Soy Protein
• Muscle health benefits: for Sports Nutrition Recovery and during aging
• May 9, 2017
• Mark Cope, PhD
Blending Proteins to Provide Better Muscle Health
• Importance of Muscle Health
• The Benefits of Soy Protein
• Hypothesis for Blending Proteins
• Pre-clinical Study
• Recovery and Muscle Synthesis in Active Adults
• Improved Muscle Synthesis and Reduced Muscle
Breakdown in Older Adults
• Summary and Take Away Message
Why blend proteins?
Combining unique attributes of soy & dairy proteins
Beverages Made with Blends of Soy &
Dairy Are Preferred for Taste
Blending soy, casein, whey proteins may
increase the anabolic window for
increased muscle growth
G. Paul: The Rationale for Consuming Protein Blends in Sports Nutrition.
Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2010
High Quality Protein Sources that
Deliver Essential Amino Acids,
including Leucine
DuPont Sensory Research findings support flavor
advantages of blending soy and dairy proteins.
Of the top 7 scoring beverages, 6 were
formulated with soy and dairy proteins.
Pre-Clinical Animal Study
Clin Nutr. 2013 Aug;32(4):585-91
• What is the optimal protein
blend that can stimulate
muscle protein synthesis over
a prolonged period of time
compared to a single protein
•
•
Using proteins of varying digestion and
absorption rates
• Whey, soy & casein
Using an unexercised rat model of muscle
protein synthesis
Fractional Synthetic Rate (%/day)
Study Aim:
Blend 1
Blend 2
a
ab
Soy
Whey
ab
b
Time
Blend 2 (25:25:50 – soy:whey:caseinate) showed the greatest FSR &
extended muscle synthesis in this combination
Study Design
PRODUCTS
Protein Blend (25% whey isolate, 25% soy isolate
and 50% casein)
Whey (100% whey isolate)
PRO (g)
EAA (g)
LEU (g)
Blend1
19.3±1.1
8.7±0.5
1.8±0.1
Whey
17.7±0.9
9.0±0.4
1.9±0.1
Healthy, young adults (n=19)
1The
PB was 50% sodium caseinate, 25% WPI, and 25% SPI
Reidy, et al. J Nutr. 2013
Reidy et al. J Appl Physiol. 2014
Acute Study in Young Adults
Soy-dairy blend extends muscle protein synthesis
• Whey rapidly increased
BCAAs early, although
dropped after 2 hours.
• Soy-dairy blend
modestly elevates
BCAAs early &
maintains a steady
level of BCAAs up to 4
hours.
• Only the soy-dairy
blend maintained
higher muscle protein
synthesis during the
last 2 hours measured.
Soy-dairy blend vs. whey protein alone provides a prolonged delivery of amino acids to the
muscles, making it optimal for consumption following resistance exercise
Reidy et al., J Nutr. 2013. 143(4): 410-6
Acute Study in Young Adults
Post-exercise muscle anabolism
prolonged with soy-dairy blend
+
-
Time Post-Ingestion (min)
† Net balance significantly more positive at 1 & 2 hrs post-ingestion compared to whey
Net Balance =
(Arterial Phe – Venous Phe ) x Leg Blood Flow
Reidy et al., J Appl Physiol. 2014. 116(11):1353-64
Extended Study in Young Adults
Effect of soy-dairy blend supplementation on
metabolic & muscle adaptations during resistance
exercise training
Double-blind, parallel-design, randomized clinical trial
Study Aims
• To determine the effect of soy-dairy protein blend supplementation
during resistance exercise training on lean body mass, muscle thickness,
and strength in young, active men.
