέτοντας την κατάληξη -est. Προηγείται πάντα η λέξη the.
tall – the tallest
short – the shortest
young – the youngest
Κανόνες ορθογραφίας
comparative
superlative
Τα επίθετα που λήγουν σε -e, παίρνουν απλώς την
κατάληξη -r.
nice – nicer than
safe – safer than
Τα επίθετα που λήγουν σε -e, παίρνουν απλώς την
κατάληξη -st.
nice – the nicest
safe – the safest
Στα επίθετα που λήγουν σε -y, διαγράφουμε το -y και
προσθέτουμε την κατάληξη -ier.
lazy – lazier than
tasty – tastier than
Στα επίθετα που λήγουν σε -y, διαγράφουμε το -y και
προσθέτουμε την κατάληξη -iest.
lazy – the laziest
tasty – the tastiest
Τα επίθετα που λήγουν σε ένα σύμφωνο και πριν
από αυτό υπάρχει ένα μόνο φωνήεν, διπλασιάζουν το
σύμφωνο πριν πάρουν την κατάληξη -er.
hot – hotter than
big – bigger than
Τα επίθετα που λήγουν σε ένα σύμφωνο και πριν
από αυτό υπάρχει ένα μόνο φωνήεν, διπλασιάζουν το
σύμφωνο πριν πάρουν την κατάληξη -est.
hot – the hottest
big – the biggest
Τα επίθετα με περισσότερες από δύο συλλαβές
σχηματίζουν τον συγκριτικό βαθμό περιφραστικά με τη
λέξη more.
interesting – more interesting
difficult – more difficult
Τα επίθετα με περισσότερες από δύο συλλαβές
σχηματίζουν τον συγκριτικό βαθμό περιφραστικά με
τις λέξεις the most.
interesting – the most interesting
difficult – the most difficult
Μερικά επίθετα έχουν ανώμαλα παραθετικά και
σχηματίζουν τον συγκριτικό βαθμό εντελώς
διαφορετικά.
good – better than
bad – worse than
Μερικά επίθετα έχουν ανώμαλα παραθετικά και
σχηματίζουν τον υπερθετικό βαθμό εντελώς διαφορετικά.
good – the best
bad – the worst
Με τον συγκριτικό βαθμό χρησιμοποιούμε πάντα τη
λέξη than.
He is taller than me.
Με τον υπερθετικό βαθμό χρησιμοποιούμε πάντα τη
λέξη the.
He is the tallest boy in our class.
He is the tallest boy of all.
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6
1 Write the comparatives and
superlatives.
great
early
famous
dangerous
good
brave
lucky
careful
bad
beautiful
funny
fast
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
6Tony is ............................................... he used to be. (serious)
7 Your cat is ............................................... my cat. (soft)
8Vegetables are ............................................... food you can eat.
(healthy)
9This is ............................................... programme I’ve ever seen!
(interesting)
10 My aunt is ............................................... my uncle. (kind)
4 Compare these people and things
using the comparative or superlative
of the adjectives in brackets.
T ed, John, Phil (funny)
Ted is funny. John is funnier. Phil is the funniest of all.
.....................................................................................................................................
1Helen, Jane, Susan (famous) ................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2 Make comparative sentences.
1My dad / funny / my mum
...............................................................................................................................
2DVDs / good / videos
...............................................................................................................................
3My cousin / beautiful / me
...............................................................................................................................
4I / heavy / my sister
...............................................................................................................................
5Kylie / lucky / her friends
...............................................................................................................................
6My cat / brave / my dog
...............................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2Maths lessons, French lessons, English lessons (good)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
3a horse, an elephant, a tiger (dangerous)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
4a bike, a car, a plane (fast) ....................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
5my results, Tom’s results, Billy’s results (bad) .
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
6an insect can jump, a frog can jump, a kangaroo can
jump (high) ....................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
3 Complete with the comparative
or superlative of the adjectives in
brackets. Add any other words
that are necessary.
1 Janet is ............................................... person I know. (nice)
2 Africa is ............................................... Greece. (hot)
3 I am ............................................... my friends. (generous)
4We are ............................................... we were last year. (happy)
5What was ............................................... film you saw last year?
(bad)
.....................................................................................................................................
7my sister, my brother, my mother (happy)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
8a butterfly, a fly, an ant (small)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
9my homework, Frank’s homework, Sally’s homework
(difficult) .............................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
10Paula, Peter, Patricia (late) ...................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
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6
5 Read the advertisements and
write sentences with comparatives
and superlatives using the
adjectives below.
cheap expensive interesting boring long short relaxing
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
Come and enjoy a skiing holiday in Grindenwald,
Switzerland! Stay in one of our great traditional
cottages. Winter fun for all the family!
Includes breakfast and skiing equipment
5 nights
Only € 1200 per person!
Explore the desert! Come on a 10-day trek through
the Sahara Desert! Ride a camel! Stay overnight
in a tent and wake to see the sunrise!
Bring your own equipment
Includes all meals
Only € 50 per night per person!
Time for a Spring break? Come to Mexico! The clear
blue sea and palm trees are calling you! Relax and
enjoy a nice cold drink at Rico’s Resort.
Includes breakfast and dinner
7 nights
Only € 800 per double room!
The
holiday in the Sahara Desert is
.
...........................................................................................................................................
cheaper
than the holiday in Mexico.
............................................................................................................................................
The
holiday in Switzerland is the most expensive of all.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
5 Complete the text with these words.
best more interesting bigger happier nicer
I changed schools this year. My new school is great and
the lessons are (1) ............................................................... than the ones we
had last year. Also, we have some great teachers – they
are (2) ............................................................... than those at my old school.
The classrooms are (3) ............................................................... than before,
and we can see the sea from our window. But the
(4) ............................................................... thing about this school is that I
have lots of friends and I am a lot (5) ...............................................................
than I was last year!
6 Correct the mistakes.
1This is nicest place in the world!
...............................................................................................................................
2My team is better that your team.
...............................................................................................................................
3It’s the most fast car you can buy.
...............................................................................................................................
4John’s bad, but Jim’s more bad!
...............................................................................................................................
5Jane’s cleverest than me.
...............................................................................................................................
6He’s the more intelligent boy in my class.
...............................................................................................................................
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7
Αdverbs; comparison of adjectives/adverbs
Τα επιρρήματα αναφέρονται στο ρήμα και περιγράφουν
τον τρόπο με τον οποίο γίνεται η πράξη που δείχνει το ρήμα.
Σχηματίζουμε τα περισσότερα επιρρήματα προσθέτοντας την κατάληξη -ly στο επίθετο.
quick – quickly
slow – slowly
dangerous – dangerously
Κανόνες ορθογραφίας
Τα επίθετα που λήγουν σε -y,
χάνουν την κατάληξη αυτή και
σχηματίζουν το επίρρημα με την
κατάληξη -ily.
happy – happily
easy – easily
tidy – tidily
Τα επίθετα που λήγουν σε -l, το
διπλασιάζουν πριν πάρουν την
κατάληξη -y.
careful – carefully
beautiful – beautifully
Μερικά επιρρήματα έχουν τον ίδιο
τύπο με τα επίθετα.
early, late, fast, hard
Μερικά επίθετα σχηματίζουν τα
επιρρήματα εντελώς διαφορετικά.
good – well
He plays football well.
(He is good at football.)
•Μπορούμε να συγκρίνουμε δύο πράγματα ή καταστάσεις χρησιμοποιώντας την εξής σύνταξη:
(not) as + adjective/adverb + as
My cat is as big as my dog!
He doesn’t walk as quickly as me.
•Με επίθετα και επιρρήματα που έχουν δύο ή περισσότερες συλλαβές, χρησιμοποιούμε τα
more than/the most ή less than/the least.
Μελέτησε τα παρακάτω παραδείγματα:
Maths is more Maths is the
Tania drives more difficult than history.
most difficult subject.
carefully than Tom.
History is less History is the least Tom drives less difficult than maths.
difficult subject.
carefully than Tania.
1 Write the adverbs.
nice
early
happy
dangerous
complete
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
brave
lucky
careful
fast
late
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
...............................................
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7
2 Find the adverbs and write them
next to the adjectives.
4 Complete with not, as, the or than.
1My little brother is as tall ............................................... my mum!
2The film was less interesting ............................................... the
book.
3Today’s homework is ............................................... as hard as
yesterday’s.
4Brian thinks dogs are ............................................... least
intelligent animals of all.
5These trousers were less
expensive ............................................... the others.
