CONTENTS
Welcome Messages …………………………………….
2
Conference at a Glance ……………………………
5
Plenary Session Abstracts ……………………………...
7
Featured Panels Abstracts …………………………….
11
Parallel Sessions Timetable …………………………….
15
Parallel Sessions Abstracts ……………………….…….
21
Guidelines for Paper Presenters ………..............……
55
Guidelines for Moderators ……………………….……. 56
Agenda for Business Meeting …………..…………….
57
Practical Information …………………………………...
58
Campus Map …………………………………………….
60
The Philippine Sociological Society ………………….
61
The Philippine Sociological Review …………………
62
Conference Organizers............................................
63
1
PRESIDENT’S WELCOME
It is with great anticipation and pleasure that I
welcome all participants to the 2015 National
Conference of the Philippine Sociological Society.
Our conference theme, “Sociology of Peace and
Conflict: Contexts and Challenges” does not only
respond to the urgency of issues on peace and
conflict faced by the country today but presents a
wellspring for theorizing, conceptualization, and
research formulation in sociology and the social sciences.
What is demanded from sociology is a perspective that goes beyond the usual
sensationalist platform of moralizing against violence and conflict or issuing
aphorisms of peace ideals. The task of sociology and the social scientific
community is that we address peace and conflict with rigor and discipline, with
scientific reckoning, and with critical interpretation.
Whether the context is Mindanao or West Philippine Sea, an urban household or a
rural village, within Philippine institutions or cosmopolitan spaces, papers in this
conference shed light as well as interrogate the complexities of peace and
conflict. This conference is convened to deepen and expand the sociological
understanding of peace and social conflict from the various levels of analysis—
household, village, region, nation, and the world, involving various actors—
individual, state, and non-state actors.
This conference brings together a community of scholars and professionals from
diverse and contrasting theoretical perspectives and methodological
approaches. But, the only conflict allowed in this conference is a debate of ideas
peaceably engaged in a healthy discourse among colleagues in solidarity of
shared struggles scholars, professionals, and colleagues in sociology and the social
sciences
To our local hosts—MSU-IIT Chancellor Dr. Sukarno Tanggol, local organizers
headed by our convenor, Dr. Nimfa Bracamonte, and MSU-IIT Department of
Sociology Chairperson, Dr. Sulpecia Ponce, along with their faculty, staff,
students—we are deeply grateful for your offer of creative partnership and
generous collaboration.
To the participants of the 2015 National Conference of the PSS, welcome!
DR. FILOMIN CANDALIZA-GUTIERREZ
President, Philippine Sociological Society
2
CONVENOR’S WELCOME
Maayong adlaw kanatong tanan og daghang
salamat sa inyong pagsalmot nianing atong
panagtigom sa duha ka adlaw nga kumperensya!
Why is Mindanao still a land of unfulfilled promises?
Or is it becoming a land of demise? These are
disturbing questions reflective of the conflicting
realities among us.
As an action-oriented person, I have seen and felt
all these years the poverty and structural inequities
here and there. These led to the unending search and exploration for innovative
strategies and apt solutions to alleviate these.
Indeed, over the years, innumerable collaborative efforts have been launched by
individuals, groups, and institutions to analyze the deep-seated problems in
Mindanao and undertake peace building efforts, yet peace stays elusive. How
can we attain meaningful justice for all? What are our theoretical and practical
options?
To make utmost sense of the perennial issues surrounding the country today, the
holding of this conference focused on peace and conflict augurs well for all of us.
This brings to light what one famous scholar advocates that to address and
transcend conflict, it is imperative to bring together all the key actors to the same
table.
Let us listen intently and hear all those who desire to effect meaningful structural
changes in our society, be they in the mainstream, mid-stream, or other streams.
It is high time for the academe to open the discourses without outright negative
labeling and judgment. Almost two decades ago, this same point was raised to a
group of peace advocates, but it remained unheeded as it did not emanate from
a person of influence.
It is a continuing challenge to deepen our understanding of the roots of the
struggles of our peoples based on research and lived experiences. This signals the
urgent need to search for innovative and effective means and mechanisms to
manage a wide range of conflicts. Let the academia engage all these key actors
for in their vision we might unveil the strategies and paths and weave these
towards development and lasting peace in our country.
Padayon!
DR. NIMFA L. BRACAMONTE, Department of Sociology,
Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology
3
CHANCELLOR’S WELCOME
It is both a pleasure and an honor for MSU-IIT to host
the 2015 Philippine Sociological Society (PSS)
National Conference this year.
This event presents the Institute with a golden
opportunity to share its work and its efforts, as well as
its stories, regarding the search for that elusive thing we all call peace.
The study of peace and conflict has been the subject of many of the works of our
faculty members, and with the presence of our Institute for Peace and
Development in Mindanao, a rich body of data has been gathered that could
aid in the collective attempts to try to understand the disorder afflicting many of
our communities – some of which are located in Mindanao.
We laud the holding of this national conference here and look forward to the
numerous papers and studies to be reported on, that, and to quote the PSS
organizers, “deepen and expand our understanding of the sociological
dimensions of peace and social conflict from various levels of analysis.”
Congratulations to the organizers, and to the guests and participants – welcome
to MSU-IIT!
DR. SUKARNO D. TANGGOL
Chancellor
Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology
4
CONFERENCE AT A GLANCE
All plenary sessions and business meetings will convene at the COE Amphitheatre
FRIDAY, 16 OCTOBER
7:45-8:30
Registration
8:30-9:00
Opening Program
9:00-10:30
Plenary Session 1
The Economic Sociology of Subnational Conflict: Shadow
Identities and Violent Entrepreneurs in the Bangsamoro, Dr.
Francisco Lara, Jr, International Alert
Disrupting Conflict Strings: Experience from Muslim Mindanao,
Philippines, Nikki Philline C. Dela Rosa, International Alert
10:30-10:45
10:45-11:45
Coffee Break
Plenary Session 2
Federalism as an Option for Peace and Development in the
Philippines, Dr. Sukarno D. Tanggol, Chancellor, Mindanao
State University-Illigan Institute of Technology
11:45-13:00
13:00-14:00
Lunch Break
Plenary Session 3
May Tiwala: The Trust Factor in Peace Building and Conflict
Transformation, Prof. Miriam Coronel-Ferrer, University of the
Philippines-Diliman, Government Peace Negotiating Panel for
Talks with the Moro National Islamic Liberation Front
14:00-15:30
15:30-15:45
15:45-17:15
17:30-19:00
Parallel Sessions 1
Coffee Break
Parallel Sessions 2
Business Meeting of the Philippine Sociological Society (PSS
members are expected to attend this meeting)
Dinner and Fellowship
19:00
5
SATURDAY, 17 OCTOBER
9:00-10:30
Featured Panel A: Options for Peace in Mindanao
Venue: COE Amphitheatre
Deconstructing the Concept of a “Nation-State” from the
Perspective of the Bangsamoro. Commissioner Robert
Maulanta Alonto, Member, Bangsamoro Transition
Commission, MILF Peace Negotiating Panel, and Central
Committee, Moro Islamic Liberation Front
Kalinaw Mindanaw: Pagtanggap sa Isa’t-isa sa Iisang Bansa,
Prof. Rudy B. Rodil, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of
Technology
Featured Panel B: Modalities of Revolutionary Violence
Venue: MSU-IIT Mini-Theatre (1st Floor, Institute Library)
The Foundations of Marx's Sociology of Conflict in Dialectical
Materialism: An Affirmation and Implications for Sociological
Theory, Dr. Gerardo M. Lanuza, University of the Philippines
Diliman
10:30-10:45
Towards the Crimson Horizon: Rituals of Mourning and Renewal,
Prof. Arnold P. Alamon, Mindanao State University-Iligan
Institute of Technology
Coffee Break
10:45-12:15
Parallel Sessions 3
12:15-1:00
Lunch Break
1:00-2:30
Parallel Sessions 4
2:30-2:45
Coffee Break
2:45-4:15
Parallel Sessions 5
4:15-5:30
Business Meeting: Sharing of common concerns; planning for the
2016 National Conference (open to all)
5:30-6:00
Closing Ceremonies
7:00
Dinner and Fellowship, Conference Participants and PSS
members
6
PLENARY SESSION ABSTRACTS
The Economic Sociology of Subnational Conflict:
Shadow Identities and Violent Entrepreneurs in the Bangsamoro
Dr. Francisco Lara, Jr.
