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Earnings in Thousands of Dollars
4
2
Figure 1: Average Earnings for Losers, Winners and Big Winners
x 10
1.5
1
0.5
0
−6
−4
−2
0
Year Relative to Winning
2
4
6
4
6
Proportion with Positive Earnings
Figure 1: Average Earnings for Losers, Winners and Big Winners
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
−6
−4
−2
0
Year Relative to Winning
2
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