TAKSREVIEW
Dates
1607: Jamestown, Virginia was founded
1776: Declaration of Independence was written, contained grievances listed against King
George
1787: United States Constitution was written
1803: Louisiana Purchase, bought from France, doubled the size of U.S.
1861-1865: Civil War
Documents
Magna Carta- 1215- means great charter. Influenced Bill of Rights, especially the part about
trial by jury, rights of accused. (no free man shall be seized or imprisoned)
English Bill of Rights- 1689 strengthened the rights of English citizens
Mayflower CompactFundamental
Declaration
George
1620 set up self government in Plymouth colony
Orders of Connecticutof Independence-
Northwest Ordinance-
First written constitution in the U.S.
written by Thomas Jefferson, list grievances against King
dealt with the orderly way of dividing the Northwest Territory.
u.s. Constitution- 1789, replaced the Articles of Confederation, divides the government into
three branches, Checks and Balances
Articles of Confederation- first governing document, was weak because the federal government
was denied the power to tax or levy an army, regulate trade, or place tariffs.
Bill of Rights-made up of the first ten amendments and addresses the grievances listed in the
Declaration of Independence, protects individual rights.
Emancipation Proclamationduring the Civil War
abolished slavery only in states that seceded from the Union
Virginia Plan: wanted representation in legislature to be based on population of state.
New Jersey Plan: wanted representation in legislature to be equal for all states.
Rhode Island: founded by William Penn after being expelled from Massachusetts for
disagreeing with puritan religious views, set up a government based on separation of church and
state.
New York: founded by Dutch settlers for profit, later sold to the English, became an important
port city.
Political Parties
Federalists: strong central government, loose interpretation of the Constitution, led by
Alexander Hamilton, in favor of national bank, promoted industry
Anti Federalists: stronger state governments, strict interpretation of the Constitution, led by
Thomas Jefferson, against national bank, promoted agriculture
Democratic-Republican:
Other Information
same as anti-federalist
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Monroe Doctrine: stated that all of western hemisphere would be closed to European
colonization.
Manifest Destiny: the idea that the United States occupy all land from the Atlantic to the Pacific
starts westward expansion
Trail of Tears: the journey the Cherokee Indians were forced to make when they lost their lands
to white settlers to Indian Territory (Oklahoma). Many will lose their lives.
Abolition: do away or abolish slavery
Whiskey Rebellion: started when the government put a tax on whiskey upsetting the people of
the backcountry. George Washington was forced to send Alexander Hamilton and the army to
put down rebellion. This rebellion showed the authority to the Federal government.
Proclamation of 1763: passed by King George after the French and Indian War to keep colonist
from moving west pass the Appalachians because he did not want trouble from the native
amencans.
Washington's Farewell Address: warned the American people from forming political parties
(the spirit of parties) and foreign entanglements.
Fugitive Slave Act: the Northern states were forced to assist Southern slave catchers in looking
and locating runaway slaves. Due to this law slaves were now required to run all the way to
Canada for freedom
Suffrage: right to vote
Temperance Movement: the stopping of buying, selling, and production of alcohol
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Battles
ConcordlLexington~77~
around the world
Saratoga
Yorktown
first shots of the Revolutionary War. Known as the shots heard
.
1777: turning point of Revolutionary War, France will aid Americans in fight
1781: last battle of Revolutionary War, Gen. Cornwallis surrenders
Ft. Sumter 1861: first shots of the Civil War
Gettysburg
1863: turning point of the Civil War in favor of the Union
Vicksburg:
Union will take complete control of the Mississippi cutting the Confederacy in half.
French and Indian War: war fought between the French and British, England will gain control
of all territory west of the Appalachian Mountains to Mississippi River
Revolutionary War: war fought between the 13 colonies and the British. Colonies will gain
independence from England
Regions and Colonies
New England:
long cold winters, rocky soil, economy based on fishing, shipbuilding, whaling
Middle: some fertile land, diverse population and religions, major cities and ports, economy
based on trading and agriculture. Farmers grew wheat, corn, and oats.