6Is Fiona ............................................... clever as her sister?
B
D
Q
U
I
C
K
L
Y
E
F
A
R
S
W
O
R
J
A
U
W
C
B
A
D
L
Y
U
N
S
S
D
Y
P
I
R
T
N
P
E
Q
E
V
H
O
I
I
L
A
D
H
A
R
D
F
L
D
S
E
K
K
I
U
5 Correct the mistakes.
U
Y
O
I
A
F
C
J
X
1George runs more quicker than me.
L
I
F
L
R
R
L
L
T
L
O
S
Y
L
E
O
A
I
Y
P
M
C
Y
E
U
T
D
3That was my less favourite lesson!
G
T
E
A
F
L
D
E
I
4Tom doesn’t work as fastly as Lisa.
P
G
T
T
T
Y
L
K
L
W
E
L
L
Y
D
Y
Y
Y
1 good
2
3
4
5
6
tidy
quick
bad
hard
easy
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
7 beautiful
8 free
9 late
10 loud
1 1 funny
12 early
expensive
2He rode his bike
3That book was
less
4Jenny is not as
5He arrived at the
lesson
6He did the
exercise as
2She’s not as tall than her sister.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
5Sam opened the letter very careful.
...............................................................................................................................
6Tina speaks English really good.
....................................
...............................................................................................................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
6 Write sentences for you using the
words in the boxes.
....................................
3 Match to make sentences.
1I bought the least
...............................................................................................................................
aquickly as he could.
bbag in the shop.
clate and the teacher
shouted at him.
duseful than the
dictionary.
einterested in music
as I am.
fcarelessly.
do my homework walk talk speak English play football eat write emails
quickly
well
slowly
badly carelessly
carefully
I...............................................................................................................................
do my homework carefully.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
20
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8
Be going to
Χρησιμοποιούμε be + going to + verb όταν θέλουμε να αναφερθούμε στο μέλλον και να
μιλήσουμε για:
•προθέσεις, πράγματα που σκεφτόμαστε να κάνουμε στο μέλλον αλλά δεν τα έχουμε
απαραίτητα οργανώσει ή σχεδιάσει.
I am going to see Marion tomorrow. (I intend to see her.)
• πράγματα που είμαστε σίγουροι ότι θα συμβούν επειδή υπάρχει κάποια ένδειξη στο παρόν.
It’s going to rain. (I can see the black clouds.)
Θυμήσου ότι πρέπει να χρησιμοποιείς το σωστό τύπο του ρήματος be (am, is, are).
Affirmative
Negative
Short form
Question
Answer
I am going to
It is going to
It is not going to
We are
going to
You are
going to
They are going
to
We are not
going to
You are not
going to
They are not
going to
I’m not
going to
You aren’t
going to
He isn’t
going to
She isn’t going
to
It isn’t
going to
We aren’t
going to
Am I going to?
You are
going to
He is
going to
She is
going to
I am not going
to
You are not
going to
He is not going
to
She is not going
to
You aren’t
Are you going to?
They aren’t
going to
Are they going to?
Yes, I am.
No, I’m not.
Yes, you are.
No, you aren’t.
Yes, he is.
No, he isn’t.
Yes, she is.
No, she isn’t.
Yes, it is.
No, it isn’t.
Yes, we are.
No, we aren’t.
Yes, you are.
No, you aren’t.
Yes, they are.
No, they aren’t.
Are you going to?
Is he going to?
Is she going to?
Is it going to?
Are we going to?
Present continuous for future
Μπορούμε να χρησιμοποιήσουμε τον present continuous
όταν θέλουμε να μιλήσουμε για πράγματα που έχουμε ήδη σχεδιάσει
να κάνουμε στο κοντινό μέλλον.
We are leaving at seven o’clock tomorrow morning.
I am eating out with Mary tonight – do you want to come?
21
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8
1 Fill in the gaps with one word.
4 Write short answers.
1I ............................................... going out tonight.
1Are your friends doing anything tonight?
Do you want to come?
2Gina is ............................................... coming to my party.
3Paul isn’t going ............................................... be very happy
when you tell him.
4I am ............................................... to go to the football match
on Saturday.
5............................................... you going to school tomorrow?
6We ............................................... taking a maths test
tomorrow.
2 Complete the text with these
verbs in the correct form.
?
?
3leaving / time / we / are / what
?
4your mum / tell / you / are / what / going / to
?
5going / is / to / tonight / see / the / Kate / doctor
?
6having / they / evening / this / dinner / are / where
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
5Is your favourite team playing this weekend?
...............................................................................................................................
staying with us next week.
2Be careful – you ............................................... going to break
that glass!
3There’s a good film on television tonight so
we ............................................... going out.
4My favourite player ............................................... playing
tomorrow so I won’t watch the game.
5I’m very happy because we ............................................... going
away this weekend. I don’t want to leave.
1a)I’m going to playing
2is / win / to / the match / going / who
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
4Are you going to pass your next English test?
6 Tick (P) the correct sentences.
1this year / you / are / on holiday / going
...............................................................................................................................
3Is it going to rain today?
...............................................
3 Make questions.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
1I’m excited because my uncle from America
I haven’t got school next week and I’ve got big plans!
On Monday, I’m not (1) ............................................... anywhere – I’m
going to (2) ............................................... television all day! On
Tuesday, I’m (3) ............................................... football with my friends.
They are all (4) ............................................... to my house after the
game and we’re going to (5) ............................................... to some
music. Then I’m going to (6) .............................................. with my
cousin in the city until Saturday. It’s going to be great!
...............................................................................................................................
2Are you going to have homework tonight?
5 Write is, isn’t, are or aren’t.
watch stay go play listen come ...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
?
football tomorrow. b) I’m playing football tomorrow.
2a) They say it is going to snow tonight.
b) They say it is snowing tonight.
3a) What are you doing this weekend?
b) What do you do this weekend?
4a) I’m not going to school tomorrow.
b)I’m not going go to
school tomorrow.
5a)Do you think he’s winning
the Oscar? b)Do you think he’s going
to win the Oscar?
6a) He’s going flying to Athens tomorrow.
b) He’s flying to Athens tomorrow.
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
22
SMASH GRAMMAR EXTRA2.indd 22
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9
Conditionals 0 and 1
Conditionals είναι οι υποθετικοί λόγοι.
Σχηματίζουμε τους υποθετικούς λόγους με τη λέξη if.
Σχηματίζουμε τον zero conditional (conditional 0) ως εξής:
if + present simple, present simple
•Χρησιμοποιούμε τον zero conditional για να περιγράψουμε καταστάσεις
οι οποίες είναι πάντα ή συνήθως αληθινές.
If I do my homework, my mum is happy.
(Every time I do my homework, my mum is happy.)
If we watch a DVD, we usually eat pizza.
(Most of the time, when we watch a DVD, we eat pizza.)
Σχηματίζουμε τον first conditional (conditional 1) ως εξής:
if + present simple, will + infinitive
•Χρησιμοποιούμε τον first conditional για να μιλήσουμε
για πράγματα που είναι πιθανόν να συμβούν στο μέλλον.
If I do my homework tonight, my mum will be happy.
If we watch a DVD tonight, we will eat pizza.
Το if εισάγει τη δευτερεύουσα υποθετική πρόταση. Μπορεί να προηγείται της κύριας πρότασης ή
να ακολουθεί. Αν προηγείται, τότε χρειάζεται να βάλουμε κόμμα στο τέλος της δευτερεύουσας. Αν
ακολουθεί, τότε δεν βάζουμε κόμμα.
If I do my homework tonight, my mum will be happy.
My mum will be happy if I do my homework tonight.
Η δευτερεύουσα υποθετική πρόταση μπορεί να είναι και αρνητική.
If I don’t do my homework, my mum gets angry.
If I don’t do my homework tonight, my mum will get angry.
Πρόσεξε ότι ποτέ δεν βάζουμε will στη δευτερεύουσα υποθετική πρόταση με το if.
If I do my homework ... (not If I will do my homework ...)
1 Circle the correct answer.
1If I play / am playing tennis, I get / am getting
tired.
2Mum shouts / is shouting at me if I don’t tidy / am
not tidying my room.
3If you do / will do that again, I get / will get angry.
4You see / will see John tonight if you go / will go to
the party.
5If you don’t / aren’t say sorry, I am not speaking /
won’t speak to you.
6Chris will give / is giving you some money if you
ask / will ask him.
7If Jessica gets / will get this job, she will be / is very
happy.
8If she goes / is going shopping, she spends / is
spending a lot of money.