The transition to a durable peace in the Bangsamoro has
been hampered by legislative and armed challenges
from both sides in the Mindanao conflict. Turning the
Bangsamoro political settlement into law has been
delayed. The flashpoint in Mamasapano has eroded public confidence in the
peace process. Institutional theorists, political scientists, and development
specialists mostly trace the impasse to various causes: the failure of Congress to
recognize the legitimate aspirations of the Bangsamoro people, the inability of
both sides to police their armed units, or the flaws in a negotiation process that
excluded some strategic groups and sectors from shaping the agreement. Few
seem to realize that every transition inevitably brings episodes of disruptive
violence that are as real and dramatic as any shift from night to day. Yet the truism
about how “it’s going to get worse before it gets better” does not only apply
because the path to peace is inherently fragile—it is also relevant because the
sources of violence at the sub-national level brings with it a cast of characters and
settings that are often obscured by customs and tradition, hidden from the state,
and embedded in intimate relationships of trust and reciprocity that entrusts nonstate actors with the task of providing protection, or enables the persistence of
shadow economies that secures local jobs and livelihoods better than what the
State or local businesses can provide. If all “economic institutions are social
institutions” as Granovetter and Swedberg (2011) argued, then aren’t we better
served by studying conflict longevity in Mindanao by looking at the rules that
emanate from the grassroots and the shadow identities and violent entrepreneurs
they create?
Dr. Francisco Lara, Jr. is a Lecturer of Sociology at the University of the Philippines
Diliman and Country Manager of International Alert-Philippines. He is the author
of the book, Insurgents, Clans, and States: Political Legitimacy and Resurgent
Conflict in Muslim Mindanao, Philippines. (Quezon City: Ateneo De Manila
University Press, 2014).
7
Disrupting Conflict Strings: Experience from Muslim Mindanao, Philippines
Nikki Philline C. Dela Rosa
Global experience suggests that declines in rebellionrelated conflict can lead to an intensification of
transition-induced horizontal violence between clans,
tribes, political elites, and criminal entrepreneurs.
However, there are few robust sources of data that can
test this relationship at the subnational level. The presentation offers fresh evidence
of the phenomena of transition-induced violence in the particular case of
subnational conflict. The author presents data gathered from police databases
and media reports in the southern provinces of Muslim Mindanao where conflict
has endured between Moro insurgents and the Philippine state for the past forty
years. The Bangsamoro Conflict Monitoring System (BCMS) is a conflict database
that traces the manifestations, triggers, actors, and costs of violent conflict in
Muslim Mindanao—yielding a nuanced understanding of sources of violence and
contribute to the design of conflict prevention in post-peace agreement scenarios
and more broadly, towards a more resilient peace in fragile conflict-affected
contexts. The author’s presentation will demonstrate the initial results of the conflict
mapping system (2011-2013) and explain the phenomenon of “violent conflict
strings” that morph from community-level conflict or clan feuds to rebellion and
criminal violence—proving that violent conflicts cannot be examined through
singular incidences but an investigation of strings of two or more incidences and
an exploration of how this can effectively be disrupted. A case study on
interrupting violence strings through hybrid governance processes in sub-national
contexts will be showcased.
Nikki Philline C. Dela Rosa is the Deputy Country Manager and Head of
Mindanao operations of International Alert in the Philippines. She graduated BA
Sociology at the University of the Philippines-Diliman and MSc Development
Studies at the London School of Economics.
8
Federalism as an Option for Peace and Development in the Philippines
Dr. Sukarno D. Tanggol
The paper explores the potentials and prospects, as well
as the challenges, of a federal government not only in
Mindanao but also in the Philippines. It situates this
position through localizing what federalism scholar
Thomas Fleiner identifies as the roots of conflict: (1)
economic and historical injustices, (2) unfriendly policies, (3) egoism of power, (4)
illegitimacy of the state or the nation, and (5) fear and mistrust. In discussing these,
the paper draws insights from Galtung’s framework for federalism as a peace
structure that may be used to address these roots of conflict, and that may
provide the answer to the decades-old conflict in Mindanao. This framework
includes concepts of higher autonomy in the periphery that would reduce
exploitation, oppression, and alienation. Taking into account the structures of
multiculturalism in the Philippines, the paper argues against maintaining a unitary
system—a political arrangement that has failed the Filipino people for decades.
Alongside this, it puts forward the concept that a federal arrangement might be
the most feasible alternative for the Philippines in its quest for lasting peace in
Mindanao and in addressing national concerns such as development and good
governance.
Dr. Sukarno D. Tanggol is the Chancellor of Mindanao State University-Illigan
Institute of Technology.
9
May Tiwala: The Trust Factor in Peace Building and Conflict Transformation
Prof. Miriam Coronel-Ferrer
Trust is assumed to be a social good but its centrality in
peace processes have yet to be fully examined. My
presentation will scan the ways trust became a
significant discursive element in the peace process
between the Government of the Philippines and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front,
and in the public sphere in which the peace negotiations and the agreements
operated. Drawing concepts from Mollering’s “the theory of expectation,
interpretation and suspension” I will explore trust’s functionality and saliency in
public discourse, and its dynamic rational, affective, and spiritual basis. In doing
so, I hope also to provide a frame that would generate better understanding the
challenges and complexity of the GPH-MILF peace process, or any difficult
political undertaking for that matter.
Prof. Miriam Coronel-Ferrer is Professor of Political Science at the University of the
Philippines Diliman and Chair of the Government Peace Negotiating Panel for
Talks with the Moro National Islamic Liberation Front.
10
FEATURED PANELS ABSTRACTS
Featured Panel A: Options for Peace in Mindanao
Venue
Moderator
Plenary Hall
Dr. Nimfa Bracamonte
Deconstructing the Concept of a “Nation-State” from the Perspective of the
Bangsamoro
Commissioner Robert Maulanta Alonto
There are two colliding principles being asserted that underpin the sovereigntybased conflict that is the Bangsamoro Question: the Philippine State’s assertion
of its national sovereignty and territorial integrity; and the Bangsamoro people’s
assertion of their right to self-determination.
The first assertion is inherited by the Philippine State from past colonizers, resulting
in the institutionalization of the regalian doctrine as a fundamental law. This
resulted to the emergence of a highly centralized unitary state, whose present
construct is ideationally derived from the concept of a modern day ‘nationstate’ – meaning, ‘one nation, one state’.
On the other hand, the second assertion contests the historical validity, morality
and legitimacy of the first assertion. The Moros, who were independent and
sovereign sultanate states that resisted foreign colonization, were gradually
annexed to the Philippines. After major resettlement programs implemented by
state instrumentalities had resulted in the marginalization of the Moros, liberation
movements emerged to defend their territories from state sponsored violence.
In analyzing the existing agreements forged by both the Moro Islamic Liberation
Front (MILF) and the Philippine State, the concept of ‘state plus nations’ as
proposed by Gotlieb (1993) in contrast with the “one nation, one state” concept
shall be utilized as an ideational tool to further understand the dynamics
underlying the Bangsamoro Question. This presentation shall attempt to
deconstruct the very fabric of a highly centralized, unitary nation-state and
rationalize the imperative recognition of a separate nation, the Bangsamoro,
existing within the larger framework of a Philippine State.
Commissioner Robert Maulanta Alonto is a member of the Bangsamoro
Transition Commission, the MILF Peace Negotiating Panel, and the Central
Committee of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front.