Serving g
Serving g
26.2
25.2
Extended
Study
in
Young
Adults
g%
%
Protein supplements
Maltodextrin Placebo
(MDP)
Protein Blend (PB)
25.2
26.2
25.2
g
10.0
1
21.5
21.9 treatments
<0.10
82.1
87.0
Protein
0.0
21.5
21.9
<0.10
82.1
87.0
Protein
Supplemental
1 Composition
Supplemental Table 1 Composition
of theTable
nutritional
treatmentsof the nutritional
0.1
0.6
0.7
0.3
2.5
2.8
Fat
0.1
0.6
0.7
0.3
2.5
2.8
Fat
PB
WP
MDP
PB
WP
MDP
PB
WP
MDP
PB
WP
MDP
0.0
0.7
0.9
<0.2
2.5
3.7
Ash
0.0
0.7
0.9
<0.2
2.5
3.7
Ash
g/100g
product
per
serving
g/100g
product
per
serving
1.4
1.8
1.5
5.4
7.0
5.9
Moisture
1.4
1.8
1.5
5.4
7.0
5.9
Moisture
23.7
1.5
0.2
94.2
5.8
0.6
Carbohydrate
23.7
1.5
0.2
94.2
5.8
0.6
Carbohydrate
Serving g
25.2
26.2
25.2
Serving g
25.2
26.2
25.2
96
98
95
Calories
96
98
95
Calories
%
g
%
g
mg
mg
mg
mg
87.0
82.1
21.9
21.5
0.0
Protein
87.0 Protein
82.1
<0.10
21.9
21.5 <0.10
0.0
14.9
45.6
220.2
59.3
174.0
874.0
Sodium
14.9
45.6
220.2
59.3
174.0
874.0
Sodium
Fat
2.8
2.5
0.3
0.7
0.6
0.1
Fat
2.8
2.5
0.3
0.7
0.6
0.1
Potassium
Ash
Calcium
Maltodextrin Moisture
Magnesium
Carbohydrate
Phosphorus
Calories
25% whey protein isolate, 25% soy
Alanine
protein, 50% caseinate
Sodium
Arginine
Potassium
Acid
Aspartic
100% whey protein isolate
Whey Protein (WP)
Calcium
Cysteine
Magnesium
Acid
Glutamic
Phosphorus
Glycine
2
Histidine
2
Isoleucine
Alanine
2
Leucine
Arginine
2
Lysine
• Supplements daily for 12 wks ingested with
300
Aspartic
Acid
2
Methionine
Cysteine
mL water:
2
Phenylalanine
Glutamic Acid
Proline
Glycine
➢ Immediately following workout 3x / wk
Serine 2
Histidine 2
Threonine 2
Isoleucine 2
Tryptophan
➢ Between meals on non-workout days 4x
/ wk 2
Leucine
Tyrosine
2
Lysine2
Valine
2
Methionine
Total EAA
2
Phenylalanine
Proline
Serine
2
545.7
137.5
3.7
0.9
141.7
35.7
5.9
1.5
32.2
8.1
0.6
0.2
614.0
154.7
95
631.7
165.5
2.5
0.7
390.0
102.2
7.0
1.8
75.8
19.9
5.8
1.5
259.7
68.0
98
25.2
10.4
2.6
<0.2
0.0
<0.01
0.0
5.4
1.4
4.8
1.2
94.2
23.7
<0.01
0.0
96
137.5
0.9
35.7
1.5
8.1
0.2
154.7
95
545.7
3.7
141.7
5.9
32.2
0.6
614.0
Potassium
10.4
631.7
Ash
2.5
<0.2
Calcium
<0.01
390.0
Moisture
7.0
5.4
Magnesium
4.8
75.8
Carbohydrate
5.8
94.2
Phosphorus
<0.01
259.7
Calories
g
mg
3.45
874.0
3.74
545.7
7.92
141.7
1.02
32.2
18.27
614.0
2.11
2.28
g
4.72
3.45
7.95
3.74
6.77
7.92
2.05
1.02
4.14
18.27
7.23
2.11
4.63
2.28
4.37
4.72
1.14
7.95
3.97
6.77
5.40
2.05
38.83
4.14
7.23
4.63
g
gg
mg
mg
mg
0.87
4.54
3.45
Alanine
-1.19
0.87
4.54
174.0 59.3
220.2 174.0
45.6 59.3
14.9
Sodium
874.0
220.2
0.94
1.95
3.74
Arginine
-0.51
0.94
1.95
631.7 -10.4
137.5
165.5 10.4
Potassium
545.7
137.5
2.00
9.17
7.92 631.7
Acid
Aspartic
--2.6
2.40
2.00
9.17
390.0
<0.01
35.7
102.2
0.0
Calcium
141.7
390.0
<0.01
35.7
0.26
2.20
1.02
Cysteine
-0.58
0.26
2.20
75.8
8.1
19.9 4.8
Magnesium
32.2
8.1