9Tom’s parents are buying / will buy him a car if he
gets / will get into university.
10We will go / go to the cinema if you finish / are
finishing your homework quickly.
23
SMASH GRAMMAR EXTRA2.indd 23
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9
2 Match to make sentences.
1If he does that again,
2What will you tell
your dad
3If Jenny phones me,
4The meal won’t be
ready for tonight
5They will buy some
CDs 6If we have a test at
school,
aif they go shopping
tomorrow.
bI can’t sleep the night
before.
cif you fail the test?
dI will get angry with
him.
eif you don’t help me.
fshe usually talks for
an hour!
3 Complete the dialogue with these
phrases.
I will if I (x3) if you (x2) if we
Irene:What do you usually do in the evenings?
George:I usually go out with my friends. What do you
do?
Irene:(1) ......................... have got some money, I usually go
to the cinema with my best friend. Or, (2) ................
......... are hungry, we go for a pizza.
George:Well, I played the Lotto today. And I’m going
to win tonight!
Irene:What will you do (3) ......................... win a lot of
money?
George:(4) ......................... win, I will be very happy. I’m
not sure what (5) ......................... do.
Irene:George, (6) ......................... win a lot of money,
will you give me some?
George:That’s a difficult question.
Irene:Oh George! And I thought you were
generous!
George:I am! You see, (7) ......................... win a million
euros on the Lotto tonight, I will ...
Irene:Yes?
George:I will buy you a pizza!
If people ask me for money,
.....................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
I will be very happy if .......................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
I am sad if ..................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
I am excited if ....................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
5 You are planning your summer
holiday. Look at the lists of pros and
cons and write sentences.
Camping
Pros
Cons
Hotel
Pros
Cons
put up the
mosquitoes have
tent close /bite us at
our own
to the
night
bathroom
beach
feel close
to nature
holidays/
be very
cheap
walk
around in
bare feet
be far from
the beach
have to
walk to
go to the
toilet
have clean
towels
every day
pay a lot of
money
be very hot
eat
omelettes
for
breakfast
need to dress
well all the
time
have an air
conditioner
in the
room
If.............................................................................................................................................
we go camping, we will put up the tent close to the beach.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
4 Write about you.
I get angry if
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
I will give my friend money if
...................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
24
SMASH GRAMMAR EXTRA2.indd 24
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10
Will / going to
will
be going to
για πράγματα που
θα συμβούν στο
μέλλον
Ben will travel to Asia in
two months.
προθέσεις,
I’m going to start
πράγματα που
French lessons next
σκεφτόμαστε να
year.
κάνουμε στο μέλλον
για πράγματα που
νομίζουμε εμείς
ότι θα συμβούν
στο μέλλον
I think we will be able to
travel to the moon in 50
years.
για πράγματα που
είναι σίγουρο ότι θα
συμβούν
για να
προσφερθούμε ή
να αρνηθούμε να
κάνουμε κάτι
όταν δίνουμε μια
υπόσχεση
όταν
αποφασίζουμε
αυθόρμητα να
κάνουμε κάτι
Look! She’s going to
have a baby soon.
I’ll make some coffee for
you.
I’ll call you later.
I’m hungry. I’ll make
something to eat.
1 Make future sentences for these
situations.
1You plan to go away soon.
I ................................................................................ go on holiday.
2You decide to go to bed.
I think ................................................................................ to bed.
3You offer to cook dinner.
I ................................................................................ dinner.
4The radio talked about snow later.
It ................................................................................ snow.
5Your teacher needs to move a desk.
I ................................................................................ you!
6You see two cars going very fast.
They ................................................................................ crash!
7Someone offers you a drink.
I ................................................................................ water, please.
8The phone is ringing.
I ................................................................................ the phone!
2 Change the sentences according to
the situations.
1(δίνεις υπόσχεση)
I’m going to help you with your homework.
...............................................................................................................................
2(αποφασίζεις αυθόρμητα)
I’m going to make spaghetti for dinner.
...............................................................................................................................
3(υπάρχει κάποια ένδειξη στο παρόν)
Look! He’ll dive into the water from that high rock!
...............................................................................................................................
4(προσωπική γνώμη)
I think people are going to live longer in the future.
...............................................................................................................................
5(πρόθεση)
I’ll learn how to drive next year.
...............................................................................................................................
25
SMASH GRAMMAR EXTRA2.indd 25
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11
Shall we ... ? / Would you like ... ? / Let’s ... / Why don’t we ... ?
Χρησιμοποιούμε:
όταν θέλουμε να:
Shall we ... ?
Let’s ...
Why don’t I/we/you/they ... ?
Why doesn’t he/she/it ...?
προτείνουμε κάτι
Shall we go to the cinema
tonight?
Let’s go to the cinema tonight.
Why don’t we go to the
cinema tonight?
Would you like ... ?
Why don’t you ... ?
προσφέρουμε κάτι
σε κάποιον ή να
προσκαλέσουμε κάποιον
κάπου
Would you like to come to
the cinema with us?
Would you like a cup of coffee?
Why don’t you sit down?
Shall I ... ?
προσφερθούμε να
κάνουμε κάτι για
κάποιον
Shall I make you a cup of
coffee?
1 Fill in the gaps with one word.
2play / music / let’s / some
1
3out / go / like / you / to / would
...............................................................................................................................
you like to come to my house after school?
2 ......................... have a party on Saturday!
3 ......................... we get a DVD to watch tonight?
4 ......................... don’t we send these photos to Nick?
.........................
...............................................................................................................................
?
4phone / him / you / don’t / why
...............................................................................................................................
?
5ice cream / would / some / you / like
...............................................................................................................................
2 Circle the correct answer.
1 Do / Would you like something to drink?
2 Shall we go / going to see Michael?
3 Shall I get / to get you something to drink?
4Why aren’t you staying / don’t you stay at home
tonight and study?
5 Would you like come / to come to dinner?
6 Shall / Would you like to sit on the balcony?
7 Why we don’t / Why don’t we play a game?
8Why don’t you/ Would you like something to eat?
3 Put the offers or suggestions in the
correct order.
1we / shopping / shall / go
...............................................................................................................................
!
?
?
4 Match the suggestions/invitations/
offers to the correct answers.
1‘Would you like to come to my party on Saturday?’
2‘Let’s go on holiday together next summer!’
3‘Why don’t I phone Rob and see if he wants to play
football with us?’
4‘Why don’t you come to my house and we can do
our homework together?’
5‘Shall I help you carry those books?’
a)‘Good idea. Here, you can use my mobile.’
b)‘No, thanks. I can do it. They’re not heavy.’
c)‘Yes, I’d like that. What time does it start? ‘
d)‘I’d love to, but I did mine earlier.’
e)‘Great idea! Where shall we go?’
26
SMASH GRAMMAR EXTRA2.indd 26
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Must / have to / mustn’t / don’t have to
12
Χρησιμοποιούμε must ή mustn’t για να μιλήσουμε για κανόνες.
You must be kind to other people.
You mustn’t talk during the test.
Μερικές φορές χρησιμοποιούμε have to αντί για must,
αλλά όχι αντί για mustn’t.
You have to do your homework.
Χρησιμοποιούμε don’t have to όταν θέλουμε να πούμε ότι δεν είναι απαραίτητο να γίνει κάτι.
You don’t have to do this now – you can do it tomorrow.
Συνήθως χρησιμοποιούμε have to και όχι must στις ερωτήσεις και απαντήσεις.
‘Do we have to do this now?’
‘Yes, you do. / No, you don’t.’
1 Complete with must, mustn’t or
don’t have to.
1 You ................................................................ go if you don’t want to.
2We ................................................................ make a noise – people
are sleeping.
3You ................................................................ not open this door!
4I ................................................................ go – my favourite
programme is on soon!
2 Put the words in the correct order.
1have / to / go / now / we
...............................................................................................................................
2must / I / a new computer / buy
3 Complete the text with these
verbs in the correct form.
cook wash tidy do stop write
Hi Jake,
Life is quite easy for me at home these days, but there
are a few things that I have (1) ......................... . For example,
this morning I have (2) ......................... my room. After that, I
must (3) ......................... a composition for school tomorrow.
Luckily, I don’t have (4) ......................... dinner because my
mum usually cooks. My brother’s older than me and he
has (5) ......................... the car and help to clean the house!
Anyway, I must (6) ......................... writing now.
Write soon,
Pete
...............................................................................................................................
3shout / here / mustn’t / you / in
4 Correct the mistakes.
...............................................................................................................................