11
Kalinaw Mindanaw: Pagtanggap sa Isa’t-isa sa Iisang Bansa
Prof. Rudy B. Rodil
Ang aking diskusyon ay iikot sa peace Credo, ang Kalinaw Mindanaw, na
sinulat ko noong 1996. Mula sa Tagalog, ito ngayon ay naisalin na sa labingwalong wika sa Pilipinas. Totoong iba’t ibang wika, totoong iba’t ibang
tono, pero isa lamang ang nilalaman: ang pagtanggap sa isa’t isa, at
pagtanggap na iisa ang ating bansa.
Kalinaw Mindanaw
Lumad, Muslim, Kristiyano
Magkaiba, magkaisa
Isang diyos
Isang lupain
Isang adhikain
Kalinaw Mindanaw
Prof. Rudy B. Rodil is a Mindanao historian and a former member of the GRPMNLF and GRP-MILF Peace Panel.
12
Featured Panel B: Options for Peace in Mindanao
Venue
CED Amphitheater
Moderator Dr. Maria Cecilia Ferolin
The Foundations of Marx's Sociology of Conflict in Dialectical Materialism: An
Affirmation and Implications for Sociological Theory”
Dr. Gerardo M. Lanuza
This paper will discuss the roots of Marx's sociology of conflict and violence in the
dialectical method of Marx derived from Hegel. This paper will attempt to
resurrect and re-affirm the validity and relevance of Marx's dialectical method
in the current developments in sociological theory dominated by postmodernism and postcolonialism. It will argue that Marx's dialectical method,
grounded in Hegel's dialectics, provides better and relevant vocabularies to
understand the conflicts at the levels of nation state, social interactions, and
global context. Marx's dialectical method that is framed within materialist
philosophy of social sciences, provides a good starting point in pursuing
Bhaskar's fundamental question for sociology -- "what must the world be like for
science to be possible?' This paper will argue that the world is dialectical. Thus,
conflicts must be seen under dialectical analysis.
Dr. Gerardo M. Lanuza is a Professor of Sociology from the University of the
Philippines-Diliiman
Towards the Crimson Horizon: Rituals of Mourning and Renewal
Prof. Arnold P. Alamon
On March 8, 2015, Commander Parago o Leoncio Pitao of the New People’s
Army was killed by together with his medical assistant by the elements of the
AFP. His 37 years of service as a respected defender of the most exploited and
oppressed sectors of Philippine society have earned him the fitting moniker.
On the day of his funeral, thousands descended from the hinterlands and
converged from the cities by the busloads to pay their last respects at his wake.
In the final night of his body's mortal stay in this world, they filled a Davao City
arena to the rafters, outside long orderly lines of people awaiting their turn to
view and honor his gutted remains. And they came from all walks of life –
national and local politicians, professionals, students, teachers, farmers, and the
lumads, many of whom may or may not have known the man.
In a display of political defiance never before seen in the streets of the city or
perhaps anywhere else in an urban area since the martial law years, they
hoisted banners that celebrate the cause of the revolutionary movement
Parago served and chanted slogans affirming the necessity of the armed
struggle that he fought and died for. Funerals are always occasions for myth
making. But this is one powerful myth that transcends Parago and his person.
13
How is violence refracted in rituals of mourning and renewal involving one of the
longest-running revolutionary movements in the world? How do these refractions
construct the revolutionary bid for peace? This study offers a sociological
understanding of this phenomenon through the identification and analyses of
themes inherent in the rituals of mourning and renewal. These themes include
transgression and the class dynamics of conflict. They provide a rich cultural
resource for problematizing the communist vision of democracy as an open
participation in the public sphere.
Prof. Arnold P. Alamon is an Assistant Professor Sociology at the Mindanao
State University-Iligan Institute of Technology
14
PARALLEL SESSIONS TIMETABLE
PARALLEL SESSION 1
16 OCTOBER | FRIDAY | 14:00-15:30
Panel 1A: AGENTS OF SOCIAL CONTROL AND SOCIAL ORDER
Venue
Plenary Hall
Moderator
Manuel Sapitula
Paper 1
Allopoiesis and the Armed Forces of the Philippines: A Luhmannian
Reflection on the Philippine Military
Yvan Ysmael Yonaha
Paper 2
An Analysis of the Gunless Society Movement in the Philippines
Arjay Arcinue Dineros
Paper 3
Police Reform for Social Transformation: From Law Enforcement Technicians
to Social Actors… From Peacekeepers to Peacebuilders
Cedrick G. Train
Paper 4
From Conflicts to Consensus: Negotiating Order In a Philippine City Jail
Hannah Glimpse Nario
PANEL 1B: CONFLICT IN THE CHANGING FILIPINO FAMILY
Venue
CED 202
Moderator
Maria Cecilia Ferolin
Paper 1
Aging and Life Continuity: A Research on Selected Members of St. John of
God Tanglaw Buhay Elderly
Mark Anthony Abenir, Maria Martina V. Mancenido
Paper 2
Marital Conflict and Parental Separation: Its Consequences on the Couple
and their Children
Ma. Rhea Gretchen A. Abuso
Paper 3
My Husband’s Lover: Wives’ Diaries
Ronald Edria Batoto, Odessa Mae Ramos, Joy Linao, Saidamin P. Bagolong
Paper 4
Incarceration and Its Effect Toward Family Functioning Across the Family
Life Cycle: A Case Study of Inmates
Kristine Gail C. Lobo, Marison R. Dy
PANEL 1C: FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIZING
Venue
CED 203
Moderator
Nicole Curato
Paper 1
Pluralism and Modern Societies: The Challenge of Peace
Jesse Angelo L. Altez
Paper 2
Prospecting for Peace: Territory, Sovereignty, and Ecology in the
Neoliberalisation of post(?)-conflict Statescapes
Christopher John J. Chanco
Paper 3
Peace Process: A Dearth in Sociological Theory Delfo C. Canceran
Paper 4
Ang Mapagkunwaring Kapayapaan sa Pandayan ng Pantas: Tunggalian
sa Pulitika’t Ideolohiya
Gerome Nicolas Dela Peña, Lilimay R. Manalo
PANEL 1D: PROBLEMATIZING THE “MAGUINDANAO PROBLEM”
Venue
CED Amphitheater
Moderator
Maria Cecila T. Medina
Paper 1
The Aftermath of the Mamasapano Encounter
Bai Putri Morayah A. Amil, Esnairah S. Salem
15
Paper 2
Paper 3
The Armed Conflict in Maguindanao: Its Social and Economic
Consequences to the Internally Displaced Persons
Monela M. Mua
Is there a Potential for a Cultural Sociology of Collective Victimhood in the
Philippines?
Macario Lacbawan Jr.
PARALLEL SESSION 2
16 OCTOBER | FRIDAY | 15:45-17:15
PANEL 2A: CONTESTING CAPITALISM
Venue
Plenary Hall
Moderator
Arnold Alamon
Paper 1
Talisay Beach Resorts Polluting Taal Lake Waters: Sketches on Synergy
Among Stakeholders
Enrico C. Garcia
Paper 2
Disaster Activism Confronts Disaster Capitalism: A Case Study of a Coastal
Community in Tacloban City, Leyte
April Porteria
Paper 3
Limits and Challenges to Participatory Urban Planning: Exploring the
Experience of Kalipunan ng Damayang Mahihirap (KADAMAY)/National
Alliance of Urban Poor
Cleve Kevin Robert V. Arguelles
Paper 4
Living in a Managed Chaos: Social Movements for a Moving City
Gina R. Gatarin
PANEL 2B: THE PROMISE OF EDUCATION
Venue
CED 202
Moderator
Angelo Altez
Paper 1
An Assessment of the Human Rights Conditions of the Polytechnic University
of the Philippines
Mercedes Camille B. Ocampo, Alvin G. Allam, Camille Iglesias, Jacqueline
Obidencio
Paper 2
After Mapping, Now What? An Initial Analysis of Sectioning Practices
Among Public Secondary Schools in Manila
John N. Abletis
Paper 3
Learning about the Moros: A Content Analysis of Selected Philippine History
Textbooks
Jorge S. Baclor
Paper 4
Fostering Religious Literacy in Philippine Public Schools: Assessing Possibilities
and Challenges
Manuel Victor J. Sapitula
PANEL 2C: GENDERED DIMENSION OF SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION
Venue
CED 203
Moderator
Michael Labayandoy
Paper 1
Women in the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in Northern Mindanao
Lovelaze H. Labaja, Rachelle Julia G. Mallillin, Hattah U. Nadjeb, Luz C.