Southern: longest growing season, abundance of very fertile soil, economy based on agriculture,
farmers grew tobacco (first cash crop), indigo, rice, and cotton.
Backcountry: located next to Appalachian Mountains, very harsh environment, population made
up of mostly Scots Irish, economy based on fur trading with native Americans.
Massachusetts:
Maryland:
founded by Pilgrims and Puritans for religious freedom
founded by Lord Baltimore for Catholics
Pennsylvania:'
founded by William Penn as a haven for Quakers
Georgia: founded by James Oglethorpe as a haven for debtors, buffer between Spanish Florida
and 13 colonies, last colony to be formed
Virginia: founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company for profit, thought they could find gold,
instead economy was based on growing tobacco (first cash crop), it swampy location made it
difficult for the first settlers to survive. If it wasn't for John Smith and Pocahontas colony would
have failed
..
California Gold Rush: when many settlers rushed to California when gold was discover there to
get rich.
Representative democracy: when we elect (vote) people to represent us in the government
Popular Sovereignty: when people vote
Unalienable rights: rights that cannot be taken away
Inventions: made work easier for people leaving them more time for leisure.
Mechanical reaper: invented by Cyrus McConnick, made it easier to cut wheat or other crops
saving farmers time and reducing the amount of labor needed.
Cotton Gin: invented by Eli Whitney, made the cleaning of cotton easier, and benefited the
plantation owners because they could double the amount of cotton being grown.
Sewing Machine: invented by Elias Howe, made making clothes a lot faster and easier giving
women more time for leisure activities.
Steamboat: invented by Robert Fulton, made it easier for boats to travel against the current,
people and goods could be transported a lot faster and easier.
Telegraph: invented by Samuel Morse, increased communication among people.
Interchangeable Parts: made it easier to fix machines, increased productivity making
manufactured goods less expensive.
Trails West: Westward expansion, all trails will start off at Independence, Missouri
Mormon Trail: trail will go to Utah
Oregon Trail: used by many settlers to travel to Oregon territory, was difficult because people
had to go through the Rocky Mountains
California Trail: used by settlers to travel to California during the Gold Rush, trail led across
the Rocky and Sierra Nevada Mountains
Santa Fe Trail: used by traders to travel to Santa Fe.
Three Branches of Government
~~~~----------~--------------~
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary
Makes the Laws
Enforces the laws
Interprets the laws
Erie Canal: most work on the canal was done by Irish immigrants; the canal will open up the
west to the east making it easier for people and goods to travel from eastern cities to the
Northwest Territory.
Causes of the Revolutionary War: taxation without representation, passing of laws beginning
with navigation acts, stamp act, Boston Massacre, Tea Act, and Intolerable Acts.
Causes of the Civil War: Tariffs, states rights, and slavery
Industrial Revolution: hand tools were replaced by machinery, increased productivity,
inexpensive goods, growth of cities, increased immigration,
Navigation Acts: passed by King George saying that the colonies were not able to trade with
any other country but England.
Mercantilism: raw material is taken from the colony and sent back to the mother country to be
made into products, and then these products are sold back to colony.
Fugitive Slave Act: Angered the north because they would be force to help slave catchers look
for runaway slaves in the north. Because of this so now slaves had to runaway all the way to
Canada.
Boston Tea Party: Colonist dressed up as Indians and dumped tea into Boston Harbor in
response to the Tea Act.
Boston Massacre: a fight between colonist and British soldiers in which five colonist die,
attributed to the Revolutionary War.
Indian Removal Act: policy passed by Andrew Jackson in which Native Americans were forced
off their lands. These lands were then opened up to white settlers.
Marbury v. Madison: Judicial Review, Supreme Court has the right to decided whether a law
is constitutional or unconstitutional
Dred Scott v. Sanford: Supreme Court stated that slaves were not citizens so therefore could not
sue in the Supreme Court.