4do it all / you / have / don’t / to / now
...............................................................................................................................
5have / I / to / some new shoes / buy
...............................................................................................................................
6harder / must / they / try
...............................................................................................................................
1 We don’t must do that.
...............................................................................................................................
2You haven’t to help me if you’re busy.
...............................................................................................................................
3You must to do all the exercises. ...............................................................................................................................
4It’s free, so you have to not pay.
...............................................................................................................................
5What time have we to leave?
...............................................................................................................................
27
SMASH GRAMMAR EXTRA2.indd 27
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13
May / might / could / should
Χρησιμοποιούμε:
για:
may/might/could
να μιλήσουμε για πράγματα που είναι πιθανόν να
συμβούν τώρα ή στο μέλλον
James may/might/could be at home now.
I may/might/could go to France next year.
could
να προτείνουμε κάτι
‘What could we do tonight?’
‘I know. We could go to that new café in town!’
should/shouldn’t
να δώσουμε μια συμβουλή
That shirt’s very old – you should buy a new one.
You shouldn’t talk to him like this.
Μπορούμε να κάνουμε ερώτηση με might,
could και should αλλά όχι με may.
Might it rain later?
Could this be the right answer?
Should I tell him or will you do it?
Σχηματίζουμε αρνητικές προτάσεις με not.
I might/may not go tonight.
You shouldn’t say things like that.
1 Give advice with should / shouldn’t
3We could / should buy a hot dog if you want.
4You might have / having an accident if you aren’t careful.
5We may go / to go to an island this summer.
6I could / might not stay for dinner tonight.
and these verbs.
eat watch play buy spend
Προσοχή! Χρησιμοποιούμε couldn’t για να μιλήσουμε
για κάτι που δεν μπορούσαμε να κάνουμε στο παρελθόν.
Ι couldn’t go to the party last night.
1(Paul hasn’t got any money)
‘You ................................................................ all your pocket
money.’
2(Sasha wants something to love.)
‘You ................................................................ a pet.’
3(Jen is bored.)
‘You ................................................................ table tennis.’
4(Bob isn’t feeling very well.)
‘You ................................................................ out.’
5(Tom’s eyes are hurting.)
‘You ................................................................ TV all day.’
2 Circle the correct answer. 1 You should / may work harder if you want to do well.
2Anything should / could happen in the next hour.
4 Complete the dialogues using
ideas of your own.
1‘What are you going to do when you’re older?’
‘‘I might ................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................. ’
2‘Have you got any plans for the weekend?’
‘I’m not sure. I may ....................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................. ’
3‘What shall I do with all these old clothes?’
‘You could ........................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................. ’
4‘There’s no food in the house!’
‘We could ..........................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................. ’
28
SMASH GRAMMAR EXTRA2.indd 28
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14
Can / could
Χρησιμοποιούμε:
για:
can/can’t
να πούμε τι μπορούμε ή δεν
μπορούμε να κάνουμε
I can’t see anything. Can you?
I can ride a bike.
να ζητήσουμε άδεια να
κάνουμε κάτι ή να δώσουμε,
ή όχι, την άδεια σε κάποιον
να κάνει κάτι
‘Can/Could I go shopping
with my friends?’
‘You can go shopping
but you can’t have any
more money!’
να ζητήσουμε από κάποιον
μια χάρη
Can/Could you cook
dinner tonight?
Can/Could you
help me, please?
could/couldn’t
να πούμε τι μπορούσαμε ή
δεν μπορούσαμε να κάνουμε
στο παρελθόν
I can ride a bike but
I couldn’t last year.
‘Can you speak French?’
‘I could years ago but
I can’t remember any now.’
be able to (αντί can/could)
να πούμε τι μπορούμε ή δεν
μπορούμε να κάνουμε
He is able to fly a plane.
I wasn’t able to go to the party.
Will you be able to go to the
party?
can/could
1 Circle the correct answer.
1Matthew is fourteen but he can drive / driving a car.
2Mum, can I go / to go bowling tonight?
3Will you can / be able to leave early tonight?
4I can / could speak English now, but I can’t /
couldn’t when I was seven.
5You can / could only go out tonight if you do your
homework first.
I can/can’t/could/couldn’t ...
ride a bike
...............................................................................................................................
4wasn’t / understand / able / I / to / her
...............................................................................................................................
P
speak English
?
2this / help / box / you / could / me / with
3can’t / you / use / phone / my a year ago
play computer games
1we / some money / have / can
...............................................................................................................................
now
stay up late
2 Put the words in the correct order.
...............................................................................................................................
3 Tick the boxes and write sentences
about you.
cook tasty meals
use the Internet
I........................................................................................................................................
can ride a bike now but I couldn’t ride a bike a year ago.
........................................................................................................................................
?
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
29
SMASH GRAMMAR EXTRA2.indd 29
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15
Present perfect
Σχηματίζουμε τον present perfect χρησιμοποιώντας have/has
και το past participle του ρήματος.
Affirmative
Long form Short
form
Negative
Long form Short form
Question
Answer
I have finished
I’ve
finished
I have not
finished
I haven’t
finished
Have I
finished ... ?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.
You have
finished
You’ve
finished
You have not
finished
You haven’t
finished
Have you
finished ... ?
Yes, you have.
No, you haven’t.
He has
finished
He’s
finished
He has not
finished
He hasn’t
finished
Has he
finished ... ?
Yes, he has.
No, he hasn’t.
She has
finished
She’s
finished
She has not
finished
She hasn’t
finished
Has she
finished ... ?
Yes, she has.
No, she hasn’t.
It has finished
It’s
finished
It has not
finished
It hasn’t
finished
Has it
finished ... ?
Yes, it has.
No, it hasn’t.
We have
finished
We’ve
finished
We have not
finished
We haven’t
finished
Have we
finished ... ?
Yes, we have.
No, we haven’t.
You have
finished
You’ve
finished
You have not
finished
You haven’t
finished
Have you
finished ...?
Yes, you have.
No, you haven’t.
They have
finished
They’ve
finished
They have
not finished
They haven’t
finished
Have they
finished ... ?
Yes, they have.
No, they haven’t.
Χρησιμοποιούμε τον present perfect για να μιλήσουμε για κάτι που έγινε στο παρελθόν αλλά είναι
σημαντικό για το παρόν ή ισχύει ακόμα.
I have been to France so now I want to visit a different country.
We have lived here since I was two.
Θυμήσου ότι όταν χρησιμοποιούμε present perfect, δε λέμε πότε (when) έγινε η πράξη στην
οποία αναφερόμαστε.
I have been to France. (not I have been to France last year.)
Κανόνες ορθογραφίας
Τα ομαλά ρήματα σχηματίζουν το past participle με την κατάληξη -ed (ακριβώς όπως και για να
σχηματίσουν τον simple past).
walk, walked, walked
start, started, started
climb, climbed, climbed
Τα ανώμαλα ρήματα σχηματίζουν το past participle το καθένα με διαφορετικό τρόπο.
eat, ate, eaten
go, went, gone
become, became, become
drink, drank, drunk
Μάθε όσα περισσότερα μπορείς!
30
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15
4
Προσοχή! Χρησιμοποιούμε δύο διαφορετικούς τύπους για να πούμε ότι έχουμε πάει κάπου. Αυτοί
είναι: have been και have gone. Το νόημα είναι διαφορετικό. Μελέτησε τα παρακάτω παραδείγματα.
He has been to Paris. (He’s back now.)
He has gone to Paris. (He’s still there.)
1 Write the past participle of these
verbs.
start ......................................................
want .....................................................
cover ...................................................
look ......................................................
brush ....................................................
wash .....................................................
finish ....................................................
like .........................................................
3 Put the words in the correct order.
1to / have / I / China / been
play ........................................................
talk .........................................................
climb .....................................................
call .........................................................
stop .......................................................
walk ......................................................
tidy ........................................................
...............................................................................................................................
2bought / Kim / any books / hasn’t
...............................................................................................................................
3all the food / eaten / have / you
...............................................................................................................................
4gone / Dad / has / work / to ...............................................................................................................................
5had / we / this week / a / haven’t / test ...............................................................................................................................
6nearly / the / finished / film / has 2 Tick the correct questions. Then write short answers.
...............................................................................................................................
?
7have / a lot / played / they / tennis ...............................................................................................................................
1 a) Have you done your homework?
....................
b) Have done you your homework?
Yes, .....................................................................................
2 a) Have you seen Maggie today?
b) You have seen Maggie today?
No, .....................................................................................