Sevidal Castro, Amabelle A. Embornas, Sulpecia L. Ponce
Paper 2
Conflict and Transformation Experiences Among the Bangsamoro Women
Monela M. Mua
16
Paper 3
Living and Leaving the Revolutionary Movement in Compostela Valley
Province: The Struggles and Ideologies of Former Women Revolutionaries
Septrin John A. Calamba, Liwayway S. Viloria, Mark Jason T. Cesar, Gary
Ben S. Villocino
Paper 4
Nagtutunggaling mga Katangian ng LGBT Pride March
John Andrew Gatchalian-Evangelista
PANEL 2D: PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE COMMUNITY
Venue
CED Amphitheater
Moderator
Jayeel Cornelio
Paper 1
Policy Analysis on Peace and Development: A Case of Barangay One,
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon
Rona Celeste V. Pasamonte, Jade Harley C. Bretaña
Paper 2
Socio-cultural Roles and Access to and Control Over Resources, Benefits,
and Opportunities among Women and Men Farmers in the NGO’s
Sustainable Agriculture Program in Upper Pugaan, Iligan City
Grace Majorenos-Taruc
Paper 3
Conflict in One Upland Community in Oroquieta, Misamis Occidental and
Two Coastal Communities in Iligan City and Lanao del Norte
Nimfa L. Bracamonte, Sulpecia L. Ponce
PARALLEL SESSION 3
17 OCTOBER | SATURDAY | 10:45-12:15
PANEL 3A: COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF CONFLICT
Venue
Plenary Hall
Moderator
Enrique Oracion
Paper 1
Post-Conflict Actor's Behavior: The Case of the Government of National
Unity of Zanzibar
Amour Mmanga
Paper 2
Critical Reflections on the Politics of Identity: Cross-cultural Comparisons
between the Philippines and Indonesia
Craig Cook
Paper 3
China’s Path to Domination: Straighter than Aquino’s Matuwid na Daan
Louie Benedict Ignacio
PANEL 3B: CONFLICT AND LABOR MARKETS (1)
Venue
CED 202
Moderator
Mario J. Aguja
Paper 1
“Muted Hidden Transcript”: The Art of Muting the Resistance among Filipino
Call Center Agents
Floramante Sir John Don King Howard T. Ponce III
Paper 2
On Minimal Justice: Exploring the Unknown Voice of the Coconut Farm
Workers with Rainer Forst
Michael P. Gatchalian
Paper 3
Ang Trabaho sa Pelikula: A Visual Analysis of Representations of “Work” in
Selected Filipino Films (1970 – 2010)
Christian Joshua D. Lomahan, Clarence M. Batan
PANEL 3C: HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY: CONFLICT AND CONTROL
Venue
CED 203
Moderator
Maria Cecila T. Medina
Paper 1
Ang Peace Time sa Pasig, 1941-1945
Danim R. Majerano
Paper 2
Crime in a Time of War: Notes on Criminality in Japanese occupied Manila
Aaron Abel Mallari
17
Paper 3
Urban Planning and Colonialism: The City Beautiful Plan (Arellano Plan) of
Iloilo City (1928-1930)
Elgin Glenn R. Salomon
PANEL 3D: RELIGION: SOURCE OF CONFLICT OR INSTRUMENT OF PEACE?
Venue
MSU-IIT Mini-Theatre (1st Floor, Institute Library)
Moderator
Jayeel Cornelio
Paper 1
Comparative Study on Muslim-Christian Relations in Conflict Affected Areas
Amane U. Amanoden
Paper 2
"Walang away-away" : The Peace Village Residential Experience (PVRE) of
Schoolchildren in Lanao del Norte
Noriko Hashimoto, Menandro Abanes
Paper 3
Peace after the Mamasapano Incident: A Comparison of Muslim and NonMuslim Perceptions
Sherifa Rossmia O. Kadil, Mary Beth Ann O. Odo, Lucille A. Bayron, Sulpecia
L. Ponce
Paper 4
The Sacred of Religion and the Sublime of Ideology: Constructing Collective
Identity through Religious Solidarities
Emanuel De Guzman
PANEL 3E: SOCIOLOGY OF YOUTH (1)
Venue
COE 322
Moderator
Esnairah Salem
Paper 1
When Acceptance Demands Pain: Experiences Among Frat Members
Danica Rose I. Bolivar, Jee Irvin T. Erag, Angielyn O. Petere, Saidamin P.
Bagolong
Paper 2
Virtual Community in the Age of Conflict: Clash of Clans’ Solidarity and
Online War Phenomenon
Jade Harley C. Bretaña
Paper 3
A Sociological Inquiry into Sexual Exploitation of Children: An Assessment of
the Efficiency of Philippine Public Policies on Child Trafficking
Joseph Franco F. Febre
PARALLEL SESSION 4
17 OCTOBER | SATURDAY | 13:00-14:30
PANEL 4A: COMMUNITIES IN CONFLICT
Venue
Plenary Hall
Moderator
Diana Therese M. Veloso
Paper 1
Conflicts in Marawi Elections
Seddik U. Magadapa, Myrma Jean A. Mendoza
Paper 2
Political Rivalry and Marine Protected Areas: Case Study of a Visayan
Coastal Municipality
Enrique G. Oracion
Paper 3
Effects of the Establishment Of CMRCF in Sitio Bangko, Brgy. Bonbonon,
Iligan City: Its Social Implications
John Albert M. Quijano, Fitzgerald N. Torralba, Maria Cecilia M. Ferolin
Social Divisiveness in Filipino Village post-Haiyan: Outcomes of Humanitarian
Paper 4
Agencies’ Targeted Aid
Pamela Combinido, Jonathan Ong, Jaime Manuel Flores
18
PANEL 4B: CONFLICT AND LABOR MARKETS (2)
Venue
CED 202
Moderator
Cleve Arguelles
Paper 1
Taming Class Conflict? Industrial Peace Policy and Workers’ Strike in the
Philippines from 2001 to Present
Jane A. Siwa, Jessica Viliran
Paper 2
Ora et Labora: Understanding the Role of Religion and Religious
Organizations in the Life and Work of Overseas Filipino Workers in the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Minami Iwayama
PANEL 4C: SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF POLITICS, PEACE AND PRAYER
Venue
CED 203
Moderator
Nicole Curato
Paper 1
Peace-building and the Social Activism of Iglesia ni Cristo
Jayeel Serrano Cornelio
Paper 2
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Media Framing of the Bangsamoro Basic
Law (BBL)
Alejandro S. Ibañez
Paper 3
Salaam and Salaah – On Becoming a Catalyst for Peace Through Islamic
Ritual Prayer: Muslim Filipino Mystic Perspective
Kamaruddin Bin Alawi Mohammad
Paper 4
The Yellow Propaganda: Daang Matuwid and the Social Construction of
Philippine Politics
Bonifacio G. Train
PANEL 4D: SOCIOLOGY OF YOUTH (2)
Venue
MSU-IIT Mini-Theatre (1st Floor, Institute Library)
Moderator
Clarence Batan
Paper 1
Experiences of Children in Conflict with the Law on Davao City’s Diversion
Program
Melvin C. Pilvira, Jessica C. Tado, Jaysa G. Valentin, Saidamin P. Bagolong
Paper 2
Gender Differences of the Resiliency of Early and Late Adolescent
Sendong Survivors in Terms of Emotional Self-disclosure, Life Orientation,
PTSD Level and Service Learning
Antoniette Zacarina B. Sansona, Joannie C. Alarde, Jannah Jean I.
