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ch a r a c te r o f the C o d e o f p r e te n d e d La w s e n a c t e d b y th e b o g us T e rr i t o r i a l Leg is l a t u re
o f K a n s as —a Legi s l a t u r e n o to r i o u s l y fo r c e d u p o n t h e p e o p l e o f t h a t T e r r i to r y, a t t h e h a n d s
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R e v o l v e r —m a y be j ud ge d fr o m t h e fo ll o w i n g e x t r a c ts , w h i c h a r e t ak e n fr o m E x e cu ti v e D o cu
m e n t N o 23 s u b m it te d to C o n g r e ss b y the P r e si d e n t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , a n d p r i nt e d b y the
p u b l i c p r i n t e r t o C o n g r e ss Th e D o cu m e n t fo r m s a v o l u m e o f 822 p age s a n d is e n ti t l e d
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La w s o f t he T e rr i to ry o f K a ns a s
co m m e n c i n g o n p age 6 04 a n d w h i ch w i ll p r o v o k e i ts o w n c o m m e n ts :
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Th a t e v e ry pe r s o n bo n d o r fr e e , w h o s h al l b e c o n vi c te d o f a c t u a l l y r a i si n a
r ebe ll i o n o r i n s u rr e c ti o n o f s l a v e s fr e e n e gr o es , o r m u l a tto es , i n t h is T e rr i t o ry, s h all a u er
d ea t h
8 3 0 2 E v e ry fr ee p e rs o n w h o s h a l l a id o r a s s i s t i n a n y r eb e l l i o n o r i n s u rr e c ti o n o f s l a v es
fr ee n e gr o e s o r m u l a t t o es o r s h a l l fu r n i s h a r ms , o r d o a n y o v e r t a c t in fu r t h e r a n c e o f s u ch
r ebe ll i o n o r i n s u rr e c ti o n s h a l l s u ii e r d e a t h
S ec 8 I fa n y fr e e p e rs o n s h a ll b y s pe a k i n g w r i ti n g o r p ri n ti n g , a d v is e p e rs u ad e o r i n
d uc e a n y s l a v e s t o r eb e l co ns p i r e a gai n s t o r m u rd e r a n y c i ti z e n o f t h i s Te r ri to r o r s h all
b ri n g i n to p r i n t w r i t e p u b l is h o r c i rcu l a t e o r c a u s e t o b e b r o u g h t i n to pr i n tet w r i tt e n ,
p u b l i s h e d o r c i r cul a t e d o r s h a ll k n o w i n g l y a i d o r a s s is t i n t h e b r i n g i n g i n to p ri n t i n g w r i t i n g,
p u b l i h i n g o r c i rcu l a ti n g i n th is T e rr i t o r y a n y b o o k p a p e r , m ag a zi n e p a m p hl e t o r c i r u l a r,
o r t h e p u r p o s e o f e x c i ti n g i n s u rr e c ti o n
r ebe l l i o n r e v o l t o r c o ns p i r a c y o n t h e p a r t o f t he
f
s l a v e s fr ee n eg r o e s o r m u ht t to es a g a i n s t t h e c i t i ze n s o f t h e T e rr i to ry o r a n y p a r t o f t h e m,
s u ch p e rs o n s h a l l b e g u i l ty o f fe l o n y a n d s h a ll a n tl e r d e a t h
S u n 4 I f a n y pe r s o n s h a ll e n ti c e d e c y o r c a r r y a w a y o u t o f t h i s Te r ri to ry an y s l a v e
be l o ngi n g to a n o th e r w i t h i n t e n t to d e p r i v e t he o w n e r t h e r e o f o f t h e s e r v i c es o f s u ch s la v e,
o r w i t h i n t e n t to e ffe c t o r p r o cu r e t h e fr ee d o m o f s u ch s l a v e h e s h a ll be a dj u d g e d g u i l ty
o f g r a n d l a rc e n y a n d o n c o n v i c ti o n t h e r e o f, s h al l s u ife r d e a t h o r b e i m p r i so n ed a t h a r d
l a b o r fo r n o t l es s t h a n te n ye a r s
i fa n y per o n s h a l l a i d o r a s i s t i n e n ti c i n g d e c o yi n g o r pe rs u a d i n g o r ca rr yi n g
S ac 5
a w a y o r s e n d i n g n t m t h is T e r r i to r y a n y s l a v e be l o n g i n g to a n o t h e r w i t h i n te n t t o p r o cu re
0 r a iT
ec t t h e i t
o f s uch s l a v e o r w i th i n t e n t t d e pr i v e t h e o w n e r t h e r e o f o f t h e ser
v i ce s o f s u ch s l a v e h e s h a ll be a dj u d g e d g u i l t y o f g ra n d l a r c e n y a n d o n c o n v i c t i o n th e reo f
,
fe r d e a t h o r be i mp ri s o n e d a t h a rd l a b o r f r n o t l es s t h a n te n ye a rs
s h a ll s u f
S ac 6
I fa n y pe r s n s h a ll e n ti c e d e c o y o r c a r ry a w a y o u t o f a n y S ta t e o r o t he r Te rri
to r y o f t h e U ni t e d S t a tes a n y s l a v e be l o n g i n g to a n t h e r w i t h i n t e n t t o p r o c u r e o r e f
fec t
th e fre e d o m o f s uch s l a v e o r to d e p r i v e t h e o w n e r t h e r e o f o f t h e s e r v i c es o f s uc h s l a v e a n d,
s h al l b r i n g s uch s l a v e i n t o t h is T e rr i t o r
y, h e s h a l l be a dj u d ge d gu il ty o f g ra n d l a rce n y, in
S E C TION 1
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sa m e m ann er a s if s u c h slav e h a d b ee n e nt i c e d decoyed or c a r i i ed a w ay ou t o f t his
T err it ory an d i n s u c h c as e th e la rce n y m a y be c h a r g ed t o h av e be e n c o m m i tt ed i n an y
cou nty o f this Terr i tor y , i nt o or th rou gh w h i c h s u c h s l a ve s h all h av e b ee n B r o u g h t b y s u c h
pers o n an d o n co n v i c t i o n t h er e o f t h e per s o n o ffe n di ng s h all s u fier de a t h o r b e i m p r i s o n e d
a t h a r d lab or fo r n o t l e ss t h a n t e n ye a r s
S a c 7 I fan y pe r s o n s h all e nti ce per s u a de o r in du ce an y slav e t o e s c a p e fr om t h e se r vi ce
ofhis m ast er o r o wn e r , i n this Terr it o r y , or sha ll ai d or as s ist an y sla ve i n e s c a pi ng fr o m t h e
s er vi ce o f his m ast e r or o w n er or shall ai d , assist h arbor or co n ce al a n y slav e w h o m a y
h a ve e s c ap ed from th e s e r v i ce o f his m ast e r or o wn er, h e s h al l be deem e d gu i l t y o f fe l o n y , an d
pu nish ed b y i m p r is o n me nt at ha rd la bor for a t er m o fn o t l e ss than fi v e ye a r s
S E O 8 I fan y per s o n i n this Terr it ory shall a i d or a s s ist h a rbor or co n ce a l an y s lav e w h o
has e s c a ped from th e s erv i ce o f his m a st er or o wn e r , i n a n o th er S tat e or T er r i t or y s uc h p e r
ro m th e s erv i ce o f his
s on shall be pu n i sh ed i h li ke m ann er a s if s uc h sl a ve h ad e s c a ped f
mast er or o wn er i n t h is Terr it ory
S E O 9 I fan y per s o n sh all re s is t an y o fii c er whil e a tt emp ting t o a rre st an y sl a v e that m a y
ro m th e s e rv i ce o fhis m ast er or o wn er , or shall re s cue s u c h slav e w h e n i n th e
h a ve e s c a ped f
ficer or o th er p e r s o n , or shall e nti ce , per s u ad e , a i d or assi s t s u c h s l av e t o
c u st ody o f a n y o f
ro m th e cu st od y o f an y o fficer or o th er per s o n wh o may ha ve s u c h s l av e i n cu s t ody,
es c a pe f
rom th e s erv i ce o f his m ast er or o wn er i n thi s T e rr i t o r y or
w h e th er s uc h sla ve h a ve e s c a p ed f
fe n di n g shall b e g u il t y o ffe l o n y an d pu nish e d
in a n y o th er S tat e or Terr it ory th e pers o n s o o f
b y i mpr is o n me n t at ha rd la bor for a t er m ofn o t l e ss tha n tw o ye a rs
f
I f a n y m a r shal , sh e r i f
o r co nst a b l e or th e depu ty o f a n y s u c h o ffi c e r s h all
SEO 10
,
wh e n requ i red b y a n y per s o n , re fu s e t o ai d or assist i n th e a r re st an d c a p t u r e o f an y s l av e
th a t m ay ha ve e s c a ped fro m th e s e r v i ce ofhis m aster or o wn er, wh e th er s u c h slav e s ha l l h a v e
rom his m ast er or o wn er i n this Te rr itory o r an y S t at e o r o th e r Te r r i t ory s u c h o fii
es c a ped f
c er sh all be fi n e d i n a s u m o f n o t l e ss than o n e h u n d r e d n or more than fi v e h u n d r e d do ll a r s
S E O 1 1 I fa n y per s o n pri nt w r it e int r oduce i nt o pub l i sh or c i rcu l a t e o r c a u s e t o be b r ou gh t
int o , pr int ed , w r itt e n , p ub lish ed or c i rcu l a t e d or sha ll k n o w i ngl y a i d o r as s is t i n br i ng i ng
int o , p r i ntin g p ub lishi n g or c i rcu l ati ng wi t hi n thi s T e r r i tor y an y book , p a pe r p a m p h l e t,
magazin e, han db ill or c i r cu la r co ntainin g an y sta t eme nts a r g u me n ts op i n i o n s s e n t i m e n t
d oc t r i n e, a dvi ce , or i nn ue n do , c al cu lat ed t o prod u ce a d i s o r d e r l y d ange r ou s or reb e l l i ou s d is
a fiec ti on a mo n g th e s l av e s in th i s Terr i t o r y or t o i n du c e s u c h s l a ve s t o es c a pe from t h e s e r
v i ce o fth e i r m ast e r s or t o r e s ist th e i r a u th or i ty h e s ha ll be g u i l t y o f fe l o n y , an d be pu nis h ed
b y i mpr is o n me nt an d h a r d la bor for a t erm o f n o t l e ss th an fi v e ye a r s
r ee pers o n , by s p e a k ing o r by w r i t in g a s s e r t or m ai ntai n that pe r s o ns
S E O 1 2 I f an y f
h a ve n o t th e r i gh t t o h o l d sla ve s i n this Terr i to r y or shall in tr oduce i nt o this Te r r i t o ry p r i nt
pu b lish , w r it e c i rcu lat e or c a u s e t o be i nt roduced i nt o th i s Te r ri to r y w r i tt e n p r in t ed p ub
lis h ed, or c i rcu l a t e d i n thi s Te r r i t or y , an y book , p a p e r m agaz i n e p a m p h l e t o r c i r cu l a r
co nt aining a n y de nial o f th e r i ght o f per s o ns t o h o l d sla ve s i n t h is T e rr it ory s u c h p e r s o n
e l o ny, and pu nish ed by i mpr is o n me nt at hard la bor for a t e r m o f
s hall be deemed gu ilty o ff
n o t l ess than tw o ye a r s
S E O 1 3 N o pe r s o n wh o is co ns ci e nti ou sl y oppo s e d t o h o l d i n g sla ve s , or w h o do e s n o t
a d m it th e r igh t t o h o ld sla ve s i n this Terr i t ory , sha l l sit a s a j uror o n th e t r ia l o f an y p ro s e
o r an y v i o lati o n o f an y o f th e s ec ti o ns o f this a c t
c u ti on f
T his a c t t o t ake efiec t an d be i n fo r ce fro m a n d after th e fi ftee nth da y o f Sep t em b er
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1 855
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QU A LIF I C A
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A
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TION S
te E lec ti on
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OF
E LE G TO R S —TE ST
O A TH S
co ntains th e fo l l o w in g s ect i o ns p age
,
.
282,
chap
66
.
.