3a) Have you gone to Paris?
b) Have you been to Paris?
Yes, .....................................................................................
4 a) Has Ian given you the money?
b) Has Ian gave you the money?
No, .....................................................................................
5 a) Have they their room tidied today?
b) Have they tidied their room today?
Yes, .....................................................................................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
8haven’t / you / your / finished / drink ...............................................................................................................................
4 Complete with the present perfect
form of the verbs in brackets.
It’s my birthday today and I (1) ..............................
just .............................. (speak) to my brother. He says he
(2) .............................. (buy) me a great birthday present! He
says he (3) .............................. (hide) it in a very strange place
and that he (4) .............................. (write) a very long note!
He says I should look for something shiny because he
(5) .............................. (put) it in a silver bag. I can’t wait to find
this mystery present!
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15
5 How many irregular past
participles can you fill in?
A
B
C
become – became – ..............................
begin – began – ..............................
bite – bit – ..............................
break – broke – ..............................
choose – chose – ..............................
come – came – ..............................
D
E
F
do – did – ..............................
drink – drank – ..............................
drive – drove – ..............................
eat – ate – ..............................
fall – fell – ..............................
forget – forgot – ..............................
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
get – got – ..............................
give – gave – ..............................
go – went – ..............................
hide – hid – ..............................
know – knew – ..............................
leave – left – ..............................
make – made – ..............................
meet – met – ..............................
put – put – ..............................
ride – rode – ..............................
ring – rang – ..............................
run – ran – ..............................
say – said – ..............................
see – saw – ..............................
sing – sang – ..............................
shake – shook – ..............................
speak – spoke – ..............................
swim – swam – ..............................
take – took – ..............................
teach – taught – ..............................
wake – woke – ..............................
wear – wore – ..............................
win – won – ..............................
write – wrote – ..............................
6 Put the verbs in brackets in the
correct present perfect form.
1...................................................... (Jane/finish) her homework?
2Helen ...................................................... (not travel) to England
before.
3I ................................................................ (be) a teacher for years. I
...................................................... (teach) both young and older
children.
4Alison and I ...................................................... (know) each other
for 20 years.
5Janet is very sad because her friends
...................................................... (not invite) her to the party
on Sunday.
6I ...................................................... (not try) the food in the new
Chinese restaurant. What is it like?
7...................................................... (you/make) fresh lemonade?
Can I have some, please?
8I ...................................................... (buy) the newspaper but I
...................................................... (not read) it.
9 Look at James! He ...................................................... (put) on 10
kilos since last year.
10I think Alice ...................................................... (lose) a lot of
weight.
11 Children, it’s time for dinner.
...................................................... (you/wash) your hands?
12They ...................................................... (manage) to buy a house
in this expensive neighbourhood.
6 Complete the sentences with been
or gone.
1 Mum has ...................................................... to the supermarket.
Look at all these bags!
2Mum has ...................................................... to the supermarket.
She’ll be back in an hour.
3Mum and Dad have ...................................................... to France
before. This is not the first time.
4I haven’t ...................................................... to the beach at all
because the weather is still quite cold.
5James isn’t at home. He has ...................................................... to
the post office.
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16
Present perfect: for/since/just/yet/already/
before/ever/never
Χρησιμοποιούμε:
για να:
for (+ χρονική περίοδος)
μιλήσουμε για κάτι που
I have lived here
γίνεται εδώ και ... τόσο καιρό for ten years.
since (+ μία στιγμή στο
παρελθόν)
πούμε από πότε γίνεται κάτι
I have lived here since 1 999.
just (μπαίνει πάντα πριν το
past participle)
μιλήσουμε για κάτι που μόλις
συνέβη
yet (σε αρνήσεις και
ερωτήσεις, μπαίνει πάντα στο
τέλος της πρότασης)
πούμε ότι κάτι δεν έχει γίνει
ακόμα ή για να ρωτήσουμε
αν έγινε κάτι)
μιλήσουμε για κάτι που έχει
ήδη συμβεί
I have just finished my
homework.
Haven’t you done
your homework yet?
I haven’t finished yet.
He has already done ten
exercises.
before (μπαίνει πάντα στο
τέλος της πρότασης)
μιλήσουμε για κάτι που έχει
ξανασυμβεί κάποια στιγμή
στο παρελθόν
Have you seen this before?
I haven’t tried Chinese food before.
Jake’s been here before.
ever/never (για ερωτήσεις
και αρνήσεις, μπαίνουν πάντα
πριν το past participle)
ρωτήσουμε αν έχει γίνει ποτέ
ξανά στο παρελθόν κάτι ή για ‘Have you ever read this book?’
‘No, I’ve never heard of it.’
να πούμε ότι ποτέ δεν έχει
ξαναγίνει κάτι
already (μπαίνει πάντα πριν
το past participle)
1 Write for or since.
1I haven’t emailed her .................... two weeks.
2Jen hasn’t phoned .................... two days – do you think
she’s OK?
3They have had three parties .................... January!
4Fiona hasn’t spoken to Gill .................... Saturday.
5We have had the same car .................... four years.
6I’ve lived here .................... 1998.
7I used to live in Patras but I haven’t been back there
.................... years.
8How have you been .................... last summer?
9Kate has worked in this bank .................... fifteen years.
10Nina and Fiona have been friends .................... 1992.
2 Put the words in the correct order.
Then write out the sentences using
the short form where possible.
1film / started / the / just / has
...............................................................................................................................
2already / have / scored / they / two goals
...............................................................................................................................
3spoken / John / yet / to / have / you
...............................................................................................................................
?
4done / I / already / have / that
...............................................................................................................................
5just / finished / have / all my work / I
...............................................................................................................................
6yet / have / book / read / I / that / not
...............................................................................................................................
7ever / to / you / have / China / been
...............................................................................................................................
?
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16
5 Choose the correct answer.
8new / yet / haven’t / a / I / computer / bought
...............................................................................................................................
9talked / yet / you / to / Jill / hasn’t
...............................................................................................................................
?
10 name / before / never / heard / Luke / has / that
............................................................................................................................... ?
3 Circle the correct answer.
1Have you ever / never camped in a forest?
2I’ve been in this class for / since September.
3Haven’t you finished washing the dishes before / yet?
4We’ve had the Internet at home for / since two years.
5Have you been / gone to Africa?
6Have you eaten all your spaghetti before / already?
7I have ever / never seen anything like this before.
8Helen has just / yet called me.
9Jane has already / before cooked dinner
for everybody.
10George has worked here since / for he was eighteen.
11 I have just / yet finished my homework.
12Wait for me! I haven’t put on my
shoes before / yet.
4 Complete the sentences with
these words. for since just yet already before ever never 1I’ve ............................................ heard that band before.
Are they good?
2You don’t have to wash the dishes.
I’ve ............................................ done them.
3I can’t come out this evening because I haven’t
written my composition ............................................ .
4We have been at this school ............................................ three
years.
5Hey! Do you know who I‘ve ............................................ seen
on the bus?
6What have you been up to ............................................ the last
time I saw you?
7This is a great café.
Have you been here ............................................ ?
8Have you ............................................ heard such a silly story?
1 Have you paid the phone bill ................... ?
a) before
b) yet
c) just
2Fiona was here five minutes ago. She has ................... left
the office.
a) since
b) yet
c) just
3Diane and I have known each other ...................
we were at junior school.
a) for
b) before
c) since
4 Have you been to this restaurant ................... ?
a) before
b) just
c) ever
5 Have you ................... heard this name before?
a) already
b) ever
c) yet
6Sue has ................... been abroad. She doesn’t like
travelling.
a) already
b) never
c) just
7Jane has worked in the bank ................... ten years.
a) for
b) since
c) before
8You don’t have to book the tickets. I have ...................
done it.
a) already
b) before
c) never
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17
Present perfect / past simple
Χρησιμοποιούμε:
για να:
Present perfect
μιλήσουμε για
πράγματα που
έγιναν κάποια
στιγμή στο
παρελθόν και
έχουν σχέση με
το παρόν
Past simple
μιλήσουμε για
πράγματα που
συνέβησαν
κάποια
συγκεκριμένη
στιγμή στο
παρελθόν και
τώρα έχουν
τελειώσει
Χρονικές
λέξεις και
φράσεις
We have been
to Italy.
I have already
done my
homework.
Have you had
breakfast yet?
They got married
last year and
they had a baby
two months
ago.
I did my
homework this
morning.
1 Complete with the past simple or
present perfect form of the verbs
in brackets.