Pescador, Cristy Marie L. Pagalan
Paper 3
The Voice: Teenage pregnancy and community’s response as told by
young mothers
Veronica L. Gregorio
PARALLEL SESSION 5
17 OCTOBER | SATURDAY | 14:45-16:15
PANEL 5A: INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES: IDENTITY, DIVERSITY AND CONFLICT
Venue
Plenary Hall
Moderator
Gina R. Gatarin
Paper 1
Shifting Ethnic Identities: Voices of Marginal Maranao Students in Lanao
Myrma Jean A. Mendoza, Charlotte Quiros
Paper 2
Paradise Lost: The State and Ati Community on the concept of “Ancestral
Domain”
Maria Corinna Prisicila D. Escartin
Paper 3
Level of Literacy of the Indigenous People in Barangay Diteki, San Luis,
Aurora
Jetron S. Velasco
19
Paper 4
Environmental Impacts of War on the Indigenous Knowledge on Natural
Resource Management of the Locals in Mindanao
Ma. Cathrene Lagare
PANEL 5B: PROSPECTS OF PEACE BUILDING
Venue
CED 202
Moderator
Alejandro S. Ibañez
Paper 1
Addressing the Roots of the Armed Conflict: The Philippine Ecumenical
Peace Platform’s (PEPP) Experience of Peacebuilding
Jerry D. Imbong
Paper 2
Conflict to Resolution: The Case of Dumagats in the Philippines
Kristine Gail C. Lobo
Paper 3
Himig ng Kapayapaan: Ang Mga Awitin nina Francis M. at Papa Dom
Danim R. Majerano, Lilimay R. Manalo, Domenick M. Somoray, Maria
Theresa M. Verian, Samahang Saliksik Pasig, Inc.
PANEL 5C: RESEARCHING VULNERABLE POPULATIONS: METHODS AND ETHICS
Venue
CED 203
Moderator
Grace Majorenos-Taruc
Paper 1
Meanings of the Life Experiences and Partnership of Recovery through
Practices of Restorative Justice for the Sexually Abused Women in the
Philippines
Marina D. Gamo
Paper 2
Exploration on Domestic Violence against Women in the Philippines:
Narratives of the Victims
Mary Antonnette C. Santos
Paper 3
Bakla, Baklang-bakla at Ayaw Magpahalatang Bakla: Metodo, Etika, at
Paggitna sa Nagtutungaliang mga Uri ng Pagkabakla
Michael Eduard Layco Labayandoy
PANEL 5D: DISPLACEMENT, MARGINALIZATION AND RESISTANCE
Venue
MSU-IIT Mini-Theatre (1st Floor, Institute Library)
Moderator
Emanuel de Guzman
Paper 1
The Politics of Everyday Resistance in the Violent Land Conflict of
Pangarap Village, Caloocan City, Philippines: A Case Study
Jose Paulino M. Domingo
Paper 2
From Self-sufficiency to Socioeconomic Insecurity: The Case of Displaced
Families from the Laguindingan International Airport
Liwayway S. Viloria, Hilda R. Betonio, Mary Jane E. Edios, Roselie B.
Janubas, Ramelyn L. Bracero
Paper 3
Fisherfolks and Reclamation in Conflict: Manila Bay in Context
Arlen A. Ancheta, Paula G. de Castro
Paper 4
Of Conflict, Displacement, and Gender-Based Violence: The Narratives of
IDPs in Zamboanga City
Diana Therese M. Veloso
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PARALLEL SESSIONS ABSTRACTS
PANEL 1A | 16 OCTOBER | 14:00-15:30 | PLENARY HALL
AGENTS OF SOCIAL ORDER
Moderator: Manuel V. Sapitula
Allopoiesis and the Armed Forces of the Philippines: A Luhmannian Reflection on the
Philippine Military
Yvan Ysmael Yonaha, University of the Philippines Diliman
Militaries and armed movements have long played a significant role in the historical
development of the Philippines, marking pivotal moments with armed resistance or
military defection. This role extends to contemporary Philippine society where militaries
have decided on the establishment and maintenance of regimes as in the administration
of Ferdinand Marcos, Corazon Aquino and recently of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. This
paper is an application of the Systems Theory of Niklas Luhmann on the Armed Forces of
the Philippines (AFP). It argues that the military be treated as a “system” as understood in
the theory and characterizes it thus. Drawing from the experience in Latin America, the
AFP is treated to have a national security/lack thereof binary code which brought about
a unique program of operations. Finally, it posits that the AFP exemplifies an allopoietic
system because it is over-determined by inputs from its environment and other systems
(e.g. economic and political). This is opposed (but not inconsistent) to Luhmann’s
concept of autopoiesis where systems receive input from its environment and other
systems as “irritations.” This analysis is arrived at through manifestations at the institutional
and actor level.
Police Reform for Social Transformation: From Law Enforcement Technicians to Social
Actors, From Peacekeepers to Peacebuilders
Cedrick G. Train, Philippine National Police
Policing is a social fact which evolved out of social necessity. As laws emerged and
institutionalized, so does the police as a formal institution of social control. Society
reaffirms its values through police enforcement of laws. This paper attempts to analyze
and define policing, its role and context, from a sociological perspective. It has its
conceptual underpinning on Emile Durkheim’s concept of normlessness, that crime is a
functional necessity and that social solidarity is required to protect societal norms. To
remain relevant, the police needs to redefine itself from the traditional law enforcement
character fixed by enabling law to community policing demanded by the social scenario
and public expectation. This position justifies the need for police reform. The paper zeroes
in on the development of service delivery framework or value chain as a backdrop to
police reform and social transformation agenda. The framework is intended to be utilized
in dissecting the police organization and its core business of public safety and social
defense including its essential and inherent function of preventing criminality, insurgency,
violence, terrorism and other forms of lawlessness. The paper includes a presentation of
community-based approaches, projects and activities in crime prevention and control
that showcase active police social engagement and collaboration. It briefly presents the
challenges posed by Super Typhoon Yolanda to policing in Eastern Visayas. It concludes
that the police is a major contributor to national development and that the police is a
“functional necessity” to maintain a healthy society.
From Conflicts to Consensus: Negotiating Order In a Philippine City Jail
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Hannah Glimpse Nario, University of the Philippines Diliman
The recent exposé on the “lavish” conditions of VIP detainees in the New Bilibid Prison
poses a puzzle on the real life of inmates under the custody of the country’s criminal
justice system. While many seek justice, take the side of the victims, and believe that
human rights in penitentiary and detention centers must be minimal, some are also
concerned about the subhuman conditions in Philippine prisons and jails and how these
affect the delivery of rehabilitative justice. This paper extends that interest but shifts the
spotlight to the other side of the bars—toward the officers who also experience the same
dismal conditions. This research focuses on the narratives of the jail officers, and proposed
an alternative way of looking at the effects of the structural deficiencies of the Philippine
criminal justice system: from jail management and down to the daily custodial work of
officers. This research is limited to the one particular city jail, the Quezon City Jail (QCJ)
under the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology. This study employed informal
interviews, focus group discussions, and the study of official documents to inquire on the
following themes: (a) standard routines, dealing with jail life, and unexpected situations;
(b) order and disorder in jail life; and (c) conflicts and consensus among officers and
inmates. The study found that QCJ officers constantly faced the challenge of assuming
responsibilities under stressful and hazardous conditions with limited and vacillating
support from the government. On a daily basis, they have to negotiate their custodial
roles by accommodating significant parcels of the ‘jail culture’, where inmate culture and
practices have considerable influence, while still maintaining institutional expectations on
their roles as jail officers.