Worcester v. Georgia: Supreme Court stated that Cherokee could not be forced off their land by
the state of Georgia. Jackson will ignore this ruling and continue with the Indian Removal
Policy.
McCulloch v. Maryland: Supreme Court stated that a state could not tax a national bank. More
power given to Federal Government
Gibbons v. Ogden: Supreme Court stated that only the Federal Government could regulate
commerce and trade. Increased power of the Federal Government
Nullification: policy in which a state could nullify (ignore) a law if they felt was
unconstitutional, led to the Civil War. Mostly dealt with tariffs (taxes on imported goods),
mainly dealt with the South.
Tariffs: taxes on imported goods caused the prices of these products to increase.
Robert E. Lee- primary general of the Confederacy during the Civil War, will surrender to
Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.
Harriet Beecher Stowe- wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, was an abolitionist; Lincoln will refer to her
as the little lady that started this great war meaning the Civil War.
Horace Mann: father of public education, said that education is the great equalizer of society.
Education will open many doors of opportunities.
King George: king of England during the Revolutionary War
Baron Von Steubing, Marquis de Lafayette:
Revolutionary war.
foreigners that aided Americans during the
Elizabeth
Cady Stanton: started the women's rights and suffrage movements.
Sojourner
Truth: former slave that was a supporter of women's rights and abolitionist
Alexander Hamilton:
national bank.
secretary of the treasury, leader of the Federalists party, in favor of a
Anne Hutchinson: was expelled from the Massachusetts colony by the Puritans and went to
Rhode Island because of her religious beliefs
Roger Williams: founded Rhode Island after being kicked out of Massachusetts, set up
separation of church and state
William Penn: founded Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers
Pilgrims: founded Massachusetts for religious freedom
Puritans:
came to Massachusetts for religious freedom
Amendments
1st contains five freedoms
8th limits of fines and punishments
2nd right to bare arms
9th rights of people
3rd no quartering of soldiers
10th powers of states and people
4 th search and seizure
13th abolished slavery in the U.S.
5th rights
14tb gave African Americans citizenship
of the accused
6tb right to speedy and public trial
15tb gave African Americans the right to vote
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Treaty of Guadalupe
Mexican Cession.
Hidalgo: ended the Mexican American War, United States got the
Adam Onis Treaty: United States gets Florida from Spain
Compromises
Three-fifths (3/5) Compromiserepresentation purposes
said that slaves would be counted as 3/5 of population for
Great Compromise- combined the Virginia and New Jersey plans. Said that representation in
the House of Representation would be based on population and in the Senate every state would
have 2 representatives.
Missouri Compromise 1820- kept the balance of power between slave states and free states.
Stated that Maine would come in as a free state and that Missouri would come in as a slave state.
It also banned slavery north of the 36 parallel
Compromise of 1850- California came in as a free state; slave trading was abolished in
Maryland. The Fugitive Slave Act was passed.
People
Sam Adams- leader of the Sons of Liberty
Benjamin Franklinthe Constitution
ambassador to France, inventor, wrote Poor Richards Almanac, signer of
Thomas Jefferson- wrote Declaration of Independence, 3rd President, purchased Louisiana from
France, leader of the Anti-Federalists party
Thomas Paine- wrote Common Sense, said that it was right to fight for independence from
England
Patrick Henry- said Give me liberty or Give me death" meant that freedom is worth dying for.
George Washington-
1st President, leader of the Continental Army
Abraham Lincoln- 16th president, wrote the Gettysburg address, passed the Emancipation
Proclamation freeing slaves in the Confederacy
Andrew Jackson-leader of the Democratic Party, Indian removal policy in which all Indians
were to be moved to Indian Territory and lands given to white settlers. Opened up voting rights
to all white men.
Ulysses Grant- general of the Union Army during the Civil War
Jefferson Davis- President of the confederacy during the Civil War