1I ...................................................... Hungary before but it’s my
first time in Austria. (be)
2...................................................... to school on the bus this
morning? (you / come)
3William ...................................................... all the crisps! (eat)
4 They ...................................................... to Venice last October. (go)
5I ...................................................... my lunch yet. Please don’t
wait for me. (not finish)
2 Match to make sentences.
1I’ve never been to
Spain
2I’ve seen this film
3
We’ve drunk all the
milk
4We’ve tried to
phone him
I can tell you
about Italy.
abut I hope to go one
day.
band we must buy
some more.
cbut there’s no answer.
dbefore – can we watch
something else?
It’s ready now.
Or are you
hungry now?
We know
when exactly
everything
happened.
for, since,
just, yet,
already,
before,
ever, never
yesterday,
last week,
ago, this
morning, in June, in
2005, when I
was 7
3 Write sentences about ...
1something you did yesterday. ...............................................................................................................................
2someone you saw this morning.
...............................................................................................................................
3something that happened years ago.
...............................................................................................................................
4something you’ve never done.
...............................................................................................................................
4 Find five mistakes and correct them.
I haven’t been to many countries but I visited England. I
have gone there three years ago. I liked it very much! I also
went to France because, in 2006, my parents have taken me
to Eurodisney in Paris. We have had a great time there!
1
...............................................................................................................................
2
3
4
5
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
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18
Conditional 2 (If + past simple + could/would/might ...)
Σχηματίζουμε τον δεύτερο υποθετικό λόγο, conditional 2, ως εξής:
if + past simple, would + infinitive
Χρησιμοποιούμε τον δεύτερο υποθετικό λόγο για να μιλήσουμε
για καταστάσεις οι οποίες πιθανότατα δεν θα συμβούν.
If I lived in Scotland, I would be cold! (I probably won’t live in Scotland.)
If we won a million Euros, we would be very happy!
(We probably won’t win a million euros.)
If I could fly, it would be great! (It’s not possible for me to fly.)
Θυμήσου ότι το if εισάγει τη δευτερεύουσα υποθετική πρόταση.
Μπορεί να προηγείται της κύριας πρότασης ή να ακολουθεί.
Αν προηγείται, τότε χρειάζεται να βάλουμε κόμμα στο τέλος της δευτερεύουσας.
Αν ακολουθεί, τότε δεν βάζουμε κόμμα.
If I lived in Scotland, I would be cold!
I would be cold if I lived in Scotland!
Μπορούμε επίσης να σχηματίσουμε αρνητικές προτάσεις.
If I didn’t like her, I wouldn’t be friends with her. (But I do like her.)
If I didn’t have any money, I wouldn’t be able to go to the cinema. (But I do have some money.)
Χρησιμοποιούμε If + past simple, could/would/might για να πούμε τι θα συνέβαινε αν τα
πράγματα ήταν διαφορετικά.
If I knew the answer, I’d tell you. (I don’t know the answer, so I can’t tell you.)
If he worked harder, he might pass. (He doesn’t work hard so he probably won’t pass.)
If I had a computer, I could do this quickly. (I haven’t got a computer so I have to do it slowly.)
Θυμήσου ότι συνήθως χρησιμοποιούμε If I were αντί If I was στις υποθετικές προτάσεις.
If I were stronger, I could lift him up. (not If I was stronger ...)
1 Put would in the correct place.
1If she helped me, I finish this in ten minutes!
2If we could travel to the moon, you go?
3If they studied harder, they pass their exams.
4What you do if your favourite actor walked into the
room?
5 I think I be much happier if I didn’t live in a big city.
6It be horrible if we had lessons all weekend!
7I go crazy if I had to work at the weekend.
8If he asked for my opinion, I tell him exactly what I think.
9If Kate knew about this, she be very angry.
10If the weather was nice, we go to the beach.
11 What you do if you ran into Brad Pitt?
12If I were you I tell her the truth.
13I call him if I had his number.
14 Mum make us a chocolate cake if she had enough flour.
15If Kate could afford it she go to Cuba for her
summer holiday.
16Paula buy this dress if it wasn’t so expensive.
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SMASH GRAMMAR EXTRA2.indd 36
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18
4
2 Circle the correct tense.
1If I have / had his email address,
I would write / to write to him.
2If my house was / is by the sea,
it would being / be perfect!
3If I was finding / found some money,
I would take / taken it to the police.
4What would you done / do if you
saw / would see a ghost?
5Would you buying / buy me a new stereo if you
were / are rich?
6The world would / will be a better place if people
would be / were nicer.
7If James lived / would live in Germany, he would /
will be very happy.
8How will / would you feel if he will tell /told you a
lie?
9If Tina asked / asks me to go to the cinema, I
wouldn’t / don’t go.
10If you knew / know the truth,
you wouldn’t / won’t say that.
3 Complete the text with these
verbs in the correct form. Use
would where necessary.
(not) listen know (x2) get can be fly (x2)
FOUR THINGS I WOULD LIKE TO BE ABLE TO DO
1If I could see what was going to happen in the future,
it (1) ...................................................... great. For example, if I (2)
I was going to be a doctor or
an actor, I wouldn’t need to go to some of my lessons!
......................................................
2If nobody (3) ...................................................... see me, I would
go to school early and have a look at our tests
before we started. If I knew the answers, I (4) ..................
.................................... top marks every time!
3If I (5) ...................................................... what people were
thinking, I (6) ...................................................... to what they
were saying at all!
4I would love it if I could (7) ..................................................... .
Every morning, I would wake up, open the window,
and jump. If I (8) ...................................................... to school, I
would never be late!
4 Tick (P) the correct sentences.
1 a) If I saw him, I’ll tell her.
b) If I saw him, I would tell her. 2 a)I’d go to her house
if she invited me.
b)I’d go to her house
if she would invite me.
3 a)She had do better
if she tried harder.
b)She would do better
if she tried harder.
4 a)If I won the money,
I’d give you some.
b)If I win the money,
I’d give you some.
5 a) If I knew his name, I could tell you.
b) If I knew his name, I should tell you.
6 a) If I were you, I tell the teacher.
b) If I were you, I’d tell the teacher.
7 a)If I had money,
I would lend some to you.
b)If I have money,
I would lend some to you.
8 a) If knew the problem, I will solve it.
b) If knew the problem, I’d solve it.
9 a) If he applied, he will get the job. b) If he applied, he would get the job.
10 a) She would leave if she was tired.
b) She will leave if she was tired.
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
5 Complete with the correct form of
the verbs in brackets.
1If I .................. (have) a lot of money,
I would buy a house.
2She might pass her exams if she .................. (work) hard.
3If I .................. (live) in England, I would speak English well.
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18
4If CDs .................................. (be) cheaper, I could have lots
of them.
5Where would you go if you .................................. (leave)
Greece?
6I might go to the cinema if he .................................. (invite)
me.
7We could have a really good day if you ..................................
(come) with us.
8I’d have a sandwich to eat if I .................................. (be)
hungry.
9Bob .................................. (eat) the whole chocolate cake if
he was here now.
10If Jane .................................. (play) basketball, she’d be much
thinner.
11 If I .................................. (find) a nice house in this
neighbourhood, I would buy it.
12Bob .................................. (come) with me to the party if he
wasn’t so tired.
13If you .................................. (drink) a lot of water you’d feel a
lot better.
14If I went to the beach today, I .................................. (stay) for
at least six hours.
15If you .................................. (lend) me the book, I would give
it back to you in two weeks.
16If I .................................. (ask) her out, I’m sure she would
say ‘No.’
8If I met a famous person, I ...................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
9If I lived abroad, I .........................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
10If my best friend went away to university, I
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
11 If my parents bought me an expensive car, I
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
12If I were famous, I .......................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
7 Read the sentences and make
conditional sentences as in the
example.
1 I never tidy my room, so my mother gets angry.
If...............................................................................................................................
I tidied my room, my mother wouldn’t get angry.
2My room is very small so I have no space for a big TV.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
3I don’t speak Spanish so I can’t help you.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
6 Complete the sentences for you.
Use would, could or might.
1If I were really good at English, I ....................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2If we had no school for a week, I ...................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
3If I only had enough money for one CD, I ..............................
.....................................................................................................................................