An Analysis of the Gunless Society Movement in the Philippines
Arjay Arcinue Dineros, Ateneo de Manila University
As gun-related violence continues to eclipse various newspaper headlines, the
movement for a gunless society also bides to flag its call for a stricter gun regulation in the
Philippines. This present paper identifies and discusses: (1) the external factors that
influence the growth and activities of the movement; (2) how the movement mobilizes
the resources; (3) the main grievance and other issues that the movement attempts to
highlight and incorporate; and (4) the strategies and tactics employed by the
movement. The abeyance structure, or (5) “the process of abeyance in which the
movement sustains itself in nonreceptive political environment and provides continuity
from one stage of mobilization to another” (Taylor, 1989:761), is also spotlighted.
PANEL 1B | 16 OCTOBER | 14:00-15:30 | CED 202
CONFLICT IN THE CHANGING FILIPINO FAMILY
Moderator: Maria Cecilia Ferolin
Aging and Life Continuity: A Research on Selected Members of St. John of God Tanglaw
Buhay Elderly
Mark Anthony Abenir, University of Santo Tomas
This paper, utilizing the Continuity Theory, focuses on the lives of the selected organized
group of the Filipino elderly, known as Tanglaw Buhay, in Quiapo Manila. The paper
explores the challenges they face for their continued engagement in safeguarding their
rights as contributory members of society. The paper argues that by joining an
organization, the elderly become open to an opportunity for continued socialization and
are presented with an avenue to actively participate in claiming their rights toward
inclusive development. This study makes use of the case study as a research design
22
employing mixed methods through interviews, focus groups, and surveys as a means in
gathering data. Findings reveal that Tanglaw Buhay members have been engaging in
organizational and societal activities that promote inclusivity. However, there are
inequality issues within their organization that need to be addressed so the benefits of
inclusive development can be fully achieved. This study contributes to the better
understanding of the plight of the Filipino elderly by providing an in-depth analysis of their
life situation in an organized group setting working towards continuity and inclusive
development.
Marital Conflict and Parental Separation: Its Consequences on the Couple and their
Children
Ma. Rhea Gretchen A. Abuso, Xavier University- Ateneo de Cagayan
This discussion focuses on the disruption brought by the separation of couples to the
family. Specifically the paper highlights the changes in the family’s domestic conditions
following the marital breakup, coping strategies and resources utilized by the spouses
and their personal satisfaction in the aftermath. Most social scientist cites the standard
family environment model which assumes that the stability of the parents’ marriage
causes a variety of consequences on the children’s social relationships and academic
performance. With that, changes in the children’s behavior is also examined in this study
as well the role of significant others in their adjustment. This study used responses from
thirty (30) separated spouses in Cagayan de Oro, a highly urbanized first class city and
found that following the dissolution of their marital partnerships, spouses end up in varied
conditions with no definite predictor of what type of household one will wind up with after
the breakup of a marriage. The heaviest burden that separated spouses face after their
marital union was dissolved is sending their children to school. This study also confirmed
the significance of immediate families of the separated spouses as the most important
social network for separated spouses. As post-dissolution resource, educational
attainment, employment and the social networks of the spouses were also found to be
variables of significance in how they maintained or attempted to improve their household
income, living conditions and in continuing to send their children to school. Majority of
the respondents downplay any impact of the parental separation on their children’s
academic performance and social relationships. Spouses attributed these observations
to their own efforts to talk to the children and child caring support from their parents and
siblings.
My Husband’s Lover: Wives’ Diaries
Ronald Edria Batoto, Saidamin P. Bagolong, University of Mindanao
All relationships have standards and we expect that our partners will remain to be faithful.
But when a heterosexual couples encounters betrayal, it flips around the universe. Marital
relationships must be between a man and woman. If betrayal is between same sexes,
they are scorned out by society for it disturbs the teachings of our religion. This study aims
to have an in-depth understanding on the wives’ perspectives with their husbands’
infidelity, a husband having relationship with another woman and a husband with same
sex partner particularly on determining their views before, during and after knowing the
marital affair as well as the differences and similarities they experienced in both situations.
This study used a qualitative multiple-case research design employing interview and
questionnaire to two wives. Data were analyzed using manual NVIVO and content
analysis. Findings showed that it is difficult and heartbreaking to experience trials in
married life to have infidelity. It affects our whole being as a person and it destroys the
family. Once infidelity happens, it affects both partners especially the welfare of the
23
children. Both wives undeniably stick to their husbands though the feeling is not mutual
anymore. The wives only stayed because of the attachment made by both of them that
are clear magnets for them to stay. Their kids serve as their bond to stick together and to
continue their lives together despite all odds. Its emotional attachments rooted from their
love to their kids, especially the wives. Thus, staying honest and faithful to one’s partner is
a challenge to all married couples.
Incarceration and Its Effect Toward Family Functioning Across the Family Life Cycle: A
Case Study of Inmates
Kristine Gail C. Lobo, Lyceum of the Philippines University- Manila
This study aimed to determine the effects of incarceration on family functioning by family
life cycle stages as experienced by inmates. A qualitative research design was used to
look into the lives of five medium security prisoners who are currently enrolled in
baccalaureate programs. In-depth interviews were done with each of the respondents.
Findings show that in the Beginning Family stage, the inmate’s emotional aspect is the
main concern because his family of orientation cannot visit him. Despite this, the inmate
and his wife focused on building their own family. In the Child Bearing stage, the problem
is with the inmate’s financial aspect because he cannot provide adequately for his
family. Still, the family re-organized and re-defined its roles in order to function as a whole.
In the End of Child Bearing stage, the inmate is concerned with the emotional and
economic aspects because he cannot perform his financial obligations to his family. As
a result, the family became dysfunctional due to their emotional distancing. Furthermore,
in the Empty Nest and Family Dissolution stages, their problems were also with the
emotional and financial aspects. Both inmates experienced abandonment from their
families and financial difficulties inside the prison. Thus, these stages experienced family
crises most and it was difficult for them to function as a whole. Family intervention
programs for left-behind wives and children should be part of the rehabilitation programs
offered by the government so that as the inmate is rehabilitated within, the family is
helped to cope with the father’s incarceration.
PANEL 1C | 16 OCTOBER | 14:00-15:30 | CED 203
FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIZING
Moderator: Nicole Curato
Pluralism and Modern Societies: The Challenge of Peace
Jesse Angelo L. Altez, Mindanao State University-General Santos City
Pluralism is one of the celebrated features of postmodernity. In the contemporary world,
it is thought to be a major prerequisite for the fruition of a vibrant democracy. Most
theorists hinge the success of modern societies on its affirmation of plurality, recognizing
its logical priority for real and actual dialogue to unfold. While the idea has its shares of
detractors, majority of the world accepts the view that plurality is an ontological feature
of the finite human reality, that we cannot go away with it, and the only way forward is
to find common grounds through which we can establish good relations with one another
as members of a single race despite the many diversities we all share. Following such
elaboration, this study explores the limits and provides an assessment of pluralism in
relation to the plausibility of peace in modern societies. While many think that embracing
pluralism is the way forward for peaceful human relations, the author argues that such
poses a genuine challenge on the theorization of peace in the social sciences, for the
typical conceptualization of peace in the latter is based on an aspiration that usually
leads to a utopian abstraction which most social theorists tend to fall itself in. Following
24
Rescher’s understanding on pluralism, the author argues that the consequences of
pluralism requires a reframing on the theorization of peace by social and political
scientists. A pluralistic society can never be peaceful, but a society that constantly invites
altercation and conflict due to its apparent diversity. Such reframing is crucial in the
context of social sciences, especially in the field of sociology for the latter to become
more effective and grounded in the prescriptive role it plays in the betterment and
understanding of societies.
Prospecting for Peace: territory, sovereignty, and ecology in the neoliberalisation of
post(?)-conflict statescapes
Christopher John J. Chanco, University of the Philippines Diliman
A geographic perspective on peacebuilding as statebuilding offers an avenue for
rethinking Lefebvrian state space in the neoliberalisation of post(?)-conflict states. This
paper interrogates the nature of peacebuilding practices in the global south, offering five
theses on the neoliberalisation of post-conflict statescapes. Recommendations for future
research on the shifting geographies of peacebuilding are provided, concluding with an
initial case study on the Bangsamoro peace process in the Southern Philippines. Critiques
of contemporary peacebuilding practices and assumptions are in need of a more
thorough engagement with state theory. As a dynamic sociospatial configuration, due
attention to the changing nature of the state can be a useful lens for understanding
precisely how elite-negotiated peace deals and post-conflict reconstruction come to a
consensus around the production of a neoliberal peace.