v e r y free whi t e m al e c i t i z e n o f th e U nite d S tat e s an d e v e r y free m al e In d i an
wh o is m ad e a c i tiz e n b y t re a t y or o t h er w is e an d o v er t h e ag e o f tw e n ty -o n e y e a r s w h o
sh al l be an i nh ab itant of this Te r r it ory , an d o f th e cou nty o r d is t r i c t i n w h i c h h e o ffe r s t o
vo t e an d s hal l hav e p ai d a t err itor ial ta x sha l l be a qu a l i fi e d e l e c t or fo r a ll e l e c ti v e o ffic e r s ;
a n d a l l In d ians wh o a r e i nh a b itants ofthis Terr i t o r y an d w h o m ay b e e a d op t e d th e c u s t o m s
P
”
r o v i d ed
T
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at
o f th e whit e m a n a nd wh o a re lia b l e t o p a y ta xe s s h a l l be de m e d C l Lt B
e
S t a t es s h a ll b e
n o s o l d i e r , s e a m an or m a r i n er i n th e re g u l a r a rm y or na vy o f t h e U n i t e d
u r ther
T h at n o
e ntitl ed t o vo t e b y r e as o n o f b e ing o n s e r v i ce th e r e i n : A n d pr ov id ed f
per s o n wh o sha l l h a v e bee n co n v i c t ed o f an y v i o lat i o n o f an y p r o v isi o n o f an a c t o f Co n
“
re
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n a c t re s p e c t i ng fu giti v es fr om j u s t i ce an d pe r s o ns es c a pi ng fr o m th e
A
g
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ap pr o ved F eb r u a ry 1 2 1 7 9 3 ; or o f an a c t t o a m e n d an d s u pp l e
s erv i ce of th e i r m a st er s
m e nt a ry t o s aid a c t , a pprove d 1 8t h Sep t embe r , 1 85 0 ; w h e th er s u c h co n v i c t i o n w e r e b y
SEO
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c r i m i nal p r o ceed i ng o r by c i v il a c t i o n for th e recovery o f a n y pe n al ty p r e s cri bed b y e i th er of
s a i d a c t s i n an y c o u r t s o f th e U ni ted S tat e s , or o f an y S ta t e or Terr i t o r y or o f an y o f
fe n ce
d ee m e d i nfa mou s s hall be e nt i t l ed t o vo t e a t a n y e l ec ti o n , or t o h o l d an y o f
fi ce i n
fe r in g t o vo t e sha ll be c h a ll e ng e d and
T e rr i t o r y : A n d p r ov id ed fu r ther T hat i f an y per s o n o f
req
u i r e d t o t a k e an o at h or a f
firm ati o n , t o b e a dm i nist ered by o n e o f th e j ud g e s o f t h e
e l e c t i o n t h a t h e w i ll s u s t ai n th e p r ov isi o ns o f th e a bo v e rec it ed a c ts o f C on g ress a n d o f t h e
”
a c t e n t i t l ed A n a c t t o organiz e th e Terr i tor i e s of N e br as k a an d K an s a s , a pp r ov e d Ma y 80,
firm a t i o n , th e vo t e of s u c h per s o n shal l be
us e t o tak e s u c h o a th or af
1 85 4 an d sh all re f
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reJ e c t e d
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v ery pers o n po ss e ssin g th e qu al i fic ati o n o f a v o ter as h ere i nab o v e pr es c r i be d,
a n d w h o sha l l ha ve res id ed i n this Terri t ory thi r ty d ay s pr i or to th e e l ec ti o n a t whi c h h e
m ay o f
fe r hi m se l f as a c an d i d ate sh all be e li gi b l e as a de l e gat e t o th e H ou s e o f R ep r es e n ta
t i v a s o f th e U nite d S ta t e s , t o e i t h er br a n c h o fth e l egis l a t i ve ass em bl y a n d to al l o th e r o f
fice s
i n th i s Terri t ory n o t o th e r wis e e s pec iall y p r ov i ded fo r : P r ovi d ed however T hat e a c h me m
b er o f t h e l e gi s lati v e ass e m b l y a n d eve r y o f
fi cer e l e c te d o r a ppo int ed t o o f
f
i ce u n d e r t h e l a ws
firm ati o n s p ec i al l y p rov i d e d to be ta ke n
o f th i s Ter r i t ory sh all i n a d d iti o n t o th e o a th or a f
fir ma ti o n to s u ppor t th e C o n stit u ti o n of th e U ni t ed S ta te s,
by s u c h o fii c er ta ke a n o ath or af
th e prov i s i o ns o f an a c t e n t i tl e d A n a c t res p ec tin g fu gi ti ve s fr om j u s t i ce an d p ers o ns es c a pin
”
fr om t h e s e rv i c e o f th e i r m aster s a pproved F ebru ary 1 2 1 7 93 ; an d o f an a c t t o a me n d
s u pp l e me n ta r y t o s ai d last me n t i o n ed a c t a ppro v ed Sep t ember 1 8 1 85 0 ; a n d o f an a c t
”
“
e n t i tl e d A n a c t t o orga nize th e T err it or ie s ofN e b r as k a a nd K a ns as, approve d May 8 0 ,
S
ac
.
12 E
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1 85 4
.
SEC
v o te
.
19
,
W h e n ever a n y perso n sh a ll of
fer t o vo t e, h e shall be pre s u med t o b e e nti tl ed to
.
.
fer s t o vo te , his vo te m ay be c h all e n ged by o n e of th e
W h e n ever an y pers o n o f
j ud g es or by an y vo t er an d t h e j ud ge s ofth e e l ec ti o n m ay ex a m in e hi m tou chin g his r i ght to
vo te ; and if s o ex a m i n ed , n o e vi de n ce t o co nt ra d i c t sh all b e rece i ved O r th e j ud ges may ,
i n th e first i nst an ce , rece i ve o th er evi d e n ce ; i n whi c h eve nt th e ap p li c an t m ay if h e des i re
it dem an d to be s w or n , bu t h i s te sti m o n y sh a ll n o t th e n b e co n c l u si ve
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ga i n o n p a ge 43 8, i n C ha p .1 1 7 , A n A c t r egu la ti n g oa ths , a n d pr esc r i bi n g the for m of
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oa ths o
fofic e, th e fo ll o win g e n a c tm e nts m ay b e fou n d :
SE C TI O N 1 A ll o f
ficers e l ec t e d or a ppo i nt ed u n der a n y existing or s u b s eque ntl y e n a c t ed
“
fice :
laws o f this T e r r i t o r y sh all ta ke an d s ub s c r i be th e fo ll o w i ng o a th of o f
I,
do
s o l em nl y s w e a r u p o n th e h o l ev a ng elists of A l m igh ty G o d t h a t I w ill s uppor t th e C o n s ti tu
t i o n o f t h e U ni t e d S ta te s a n that I wi ll s u ppo r t an d s u st ai n th e prov isi o ns ofa n a c t e ntitl e d
’
A n a c t t o o r ganiz e th e T err itori e s o fN e b r as k a a nd K ans a s , and th e prov isi o ns o f th e law
’
‘
o f th e U n i t ed S tat es , co mm o nl y k n o wn as th e F u gi ti ve S l a ve La w , a n d faith fu ll y and
i m p a r tiall y , an d t o th e be st o f m y ab ility de m e an m y s elfi n th e d i s ch arge ofm y du ti es in the
”
c iti e s o f
s o h e l p m e G od
fice sh all b e e nd ors ed o n every com m issi o n or ce r ti fic at e of
S a c 2 Whi c h o a th o f o f
ap po i nt me nt , a nd may b e a d m inist ere d b y a n y per s o n i n this T err itory a u th or ize d t o a d m i n
ister o at h s
alsi fy th em to th e
S a c 6 A ll o a ths a nd af
fir ma ti o ns ali ke s u bj ec t th e p ar ty wh o sh all f
p a in s and pe nal ti e s ofperj u r y
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C ha p ter 1 1 , p age 1 1 8, prov i de s
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per s o n shall p ra c t i ce as an a t to rn ey or cou ns ell or a t law , or so li ci o i n c han
cery i n an y cou r t o f record u n l e ss h e be a free whit e m al e, and ob tai n a li ce ns e fr o m th e
s u p reme cour t , or d ist ri c t co ur t or s ome o n e o f th e j u dges t h ereo f, in v a ca ti o n
firma ti o n t o s u pp or t th e
S a c 3 E very pers o n ob ta ini n g a li ce ns e sh a l l ta ke a n o ath or a f
C o nstit u ti o n o f th e U n i t ed S ta t e s an d to s uppor t a n d s u s t ai n th e provis i o ns ofa n a c t e nti t l ed
”
A n a c t to organiz e th e T e rri t ori e s o f N ebr as k a an d K ansas , an d the prov isi o ns o f a n a c t
”
“
Th e F u gi t iv e Slav e La w , a n d fa i thqy to demean hi ms e lfi n his pr a c
com mo nl y k n o wn as
i ce to t h e be st o f h i s k n o w l ed g e a n d a b ili ty A ce r tific ate o f s uc h o a th shall be e nd ors ed o n
th e li ce n se
S a c 5 I f a n y pe r s o n s h al l p r a c ti s e law i n an y co u r t o f rec ord , with ou t b e ing l i ce ns e d,
sw o r n an d e n r o l l e d h e sh all be deemed gu ilty of a co nt emp t of cour t, a nd p u nis h e d as in
o th e r c as es o f co n t e mp t
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AND
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d the pu n i s hmen t
I S H ME N TS
f ofien ces
.
a ga
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i n s t the per son s
f i n d i vi
o
”
C ha p t er 4 8, p ag e 20 5 p r o vi de s :
S a c 5 H om i c id e s h a l l b e deeme d ex c u s a b le w h en com m it t e d b y a cc i de nt or m i sfo r t u n e
in e i ther O f th e fo l l o w i ng c as e s : F ir s t, i n law fu l l y correc t ing a c h i l d a pp r e n t i c e se r van t o r
sl a ve, or in do ing an y o th er l aw fu l a c t by l a wfu l m e ans w i t h u s u al a n d o rd in a ry c au ti o n
an d w i th o u t u n l aw fu l i nte nt ; or, S econ d i n t h e h e at o f p ass i on u po n an y s u d d e n o r s u f
fi c i e nt
pr o voc at i o n , or u po n s udde n comb at wi th ou t an y u nd ue a d van tag e b e i ng t a k e n an d wi th o u t
a n y d an ger o u s w e a po n b e i n g u s ed , and n o t do n e i n a crue l an d u n u s u a l m an n e r
S E O 3 1 If an y n e gro or m u latt o sh all ta ke a w ay an y w hit e fe m a l e u n d e r th e ag e o f
e i ght e e n ye a rs fro m h er fath er, m o t h er, gu a rd ian , or o th e r per s o n hav i n g t h e l e gal c h a r g e o f
h er pers o n , w i t h ou t th ei r co ns e nt, fo r th e purpo s e o f pro st i t u t i o n c o u c u b in a ge, or m a r r iag e
wi th hi m or a n y o th er n e g r o or m u l a t t o h e s ha ll o n co n v i c ti o n , be s e n t e n c e d t o c a s t r a t i o n ,
f, b y s om e s k i l l fu l p e rso n a n d th e expe ns e
to b e per formed u nd er th e d i rec ti o n o f t h e sh e r i f
sh all be adj u st ed , ta xe d, a n d p ai d as o th er co sts
orc i b l y or fr a udu l e ntl y l e a d , ta ke or c a r r y
S E O 43 E v e r y pe r s o n wh o shall m ali ci ou sl y f
aw ay , or decoy , or e nti ce a way , a n y c hi l d u n d e r t h e a g e o f tw e l v e ye a r s , w i th i nt e n t t o
d e tai n or co n ce al s u c h c hild from i ts p a re nt g u a rd i an , o r o th er pe r s o n h a v i n g th e la w fu l
c h a r ge o f s u c h c hil d , sh all, u po n co n v i c ti o n , be pu n i s h e d b y co n fi n eme nt a n d h a r d l a b o r, n o t
exceeding fiv e ye a rs or i mp r is o n me nt i n th e cou nty j ail n o t l ess t han s i x m o nths or by fin e
n o t l e ss than five h u n d r e d do l l a rs !Se e th e pe nalty for e n t i cing a w a y a bla c k sl a ve c hil d , o n
—
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”
prov i d er
as fo ll o ws :
S E O 27 If an y slav e sh all com m i t pe ti t l a r c en c y, or sh all st e a l a n y n e at c a t t l e , sh eep o r
h og, or b e gu il ty o fa n y m is deme an or , or o th er O fien c e pu ni s h ab l e u n de r t h e pro visi o ns o fthi s
a c t o nl y by fin e or i m pr iso n me nt i n a cou n ty j ai l , or b y b o t h s u c h fi n e and i m p r is o n m e nt, h e
s h a ll i n s t e a d o f s u c h pu nish me n t, b e pu ni s h ed , i f a m al e b y st r i pe s o n his b a r e b a ck n o t
e xceed i ng t h i r ty -ni n e or i f a fe m al e b y i m p r is o n me nt i n a cou n ty j a il n o t e xce e d ing tw e n ty
o n e, at th e d i s cre ti o n o f th e j u s t i ce
o n e d ay s o r by st r i pe s n o t exceed i ng t w e n ty fe n ces sp ec i fied i n th e
S u n 28 E ver y s l av e c ha r g e d with t h e c o mm is si o n of an y o f t he O f
l ast s e c ti o n s h a ll be t r i e d i n a s umm a ry m ann er b e fore a j u s t i ce o fth e pea ce in th e c o u n ty i t
whi c h t h e offe n ce is comm i t ted ; an d s uc h j u s ti ce (i f a j ury is n o t r e qu i r e d , as p r o vi de d fo r in
th e n ex t s ec ti o n ) s h a l l b ea r th e e vi de n ce , de term in e t h e c a u s e , a n d , o n co nvi c ti o n , pro n o u n e
s e nt e n ce an d c a u s e th e sa m e to b e execu te d
ore a ju sti ce o fth e p ea ce
S E O 29 I f an y slav e or his mas t er, i n a n y c as e co gnizab l e b ef
sh all requ i re a j u r y t h e j u s ti ce sh all c a u s e s u ch j ury t o be s u mmo n ed s w o r n , a n d em pa n n ell ed
wh o shall d e t e r mi n e th e fa c ts , and as s e ss th e pu nish me nt i n c as e o f co n v i c t i o n , a n d th e
j u s t i ce s h all e nt e r j u dgm e nt and c a u se th e sa me t o be execu t ed
e l o n y pu nish a b l e by co n fin em en l
S EO
3 4 W h e n an y sl a v e shall be co n v i c te d o f a f
a n d h a rd labor, th e cour t before wh o m s u c h co n v i cti o n s h a ll be h a d s h al l s e n t e n ce th
of
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fe nder to rece i ve o n his b a re b a ck an y n u m b er o f st ri pe s n o t excee di n g thi r ty (p ages
252
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WH O
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Th e qu ality ofj u sti ce whi c h a F ree-S tat e m a n m i ght re as o na b l y expec t a t th e hands o fa