4If I lost all my money, I ............................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
5If I visited the USA, I ................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
6If I lived to be 100, I ...................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
7If I went to a different school, I ......................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
4I don’t know this man so I can’t introduce you to him
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
5I’m sick so I can’t go to the cinema.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
6Jason’s stomach hurts so he doesn’t want anything to
eat.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
7Jane isn’t old enough so her mother doesn’t let her
wear make-up.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
8I always wake up early so that I have time to have a
big breakfast.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
38
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19
Conditionals 1 and 2
Σχηματίζεται ως εξής:
first conditional
(conditional 1)
if + present
simple, will +
infinitive
Χρησιμοποιείται για να:
μιλήσουμε για πράγματα που
είναι πιθανόν να συμβούν στο
μέλλον
If the weather is nice tomorrow,
we’ll go out somewhere.
second conditional
(conditional 2)
if + past
simple, would +
infinitive
μιλήσουμε για πράγματα που
δεν είναι πιθανόν να συμβούν
If I were the king of the world, I would change a lot
of things.
1 Circle the correct answer.
2 Match to make sentences.
1If I could / can, I would get a dog.
1If I could,
2If I don’t / didn’t do my homework, my teacher will
get angry.
3If you break that, I will / would make you pay for it!
4What would you do if you see / saw an accident?
Would you help?
5If you don’t / won’t try, you’ll never pass the test.
6If I know / knew his phone number, I would ring him
now.
7You’ll have a nice surprise if you look / looked out of
your window now.
8 Would you like it if we have / had English every day?
9You’ll find my house easily if you follow / followed
my directions.
10If it rains / rained, we’ll have the party in the house.
11 Ian will / would be late tonight if he has a lot of
work.
12Kate will / would make us some sandwiches if you’re
hungry.
13What would I do if I don’t / didn’t have you as a
friend?
14If you found / find a baby on your doorstep, what
would you do?
15If you switch / switched on the air conditioner, you
wouldn’t feel so hot.
2I’ll come and see
you tomorrow
3
If you go to London,
4You would pass all
your exams
5I would get a new
computer
6She will help you
awhere will you stay?
bif you ask her.
cif you tried a bit
harder.
dif I had 1000 euros.
eI would buy a new
mobile phone.
fif I can.
3 Put the verbs in brackets into the
correct tense.
1If I .......................................... (be) you, I wouldn’t go out at
this time of night.
2 If I see Jim, I .......................................... (tell) him the news.
3I .......................................... (take) some aspirin if I had a
headache.
4If we .......................................... (live) closer by, we would get
together more often.
5Mike will come to the party if he ..........................................
(finish) work early.
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19
4 Complete with these verbs
in the correct tense. Use will,
won’t, would or wouldn’t where
necessary.
be (not)learn have work get pass
I know that if I tried harder, I (1) ......................................................
better marks in my exams, but it’s difficult!
If I knew what I was going to be in the future,
I (2) ...................................................... harder at those subjects.
But I don’t know what I want to be!
If I fail all my exams this year, my mum
(3) ...................................................... very angry with me, and I
probably won’t be able to go out with my friends all
summer! My brother’s really good at school. If he helped
me, I (4) ...................................................... all my exams. But he says
that if he helped me, I (5) ...................................................... anything.
One thing’s for sure – if I fail these exams,
I (6) ...................................................... much fun this summer!
5 Complete the sentences for you.
1If I could do any job, .................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2If I have enough money this weekend, ......................................
.....................................................................................................................................
3If I didn’t live here, ......................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
4If I work hard at school, ........................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
5I wouldn’t have any problems if ......................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
6I’ll phone my friend this evening if ................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
7I would do better at school if ..........................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
8Everyone will be really surprised if ..............................................
6 Choose the correct answer.
1If you .............. to this restaurant, you’ll be very pleased
with the service.
a) went
b) go
c) would go
2If I were you, I .............. ask him to join us.
a) won’t
b) didn’t
c) wouldn’t
3If the weather .............. good at the weekend, we’ll go
camping.
a) will be
b) were
c) is
4I .............. a lot of money if I were a famous actress.
a) had
b) would have
c) will have
5If her friend goes abroad to study, Kate ..............
very sad.
a) will feel
b) would feel
c) feels
6If the telephone .............. , Luke will pick it up.
a) rings
b) rang
c) would ring
7If you .............. your money in your pocket, you will
lose it.
a) would put
b) put
c) will put
8If I .............. have a stomach ache, I would have some
chocolate cake.
a) wouldn’t
b) don’t
c) didn’t
.....................................................................................................................................
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20
Present simple passive
Σχηματίζουμε την παθητική φωνή των ρημάτων με το ρήμα be (am, is, are) και το past participle του ρήματος.
At school, lessons are held, tests are written and homework is given.
Γενικά χρησιμοποιούμε την παθητική φωνή όταν θέλουμε να δώσουμε έμφαση
στην πράξη η οποία γίνεται κι όχι στο ποιος την κάνει. Επίσης χρησιμοποιούμε
την παθητική φωνή όταν δεν ξέρουμε ποιος κάνει την πράξη, όταν δεν είναι σημαντικό
να αναφέρουμε ποιος την κάνει ή όταν είναι ευκόλως εννοούμενο ποιος την κάνει.
Mobile phones are stolen every day. (We don’t know who steals them.)
These cars are made in Germany. (It is clear that the car manufacturer makes them.)
Όταν θέλουμε να αναφέρουμε από ποιον γίνεται η πράξη που περιγράφουμε
με παθητική φωνή, τότε χρησιμοποιούμε τη λέξη by (από).
Το μέρος της πρότασης που εισάγεται με by ονομάζεται ποιητικό αίτιο.
Tests are marked by the head teacher.
Δες πώς αλλάζει μια πρόταση από την ενεργητική φωνή στην παθητική:
1
He
2
3
4
waters
the plants
every day.
3
2
4
The plants
are watered
1
by him
Active:
Passive:
every day.
Προσοχή! Συνήθως όταν το υποκείμενο του ρήματος στην ενεργητική φωνή είναι somebody,
people ή they, τότε δεν το αναφέρουμε στην παθητική φωνή.
They sell olive oil in these shops.
Olive oil is sold in these shops. (not by them.)
People use computers a lot nowadays.
Computers are used a lot nowadays. (not by people.)
Το ρήμα give, το οποίο, όπως και άλλα ρήματα, παίρνει δύο αντικείμενα (πρόσωπο και πράγμα),
είναι λίγο ιδιόμορφο στο σχηματισμό της παθητικής φωνής. Μελέτησε τον παρακάτω πίνακα:
Active:
1
His parents
2
3
4
give
him
money.
3
2
4
He
is given
money
1
by his parents.
Passive:
Σχηματίζουμε αρνήσεις με τη λέξη not. Συχνά χρησιμοποιούμε τους σύντομους τύπους.
I’m not allowed to stay out after 10 pm.
French isn’t taught at our school.
These cars aren’t made in Greece.
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20
Οι ερωτήσεις ξεκινούν με Am, Is, Are. Συνήθως χρησιμοποιούμε τον σύντομο τύπο στην απάντηση.
‘Am I allowed to stay out late tonight?’ ‘Yes, you are. / No, you aren’t..’
‘Is French taught at your school?’ ‘Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.’
‘Are these cars made in Greece?’ ‘Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.’
1 Tick (P) the correct sentences.
2celebrated / carnival / is / in your country
1 a)These MP3 players are made in Japan. b) These MP3 players made in Japan.
2 a) My room is decorating every year.
b) My room is decorated every year.
3 a) Phone cards don’t sold here. b) Phone cards aren’t sold here.
4 a)Basketball matches play
on Saturdays.
b)Basketball matches
are played on Saturdays.
5 a)Are these oranges grown
in Greece?
b)Are grown these oranges
in Greece?
6 a)This magazine is brought
from England.
b)This magazine is brought
from England by people.
7 a)People aren’t allowed to
walk on the grass.
b)People allowed
to walk on the grass.
8 a) Houses like this build in China.
b) Houses like this are built in China.
9 a) Babies fed by their mothers.
b) Babies are fed by their mothers.
10 a) The party is cancelled.
b) The party cancelled.
3held / are / every four years / the Olympics
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
...............................................................................................................................
?
...............................................................................................................................
4is / directed / by Brad Pitt / this film
...............................................................................................................................
5the children / allowed / are / to stay up late
...............................................................................................................................
?
6by / the / is / mechanic / the / repaired / car
...............................................................................................................................
....................
7the / is / music / the / by / orchestra / performed
...............................................................................................................................
....................
....................
....................
8sent / the / invitations / to / by / customers / are /
post
...............................................................................................................................
....................
3 Make the sentences passive. Use by ... only when necessary.
....................
1They produce a lot of olive oil in Greece.
....................
2The cook tastes the food before they serve it.