4.60
15.90
18.27 75.8
Acid
Glutamic
--1.2
4.17
4.60
-4.8
15.90
259.7 -<0.01
154.7
68.0 <0.01
0.53
1.48
2.11 259.7
Glycine
--0.0
0.39
0.53
1.48
Phosphorus
614.0
154.7
2
1.51
2.28
Histidine
0.40
0.57
1.51
gg
g0.57
2
1.19
5.64
4.72 4.54
Isoleucine
1.48
1.19
-5.64
4.54
0.87
1.19 ---Alanine
3.45
0.87
2
2.00
8.81
7.95
Leucine
2.31
2.00
8.81
1.95 2 0.94 1.95
0.51 - Arginine
3.74
0.94
1.71
7.78
6.77
Lysine
2.04
1.71
-7.78
9.17
2.00
2.40 ---Aspartic
Acid
7.92
9.17
2.00
2
0.52
1.92
2.05
Methionine
0.50
0.52
1.92
2.20
0.26 2.20
0.58 - Cysteine
1.02
0.26
2
1.04
2.65
4.14
Phenylalanine
0.70
1.04
2.65
15.90 --Acid
4.60
4.17 ---Glutamic
18.27
15.90
4.60
1.82
5.55
7.23
Proline
-1.45
1.82
5.55
1.48
0.53 1.48
0.39 - Glycine
2.11
0.53
1.17
4.22
4.63
Serine
-1.11
1.17
4.22
1.51 2- 2
0.57 1.51
0.40 - Histidine
2.28
0.57
1.10
6.24
4.37
Threonine
-1.63
1.10
-2
6.24
5.64
- 2
1.19 5.64
1.48 - Isoleucine
4.72
1.19
0.29
1.32
1.14
Tryptophan
-0.34
0.29
1.32 28.81
2.00 8.81
2.31
Leucine
7.95
2.00
1.00
2.53 --3.97
Tyrosine
0.66
1.00
2.53 2 7.78
1.71
2.04
2 Lysine
6.77
7.78
1.71
1.36
5.20
5.40
Valine
-1.36
1.36
5.20
1.92
- 2
0.52 1.92
0.50 - Methionine
2.05
0.52
9.78
41.07 -38.83 10.76
Total
9.78
41.07EAA
2
2.65
1.04 2.65
0.70 - Phenylalanine
4.14
1.04
5.55
1.82 5.55
1.45 - Proline
7.23
1.82
4.22
1.17
1.11
Reidy
et
al
J
Nutr.
2016
Jul
27.
pii:
jn231803.
Serine
4.63
4.22
1.17
165.5
0.7
102.2
1.8
19.9
1.5
68.0
98
1.19
2.6
0.0
0.0
1.4
1.2
23.7
0.0
96
-
45.6
0.51
14.9
-
165.5
2.40
102.2
0.58
19.9
4.17
0.39
68.0
2.6
0.0
1.2
0.0
0.40
1.48
1.19
2.31
0.51
2.04
2.40
0.50
0.58
0.70
4.17
1.45
0.39
1.11
0.40
1.63
1.48
0.34
2.31
0.66
2.04
1.36
0.50
10.76
--------
0.70
1.45
1.11
-
Extended Study in Young Adults
Results: Dietary protein intake
Baseline
6 wk
12 wk
Protein Intake, g/day
PB
101 ± 7
129 ± 7a*
122 ± 7a*
WP
102 ± 7
126 ± 8a*
135 ± 8a*
MDP
95 ± 7
95 ± 8b
93 ± 8b
Protein Intake, g/kg BW per d
PB
1.33±0.10
1.68±0.10a*
1.54±0.10a*
WP
1.29±0.10
1.54±0.11a*
1.64±0.11a*
MDP
1.27±0.10
1.22±0.11b
1.23±0.11b
• The mean habitual energy and macronutrient intake was
not significantly different between treatments at
baseline.
• Protein intake was significantly greater for PB and WP
compared to MDP at 6 wk and 12 wk
Reidy, et al. J Nutr. 2016
Extended Study in Young Adults
All groups increased lean body mass (LM) from baseline
No significant differences between groups, although the soy-dairy blend group tended to
have greater increases (p<0.10)
Reidy et al J Nutr. 2016 Jul 27. pii: jn231803. [Epub ahead of print]
Extended Study in Young Adults
Individual changes in
LM favor soy-dairy blend
▪ Subjects receiving soy-dairy protein
blend exhibited a trend for increased
LM compared to control (p=0.09).
▪ There was no difference in LM
between whey protein isolate &
control (p=0.55).