’
K a nsas c o ir t m a y be s urm is ed fro m C h a p 92 Sec s 1 a n d 1 3 , o f A n A c t c on c er n i n g j u r or s
p a ge s 3 7 7 an d 3 7 8 from whi c h it will be s ee n th a t i ns t e ad O fd r awing j uror s by l o t, th e
cour t m ay s u mmo n a s u f
a n d tha t al l w h o que s ti o n
fici e nt n u m ber, (fo r s u m mo n re a d
th e d i vi n i ty
ro m a ll j ur i e s whi c h m ay be requ i red t o co n
S l av ery a re a b s o l u t e l y exc l ud e d f
si d e r di r ec tl y or remo t e l y th e qu e s t i o n O f S lav e r y
f or
S ec 1 A ll cou rt s be fo re w h om ju r o r s a r e requ i red , m ay order th e m ar sh al s h eri f
fi c i e n t n u m be r o f jur o rs
O t h e r o tii c e r t o s u mm o n a s u f
S ec 1 3 N o p e r so n w h o i s C o n s c i e n t io u s l y O p p os ed t o th e h o l d i ng sla v e s o r wh o do es n o t
adm i t th e r i g h t to h o l d s l av e s i n th i s T e rr i t o ry s hall be a ju r o r i n a n y c a u se in w h i c h th e
rig h t t o h Man y p e r s o n i n S l av e r y i s i n v o l v e d n o r i n an y c a u se i n w hi ch an y i nj u ry d o ne to
o r c o m m t t e d by an y s l av e i s i n i ss u e n o r i n an y cri m i nal p r o c ee d i ng f r th e y i la ti o n o t a u y
la w e u a t e d fo r th e p r o t ec t io n o f s l a ve prop e r ty a n d fo r th e pu n i s h me n t o f c r i m e s comm i tte d
a ga i n s t t h e r i g h t t o s uc h proper ty
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3 4 5 , C o n t a i ns th e fo ll o w i n g :
S E C 8 N o n e g r o o r m u l a tt o ,
h e l d as a sl av e w i th i n thi s T err i t ory , or l a w fu ll y arr est ed as a
fu gi t i v e fr o m s e r v i c e fro m an o th e r S t a t e o r T e rr i t ory s h all b e d is c h ar ged , n o r sh all h i s r i gh t of
fr e e d o m b e h a d u n d e r the pro v isi o n s of th is ac t
The fo r ego i n g pro v i s i o n sus p e n d i n g t he w r i t of h ab ea s corpu s , i s n o t o n l y a v i o l ati o n of th e
N ebra s k a A c t i ts el f, w h i c h p rov i d e s as
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th e U n i t e d S ta t es , fr o m the d e c isi o n of t he s a i d s u pr em e cou r t cr ea t ed by th is ac t , or of a n y
j u d ge th e reo f, or of t h e d ist r i c t cou r ts cr ea t e d by th i s ac t , o r of a”n y j u d ge th er eof, upo n a n y
w r it of h ab ea s corp u s , i n vo l v i n g t he u esti o n of p er s o n a l fr eed o m
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fo ll o w i n g sh o ws the t r ea t m e nt t o w h i c h c it i zen s a r e li ab l e t o b e s ubj ec t ed fo r q
u esti o n i n g
th e r i g h t o f B o r d e r R n tli a n s to m e r ch a n d is e i n h u m a n fl e sh a n d b l oo d i n th e T e rr i t ory of
“
R e a d a n d m ak e y o ur o w n co m m e n ts
We copy fro m A n A c t pr ovi d i n g a s ys tem
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1 E v e r y k ee p e r o f a j a il , or o t h e r p ub l i c pr i s o n , w i th i n th i s T e r r i t ory , is h e r eby
re u i red to c aus e all c o n v i c ts w ho m a y b e co n fin ed i n th e p r is o n o f w h i c h h e i s t h e k eep er ,
u n d e r s e n t e n c e o f c o n fin e m en t a n d h ar d l abor, ei th e r o n t he s t r eet s , r o a d s n pu b l ic bu il d i n gs ,
or o t h er p u b li c w o r k s o f the T err i to r y , o r o n s o m e p ub l i c w ork s of t he co u n ty i n w h i c h s uc h
co n t ic ts m a y b e i m pr i s o n e d , o r o n pr i v at e w o rk s w h er e v er may b e h er e i n afte r s p e c i fied or
i f t h e r e b e n o p u b li c w o rk s o f t he T e rr i to ry o n w h i c h to e m p l oy s u c h C o n v i c ts , o r i f th e
c o u n t y w h e r e i n s uc h c o n v i c ts m ay b e c o n f
i n ed h a v e n o p ub l i c w ork s o n w h i c h t o e m p l oy
su ch c o n v i c ts , t h en s u c h C o n v i c t s m ay b e e m p l o y ed o n t he p ub l i c w ork s of a n y o th e r co u n ty
i n t h e T e r r i t o r y w h e re t h e r e m ay b e w ork t o e m p l o y s u c h c o n v i c ts ; or s u c h co n v i c ts m ay
b e e m pl oy e d o n t he p u b l i c w ork s of a n y i n co r p o ra t e t o w n or c i t y , w i th i n th i s T e rr it ory ,
e i t h e r i n t he cou n ty i n w h i c h s u c h co n v i c t s m ay b e c o n fi n ed , o r i n s o m e o th e r cou n t y i n th e
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2 E v e ry p er s o n w h o m ay b e s e n t en c ed by a n y cour t of com p et e n t j ur is d i c ti o n , u n d er
a n y l a w i n fo r c e w i th i n th i s T e rr i to r y , t o p u n is h m e n t by co nfin e m en t a n d h ar d l abor , s h a ll
b e d e e m ed a c o n v i c t , a n d sh a ll i m m ed i a tel y , u n d e r th e c h ar ge of th e k ee p e r o f s u c h j a i l or
pub li c p ris o n , o r u n d e r t he c h arg e of s u c h p er s o n as the k e ep er of s uc h j a i l o r p u b li c pr i s o n
m a y s el e c t , he pu t t o h ar d l a b or, a s i n t he fir st s e c ti o n o f th is ac t s p e c ifi ed ; a n d s uc h
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k e e p e r o r O t h e r p er s o n h a v i n g c h a rge o f s uc h c o n v i c t s h a ll cau s e s uc h co n v i c t w h il e
en g a ge d a t s u c h l a b o r t o b e s e c u r el y c o n fin ed by a c h a i n si x fe e t i n l e n g th o f n o t l ess th a n
o u r s i x tee n t hs n o r mor e t ha n th r e ef
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e i gh ths o fa n i n c h l i n k s w i th a rou n d ball of i ro n
l ess th a n fo u r n o r l l l l e th a n i x i n c h e s i n d i am e t e r att ac h e d w h i c h c h a i n sh a ll b e s e c u r el y
fa st e n e d to t he a n k l e o f s u c h c o n v i c t w i th a st r o n g l o ck a n d k ey ; a n d su c h k ee p e r o r o t h er
p e r s o n h a v i n g c h a r ge o f s u c h c o n v i c t m ay i f n ec ess a r y c o n fi n e s u c h c o n v i c t, w h il e s o
e n ga ge d at h ar d l a b r by o th e r c h a i ns o r o th e r m e a n s i n h i s d i s cr e ti o n
a n a s t o k ee p s uc h
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th e ch a r g e f s u c h k e e pe r o r o th e r p e rs o n s uc h co n v i c ts sh a ll b e fa st e n ed t o ge th e r by st r o n
c ha i ns w i th st r o n g l o c k s a n d k e y d u r i n g t he ti m e s uc h co n v i c ts sh a ll b e e n ga ged i n b a rg
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S T O C K I N G TH E LO C A L O F F I C E S
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cou n t y a n d t o w n o rii c e rs w h o a r e to ex e cu t e t h e ou t ra geou s ac ts o f th is B o rd er R u tfia n
Legi sl a tu r e a re a p p o i nt e d e i t he r by t he l eg isl a t ur e or by o ffi c er s o r B o ar d s r ec e i v i n g th e i r
app o i n t m e n t fr o m t he l egi sl atu r e th u s r e mo v i n g a ll po w e r from t e p e opl e We q
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fi c e ofs he/r ima n d p r escr i bi n g hi s d u ti e
SEC TI ON 1 T h er e sh all b e el e c t ed , by j oi n t v o t e of th e l egi sl a ti v e a ss e m b l y a t th e p r es en t
f w h o s h al l h o l d h i s O f
cou n t y , a sh e r i f
fi c e u n ti l t h e ge n e ra l el ec ti o n fo r
s ess i o n , for e ac h
m em b e r s of t h e l egi sl a ti v e a ss e m b l y , i n th e y ear e i gh t een h u n d r ed a n d fifty-s e v e n a n d su c h
f, w h e n el e c t ed , s h a l l b e com m i ssi o n e d by the gov er n or , a n d sh a ll t ak e th e o a t h of o fii c e
s h er i f
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A TT O RN E YS
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fd i s tr i c t a ttor n ey, a n d to d efin e hi s d u ti es
S EC TI O N 1 T h er e sh a ll b e a n d i s h er eby est ab l i sh ed i n e ac h j u d i c i a l d ist r i c t of th i s T err i
t ory , th e o f
fi c e of d i st r i c t a tt or n ey , a n d t h e pr es en t s e ss i o n of the l egi sl a ti v e a s s e m bl y sh a ll
fic e f
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el e c t for eac h j u d i c i a l d ist r i c t , by j o i n t ba ll o t , a d ist r i c t a tt or n ey , w h o s h a ll h o l d h i s o f
fou r y ear s ; a n d s uc h d i st r i c t a t t or n ey sh al l b e com m i ss i o n ed by the gov e r n or a n d t ak e t h e
oa th of o f
fi c e pr es cr i b ed by l a w , w h i c h co m m i ssi o n , w i th th e oa th of o f
fi c e en d or s ed th e r e o n
sh all b e r e cor d ed i n th e r ecor d s of th e d ist r i c t cour t O feac h cou n t y i n hi s d i st r i c t
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C H A P TE R 23
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— C oN s TA B LE s
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s cr i bi n g thei r d u ti es
g for the a pp oi n h n en t of c on s ta b les , a n d pr e
SEC TI O N 1 T h er e sh all b e i n eac h t o w n sh i p , i n e ac h cou n t y i n th i s T err i t ory , o n e co n st a
b l e, w h o sh a ll b e app o i n t ed by th e t r i bu n a l t ra n s ac ti n g cou n t y b u si n ess , a n d s h a ll h o l d h is
of
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H A PT E R
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—PR O B A T E C O U R T
.
w i th the p ow er s a n d d u ti es of a b oa r d of comm i ss i on er s ,
a n d to d e
fi n e i ts j u r i s di c ti on
c ou r t,
.
SEC T I O N 1 Th a t th er e b e a n d i s h er eby est ab l i sh ed i n eac h cou n t y of th e T err i t o ry a p r o
b a t e cou r t ; a n d th er e s h a ll b e el e c t ed by j o i n t ba ll o t Of th e l egisl a ti v e a ss e m b l y a t t h e
pr es en t s essi o n a p roba t e j u d ge for e ac h cou n t y i n t h e T err i t ory , w h o sh a ll h o l d h i s Offic e
u n t i l th e gen eral el e c t i o n for m e m b er s of th e l egi sl a t i v e a ss e mb l y , i n th e y e ar e i g h t ee n h u n
s e v en , a n d u n til th ei r s u cc ess or s a r e d u l y el e c t e d , com m i ssi o n e d a n d q
u a l i fie d
tydr e d a n d fif
SE O 28 T h er e s h a ll b e a n d i s h er eby est ab l i sh ed i n eac h cou n t y of t h i s T err i t o ry a t r i bu
o r t he co u n ty a n d
n a l t ra n s ac ti n g cou n t y b u s i n ess , t o b e ca ll ed th e boar d of co m m issi o n er s f
th e p roba t e j u d ge of e ac h cou n t y sh a ll b e t h e pr esi d en t of th e boar d o f com m i s si o n e rs
SE O 29 Th e pr es en t s essi o n of th e l egi sl a ti v e a ss e m b l y s h a ll el ec t by j o i n t ball o t t w o
co m m i ssi o n e r s w h o s h a ll b e a ss oc i a t ed w i th th e p roba t e j u d ge a n d co n sti tu t e th e b o a r d of
co m m i ssi o n e r s , a n d sh a ll b e th e t r i b u n a l t ra n s ac ti n g cou n t y bu si n ess
SE O 3 1 Th e boar d of com m i ssi o n er s i n th ei r r es p e c ti v e cou n ti e s sh all h a v e po w er a n d
au th or i t y t o le vy a n d cau s e t o b e co ll ec t ed a ta x u p o n a ll prop er ty a n d effe c ts i n t he cou n t y
e i th e r r e al p er s o n al , or m i x ed s u bj e c t t o t a x a ti o n by l a w for t h e n ec ess ary e x p e n d i tu r e s o f
th e cou n ti es , n o t t o exc eed th e a m ou n t of t axa ti o n l e v i ed for T e rr i t or i a l p u r p o s es i n s u c h
cou n t y ex c ep t i n ca s es pro v i d ed for by l a w
SE O 3 2 T h ey sh a ll h a v e po w er t o b u il d br i d ges a n d O p en a n d k ee p i n r ep a i r r o a d s a n d
h i gh w ay s w i th i n th e i r r es p ec ti v e co u n ti es , a n d th ey sh all pro v i d e w ay s a n d m ea n s fo r t he
e r e c ti o n of a ll p ub l i c b u il d i n gs n e c ess ary for th e t ra n s ac ti n g of co u n t y b u si n ess ; th ey sh all
cau s e t o b e er e c t ed , or o th e r w i s e p r ocur e f o r th e s e v era l cou n ti es , s u i t ab l e co u r t-h O u s es j a ils
cl erk s o f
fic es , a n d o th er p ub l i c bu il d i n gs d ee m ed n e c es s ary
S E O 3 3 The prob a t e j u d ge a n d co u n t y com m i ssi o n er s sh all appo i n t i n e ac h c o u n ty a c l e r k
of t h e b oar d of cou n ty co m m i ssi o n er s a n d sh all gr a n t t o h i m a c er tific a t e o f h is a pp i n t
m e ri t a n d h e sh all b e com m issi o n ed by th e go v e r n or , a n d t ak e th e oa th of Offic e p r e s c ri b e d
b y la w
S EO 3 4 Th e boar d of cou n t y co m m i ssi o n er s sh all app o i n t a co u n ty t r ea s u r e r c o r o n e r
j u sti c es of th e p eac e, co n st ab l es , a n d a ll o th er o f
fi c er s prov i d ed fo r by l a w w h i c h s e v e ral
of
fi c er s sh all b e co m m i ss i o n ed by t h e go v er n or , a n d t he s a i d tri bu n a l sh a ll h a v e t h e p o w e r
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L a w s C ! the Terr i to r y o f K a n s a s
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ex a mi n ed th e f
