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DEMYELINATING DISEASES
Course # 2031
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Author: 3DWULFLD0DU[51%6106
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Course Material Valid through: 10/2014
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Copyright © 2011
W.S. Keefer
All rights reserved
Published by the National Center of Continuing
Education, Inc.,
Lakeway, Texas.
Printed in the United States of America.
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©National Center of Continuing Education, Inc.
Multiple Sclerosis
Page 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
About the Author ................................................................................................................. 3
Purpose and Goals ............................................................................................................... 3
Instructional Objectives....................................................................................................... 3
The History of Multiple Sclerosis ........................................................................................ 3
An Introduction to the Demyelinating Diseases ................................................................ 3
6SHFLÀFVRQ0XOWLSOH6FOHURVLV ........................................................................................... 3
Potential Contributing Factors ........................................................................................... 4
Types of MS .......................................................................................................................... 4
Pathophysiology of MS ........................................................................................................ 4
Symptomatology of MS ........................................................................................................ 5
Figure 1: Initial Symptoms ................................................................................................. 5
Pain and MS ......................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 2: Symptom Chart .................................................................................................... 6
Cognitive Changes in MS .................................................................................................... 7
Paroxysmal Symptoms ........................................................................................................ 7
Optic Neuritis and Visual Problems ................................................................................... 7
GI Disturbances .................................................................................................................. 7
Bladder Problems ...................................................................................................... 7
Constipation and Bowel Problems ........................................................................... 8
Sexual Dysfunction .............................................................................................................. 8
Diagnosis of MS.................................................................................................................... 8
Treatment and Pharmacology ............................................................................................. 8
Complementary and Alternative Therapies ....................................................................... 9
Nutritional Approaches to MS.................................................................................. 9
9LWDPLQ''HÀFLHQF\ .............................................................................................. 10
Supplement Safety Caveats.................................................................................... 10
Psychosocial Factors in the MS Patient ........................................................................... 11
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD)............................................................................................ 11
The Myelin Project ............................................................................................................. 12
Demyelinating Diseases of the Peripheral
Nervous System ................................................................................................................. 12
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis .......................................................................................... 12
Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 13
Suggested Readings ........................................................................................................... 13
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Multiple Sclerosis
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About the Author
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neuroscience nursing, oncology, and hospice
and palliative care. She has been involved
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a busy oncology unit to hospice care. She
was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in
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sional and personal level. She has struggled
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that has now become secondary progressive.
She welcomes any questions, comments, or
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with this disease.
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neurological diseases.
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Purpose and Goals
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Sclerosis and demyelinating diseases. Top
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ments and more.
Instructional
Objectives
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demyelinating disorders.
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central nervous system.
3. List the demographics and peculiar
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sclerosis.
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sclerosis.
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multiple sclerosis.
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multiple sclerosis.
7. Recognize the potential cognitive changes
that may occur in individuals with
multiple sclerosis.
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sclerosis.
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sclerosis.
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multiple sclerosis.
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system. This myelin helps the neurons to
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stroyed, signals are transmitted erratically
or not transmitted at all. Scar tissue, called
plaque, is deposited over the neuron causing
an even more severe barrier to communica
tion.
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tem in the body, including vision, sensation,
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The History of Multiple
Sclerosis
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legs. She recovered strength in her legs but
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progressed over decades until she was unable
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was declared to be a saint.
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physicians have been trying to better
understand this disease in order to help
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agnostic tools and new drugs have been
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a mystery.
An Introduction
to Demyelinating
Diseases
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white matter is called “myelin” and it is
a protective white coating that surrounds
the nerves in the brain and spinal cord.
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cal discharges (action potentials) within
the nervous system. Just as wires in an
electrical system require an “insulator”
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our central nervous system requires this
coating too, so that electrical signals do
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stripped away, scar tissue, called plaque,
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been. The scar tissue is not conductive
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destination.
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sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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but we will discuss them separately in
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Sclerosis
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chronic disability in young adults with
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is negligible.
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Multiple Sclerosis
Page 3
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United States. Approximately 200 people
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Autopsy reports alone show that thousands
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reasonable estimate is that there are over
600,000 people in the United States with
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opinion is also voiced that the incidence
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emotionally draining chronic illness.
Potential
Contributing Factors
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cording to geographic distribution. This is
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is extremely high. Scientists speculate
that perhaps a climatic variable, such as
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Others believe that a particular virus may
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hospitable.
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susceptibility to multiple sclerosis. Certain
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an autoimmune disease. The body’s own
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bacteria and viruses), but the person’s own
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myelin and as the body attempts to heal
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this antigen. Newer studies with identical
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will also develop the disease.
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is that the people in them consume much
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poorer nations. A diet containing no meat
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research has been done to understand the
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may be responsible.
Types of Multiple
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ing to the diseases progression such as:
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secondary progressive, or progressive and
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gives the person an almost complete return
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return completely. As a person experiences
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disease may evolve into “secondary pro
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remissions.
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intense demyelination and the development
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and heart rate.
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research scientists need to understand the
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the patient better understand what to expect
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debilitating illness.
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all bodily activity. The heart beats because
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in the brain and is transmitted via neurons
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tuned in an Olympic athlete or damaged as in
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movements.
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example, when a person has a cerebrovascular
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center are damaged, the person will have prob
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that neurons will actually regenerate and a child
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but the covering surrounding that neuron,
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in the lower extremities. The examiner may
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person, becoming tighter and tighter. Some
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exercise, or an increase in environmental
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neuropathic pain (2) pain indirectly related
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were individuals with multiple sclerosis.
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pain, which is described as any pain that has
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person is coping with a severe and debilitat
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to prevent impacted stool. Constipation is
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which stimulated the immune system to
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has been proposed in order to halt the
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implications are tremendous. There is a high
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Women who develop multiple sclerosis in
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children, even though there is not a direct
correlation between pregnancy and relapse.
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their careers.
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device or even mentioning their disease.
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they will be hiring an “impaired” individual.
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males, yet the trait is carried only on the
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being a very bright and active child to a
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Multiple Sclerosis
Page 11
ality, such as inappropriate screaming and
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with gait and a gross tremor. The disease
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them to be normal. The discovery was too
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irreversible brain damage.
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unwilling to accept that prognosis and cre
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laborate and critique their research on
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research in actually trying to regenerate
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Demyelinating
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can degenerate in a disease process. These
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somehow activates the immune system to
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mission naturally and results in complete
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the demyelinating process.
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etiology that causes a progressive degeneration
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in males. The patient may begin to have slight
neurological impairments, such as speech
that sounds slurred. Later, he will experience
problems with ambulation and then movement
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tary movement stops and the patient is totally
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survival.
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in order to get caregivers to understand what
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they do not want to be on a ventilator. They
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torture. They gradually die because they can
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Conclusion
Suggested Readings
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but may cause brain atrophy (Alzheimer’s
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structural changes in the brain and spinal cord.
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advocate, she must be able to help the patient
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in these diseases, much still needs to be done.
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portive and symptom management. The role
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toxins (such as solvents or heavy metals) and
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Multiple Sclerosis
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