(x2 passive)
...............................................................................................................................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
....................
...............................................................................................................................
3We give our dog a bath every week in summer.
...............................................................................................................................
4My mum owns the car, but my dad drives it!
(x2 passive)
...............................................................................................................................
5People play football a lot in South America.
...............................................................................................................................
6Children eat a lot of junk food nowadays.
2 Put the words in the correct order.
1served / is / food / in this café
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
7Stuart does the housework every week.
...............................................................................................................................
8 Diane prepares dinner every evening.
...............................................................................................................................
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20
4
6 Correct the mistakes in bold to
make active or passive sentences.
9They deliver a lot of parcels to the office
every day.
...............................................................................................................................
10Mrs Heath teaches French at my school.
1The team is owning by a rich businessman.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
4 Imagine you are writing to a friend
in Italy. Ask questions using the
words in brackets.
?
2(English / teach / in schools)
...............................................................................................................................
?
3(you / allow / to stay out late)
...............................................................................................................................
?
4(football / play / in your school)
...............................................................................................................................
?
5(teachers / give / a lot of homework)
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
3The song is sing by the winner of the show.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
1(cars / make / in Italy)
...............................................................................................................................
2Miss Simpson is taught us English.
?
4The gold coins are keeping in the bank.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
5He is taken photographs every day.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
6This room isn’t cleaning every day.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
7A lot of tourists are visited these ancient ruins. ...............................................................................................................................
5 Complete the text with the
passive or active form of the verbs
in brackets.
A nice life
Johnny Jackson is very rich. He lives in a huge house in
the city with seventeen rooms. A lot of people
(1) ...................................................... (work) for him, so he doesn’t
have to do anything for himself. When he wakes up
in the morning, (2) ...................................................... (make / his
coffee) by James, the housekeeper. James works very
hard for Johnny, and he (3) ......................................................
(choose) his clothes for him.
Lunch (4) ...................................................... (serve) at one o’clock
and dinner at eight. His house (5) ......................................................
(clean) every day and his car (6) ......................................................
(drive) by George, his driver. What a nice life!
...............................................................................................................................
8The car washes by the children every two weeks.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
9Computer games are selling at low prices in this
shop.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
10The play performs at the National Theatre.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
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21
Past simple passive
Χρησιμοποιούμε το ρήμα be στον past simple (was, were) και το past participle
του ρήματος για να σχηματίσουμε την παθητική φωνή στον past simple.
Yesterday, our tests were marked by our teacher.
Δες πώς αλλάζει μια πρόταση από την ενεργητική φωνή στην παθητική:
Active:
Passive:
1
The children
2
3
broke
the window.
3
2
The window
was broken
1
by the children.
Θυμήσου ότι το ρήμα give, το οποίο, όπως και άλλα ρήματα, παίρνει δύο αντικείμενα
(πρόσωπο και πράγμα), είναι λίγο ιδιόμορφο στο σχηματισμό της παθητικής φωνής.
Μελέτησε τον παρακάτω πίνακα:
Active:
1
His teacher
2
3
4
gave
him
a good mark.
3
2
4
He
was given
a good mark
1
by his teacher.
Passive:
Στις ερωτήσεις το ρήμα (Was, Were) μπαίνει πριν το υποκείμενο.
Συνήθως χρησιμοποιούμε τον σύντομο τύπο στην απάντηση.
‘Was he invited to the wedding?’ ‘Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t.’
‘Were all the children given presents?’ ‘Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.’
Όταν θέλουμε να μάθουμε από ποιον έγινε μια πράξη, δηλαδή το ποιητικό αίτιο,
σχηματίζουμε την ερώτηση ως εξής:
Active:
1
The window
2
3
4
was broken
by
...?...
4
2-1
3
Who
was the window broken
by?
Passive:
Who was the party organised by?
Who were the books ordered by?
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21
4
1 Circle the correct answer.
1 Those books was / were written a year ago.
2My house was built / built in 2005.
3Nothing was stolen / stole but the door was broke
/ broken.
4Was / Were these trees planted by your parents?
5Why was she given / she gave 20, when I only got
/ was got 19?
6Jane was bitten / bit by a dog when she was 10.
7Luke and Mary were given / gave a prize for
winning the game.
8The guests were welcomed / welcomed by the
manager of the hotel.
9Her boss was given / gave her a raise.
10The letters typed / were typed by the secretary.
4 Make the sentences passive. Use
by ... only when necessary.
2 Make questions.
1you / given / were / a test / today
...............................................................................................................................
?
2to play in the team / was / Jim / asked
...............................................................................................................................
?
3invited / were / all your friends
...............................................................................................................................
?
4the window / broken / at night / was
...............................................................................................................................
?
5the / who / planted / was / tree / by
...............................................................................................................................
?
6the / yesterday / opened / centre /
exhibition / was
...............................................................................................................................
?
7your / you / paid / work / weren’t / for
...............................................................................................................................
?
8this / sister / your / taken / was / photo / by
...............................................................................................................................
3Do you know when they ...................................................... this
school? (build)
4Danny ...................................................... by the police but they
let him go. (stop)
5 Our teacher ...................................................... us all good marks
in our test. (give)
6The head teacher ...................................................... a bunch of
flowers for her birthday. (give)
7Her gold ring ...................................................... (steal) a couple
of weeks ago.
8The two scientists ...................................................... (do) an
experiment in the lab last week.
9English ...................................................... (speak) by a lot of
people around the world.
10James ...................................................... (interrupt) by Erika
while he was talking.
?
1Someone stole Linda’s watch yesterday.
Linda’s .................................................................................................................
2They played my favourite song on the radio this
morning.
My favourite .................................................................................................
3The policeman asked him a lot of questions.
He ...........................................................................................................................
4My grandfather gave this painting to me.
This painting ................................................................................................
5The teacher sent her out of the classroom!
She .........................................................................................................................
6Erika gave me this book to read on my holiday.
I ...............................................................................................................................
7The students collected a lot of money for their
trip to London.
A lot of money .......................................................................................,,....
...........................................................................................................................
3 Complete with the passive or active
form of the verbs in brackets.
1 We ...................................................... home from school early
yesterday. (send)
2No one knows when the
money ...................................................... . (take)
8The children feed the pets every day.
The pets ...........................................................................................................
9Jane Austen wrote Emma in 1816.
Emma ..................................................................................................................
10Lots of people visit Rome every year.
Rome ...................................................................................................................
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22
Who / which / that
Οι λέξεις who, which και that εισάγουν αναφορικές προτάσεις.
Χρησιμοποιούμε who, which ή that για να δώσουμε περισσότερες
πληροφορίες για κάτι ή για να εξηγήσουμε κάτι το οποίο έχει ήδη
αναφερθεί μέσα στην πρόταση.
Το who αναφέρεται σε ανθρώπους, το which σε ζώα ή πράγματα
και το that μπορεί να αναφερθεί και στα τρία.
This is the man who/that won all the money.
This is the song which/that Jack really likes.
The screen is the thing which/that you look at on a computer.
1 Cross out the incorrect word.
3(dogs / animals / people keep as pets)
1A good friend is someone who / which / that you
4(magician / someone / performs tricks)
can always talk to.
2A plastic bag is a thing who / which / that we use to
carry our shopping in.
3Dogs are animals who / which / that give a lot of
love.
4I don’t like people who / which / that don’t tell the
truth.
5These are exercises who / which / that test your
grammar.
6Is that the boy who / which / that stole your bike?
7An MP3 player is something who / which / that
plays music.
8Mr Davis is the teacher who / which / that teaches
us Biology.
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
5(mechanic / someone / repairs cars)
...............................................................................................................................
3 Complete the sentences for you.
1 I love people ....................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2I don’t like people ......................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
3I like television programmes .............................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2 Make sentences.
1(thief / person / steals things)
...............................................................................................................................
2(A CD player / thing / you play music on)
...............................................................................................................................
4A good teacher is someone ..............................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
5A good friend is someone ...................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
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47
SMASH GRAMMAR EXTRA2.indd 47
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Macmillan Hellas SA
2 Missaraliotou St
117 42, Makrygianni
Athens, Greece
ISBN 978-960-447-254-3
© Macmillan Hellas SA 2008
First published 2008
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior
permission of the publishers.
Designed by Dimitris Afeidis
Cover designed by Macmillan Hellas SA
Printed and bound in Greece
2012
10 9
2011
8 7
6
2010
5 4
SMASH GRAMMAR EXTRA2.indd 48
2009
3 2
2008
1
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