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for th e U n i te d S ta tes S e n a t e a n d w e fin d th e s a me to b e t rue c p ie s o f th e S ec ti o n s q
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R O B E R TS , LI E U TE N A N TG O VE R N O R O F K A N S A S
J u l y 1 1 th , 1 85 6
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I t a lso e na cts a n ew el ect i ve l a w —a ssum
i n g the power o f C o n gress to le gi s l a te for th e
terr i tory o n th e most i mport an t su bjec t o f l e gi s
l a t i o n th a t o f the el ec t i v e fr an ch i se wh i l s t i t
h a s i n the op i n i o n o f the S e na te i n full v i ta l i ty
a l oc a l l egi s l a ture o f i ts ow n th us utte r ly a b a n
d o n i n g th e w h ol e the ory o f th e democr a t i c creed
i n r el a t i o n to the g ov er n me n t o f the terr i tor i e s
;
a n d a s a democr a t
I must b e a ll owed t o e n t er
my prot est a gai n st th i s a b an d o n me n t o f the
fai th p ar t i cul a r ly i n an i n st an ce w he n th a t a b an
d on me n t i s m a de n ec ess a ry b y a ssum i n g a former
fa l s e hypoth es i s
I I I The b i l l further prov i des for the ele ct i o n
an d or ganiza t i o n o f a co n ve n t i o n “ to form a co n
s ti tu t ion
an d st a te g ov er n me n t ” an d w i th out
su b m i tt i n g the c o n st i tut i o n thus formed to a vote
o f the p e opl e or futur e a c t i o n o f C o n gr ess a dm i ts
“
n
t
h
e
th e st a te i to
U ni o n o n a n e q
u a l foot i ng
w i th the or i gi na l st a tes ” an d m a kes the a c t i o n o f
th a t co n ve n t i o n a fin a l i ty an d de ni es to th e
pe ople the i n v a lu a b le pr i v i le g e o f a ct in g i n the ir
pr i m a ry an d i n d i v i du a l c a p a c i ty upo n the or g a ni c
l a w o f the l an d a r ig ht i n v a l u a bl e to tli
ote a sk in g my O p i n i o n a s a d e mocr a t
an d as a c i t iz e n a n d fr i e n d o f K a n s a s i n r el a t i o n
to th e S en a te b i ll e n t i tl ed “ a b i ll to a uth o r i z e
the p eopl e o f the t e rr i tory o f K a n s a s to fo r m a
w h i ch
c o n s t i tu t i o n an d st a t e g ov er n m en t ”
p a s s ed the S e n a t e o n the 2d i n st i s to h an d
I n reply I would s ay th a t my o bject i o n s to the
b i ll a r e n ot c o n fi n ed to th e de t ai ls o n ly—th ey
m a y b e a m en d ed — b ut a tt a ch a lso to th e pr i n
c i pl es up o n wh i ch i t rests
I The b i ll proposes to rep ea l an d a me n d cer
t ai n t er r i tor i a l l a w s a n d to le a v e oth ers i n force
a n d h e n c e a s s um es the pos i t i o n th a t th e l egi sl a t i v e
a sse m b ly w a s a v a l i d a uthor i ty an d affixes the
s ea l o f c o n g ress i o na l s an c t i o n an d a ppro b a t i o n
u po n a body el ect ed b y a rul e utt erly su b v er s i ve
o f th a t g ov er n m e n t ; an d i n so do i n g th e S e na te
h a s s an ct i o n ed an d le ga l i z ed as fa r a s i t c a n the
w ork o f an a rmed mo b i n op en v i ol a t i o n o f the
l a w s a n d co n s t i tut i o n o f the U ni ted S t a tes i n
v i ol a t i ng the g r ea t fu n d a m en t a l pr i n c i ple upo n
w h i ch r es t s our wh ol e pol i t i c a l fa b r i c popul a r for m i d a b l e o n l y to tyr a n ts ”
I V T o gi ve a b o a rd o f C omm i ss i o n ers a p
s ov e r e i g n ty or s e l f-g over n m e n t
I t i s n ot n ec es s a ry to w ea ry your re ad er s b y i n p oi n ted b y the P r es id en t the po w er to d eterm i n e
se r t i n g h er e the pr oo fo fth i s propos i t i o n a n d I s ha ll w ho sh a l l vote for del e ga tes to th e co n ve n t i o n
o n ly r e fer th em to th e t est i mo n y t a k e n by the a n d to b e th e sole j ud g es o f the e lec t i o n an d
u al i fi c a t i o n s o f s ai d d el e ga t es a n d to m a k e the
K a n s a s I n v es t i g a t i n g C o m m i tt ee r ep o r t ed to the q
I n th i s a c t i o n o f th a t co n v en t i o n f
H ou s e o f R e p res e n t a t i v e s o n th e 1 s t i n st
i na l i n a m a tt er so
r e p o r t the a b o ve a l l e ga ti o n i s pro ve n b y tes t i i mp o r t an t a s the fo rm a t i o n o f a c o n s t i tut i o n an d
st a te g over n m en t i s to erec t a po w er d a n g erous
m o n y th e m o s t pos i ti v e a n d i n co n t r o vert i b l e
I I B u t my o bj e ct i o n s to the b i l l d o n o t s top to popul a r r i g h ts a power i rr es po n s i b l e to the
h er e ; a fter th us a ck n o w l ed gi n g the v a l i d i ty o f p eo p le—a d es po ti sm ; an d i s a ss u m i n g the po w er
the t e r r i tor i a l l e gi s la tu r e th e h i ll p r oc e eds to o f C o ng r ess to d o th a t for w h i c h th er e i s n o w a r
r a n t in
t he c o n st i tut i o n a n d w h i ch i s s u b vers i v e
a n d p a rt s o f l a ws e n a c t e d
r e p ea l s u n dry l a w s
by th a t b ody b y the ve r y s i n g ul a r p r oc es s o f o f the gre a t pr i n c i ples o f popul ar g ov er n me n t
V O n o effec t o f r e fus i n g to su b m i t the c o n
re e n a c t i n g c e r ta i n i m po r t a n t pr o v i s i o n s o f the
s ti tu ti o n t o the vote o f the people would b e to
c o n st i tut i o n o f the U n i t ed S t a t e s (s ee b i ll s ec
YO U R
.
f th e
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B I LL
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8
v i a te th e n ece ss i ty o f re t ai nin g i n the t err i tory
a l ar g e b ody o f me n dur i n g the w i n t e r i n o r d er
t o vote o n the c o n st i tut i o n i n th e sp r i n g a s i t
would b e i mposs i b le to fr a me a c o n st i tut i o n pu b
l i sh i t an d gi ve th e p eopl e t i me to d i sc uss i ts pro
v i s i o n s i n order to gi ve an i n tell i g e n t vot e u po n
a rch
i ts r a t i fic a t i o n b e fore pro b a b ly the l a t o f M
I a m a w a re th a t i t woul d b e exceed i n gly i n c on
v en i en t t o th es e p eopl e to st a y i n o u r t err i to r y
dur in g th e w i n t er w i thou t hou s e s an d th a t h ous es
an d prov i s i o n s a r e v ery exp en s i v e th i n g s n ever
th el es s a s a c i t iz e n o f K an s a s I c ann o t c o n s e n t
th a t they s hould b e a ll owed to fi n i sh th ei r works
b y the 4 th o f N ov em b er a n d retur n to th e i r
homes l ea v in g th e peopl e to e nj oy
a g ov er n
me n t est a b l i sh ed agai n st th ei r w i ll an d w i shes :
an d h en c e a s a c i t iz e n a n d a fr i e n d o f K an s a s
m ust sol em n ly protest agai n st th i s fe a ture o f th e
b i ll
VI T he b i ll furth er prov i d es th a t th e r a t i o o f
repres en t a t i o n an d the a pport i o n m en t o f dele ga tes
sh a ll b e d e term i n ed b y th e n um b er of v ote r s
an d n o t th e n u m b er o f i n ha b i ta n ts i n th e t err i tor y
an d th e re s p ect i ve d i str i cts ; th us gi v i n g to th e
me r e a dv e n turer th e mere “ sold i er o f fortu n e
up o n th e b ord er the s a me r eprese n t a t i v e st r en g th
w i th th e re g ul ar c i t iz e n perm a n en tly l oc a t e d
w i th h i s w i fe an d fam i ly o f fiv e or te n m i n or
ch i ldr e n The i n j ust i c e o f th i s prov i s i o n i s to o
gl a r i ng to n eed co m me n t an d i ts o bject too pl ai n
to b e m i su n derstood
VI I T h e e n um er a t i o n o f v oters i s fixed a t a
t i m e wh en m an y o f o ur c i t i z e n s h a ve b ee n dr i v e n
from th ei r h om es an d from th e t er r i tory a n d whe n
a n a rmed m o b u n re b uk ed b y g ov er n me n t h a s
b lock a d ed a l l th e a v e n ues to t he cou n t ry n ot
o n ly preve n t i ng th e r e tur n o f th e few wh o m i g ht
b e a b l e a n d wh o m i gh t feel an i n c l i n a t i o n t o r e
tur n from d o i n g so b ut ro bb i n g an d dr i v i n g
b a c k a ll n ew e m i g r an ts fr om th e fr ee st a t es wh o
T h us forc i n g
a r e se ek i n g h omes i n the terr i tory
u po n th e pe ople a fi na l i ty a t a most i n a usp i c i ou s
t i me a n d pr ep os in g t o es ta b l i sh th e i n st i t u t i o n s
o f a st a te wh e n th e cou n t r y i s u n d er th e g over n
me n t o f an a rm ed a n d i rre s po n s i b l e m o b Wh a t
a m ockery o f p opul a r r i g h ts ! A n d wh a t a fr a ud
upo n a p eopl e wh o we r e i n duced to em i gr a te to
th e t err i tory u n d er th e pl ed ge from th e g over n
“
l
b
e
me n t th a t they sh ou d
l eft p erfe c tly fr ee to
ob
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b li s h thei r o w n i n s ti tu ti on s ”
VIII I n a dd i t i o n to th i s , th e
es ta
.
b i l l a s fa r a s i t
“
n
i
n
te
ded
to
a uth o r iz e the p eopl e o f the t er
is
i tory o f K a n s a s to fo r m a c o n s ti t u t i o n a n d st a te
”
n
n
e
g over m t i s g r a tu i tous We h a ve a s k ed for
We co n te n d a s d emocr a ts
n o such a uthor i ty
th a t we h a v e a uth or i ty whe n ev er a m aj or i ty o f
th e p eopl e m a y s o d et erm i n e to c a ll a co n v en t i o n
orm a c o n st i tut i o n an d st a t e g over n m en t a n d to
f
a pply f or a d mis s i m i n to th e U ni o n a s a free a n d
We h old th a t th e people a re
sovere i gn st a te
.
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j ud g es o f wh e n th i s sh a ll b e d o n e th an
C o n g ress c an b e an d th a t t o jud g e o f a n d to d o
th i s i s o n e o f the r i g h ts exp r essly r es erv ed to
th e p eopl e b y the co n st i tut i o n o f th e U ni t ed
S t a t es an d th er e fore we h a v e n ot a sked o f C o n
g ress an a uth or i ty th a t expressly b elo n g s to us
u n d er the c o n s t i tut i o n ; b u t w h a t we d o a sk is
th a t C o n gress sh ould fulfill a l l th e re q
u i rem en t s
o f the co n s ti tu t i o n a n d ext en d ov er us the pr o
t eet i n g h an d o f the n a t i o n a l g over n me n t
We a sk o f C o ng ress n o i m poss i b i l i t i es—n or
u n co n st i tut i o n a l i n termeddl ing w i th our d om es
“
a
a
fl
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s
ti c
C o ng ress c an n ot g i ve u s b a c k o u r
d ea d
b ut i t c a n w i pe out a le gi sl a t i v e g ov er n
me n t est a b l i sh ed b y fr a ud a n d v i ole n ce an d
i n st i tu t e an oth er th a t sh a ll r eflec t th e w i l l o f
the p eopl e I t c an r efu n d t o our p eopl e a l l th e
l osses th a t th ey h a ve sust ai n ed b y re a so n o f
th i s fr a ud an d restore an d secure to th em wh a t
i s more v a l u a b l e th an g old an d swe et er th an
l i fe the fr ee en j oym en t of a ll thei r p o l i ti c a l
r i hts a s fl m er i c a n c i ti z en s
We a s k a n a t i o n s
g
d i s a ppro b a t i o n o f a fr a u d u n p a r a ll el ed i n the
h i story o f our c ou n try ; l et the n a t i o n w a s h
her h an ds o f the d i s gr a ce ful a ct a n d le t the
h i story o f i t g o do w n to poste r i ty w i th a n a t i o n s
co n dem na t i o n i n del i bly en g r a ved upo n i ts fore
h ea d
L et C o n g ress i n th e pl a ce of r ep ea l i n g c er
t ai n l a ws o f t err i tor i a l le gi sl a ture b ec a u s e o f
th ei r i n her en t d efec ts se t th em a l l a s i d e b ec a use
o f th e i n her en t d efe c ts i n th e power th a t m a de
th em L et th i s b e d o n e an d the wh ol e su bj ect
i s ope n t o C o n gress the wro ng s o f the peopl e
m a y b e redressed their c on s ti tu tion a l r i g hts
r es t ored an d p ea ce restor ed to th e U ni o n — to
th e cou n try an d to the terr i tory th e c on s ti tu
t i o n i tsel f v i n d i c a ted th e th eory o f n on -i n t er
fe r e n ce s a v ed T h e g re a t pr i n c i pl es o f popul a r
sovere i gn ty a n d s el f-g ov er n me n t r e-est a b l i s hed
a n u n m i t i ga ted fr a ud u p o n th e b a l l ot -b ox br an d
th e ch a r a c ter o f
e d w i th m a rked d i s a ppro b a t i o n
our fre e i n st i t ut i o n s pr es erv ed u n t a r ni s h ed th e
co n f
i d en ce o f th e pe opl e i n th e pe r p e tu i ty an d
st r en g th o f fr ee g over n me n ts s t i m ul a t ed an d co n
fi r m ed an d t he b o n ds o f the Un i o n str en g th en ed
a n d est a b l i she d upo n the rock o f e t er n a l j ust i ce ;
b ut r efus e to do th i s a n d a ll these prep os i t i o n s
a r e re v ersed
If th e b i l l w a s d es i gn ed t o e ffec t thes e o bj ects
i t w i ll m ost cert ai n ly fa i l o f i ts purpose ; b u t o n
th e oth er h an d te n d m ost d i rectly to the r ev erse
o f a l l th ese des i r a b le resul ts an d th er efore
fi n a l l y a s a democr a t a c i t iz en a n d fr i en d o f
K a n s a s o n e wh o loves th e U ni o n a n d th e h a r
mo n y a n d p ea ce o f a l l s ec t i o n s o f the cou n t r y I
must n ow most e ar n estly protest a gain st i ts p a s
s ag e in to a la w
Very truly &c
W Y R O B E R TS
b etter
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PR E S I D E N TI A L PL A TF O R
MS
F O R 1 856
.