Peace Process: A Dearth in Sociological Theory (The Case of the Bangsamoro in
Mindanao)
Delfo C. Canceran, De La Salle University
This paper attempts to contribute to the sociology of peace. Sociological theory is sated
with conflict but wanting in peace. However, conflict and peace are correlative. In short,
there can be no theory on peace without addressing social conflict. This paper uses the
theories forwarded by John Burton’s Human Needs Theory (HNT) and Edward Azar’s
Protracted Social Conflict (PSC) in understanding conflict and peace. Both theorists
recognize the necessity of radical solution to conflict because they focus on significant
factors that generate conflict, namely, the debilitating poverty that holds up the
flourishing of their identity. We shall then relate basic needs and collective identity. It is
only in addressing social justice that restores identity of a people. This understanding of
conflict and peace will be applied in the case of the peace agreement forged between
the Government of the Philippines (GPH) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF).
Both parties have acknowledged and identified the problem of historical injustice.
Historical justice demands not only recognition of the atrocities, but more importantly,
their reparation. However, historical injustice cannot be addressed in a short period of
time but in a long process. We have to note that a past is a contested zone since we do
not only refer to the store of memory but also its interpretation. In this sense, we need
transitional justice in order to address this injustice.
Transitional justice requires
accountability and responsibility of the government to the people. As the term suggests,
transition is a process of shift or change from this injustice to justice. This shift calls for
substantial reforms not just in Mindanao but the whole country.
25
Ang Mapagkunwaring Kapayapaan sa Pandayan ng Pantas: Tunggalian sa Pulitika’t
Ideolohiya
Gerome Nicolas Dela Peña at Lilimay R. Manalo, Samahang Saliksik Pasig, Inc
Mahirap bigyang kahulugan ang salitang kapayapaan. Kadalasang iniuugnay ito sa
kawalan ng kaguluhan o karahasan. Ngunit ang kawalan ng pisikal na karahasan ay
hindi naman nangangahulugan ng pagkakaroon ng kapayapaan. Ayon kay Johan
Gatlung, marapat pag-ibahin ang kahulugan ng positibo at negatibong kapayapaan.
Ang pag-iiba nito ay maiuugnay sa pag-unawa sa iba’t ibang tipo ng karahasang
nagaganap sa lipunan at maging sa mga institusyon. Ang papel na ito ay isang
pagtanaw at pagsusuri sa kalagayan ng mga guro, mga mag-aaral at magulang, at iba
pang bahagi ng isang lokal na institusyon o pamantasan sa Lungsod ng Pasig. Sisiyasatin
kung papaano tinutunghayan ang kapayapaan sa loob ng pamantasan sa kabila ng
mga kontradiksyon at tunggalian sa pulitika at ideolohiyang dala ng mga pangunahing
aktor sa loob nito. Gamit ang interbyu, analisis ng mga dokumento at obserbasyon,
bibigyang-hugis ang konsepto ng kapayapaan sa dalawang kinakaharap na kondisyon:
ang pagpapanatili ng staus quo o ang pagsusulong ng aktibismo. Nakapaloob dito kung
papaano tinatanaw ng dalawang magkaibang panig ang konsepto ng kapayapaan,
karahasan at kaguluhan, at kung anong uri ng pagtugon ang kanilang inilalatag. Sa
pag-aaral, titignan ang mga ispesipiko at konkretong kaganapan sa loob ng
pamantasan (i.e. porum ng mga mag-aaral, mapanlinlang na mga alituntunin, atbp.)
bilang patunay ng mapagkunwaring kapayapaan sa likod ng tunggaliang pulitikal at
ideolohikal.
PANEL 1D| 16 OCTOBER | 14:00-15:30 | CED AMPHITHEATER
PROBLEMATIZING THE “MAGUINDANAO PROBLEM”
Moderator: Maria Cecila T. Medina
The Aftermath of the Mamasapano Encounter
Bai Putri Morayah A. Amil, Mindanao State University - Maguindanao
The research will examine the aftermath of the dreadful Mamasapano encounter last
January 25, 2015. In particular it will try to look at the wider impact of the encounter to
the lives of the residents of Mamasapano, specifically those from Tukanalipao and nearby
affected areas mainly in terms of living, trade, occupation , education, health and
governance. It will also try to investigate if there were any assistance and support from
the government, NGO’s and other concern institutions to the residents who were
affected by the conflict between the government forces and armed groups. The main
objective of the research is to describe and examine the aftermath of the Mamasapano
encounter to the residents of Mamasapano specifically those living in Tukanalipao and
nearby affected areas. Also, this will seek the following objectives; 1. To find out the wide
impact of the encounter to the Mamasapano resident in terms of: a. living/social
condition b. Trade c. economic condition d. Occupation e. education f. health and g.
governance/political condition 2. To investigate if there were any assistance and support
from the government, NGO’s and other concern institutions to the affected residents. 3.
To come up with a recommendation for our lawmakers and other concerned institutions
regarding the plight of the displace people affected by the conflicts happening in our
society. The study is expected to expose the difficulties face by the victims of the neverending conflict between the government and the armed groups in the Philippines. The
data that we will obtain from this study will serve in identifying the needs of the IDPs so
that proper intervention from government, NGOs and other concern institutions can be
formulated.
26
The Armed Conflict in Maguindanao: Its Social and Economic Consequences to the
Internally Displaced Persons
Monela M. Mua, Mindanao State University – Maguindanao
The Philippines has been experiencing armed conflicts in the form of insurgency and
armed struggle secession. The struggle has resulted to armed conflicts and caused
displacement of a large number of population in Central Mindanao particularly in
Maguindanao province, which is the biggest in the current record of displacement.
Consequences of armed conflicts are far-reaching. They could destroy the local
economy and social relations of people, disrupt cultural activities and demolish the spirit
of the people and their community. It is along this context that this study aimed to
investigate the social and economic effects and changes brought about by the armed
conflict on the Internally Displaced Persons. Specifically, the historical events that led to
the displacement; the disruption to the personal, family and community activities
triggered by the displacement; the economic support; and the manifestation of
dehumanization experience by the IDPs and the new form that have emerged among
the IDPs as a result of the displacement were dealt with. The study used the descriptive
method with the use of survey questionnaire and interview guides. Records of the
different agencies like the DSWD were also used to contribute to the data collected. Visits
to the IDP's centers were also done to have acquaintances with the IDPs. Observation
and FGD were also used to strengthen and deepen the results. The findings in this study
revealed that IDPs in the conflict affected areas in Maguindanao have suffered and their
social, economic and cultural activities had been disrupted due to their displacement.
Also, because of their situation, they experience dehumanization and new norms have
emerged as a consequence of the displacement. It is then concluded that problems like
armed conflicts such as this current situation that displace many people in Maguindanao
would have negative effects on the people socially, economically and culturally.
Is there a Potential for a Cultural Sociology of Collective Victimhood in the Philippines?
Macario Lacbawan Jr., Goethe University Frankfurt
Rhetoric of victimhood bedecks any forms of violent confrontation. Rebel groups or
secessionist movements, for instance, couch their claims by invoking traumatic events in
the past that could illustrate how their “enemy” has committed wrong to their community.