▪ Inter-individual variability evident
Soy-dairy blend had a higher percentage of subjects who gained muscle over the expected
1.5 kg gain from exercise
Reidy et al J Nutr. 2016 Jul 27. pii: jn231803. [Epub ahead of print]
Extended Study in Young Adults
Results: Arm lean mass
• Further analysis of the data suggest
that only the PB continued to
increase whole body, arm, and trunk
lean mass over the final 6 weeks of
the study.
• Comparisons at 12 wk showed that
PB treatment trended (P=0.08) to
have higher arm lean mass than MDP
treatment.
• This was not demonstrated with
WP vs. MDP treatment
• PB treatment was not different
from WP treatment.
Majority of the effect of PB
supplementation on lean mass occurs in
the upper body.
Reidy, et al. J Nutr. 2016
Extended Study in Young Adults
Change in Lean Mass (kg)
Change in Lean Mass (kg)
Soy-dairy blend continued to improve LM gains
beyond initial 6 weeks of training
LM
LM-Arms
LM-Legs
LM-Trunk
Pre-Mid (0-6 wks)
LM-App
LM
LM-Arms
LM-Legs
LM-Trunk
LM-App
Mid-Post (6-12 wks)
Only the soy-dairy blend had a significant increase in lean body mass during the last 6
weeks of resistance exercise training
Reidy et al J Nutr. 2016 Jul 27. pii: jn231803. [Epub ahead of print]
Extended Study in Young Adults
All groups increased muscle thickness and 1-RM from
baseline, although no differences between groups
▪ Increase in muscle thickness similar
among groups
▪ All groups improved 1-RM for squats,
knee extensions, and bench press.
▪ Gains observed were as expected for
a resistance training program
Reidy et al J Nutr. 2016 Jul 27. pii: jn231803. [Epub ahead of print]
Extended Study in Young Adults
Results: Serum testosterone concentration
PB
WP
MDP
Baseline, ng/dL
376 ± 21b
394 ± 21b
405 ± 20b
6 wk, ng/dL
406 ± 21a
411 ± 22a
454 ± 20a
12 wk, ng/dL
385 ± 21b
390 ± 22b
439 ± 21b
Data are means ± SEM
For this age group 270 ng/dL is the normal reference value*
Results similar at baseline among treatments
No significant treatment effect
*http://education.endocrine.org/system/files/ESAP%202015%20Laboratory
%20Reference%20Ranges.pdf
Acute Study in Aging Adults
Clinical design
Subjects
•
•
•
Men 55-75y, n=19
Generally healthy, BMI< 30, no tobacco usage, no chronic diseases, no protein supplement usage,
recreationally active
Participated in resistance exercise- 8 sets of 10 leg extensions at ~70% 1RM
Group
n
Age
BMI
Lean Mass
Fat
y
kg/m2
kg
%
Whey
10 69.3 ± 2.1*
26.5 ± 0.5
53.9 ± 1.2
31.5 ± 2.2
Blend
9
25.1 ± 1.0
53.3 ± 3.0
27.2 ± 1.5
62.5 ± 1.6
Data are mean ± SEM ; * Difference between groups (p< 0.05)
Investigational products
•
Whey or Protein Blend (25%
whey, 25% soy, 50% casein)
supplement (double blind)
•
Whey= 30g protein (3.26g
leucine)
•
Blend= 30g protein (2.78g
leucine)
Borack et al. J Nutr Dec 2016,.
Acute Study in Aging Adults
No difference between protein treatments for
support of muscle protein synthesis.
No difference between groups in muscle
protein breakdown.
Fractional Muscle Protein Synthesis in the Aging
Muscle Synthesis
Muscle Breakdown
Muscle
Maintenance
Borack et al, J Nutr Dec 2016.
Summary and Take Away Message
• In young adults, soy-dairy protein blend:
• Prolongs muscle protein synthesis and
muscle protein net balance.
• Provides marginal but probable
enhancement in total LBM and upper
body LM.
• Has no effect on serum testosterone.
• Improves blood lipid profile.
In older adults, whey protein isolate and
soy-dairy protein blend:
• Similarly enhance post exercise:
mTORC1 signaling,
hyperaminoacidemia, muscle protein
synthesis, and attenuation of muscle
protein breakdown.
Use of a soy-dairy protein blend may be a useful nutritional strategy for maintaining
muscle mass and function through aging process potentially reducing the disability
associated with development of sarcopenia later in life.