WE h e r e w i t h p r e s e n t the Pl a t fo r m s o f the t h r e e P a r ti e s n o w s o l i c i ti n g t h e s n fira ges o f
th e P e o p l e ; a l s o t h e Le t t e r s o f A cc e p t a n c e w r i tt en b y t h e P r e si d e n ti a l C a n d i d a t e s repr e
s e n ti n g t h e s e p a r ti e s t h a t t h e i n t e ll i ge n t v o t e r ma y e x a m i n e a n d c o m p a r e t h e m a n d t h u s
d e li be r a t e l y fo r m h i s j ud g m e n t a s to t h e i r r e l a ti v e m e r i ts
Th e R ep u b l i c a n s i n v i te t he
m os t r i g i d s cr u t i n y a n d i n v e s ti g a ti o n i n t o t h e p r i n c i p l e s a n d m e a s u r e s o n w h i ch t h e y
m ak e t h e i r a p p e a l to t h e A m e r i c a n P e o p l e , w i t h a n u n d o u b tin g c o n fid e n c e i n t h e c o r
v e rd i c t Wh a t i n t e l l i ge n t e l e c to r ca n fa i l t o s e e t h a t
r ec tn ess
a n d j u s ti c e o f th e fin a l
o f t h e t h r e e t h e R e p u b l i c a n P l a t fo r m is t h e m os t t r u iy D e m o cr a t ic a n d A m e r i c a n i n t h e
be s t a n d m os t si g n i fic a n t s e ns e o f t h os e m uc h a b u s e d t e r ms ?
‘
o
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chang e in the laws of natural iz ati on ma k
ing a c ontinued res i d e nc e of t w e n t o n e years of all
not here t ofore prov i ded for an in is en s a b le re q ui
l s t A n hu mbl e acknowl e dgm e nt to th e Supr e m e s i te o f c i t i zen s h i p hereaft er and e x cp
ud i ng all p au
B e ing who rules t h e Universe for H is pro t ec t i ng pers and
e rs o n s c onvic t ed of cr i m e from land i n
c are v o u c hs a l e d to our fa t h e rs i n their succes s ful up on our s i o r e s
b u t n o i nterfere nc e w i th th e veste
R e v ol u t i onary s t ruggle a n d hi therto man ifested to rights of fore i gner s
u s the i r desc e ndants in th e preservation of the l i b
l oth O pp os i t i on to any u ni on b e tw ee n Church and
or t ies
the independence a n d the u ni on of th e s e State : no i nte rference w i t h rel i g i ous fa i th or wor
S t a t es
sh i p and no tes t oa t h s for o f
fice except those i ndi
2d The perpetuat i on of the Federal Un i on as t h e c a ted i n the s t h s e c t i on of t h i s pla t form
pallad i um of our civ i l and rel i g i ons l i b e r t i es and th e
1 1 t h Free a n d t h orough i nve s t i gat i on into any and
only s ure b ul w ark of A m e r i can I ndependenc e
all alleged abu s es of pu b lic func t i onar i es and a strict
:ld
A mer i ca n s m u s t r u l e A mer i ca and to this ec on omy i n pu b l i c expend i tures
end n a tiv e-b orn c i t i ze ns s hould b e s e l e c t ed for all
1 2th The ma i nt e nanc e and enforcement of all
S t ate Fede ral and mun i c i pal o f
fices or government laws unt i l said laws s hall b e r e p e aled or shall b e d e
e mp i o ment i n pr e ference to nat u ra lized cit i zens ; c la r ed null and v o i d b y c o m pe te n t j u d ic i a l auth or i t y
n ev er t l el esa
1 3 th O pp o s i t i on t o t he reckle s s and unw i s e p oli cy
4t h
P ersons born of A m er i can p arents r e siding of the presen t adm i ni s t ra t i on in t h e general manag e
temp orar i ly abroad should be entitle d to all th e ment of our na t i onal a d a i rs and more e s pe c i all y as
r igh t s of n a t iv e ho r n c i t i zens ; b ut
shown i n r e moving “ A mer i cans ( b designa t i on )
s th N o ) er s o n s hould b e s e lecte d for p ol i tical sta
and c on s e rvat i ves i n pr i nc i ple from o c c and plac
tion ( whet tor of na t iv e or fore i gn b i rth ) who rec og i ng for ei gners and ul t ra i s t s i n their plac e s ; as shown
ala es any allegiance or o b l i ga t i on of any descr i p t ion i n a truc k l i ng s u b serv i ency t o t h e s t ronger and an
to any fore i gn pr i nce po t en t ate or p ower or who i nsolent and c owardly b ravado towards t h e weak e r
owers ; as sh own i n re open i ng se c t i onal a gi tation
r efuses t o recogn i ze t he Federal a n d State C o n s titu
y t he re peal of t he Mi s s our i Comprom i se as shown
tions ( each w i t h i n i ts s phere ) as paramount to all p
in gran t i ng t o unna t ural i zed fore i gne rs th e r ight to
o t her la ws as rules of pol i t i cal action
0 t h The un q ual ifi ed rec ogn i t i on and ma i ntenance s u f
frage i n K an s as and Ne b raska ; a s shown in its
of the reserved r i gh ts of the se veral States and t he vac i lla t i ng course on t he K ansas and Ne braska q u e s
c ul t i vat i on of harmony a n d fra t e rnal goo d w i ll
t i on ; as s hown in the removal of J udge B R O N S O N
be
tween t he c i t izens of the se veral S t a t e s and to th i s from the C ollectors h i p of N e w York u pon fals e and
en d non inter ference h y Cong re s s w i t h q ue s t i ons a p u n le n a b le grounds ; a s shown in the corrup t i o n
p er t a i n i ng solely to the i ndiv i dual S t ate s a n d n o n wh i ch pe rvade s ome of t he de p artmen t s of th e G o v
i nterven t i on by each State with the a f
fa i r s of any e r n me n t ; as shown i n d is g r a c mg mer i t orio u s naval
other S t ate
o ffi ce rs through prejud i ce o r capr i ce ; a n d as s hown
7 th The recogn i t i on of the r i ght of the n a ti v c h o r n i n t he b l u n d o r i n g m i smanagem e nt of o ur foreign re
and na t ural i zed c i t i zens of the United S t ate s pe r i na Iu tion s
n e a t ly res i d i ng i n a n
1 4 th Therefore to remedy e xisting e vils and pr e
y Terr i t ory there of t o frame
the i r cons t i tu t ion a n d laws a n d to regul a te t he i r do ven t the d i s a s t rou s c on s e q uences o t herw i se resul t i ng
w e s t i e and soc i al aff
a i rs i n t he i r o w n m ode s u bj ect therefrom we W oul d b uild up t he A mer i can arty
on l
i c w mg
to t he prov i s i ons of the Federal C ons t i t u t i on upon t he princ i ples he re i n b efore s t a t ed es r p
l the r i gh t of adm i s s i on i nto t he Un i on w he n e v all sec t i onal q
ue s t i on s a n d un i t i ng u pon t hos e purely
w i ty
r
they have t he ir re q u i s i t e po pulat i on for o n e R e pre na t i onal and ad m i tt i ng i n t o s a i d p o rt all A m e r i can
s e n t a ti v e in Congre s
P r o v id ed a l w a ys That none c i t i zens ( referred t o i n the 3 d 4t h a n t s t h s ec t i ons )
b ut t ho s e who are c i t i zens t here of and State under w h o openly av ow t he r i nc i l e s and op i n i ons h e reto
o wilpsu b scr i b e t he i r names
the C ons t i t ut i on and laws there of a n d who h a ve a fo r e expre s s ed and w p
ti x c d res i dence i n a n y such Terr i t ory ough t to pa r
t o th i s pla t form P r o id ed neve rt heless t ha t a ma
ti c i pa t e i n t he forma t ion of the C on s t i t ut i on or i n
j o r ity of the s e mem b ers presen t a t a n v meet i ng of a
local C ounc i l where a n ap pl i can t ap l i es for m em
t he enac t ment of law s for sa i d Te rr i t ory r Sl a t e
8t h A n e n forcement of t he pr i nc i ple t ha t no S ta te hersh i p i n t he A mer i a n part y may p
or any re ason
or Terr i tory c a n ad m i t o t hers tha n na ti ve -h orn c i t i b y t he m dee m e d s u ffi c i ent deny ad miss ion to suc h
zen s to t he r i gh t of s u tl r a g e or of h ol d i ng p ol i t i cal ap l i cant
offi ce unless s uch p e rs on shall have b e n natural i zed
p
5 t h A fr e e and open d is c ussion of a ll poh ti c a l
a cc ord i ng to th e laws of t h e Un i ted S
principles emb r ac e d i n our platfo rm
t es
s o ur n
'
A K E RI C LN
P LA T F O R M P U T r o n r n AT
P H I A r e s 22 1 85 6
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9 th
PH I L A D E L
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10
DE
MOC R A TI C
P L A TF O R M P U T r o a r s A T C IN C I NNA TI
MA Y 22, 1 856
,
.
the s a fety of the funds of th e G ov ernment and th e
r i ghts of the p e opl e
9 That we ar e decid e dly opp osed to taki ng from
the P r e sident th e q ual ifi e d Veto p ower by which he
i s ena b led under restr i cti o ns and resp ons i b i l i t i es
amp ly s u fii c ien t to guard th e p u b li c intere s t s to sus
pend the p assage ofa b i ll whose mer i ts cann ot secure
t he approval of tw o -th i rds of the Se n ate and H ouse
of R epresentatives unti l the j udgment of the pe o
pl e can b e obta i ne d there on and whi ch has sav ed
the A mer i can p e opl e from the c orrupt and tyra nn i cal
domi n i on of the B ank of the U n i ted S t ates and from
a c orrupti ng system of general i nternal improve
ments
1 0 Th at th e li b e ral pr i ncipl e s e mb odied b y J e f
f
er
s on in th e Declarati on of I ndep endence and sanc
t i on ed in th e Cons titut i on whi ch makes ours th e l a n d
of li b er ty and th e asyl um of t he oppressed of every
n ation
hav e e ve r been card i nal pr i nc i ples i n th e
Dem oc ra t i c faith ; and ev ery attemp t to a b r i dge th e
privil ege of b ec omi ng citizens and t he owners of s o i l
among us ought to b e res i ste d w i t h the same S p i r i t
wh i ch sw e pt th e ali en and s e di ti on laws from our s t a
tute b ooks
A n d w her ea s Sin c e th e for e g oing declarat i o n was
uni formly adop te d by our predec e ssors i n N a ti onal
Conventi ons an advers e p oli t i cal and rel i g i ou s t est
has b e e n se cretly organ i zed b y a party cla i m i ng to
be e xclusiv e ly A mer i cans and i t is proper t ha t t he
A m e rican Democracy should clearly de fi ne i ts rela
t i ons ther e to ; and declares i t s de t ermi ned opp o s i t i on
to all s e cret p oli t ical societ i es by wha t e ver name
the may b e ca lle d
es olv ed
That th e founda t i on of thi s Un i on of
State s having be e n laid in and i ts prosper i ty e x
em i nent example i n free govern
pa n s i o n and pr e m e nt b ui lt up on entire free dom ofma tt e rs of rel i g
ious c oncernment and no resp ect of person s i n
regard to rank or plac e of b i r t h no p arty can j us t ly
b e d ee med nati onal c onstitut i onal or i n accordanc e
with A m e rican p rin ciples w hi ch bases i t s exclu s i v e
organi zation up on rel i g i ous O p i nions and acc i den t al
b i rth -plac e A n d henc e a p o l i t i cal crusade i n th e
n i neteenth century and in the U n i ted S t a t es of
A m erica
a gainst Catho li cs
and for ei gn -b orn is
ne i th e r j ust ifi ed by the p ast hi s t ory or futur e pros
pec t s of the c ountry nor i n un i s on w i th the s p i r i t
of tol e ration and e nlighten e d fr e edom wh i ch pec u
li a r ly dis tingu i shes the A m e rican system of pe pu la r
g ov ernment
R es olv ed That w e r e it e rate with rene wed energy
of p u rp ose the well considered declarat i ons of former
c onv e ntions up on the sect i onal issue of d ome s t i c
slavery and c onc e r n in g the r e served r i ghts of the
State s
1 That Congr e ss has n o p o w er under th e Consti
tuti e n to interfer e w i t h or control the d omes t i c i n
s ti tu t i on s of th e several
S t a t es and tha t all such
Stat e s ar e th e sol e and proper j udges of everyt h i ng
a pertai ning to the ir own a ffairs not prohi b i ted by
t e Const i tution ; that all e ffor t s of the A b ol i t i on i s ts
or others made to induce Congress to i n t erfere w i th
q uest i ons of sla v ery or to take inc i pient s teps in re
la t i on thereto ar e calcula t ed to lead to the m ost
alarm i ng and dangerous conse q uences and that all
such e fforts have an i nev i t abl e tendency to d i m i n i s h
the h app i ness of the pe ople and e ndanger t he et a b i
l i ty and p erman e ncy of the U n i on and ought n ot to
b e countenanced b y any friend of our p ol i t i cal i n
.
.
That th e A merican Democracy place their
t r ust i n th e i nt e lli g e nc e th e p atr i o t i sm and the d i s
c rimi natin g j ustic e of t e A merican p e ople
R es olv ed That w e regard thi s as a d i sti nctiv e fea
tu r e of ou r p ol it i cal creed whi c h w e are proud to
m ain tai n b e fore the world as a gr e at m oral e l e ment
in a fo rm of g o v e rnm e nt spr i ng i ng fro m and upheld
b y th e p op ular w i ll ; and w e c ontrast it with the
cr ee d and practic e of F e d e r alism u nd e r whatever
n am e or form whi ch seeks to p alsy th e will of the
constituent and whi ch c onc e iv e s n o im p ostur e too
monstr ous for th e p opular cre du li ty
R es olv ed , therefor e That e nte rtai nin g thes e v i e ws
th e D e m ocrat i c p arty of thi s U n ion through their d e l
eg a t es ass e mbled in g e n e ral Conv e nti on c o mi ng to
gether i n a sp irit of c oncord of dev otion to th e doc
tri n e s and fai th of a fre e r e pres e ntativ e g ov e r nment
a nd app e ali n g to the i r fe ll ow-c iti zens for th e re ctitude
of th e i r i nte ntions r e new and reasse r t b e for e th e
A m e rican p e ople th e d e clarati ons of prin cip l e s av ow
e d b y them wh e n on former occasions in g e n e ral
C onv e ntion they ha v e pr e s e nt e d the i r candi date s for
th e p op u l a r s u flr a ge
1 That th e F ederal G o v ernm e nt is on e o f li m i ted
p ow e r d e ri v e d sol e ly fr om th e Constitution and th e
gr ants of p ower mad e th e r e i n ought to b e strictly
c onstrue d by a ll th e d e p artm e nts and ag e nts of the
go v ernm e nt and that it is i n e xp e di e nt and dang e r
ul c onstit u tiona l p ow e rs
on e to ex e rcis e doub tf
2 That th e C onstitution do e s n ot c onfe r up on th e
G e n e ral G o v e rnm e nt th e p ow e r to co mm e nc e and
c ar r y on a en er a l syste m of in te rnal i m r ov emen ts
e r a uth or i ty
3 That
6 C onsti t u tion do e s not c o
u p on th e Fed er al G o ve rnm e nt di r e ctl y or i nd ir e c tly
to a ss u m e th e debts of th e s e v e ral Stat e s c ontracte d
fo r l ocal an d i nte r n a l im pro v e m e nts or oth e r Stat e
pu pos s n or would such ass u m ption b e j us t o r e x
es olv ed ,
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4
O
That j u sti c e and sound p oli cy forbi d th e F e d e ral
G o v e r nm e nt to foste r on e branch of industry to the
d e trim e nt of anoth e r or t o ch e rish th e int erests of
on e p orti on of ou r c o mm on c ountry ; that e very
c iti z e n and e v e r y s e cti on of th e country has a r ight
to d e mand and in sist u on an eq uali ty of r i ghts and
p r i vil e g e s , and a c o mp etc and am pl e protection of
e rsons and prop e rty from dome stic v iol e n c e and
11 aggr e ssi on
p
era
hat it is th e duty of e v er y bran c h of th e G ov
5
ern m en t t o en for c e and p ractis e the m ost r igid e c o
ai rs and that no
n om y i n conducting our p ub li c aff
m or e r e v e nu e ought to b e rais e d than is r equ ired to
d e fr ay th e n e cessary e xp e nses of th e go v e rnment
a nd gradual but c ertain e xt i nction of th e p ublic debt
6 That th e pro c ee ds of th e p ubl i c l ands ought to
b e sac r e dly appli e d to the national obj ects sp e c i fie d
in the C onstitution and that we ar e opp os e d to any
l a w for the distribution of such proc e e d s am ong the
State s as al ik e i n e xp e d ient i n p oli cy and repugnant
to th e Consti tu tion
7 That Congr e ss h as no p ow e r to charter a N a
f
i en a l B ank ; that w e b e li e v e such a n institution on e
of deadly h ostil ity to the b est interests of t hi s
c o un tr y dangerous to our republ i can inst i tutions a n d
the li b e rties of th e p e opl e and calculat e d to plac e
th e bus i n e ss of th e country wi thi n the c ontrol of a
c o n secrat e d m on e y p ower a n d ab ov e th e l aws and
wi ll of the p e opl e ; and th e resul ts of the D em o c r a
t i c leg i s l ati on in this and all oth e r fi nanc i al m easures
u p on wh i ch issu e s hav e b een m ad e b etwe en the two
p oli t i cal p arti es of th e c ountry ha v e demonstrate d
to cand i d a n d p ractical men of a ll p arties their
s u n d n es s
safety an d utili t y in all b u s i ness p ur
.
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w
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s ti t u
ti o n s
.
Tha t the foregoing prop os i tion c overs and was
intende
d to e mbrace the whole su bj ect of sl avery
i
ag i tati on i n Congress and therefore the Democra t i c
p arty of the U n i on stand i ng on th i s nat i onal plat
form w i ll a b i de by and adhere to a fa i t hful execu t i on
of th e acts k n own as the comprom i s e m e a sures set
9g
j t8
“
t he a c t for recla im
8 That the s e paration of th e mon e ys of th e G ov tled b y the Co n gress of 1 850 :
whi c h
e rn m en t tr om b anki ng ins titu t i ons is in d isp e nsabl e to i n g fugitives ! o m servi ce or la b or i ncluded ;
2
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”
e
ll
b e i ng d e s i gn e d to carry out an ex ress pr ovi si on en ou h to embrace and 11 hold the Uni on a s it w a s
of the C onst i t ut i on cannot with fid e ty ther e to b e the ni on as it is and the nion as it sha ll b e—ih th e
repeale d or s o changed as to d e stroy or impair i ts full expression of th e energies and capacity of thi s
e fii c ie n c y
great and progressiv e eople
3 T h at the Democrat i c p ar t y w i ll r e sist a ll a t
That t ere a r e questions co n necte d
1 R es ol v ed
t emp t s a t ren e w i ng in Congress or out of i t the with the foreign p olicy of th i s co u ntry w hi c h are in
ag i t a t i o n of t he slavery q uestion under whate ver feri er to no domestic questi on whatev er Th e ti m e
shap e or c olor the attempt ma y b e made
has com e for th e p e ople of the Unite d S tates to d e
4 That t he Democra t i c p art y wi ll fa i t hfully ab i d e clar e themselves i n fav or of fre e seas and pro es
by and uphold t he pr i nc i p les la i d down i n the K en siv e free trade throughout t h e w orld and by so emu
t ucky and Vi rgin i a resolut i ons of 1 7 9 2 and 1 7 9 8 and manifestati ons to place th eir m o r al i n flu ence at the
i n t he re p or t of Mr MA D I S O N to th e Vi rg i n i a Le gis side of th eir successful example
l a t u r e i n 1 7 9 9 —that it ado ts these p rinc i pl e s as c on
2 R es ol v ed That our ge ographical and p ol itical
s t it u t i n g one of t h e main
ou n d a t i o n s of i ts
o li ti c a l p osi tion with reference to the other S tates of thi s
creed a n d i s re s olve d to c arry them out i n eir ob c ontin ent no l ess th an the interest of our commerce
v i o u s mean i ng and im p ort
u i r es
and the devel opm ent of our growing p ower re q
A n d t ha t we may m ore d i stinctly mee t th e i ssu e on that w e shoul d h old sacred the principles inv olv e d i n
wh i ch a sectional p arty su b si st i ng e xclusiv e ly on th e MO N RO E d octrine Th eir bear i ng and imp ort a d
slavery ag i t a t i on n ew r e lies to t e st the fi deli ty of the m it of no misconstructi on and sh ould b e app l i ed with
eo ple N or t h and South to the Constitution and th e u n b en d i n
ri i d ity
m on
3 R es c c
That th e r eat hi ghwa y w h ich natur e
1 R es o lv ed That c l a i mi n
fe ll ows h ip with a n d d e as w ell as the as sent of tates most i mmedi ate ly ih
s ir i ng t he c o -op e rati on of a wh o regard the p res e r ter es ted in its m aintai nance has marked out for tr ee
va t i on of t h e U nion under th e C onstituti on as the c ommuni cati on betwe en the A tlantic and th e Pac ific
paramoun t i ssue and rep u diating all s e c ti onal p art i es O c eans c onstitutes one of th e m ost imp ortan t
and pla tforms c oncerni ng do mesti c slavery w hich achi evements reali ze d by th e sp irit of m od ern ti m es
seek t o e m b ro i l the States and i ncite to treason and in the unc on q
uerab l e ener of ou r p e opl e ; and th e
armed res i s t ance to law in th e terr itori e s and whose r esult would b e secur ed g
y
y a timely and e ffici ent
av owed purp ose ifconsu mmat e d mus t e nd in civil war exertion of the c ontrol which we ha v e the right to
a n d d i s uni on
t he A merican Democracy recogn i z e claim over it and n o p ower on ea rth sh oul d be s u f
and ad op t t he princip les c onta i ned i n th e organi c fe r e d to imp e de or clog its p r ogress b y any in terfer
laws es t a b li s hi ng the territories of N ebraska and enc e with r elations that it may sui t o ur p o licy to
K ansas as e m b ody i ng the o n ly sound and safe s olu establi sh betw e en our
o v er n m en t and th e g overn
t i on of the s lavery q u e st i on u on wh i ch th e gr e at m ents of th e S tates w it in whose domin i ons it li es ;
na t i onal ide a of t h e p e ople of tp3 wh ole c ountry can we c a n under no circumstances surrender our pre
rep o s e i n i ts dete r mi ned c onservati on of the Uni on p onder emo s in the adj ustment of a ll q
u esti ons arising
and non -i nte rference of Congress with slav e ry i n th e out of it
te rr i t or i es or in the D i str i ct of C olum b i a
4 R es olv ed That in v i e w of so c omm an ding an
2 Tha t t h i s w as the bas i s of the c omprom ises of inter est th e p e ople of th e United S ta te s cannot but
1 85 0 c onfi rme d by b oth the Democrat i c and Whig s mp athis e with t h e eff
orts which a r e be i ng mad e b y
ty
e pe opl e of C entral A m eric a to r eg enerate that
par t i es i n N a t i onal Conven t i ons ra t ifi ed by the pe o
ple i n t he elec t ion of 1 85 2 and rightly ap pl i ed to the p orti on of the contin ent which c ov ers th e p assag e
organ i zat i on of the territor i es i n 1 85 4
across the in ter -oceanic isthmus
3 Tha t by th e u n i form applicati on of th e D e m o
5 R es olv ed That the D emocrati c p art y will e
ec t
cra t i c pr i nc i pl e to the organ i zat i on of terr i tories and of the next A dmi n istration that ev ery prop er e ort
t h adm i ss i on of ne w States w i th or w i thout domes
b e mad e to e ns ure our asc endency in the Gul f of
n c slavery as t hey may elect the e q u a l r i ghts of all M
e xico and to m ai ntain
erman ent pr o t ection to th e
p
the S t a t es will b e preserve d i ntact th e orig i nal c om gr eat outl ets through whi ch are emptied into its w a t
p ac t s of the C onstitution m aintain e d i nv i olate and ers the p r oducts raised out of th e so i l and th e c o m
t he p e rpe t uity and expansi on of th e Union insur e d m odi ties create d by the industry of the p e opl e of our
to i t s u t mo s t capac i ty of embracing i n p e ace and weste rn v all eys a nd of the U n i on at larg e
harmony e v e ry future A merican Sta t e that may b e
c on s t i t ute d or annex e d with a repub lican for m of
government
R E P U B LI C AN r n a r r orm r u r r o a m A T P H IL AD E L P H IA ,
R es ol v ed That w e recog niz e th e ri ht of th e pee
J U N E 1 8th 1 85 6
la of all t he terr i tories i nclud i ng
ansas and N e
ra s ka ac t i ng t hrough the legally and fa i rly e xp r e ss
T h is Conv e ntion of D e l e gate s ass e mbl e d in m en
ed w i ll of t h e maj or i t y of the actual residen ts and anc e of a call addr e ss e d to th e pe ople of th e n ite d
whenever the num b er of t he i r inha b i tants j usti fie s i t Stat e s without regard to a s t p o lit i cal differences o r
to form a C ons t i tu t i on w i t h or w i thou t domest i c d i visi ons wh o ar e opp os epto the rep e al of th e MIB
sl avery and b e ad mi tte d into the Union up on terms souri Compromi se to the p olicy of th e present
ec t e q ual i t y w i th the other States
of e rf
A dm i n i s trat i on ; to the e x te n s i o n of Sl av e ry into
i tt i ng K ansas a s a
Free
Terr
i
tory
i
n
favor
of
adm
es ol v ed fin a ll
That
i
n
v
ie
w
of
the
c
ondit
i
on
of
;
y
the p o pular i nsti t ut i ons i n th e old w orld (and th e free State ; of restoring the act i on of the Federal
d a ng erous te n denc i e s of sectional ag i tation c o mb i n G overnment t o the pr i nc i ples of W AS H I N G T O N and
resent i n g
J n r r u a s o x and w h o p urp o s e to un i te in
e d w i t h t he a tt empt to e nforc e c i v i l and rel i g ious dis
a b i l i t i e s aga i n s t t he righ t s of ac q u i r i ng and enj oying cand i dates for the e ll i ce s of P res i dent a n d pi c e P r e s i
c i t i zens h i p i n our o w n la n d ) a h i gh and sacred du t y dent d o resol ve a s foll ows :
R es ol v ed That the maintenanc e of t h e pr i nciples
is i nvolved w i t h increase d r e s p ons i b i l i t y up on t h e
D m n o c r a t ic pa rt of t h i s country as the par t y of the promulgated i n th e Declaration of I ndependenc e and
U n i on t o u h l a n d ma i nta i n t he r i gh t s of ev e ry em b o d ied i n the Federal Con s titu t i on a re essent i al
cr o hy t he un i on of t he S t ate s—and t o to th e prese rvation of o u r r e p ubl i can i n s t i tuti ons
S t a te a n d tp
and tha t the Federal Const i tut i on the r i gh ts of the
s u s t a i n a n d ad vance am ong us con s t i tutional li b e rty
b y c on t i nu i ng t o re s i s t all mono o li es and exclus i ve Sta t e s and t h e uni on of the S tate s shall b e pr e
leg i s la t i on for the b e ne fi t of the ew at t h e e xpense s e rved
of t he many a n d b y a v i g i lant and c onstant a d h e r
R es olv ed That w ith our r e n b li c a n fath e rs we hold
ence t o tho s e ri n c i ples and comprom i s e s of the it to b e a self-e vident truth t i a t all men a r e e ndo we d
j ch are broad enough and s rong
with th e i n a liena b le r igh ts t o l i fe liberty and the pur
C o n ti t u t i on—W p
a ct
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o
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o
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t
s
9
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,
l2
a l l in i ts c ons tructi on ; a nd as an
at
a
nd
ef
fi
cient
e
di
e
t
of
happ
in
s
and
that
p
rimary
obj
ect
and
ult
t
h
e
s
e
su i
r i o r desi u s of our federal g ov ernment were t o secur e auxiliary ther eto the immediate c onstruction of an
th es e r ig ts t o all p ersons withi n its excl u sive j u r is d i c emigrant r oute on th e li n e of the railroad
ti on ; t hat as our rep ub lican fathers when they had R es olv ed That appropriations by C ongress for the l
ab olish ed slav ery in all our national terr i tory ordain improvement of rivers and h arb ors of a n a ti o n a l i
character requ i re d for the acc ommodati on and s ecu
ed that no p erson should b e deprive d of life lib erty
e a r e au thori zed by t h e
rity
of
our
existing
commerc
prop
e
r
ty
without
due
process
of
law
it
becomes
r
o
our duty to m a intai n thi s p rov isi on of th e C onstituti on C o n stituti on and j ustified by th e obl i gation of g ov
against all attempts to vi olat e it for th e p urp ose of es er n m en t to protect th e li ves an d prop erty of its citi
t a b lis hi n g slav ery i n any terr i tory of the Uni t e d S tates zens
-O
c
h
o
That
e
inv
it
e
t
e
a
f
fi
liatio
and
o
w
s
v
e
d
l
e
R
n
p
by p ositiv e legislation p r oh i bi ting i ts ex i st ence or
ferent
r a ti on of the m en of a ll p arties h owe ver di f
e
t
h
e
xtension
therein
That
deny
authority
of
w
e
e
t he principles
from
us
in
other
respects
in
supp
ort
of
ongr
ss
of
a
territorial
legislature
of
any
individ
e
C
ual or association of in d i viduals to give legal ex ist~ herein declar ed ; and b eli eving that th e sp i rit ofo u r
ence to slavery in any territory of the United S tates , instituti ons as well as th e C onstituti on of our c oun
u a li ty of
try guarantees l ib erty of consci enc e a n d eq
whi le the resent C onstituti on shall h e mai nta i n ed
That th e C onstitution c onfers u p on C on rig hts a mong citi zens w e op p os e all l eg i slati on i m
R es olv e
gress sovereign p ower over th e t erritories of th e p a i ri ng t h eir s ecurity
United S tates for their g ov ernment and that in th e
ex er cis e of thi s p ower it is b oth th e right and th e
CO L O N EL F REMO N T S A CC EPTA N C E
d uty of C ongr ess to prohib it in the t erritories th os e
t wi n r eli cs of b a rbarism—p olygamy a nd sla v ery
w
Y ou r J u l y 8 1 85 6
R es olv ed That whil e th e C onstitution of th e Unit ed
S ta tes w a s ordained and establish e d by the e0 pl e i n
GEN TLEMEN : Y ou call m e to a high resp onsibility
o r d er to form a m or e p e r fect U n i on es ta b lis j us tic e by pla c ing me in th e v an of a gr eat m ov ement of the
i nsur e dom estic tranqui llity p r o vi d e fo r th e c o mm on p e opl e of the Unit ed S tat es wh o without r egard to
d efenc e a nd sec u r e the b l essings of li berty and c on p ast di li er en c es are uniting in a common e ffort t o
ta ins am pl e pr ov rs i on s for th e p r otection of the li fe bri ng b ack th e acti on of t h e F ederal Government to
li b erty and property of e v er y citi zen th e dear est th e principl es ofWA S H IN G TO N and JE F F ERS O N C o m
C onstitutional rights of th e p e op l e of K ansas hav e pr eh endi ng the magnitude of th e trust which their
b een fraud u l ently and v i olently taken fr om th em hav e declar ed th ems elves willing to place i n my
th eir t erritory has b een invaded by an ar m ed force
hands and d eeply s ens ibl e to th e h on or whi ch they
spuri ous and pr etended legislativ e j udicial and ex unrese r v e d c o n fid ence in this threateni ng p os i t i on of
fic ers hav e b een s et over them b y whose th e p ubli c affairs impli es I feel that I cann ot b etter
ec u t i v e o f
us urp e d authori ty sustain ed by th e military p ow er r esp ond t han b y a sinc er e d eclaration that in the
of the government tyr annical an d unc onst itutional e v ent of my el ection to th e Pr esidency I should
l aws have b ee n enacted and enforce d—th e r ights of enter u p on t h e exe cution of its duti es with a single
th e p e op le to ke ep and b ear arms hav e b een infring e d heart ed dete rm inati on to prom ot e th e g ood of th e
—
test oaths of an ext raordinary and entangling n a whol e c ountry n d to dir ect solely to this end all
tur e have b een im p osed as a condition of ex ercising th e p ow er of t h e Government i rrespectiv e of p arty
frag e and holding e tn ee—the right of issues and regardl ess of s ecti onal strifes The
t h e right of su f
a n accus e d p erson to a sp eedy and p ubli c tr i al by an d e cl ar ati on of principles e mb odied in th e resolves of
im p artial j ury has b een d eni ed—th e right of th e peo your C onv enti on expr esses th e sentiments in which
p le t o b e secur e in their p ersons h ouses pap ers and I hav e be en educat ed and which hav e b een rip ene d
fects against unre a s onabl e searches and s ei z ur es has into c onv i c ti ons by p ersonal obs erv ation and ex pe
ef
b een v iol a ted—th ey h ave b een d epri v e d of l ife lib er ricuce With this declarati on and avowal I th i nk
t y and pr oper ty with out d u e pr oc ess of law—that th e i t necessary t o revert to only tw o of t h e subj ects
freedo m 0 fspeech and o f th e p r ess has b een a b r i d g e m braced in the resoluti ons and to those only b e
c d —th e right to ch oos e th ei r repres entatives has b een cause e v ents have surround ed th em with grave and
fect—murd ers r obb eries and arsons critical circ u m stances and given to them esp ec i al
made of n o ef
have b een ins tigated and encouraged and the ofien d i mp ortanc e
d ers hav e b een all owe d t o g o u n pu n is h ed th a t a ll
I concur in the views of the C onventi on depr eca
Th e as
t hes e th ings hav e b een done with th e kn owl edg e ti n g t h e foreign p olicy to whi ch it adve r ts
sanction and procurement of th e p r esent administr a sumption that w e hav e th e r ight to take from
ti on and that for this high cri m e again st the C onsti another n ation its domains b ecause we w a nt them
is a n ab andonment of the honest character w h ich
tu ti on th e Union and hum anity w e a r raign the a d
uired To prov oke h ost i l i t i es
ministration th e Pr esid ent hi s a d visers agents sup ou r c o u ntry has ac q
i fice t e
u ld
by
u
j
ust
w
o
b
e
to
sacr
ort
rs
ol
ogists
and
acc
ssories
ither
before
or
a
e
e
s
t
i
n
s
u
e
n
a
s
m
o
,
p
p
h
after th e acts b efor e th e c ountry and befor e the p eac e and character of th e country when all i ts
w orld and th at it is our fix ed p urp ose to bri ng the interests might b e m ore certainly secured an d i ts
a ctual p erp etrators of these atrocious outrages and obj ects atta i ne d by j ust and hea l ing c o u nsels i n
th eir acc ompl ic es to a sur e and condign p u ni shme n t v olving n o l oss of r ep utation
International em barrassments a r e main l y t he r e
h er eafte r
R es olv ed That K ansas shoul d b e immediat ely a d s u lts of a secret dipl omacy w hich aims t o keep from
mi tted as a S tate of th e Union with her pr es ent fr ee th e kn owledge of th e p e ople t h e o pexa t i o n s of t he
c onstitution as at once th e m ost elfec tu a l way of G ov ernm ent This system is inc ons istent w ith the
s ec uring to her c iti zens th e enj oyments of th e r ights character of our institutions and i s i tself y i eld ing
and r i v ileges to w hich th ey are entitl ed and of end gradually to a m or e enl ightened publ i c op i n i on and
to the p ow er of a free Pr ess which by i ts broad
ing t e civil strife now raging in her territory
R es olv ed That the highwayman s pl e a that “ might disseminati on of p oli tic a l intelligence secures i n
m ak es right emb od i ed i n th e O stend circula r w as advance to the side of justice the j udgment of the
in e v ery resp ect unworthy of A m erican dipl omacy c i v i lrzed world
A n honest fir m a n d open po li cy
and would bring shame and dish onor up on any g o v in our foreign relati ons would c ommand the un i ted
supp ort of th e n a tion whose del iberate op i n i ons i t
er n m en t or p eople that gave it their sanction
R es olv ed That a R a ilr o n d to th e Paci fic O c ean b y would necessar ily reflect
th e m ost central a n d practical route is imperatively
N othing i s clearer in th e history of our in s t i t u
d e m anded by the i n t erests of the whole coun try and tions than the design of the nation in a s s e r t n g i ts
th at the F ederal Gov ernm ent ought to r ender imme own i ndep end enc e and freedom to a v o u l gi v m g
,
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I
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O
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’
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3
A
counte nance to the extensi on of S lavery The the Union 1 acce t the no mi nati on of the C on ven
in fluence of th e small but c ompact and p ow erful ti on in the hope t t I m ay be enabled to se rv e u s e
class of men interested in S lavery who c omman d ful ly i ts cause which I c ons id er th e caus e of c ons ti
one secti on of the c ountry and wield a v a st po tu t i on a l F reedom
l i t ios i c ontrol as a c onse q
uence in th e othe r is now
Very r esp ectful ly y our ob edient servant
directe d to turn thi s imp u lse of the R e volution a n d
J C F R E MO N T
re verse i ts p rinciples The extension of S lave r To Me s rs H 8 LA N E P resident of th e C on v ention
;
ower w h ic
a c ross t h e cont i nent is the object of t h e
J
a m
e s M A S HL E Y A N TH O N Y J B LEE C K ER J o s a r n
n e w r ules the G overnment ; and from t
spirit has
es s
n a n n s u s S TE VEN S
H
T
H
os a
ow s s
R
C
s pr n n
those kindred wron s in K ansas so truly p or
W
I LL S
N
J
O
H
A
K
m
B
m
C
F
C S Ls Y S
a n m
tra ye i n o n e of o u r r e s o f
u ti o n s w h ich prove that
v s u s A LD RI C H
i tte e are
LE
om
m
VEL A N D
C
C
C
th e el ements of t E
y
e most arbitrary governments hav e
not b e e n vanqui shed by the j ust theory of our own
I t wo u l d b e out of place here to pl edg e myself to a n y
particular p oli cy that has be en suggeste d to te r m
m
t n ec n s s a n s A CC E PTA N C E
i
nate th e s ect ona l c ontrov ersy engendered by p oliti
c a l anim ositi es operating on a p ow e rful clas s banded
Wrrs n u s n n e a r La s c a su s J a m s 1 6 1 856
together b y a c o mm on inte rest A ra c tic a l re m edy
is t he adm i ssion of K ansas into th e ni on a s a F re e G E N TLE n E N : I ha v e th e h on or to acknowledg e the
The S outh sh oul d in m y j ud ment earnestly r ec eipt of your c o m munication of t he 1 3 th insta nt
S tate
desi re such c onsummati on I t w o d v indicate t he i nforming me o fli c ia lly of m y nomi nation by th e D e
go od faith—i t would c orrect th e mi stak e of the m oc r a ti c N ational C onventi on re cently held at C in
fic e of
repeal ; and the N orth hav ing practically th e b ene c in n a t i as the dem ocrati c candi d a te for the o f
I shall n o t attem pt
fit of the ag r eement b etween th e tw o s e ctions President of th e Unite d S tates
w ould b e satis fied a n d g ood feeling b e restored to express t he grate ful feelings wh ich I en te rt a m
The meas ur e is perfectly consistent w ith th e honor tow ar ds my d emocratic fellow citi z ens for bavin
of the S outh and vital to i ts interests That fatal d eem ed m e wo r thy of this —the h ighest olitic
hono r on earth—
a n honor such as the p e e p e of n o
a c t which gave b irth to this purely se ctional str i fe
o riginating in the scheme to tak e from fr ee lab or th e other c ou n tr h ave the ) ow er to b estow D eeply
c o u ntry secur ed to i t by a sole m n c o v enant cannot sensible of t e vast a n d vari e d resp onsibility a t
be to o soon disa rm ed of its p erni cious forc e
Th e ta c hed to th e station especiall y at th e p r esent crisis
fairs I hav e car efully refrai ned from seek ing
onl y genial re ion of the m iddle latitudes left to th e i n our a f
e m i grants of t 0 N orth ern S tate s for homes cann ot th e nominati on e ithe r by w o r d o r b y d eed N o w
be c on q
uered from th e ir ee lab orers wh o have l ong that it has b e e n o ffered by the de m ocratic p ar ty I
c onsidered it as set 3 art fo r the m in o ur i n her i a cc ept it with di fli d en c e in m y ow n abilities but w ith
ta nce without prov o n g a d esperate struggle a h u mble trust th a t i n th e ev ent of m y election I m ay
What ever may b e the ers is ten c e of th e p articular b e enabled to di scharge m y duty i n such a m ann er
class which seems rea y to ha z ard everythin g for as to allay d omestic strife pres erv e peac e a n d
th e success of the unj ust sch m e it h a s p artially fri endshi p w ith foreign nati ons and prom ote th e b es t
ef
fecte d I f
i rml beli eve that th e gr e at h eart of the in terests of the R e p ublic
nation which t obs with the p atri otis m of the fr e e I n a ccepting th e no m ination I n eed sc a r cely an y
men of b oth se cti ons will have p ower t o overc om e that I accept i n the sam e sp irit the r es oluti ons c on
it They w i ll rook to the rights sec ured to them b y s ti tu tin g the la t form of r in c i les erecte d by th e
intend to c onfin e
the C onstitution of the Uni on as thei r b est safeguard convention
0 this plat or m
from the opp ression of th e clas s w hi ch—b y a m o m yse lf throughout the canvass b elieving t hat I ha v e
n o po ly of th e so i l and of slav e lab or to till i t —
m i ght no right as th e candidate of the de m ocratic p arty
in tim e r educe th em to the extre mity of lab orin g b y answ ering i nt e rr ogatori es to pr esent n ew a n d
upon th e sam e ter m s wi th t he slaves The r es t d i ferent issues before th e pe e lo
b o d of non I t will n o t b e exp ecte d
at in this an sw er I
slaveh ol din g free men in cludi ng
I e S outh
n
of ty
on whos e welfa re S la v er y i s an should spec ially r efer to th e subj ect of ea c h of the
o ppress i ou will
i s c o v er that th e p ower of t h e G en e r esolutions ; a n d I s hall therefor e c on f
in e myse lf to
r a l G overnment over th e publi c la n d s m ay b e b e n efl
th e t w o topics now m ost p ro m inently befo r e th e
c i a lly exe rte d to advanc e their inte r ests and secur e D c o ple
the i r independ enc e K nowin g th is th eir s u lfr a ges A n d in the first la c e fi c ordi a lly c oncur in the
wi ll not b e wanting to maintain that authority in s e nt im ents express eEby t he c onve ntion on t he sub
the Uni on whi ch is absolutely ess ential to t he m a in j ec t of c iv il and religi ous liberty N o pa rt y found ed
te n a n c e of their own li b e rties and whi ch has m ore on rel igious or p olit i cal intoler a nce tow a rd one clas s
than onc e ind i cate d th e pur pose of dis osing of the of A me r ic an citi zens whether born in our own or i n
p ublic lands in such a way a s would me 0 e ve r y s et a foreign la n d c a n long c ontinu e to exist in th is
tler u on them a f
r eeholde r
c ou ntry We a r e all equal before G o d and the C o n
lft e pe ople intru st to me th e a d m inistration of s ti t u t io n and the dark sp irit of d espotism and big o
th e G overnment the la ws of C ong r ess in relation to try whi c h w ould create od ious d i tinctions among
the T erritori es w il l be faithful !y execute d A ll its our fellow -C iti zens will be s p eedily r ebuked by a
a uth o rity wi ll be exert ed in a i d of the national will fr e e and enli hte ned public op i nion
g
to r e esta bl is h the peac e of th e c ountry on the just Th e a ita t i o n on the questi on of d o m est ic slavery
p rinci les which hav e h eretofore receiv ed the sanc has too ong dictated a n d divi d ed the pe ople of th is
ti on 0 t he F ederal G ov ern m ent of the S tates a n d Union a n d a l ienate d their in flect i ons from e a ch o ther
of the pe o le of both secti o n s S uch a p olicy would T hi s a gitation ha s assume d many forms since its
imen t to that se ct i onal party which seeks C ommencement but it now se ems to b e direc te d
leav e no ap
i ts aggrandi zement b y app r opri at ing the new Ter chi efly to the te rritories : a n d ju d g ing from i ts pre
ri t o r i es to capital in t he form of S lav e ry but w ould s e n t char a cter 1 th ink we m a y sa fely a nt ic i pa te th a t
ine vi tably r esult in the triumph of fre e labor —the it is r a p idly a pr o a r h in g a fi n a l it y
The recent
natural capital which c onst itutes the r ea l wealth of l eg islat i on of Bo n g r e s s respect ing d omestic slavery
this great c ountry and cr eates that in te lli ent power derive d a s it has b e en from the original and pure
in the m a sses alon e to b e re lied on as the u lw a r k of foun t a in of legit imate pol itical p ower t he will of t he
free instituti ons
m a j or ity promises ere l ong to allay th e d angerou s
Trusting that i ha v e a heart capabl e of c ompre excite ment Th is leg i slat ion is founded u n pr i n
hending our whole country with i ts varied interests c i ples a s ancient a s free government its e f a n d in
a n d con f
i d ent that patri otis m exists in a ll p arts o f ac c ordanc e wi th t hem h a s si m ply declared tha t th e
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14
of a ter r i t br y li k e those of a S tate shall
d ec i de for th ems elves wh eth er S lav ery sh a ll or shall
n ot e xi st w ith i n the i r li mi ts
The N eb r a s k a -K ansas A c t d oes no m o r e than gi v e
th e fo r c e of law to thi s el e mentary principl e of s elf
“
g o v ernm ent declarin g it to be the true in tent and
m e ani ng of this act not to legislat e slavery into any
t erritory or S tate nor to exclud e it therefrom ; b ut
to l eav e th e pe ople there of p erfe ctly fr ee to form
and regulate their d om estic insti tutions i n their own
way subj ect only to th e C onstitution of th e Uni ted
Thi s princip l e will sur ely not b e contro
S tates
v erted by any indi v idual of any p arty pr ofessing de
B esides how vain
v oti o n to p opular g ov e rnment
and ill usory w oul d any oth er prin c ipl e p r ov e in
prac ti c e in r egard to the t er ritori es ! Thi s is app a
r ent from the fact ad m itte d by a ll that after a terri
to r y shal l hav e entered th e Uni on and b ec om e a
S tat e n o c onstitutional p ow er w o ul d th en exi st
wh ich c oul d rev ent it fro m e ith er ab o l ishin g or
estab l is h i ng s a v e r y a s the cas e m ay b e ac c o r di n g
to its so v ereign w i ll and p leasur e
Most happy would it b e for the c ountry ifthis l ong
agita tion wer e at an en d D uri ng i ts wh ol e p rogr ess
i t has produc ed n o practical g ood to any h u m an
b ei ng wh ile it has been the sourc e of gr eat and di s
It has ali enat ed a n d estrang e d on e
a s trous e vils
p o r ti on of the Uni on fr om th e oth er and has ev en
s eri ously threatened its v ery exi st enc e T o m y own
per sonal knowl edg e it has produ c e d th e impr essi on
a m ong foreign nati ons that our gr eat and glori ous
c onfed era cy is in constant dang er of dissolution
Thi s d oes us serious i nj ury beca u s e acknowl edged
p ow er and stab i l ity always c ommand r esp ect am ong
nations and are among th e best secur iti es against
u n j s t aggr ession a nd in fav or o f th e mai nt enanc e
of ip
on or a b le p eace
Ma y we not h op e that it is the missi on of th e
d em ocratic p arty now the only surviving c onserva
ti v e p arty of th e c ountry ere long to overthrow all
s ectional p arti es and restore th e p eac e fr i endshi p
a nd mutual con fidence wh ich preva il ed in th e g ood
old tim e among th e di fier en t m emb ers of the c on fe
d er a c y ? Its C haracte r is strictly national and it
therefore asserts n o principle for th e gui danc e of the
federal g o v ernment whi ch is not adopt ed and sus
t a i n e d by its me m bers in e ach and ev ery S tat e
F or
t hi s r eason it i s e verywhere t h e same determin e d
fe e of all ge ographical p arties so much and so j ustly
dr ead ed by th e father of his c ountry F rom its v ery
natur e it must c ontinue to exi st s o long as th ere is a
C onstituti on and a Uni on to preserve A c onvi c tion
of these truths has induced many of the p ur est th e
abl est and m ost indep endent of our form er O pp o
fere d from us in tim e gon e by
h ents who have di f
up on old and extinct p arty issues to com e i nto our
r a n ks and dev ote themselves with us to th e caus e of
the C onsti tution and th e Uni o n
U n d er th es e c ir
c u m s ta n c es I m ost ch eerfully p l edg e myse l f sh oul d
th e nomi nation of the c onventi on b e rati fie d b y t h e
tha t all the p ow er and infl uenc e c on s titu
e ople
p
i on a ll y p oss essed by th e executive shall b e ex ert ed
i n a fir m but conciliatory spirit dur ing th e singl e
fice to restor e th e sam e
term I sh all r em a i n i n o f
harmony among t he sist er S tates wh ich p revailed
before th is app le of di s cord in th e form of sl avery
ag i tati on had b een Cast into their mi dst Let the
members of the fam il y abstain fro m intermeddli ng
with th e exclusiv e domestic c onc erns of each oth er
t n d cord i ally uni t e on the basis of p erfe ct e quali ty
among themselves in promoting the great nati onal
obj ects of common interest to a ll and th e good work
will b e i nstantly a ccompl i shed
In regard to our fore ig n p ol i cy to which you have
referred in your commun i cat i on it is qu i te i mpos s i
b l e for any human foreknowledge to prescribe p osi
ti ve rul es i n adv ance to regulate the conduct of a
futur e admini strati on i n a ll t he ex igencies whi ch
people
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art
b oul d I b e plac e d in th e e x ecutiv e chai r 1 sha ll
u s e m y b est ex ertions to c u lti v at e p e ac e and fr iend
ship with a ll nations b eli ev ing thi s to b e our hi ghe s t
p oli cy as w ell as our m ost i m era ti ve duty ; b ut at
th e sam e I shall n e v er for et 1: at in cas e the n ec es
s i ty shoul d aris e whi ch
do n ot n ow apprehend
ou r n ational hono r must b e pr es er v e d at a ll ha zar ds
a nd at any sacrific e
F i rmly c on v i nc e d tha t a sp ecial Providence g ov
erns the af
fa i rs of nati ons let us h u mbly im p lore his
continu ed bl essi ng up on our c oun try a n d that h e
m ay av er t from us the p uni shment we j ustly deserve
for b ein g d isc ontented and ungrateful whil e enj oyi ng
p rivil eges ab ove a ll nations un d er such a C o n s t it u
tion and such a Uni on as has n ev er b een v ouchsafed
to any oth er p e op l e
Y ours v ery r esp ectfull y
JA M
E S B U C H A N AN
The H o n J O HN E WA RD W A R I C HA RD S ON ,
and others
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MR
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FI
LL MO RE S
’
A
CC EP TA N C E
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PAR I S Ma y 21 1 85 6
G E N TL mrE N : I hav e the honor to ackn owledge th e
rec eipt of your letter informing me that th e N ational
C onvention of th e A merican p arty whi ch had just
closed i ts session at Phi ladelphi a had unan im o u sly
presente d my na m e for the Pres idency of the Un ited
S tates a nd assoc i ated with it that of A ndr e w J ack
son D onelson for th e Vic e-Pres i dency This u n ex
pec t ed c omm un icati on m et me at Ven i ce on my r e
turn from Italy and the dup li cate ma i ls thi rteen days
l ater w er e r ecei ved on my ar rival i n thi s city last
e v eni ng
Thi s m ust accoun t for my app ar ent n eglect in giv
ing a m ore pr o m pt rep ly
Y ou w i ll p ar d on m e fo r sayi n g that when m A d
m i ni str ation oi os ed in 1 85 3 I consider ed my po it ic a l
li fe as a public man at an en d and thenc eforth I was
only a n xi ous to di scharg e my duty as a private citi
zen
H enc e 1 hav e taken no activ e p art in p oli tics
but I hav e by no means b een an ind ifferent sp ectator
of p ass i ng events nor have I hesi tated to exp ress my
op i ni on on a ll p olitical subjects when asked nor to
g i v e my v ote and private infl uence for thos e m en and
measures I thought best calculated to promot e the
p rosper i ty and glory of our common c o u ntry B e
yond thi s I have d eeme d it im prop er for me to in ter
fere
B u t this unso l i cited a n d unexp ected nominati on
has imp osed up on me a new duty from wh ich I c a n
not shr i nk ; and therefore approv i ng as I do th e
general O bjects of the par ty wh i ch has h o n o r e d me
with i ts confidence I cheerfully accept i ts nom i na
tion w ithout waiting to in q
u ire i t s prospects of suc
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15
or de fe a t i i is s u fii c ien t for m e to kno w that
b y so d o i ng I yield to the w i shes of a lar e p orti on
c it izens i n eve ry part of t e Uni on
o i my fellow who like myself are sincerely a n xi ous to s e e t he
A dmin istration of o u r G overnment restored to that
or i g i nal s i m pl icity a n d pur ity wh i ch marked th e first
p a rt of its existence a n d if p ossible to quiet that
alarm ing sect i onal ag i tation wh i ch while it delights
th e m onarch ists of E urope causes e very true friend
of our o w n c ountry to mourn
H aving the e x e r ie n c e of past s er vi c e in th e admin
is t r a t i o n of the g
o v e r n me n t I may b e permi tted to
refer to that as the ex p onent of th e future and to
say that should the c h mc e of the C onv ention be sanc
t i o n e d by th e pe ople I sha ll with the same s c r u pu
i ous regard for the rights of e v er y section of the
Un i on whi ch then influenced my c onduct ende avor
t o erf
o r m ev er
duty c onfid ed by the C onstitution
an xlaws to the x e c u ti v e
A s th e proceedings of th e C onventi on ha v e mark e d
an era in the h istory of the c ountry by bringing a
new p olitical organ i zation into the approachi ng Pr e
s i d e n t i a l canvass I take o c asion to r e a ifir m my full
con fidence in the patr i otic purp oses of that o rgani za
tion wh ich i regard as springing out of th e public
nece s sity forced upon the c ountry to a large extent
by unfo rtuna t e sect i onal di vis i ons and the inj uri ous
te ndency of these di vis i ons towards disuni on
It alone in my O p i ni on of all pol itical agencies
now existing is possessed of the p ower to silenc e
t hi s violent and disa strous agitation and to restor e
harm ony by i ts own example of m od erati o n a n d for
( 8 88
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bearance I t has a claim ther efor e in m y j udg m ent,
u on ev ery earnest fri end of the integri ty of the
mon
S o est i mating this p arty b oth in i ts present o s i
tion and future destiny I fr eely adopt its great ea d
ing pr i nciples as anno u nced in the recent declaration
of the N ational C ouncil in Phi ladelphi a a copy of
which you were so k ind as to enclose to me h o ld in
them to be j ust and liberal to e very true i nterest of
t he country a nd w isely adapted to the estab lishment
and supp ort of an en li ghtened safe and eii ec ti v e
A m eric a n p olicy in ful l acc ord wi th the ideas and
the hopes of the fath ers of th e R e p ubli c
I e xp ect sh o r tly to sail fo r A m erica and with the
bl ess in g of D i v in e Pro vi d enc e hop e soon to tread
m y nati v e soil M O pp o r tunity of co m pa ring m
own country a n d ty
e c ondi tion of th e p e ople wit
thos e of E u r o 0 h as only serve d to in crease m y a d
mir a ti o n and o ve for ou r bl e ss ed land of li berty a n d
I shall r etu rn to it with o ut ev en a d esi re to ever cross
th e A tlanti c again
I b e you g entl em en to acc ept m y th anks fo r th e
v ery a tteri n g mann er in whi ch you hav e b een
ple as ed to c om m u nic ate th e result of the acti on o f
that e nli hten e d and pat r ioti c b ody of men w h o
c omp ose the late C onv enti on and b e assur ed that I
am w ith pr ofound r esp ec t a nd esteem y our fell ow
c itizen
MILLA R D F I LLMO R E
To M
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