This rhetoric is then utilized to galvanize their call for collective resistance and create a
way to seek redress from their perceived antagonists. Yet, the depiction of an event as a
source of collective victimhood goes beyond individual pain and suffering. To transform
the death of one person or the “massacre” of a particular group as a collective suffering
involves a cultural production that weaves diverse elements into coherent normative
assemblages of pain. Kenneth Burke’s victimage ritual has succinctly illuminated how the
formation of victimhood is constructed through rhetorical devices. However, in this paper,
I reconsider his work as a starting point for a cultural sociology of victimhood. I argue that
the symbolic construction of victimhood also involves the deployment of cultural codes
that are deeply informed by binarism, in Durkheimian sense. The Strong Program of
Cultural Sociology recognizes that binary oppositions occupy an essential function in how
actors deal with events that leave indelible mark in the collective consciousness. Hence,
creating collectivized victimhood through rhetorical and performative resources is
deeply truncated by binarism. To illustrate my claim, I revisit the Mamasapano clash and
describe how the death of 44 soldiers is made into a narrative of victimhood informed by
a script populated by “sneaky enemies” vs “innocent martyrs” or the “violent rebels” vs
“heroes”.
PANEL 2A | 16 OCTOBER | 15:45-17:15 | PLENARY HALL
27
CONTESTING CAPITALISM
Moderator: Arnold Alamon
Talisay Beach Resorts Polluting Taal Lake Waters: Sketches on Synergy Among
Stakeholders
Enrico C. Garcia, Lyceum of the Philippines University- Laguna
The overarching goal of this paper is to contribute to the discourse on capitalism’s collision
with the environment. Particularly, this study examines the negative effects of local beach
resorts in Talisay, Batangas to the quality of Taal Lake Waters. This paper focuses on four
barangays: Tumaway and Aya (with only two beach resorts) and Buco and Sampaloc
(with eighteen beach resorts). The results of the water quality indicator tests elucidate
that the Dissolved Oxygen (3.66 mg/L), Phosphate (0.09 mg/L), Chlorates (5.4 mg/L), and
pH (8.66) of baranggays Buco and Sampaloc do not conform to the standards set by the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). T-test results show significant
difference in the overall average of four compared sites (p<0.05). The increasing volume
of wastes from beach resorts in Talisay, Batangas is one of the major threats in the water
quality of Taal Lake. Specific contributors of beach water pollutant include wastes from
sewage system, boating, beach goers, fresh water debris, and plastic pollution. This paper
sees the urgency for the Local Government Unit to reinforce the Local Sanitation Law for
all beach resorts in Talisay, Batangas. Implementing such a law, however, is not easy and
it amplifies tensions. While the local government is mandated to promote local
tourism/businesses, it also has the moral obligation to protect the environment. I provide
preliminary sketches to protect the water quality of Taal Lake. I argue that the three main
stakeholders—the local government, the locals/local businesses, and the tourists—need
to create a synergy. This synergy, following Peter Evans, pertains to institutional
partnerships and embeddedness of actors’ relations, among others.
Disaster Activism Confronts Disaster Capitalism: A Case Study of a Coastal Community in
Tacloban City, Leyte
April Porteria, Ateneo de Manila University
In this age of neo-liberalization, it is no longer surprising that even the most distressing
situations can be a source of profit. The term ‘disaster capitalism’ has been used to
describe the global pattern of big businesses profiting from disasters—whether climate or
war-related. This was seen in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in the United States,
Indian Ocean Tsunami in South and Southeast Asia and the Haiti earthquake. The same
phenomenon is being observed in the aftermath of super typhoon Haiyan (locally known
as Yolanda), the strongest typhoon on record that hit Central Philippines in November
2013. The rehabilitation phase of the disaster has received major criticisms as mainly led
by the private sector, which has opened to different warnings against disaster capitalism,
a condition that exploits than provide solutions to communities. This paper highlights the
role of people’s movements in resistance and efforts of insulating the country from such
phenomenon, looking at the case of Barangay 37-Reclamation Area in Tacloban City,
Leyte. The paper also explains that disaster capitalism in the Philippines has its specific
nuances that mirror the pre-existing characteristics of the Philippine political economy,
which is a combination of patronage politics and neoliberal policies.
Limits and Challenges to Participatory Urban Planning: Exploring the Experience of
Kalipunan ng Damayang Mahihirap (KADAMAY)/National Alliance of Urban Poor
Cleve Kevin Robert V. Arguelles, University of the Philippines Manila
28
Recent discourses in participatory urban planning have centered primarily on locally led
plans for a collaborative approach in community engagement as manifestations of the
impact of neoliberalism on urban governance. Through privately led public-private
partnerships, critical scholars have noticed the increasing reliance on the relationship
between local government units and corporate groups that manages to co-opt and
marginalize community-driven efforts to air dissent and perform protest. This preliminary
case study explores the experience of the urban poor group Kalipunan ng Damayang
Mahihirap (KADAMAY) in participating in participatory urban planning involving
demolition and resettlement of communities for business districts. Preliminary results show
that the participation practices of the urban poor group and the communities reveals
multiplicity in meanings. The experience of KADAMAY in dealing with participatory urban
planning also complicates the dominant narrative of the success of the collaborative
approach in community engagement. In fact, in several cases, initiatives to participatory
urban planning were cancelled after meetings reveal a foundational difference in the
community and government’s/business group’s vision for the neighborhood. In such
instances, KADAMAY perceives that calls for participatory urban planning are excuses to
legitimize community demolitions. The long experience of KADAMAY pose a question on
the truthfulness of the government agenda for participatory urban planning and exposes
fundamental differences on the nature and consequentiality of participation. This paper
explores the limitations and challenges to participatory urban planning, and hopefully,
offers fresh insights on possibilities for reframing the politics of participatory practice.
Living in a Managed Chaos: Social Movements for a Moving City
Gina R. Gatarin, University of the Philippines Diliman
Living in contemporary Third World cities has become an irony. While megacities such as
Metro Manila are seen as a source of opportunities for social mobility, city life has been
embedded on enormous threats to people’s well-being. Challenges to inclusive
development and well-being especially in the case of mobility and transportation are
now more serious than ever. In this study*, which remains to be a work in progress, I shall
explore the chaos and opportunities in transportation governance in Metro Manila in the
context of the struggles of organizations and networks pursuing a safe, convenient and
efficient system wherein those who have less in wheels will have more on the road. I
utilized textual analysis of existing laws and regulations on transportation policies in the
Philippines with a focus on Metro Manila; key-informant interviews with government
officials such as the Departments of Public Works and Highway and Transportation and
Communication and the Metro Manila Development Authority; and accounting the
experiences of several civil society groups active in pursuing alternative modes of
transport. The study has shown that the country has a number of laws and regulations
which are confusing and are continuously changing depending on who is at the position
in various government institutions. However, the various social movements involved in
changing the culture, infrastructure and policies are an interesting element of the current
state of chaos in Metro Manila’s transportation system as they account the everyday
frustrations and anxieties of citizens of the metropolis. The study then moves toward the
exploration of how civil society participation becomes one of the fundamental avenues
to re-direct the mess and inequalities associated with the domination of the car mania
and the lack of a transportation system which is supposed to move people rather than
just vehicles.
PANEL 2B | 16 OCTOBER | 15:45-17:15 | CED 202
THE PROMISE OF EDUCATION
Moderator: Jesse Angelo Altez
29
An Assessment of the Human Rights Conditions of the Polytechnic University of the
Philippines
Mercedes Camille B. Ocampo, Alvin G. Allam, Camille Iglesias, Jacqueline Obidencio,
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
It has been argued that there is a necessity to develop comprehensive systems of
education that incorporate the values of human rights, intercultural understanding and
tolerance in order to promote and maintain peace. Thus, it is imperative that human rights
education and awareness are given primary importance in schools. This paper is an
assessment of the human rights conditions of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines
through a survey. The survey aims to help reflect critically on forces within the university
that affect the human rights climate and design action plans that could improve human
rights activities. Although this paper is limited in scope, it is intended to help identify
specific areas of concern in peace and human rights education in the university that may
need to be addressed.
After Mapping, now what? An Initial Analysis of Sectioning Practices among Public
Secondary Schools in Manila
John N. Abletis, Polytechnic University of the Philippines
This paper is part of a large ongoing project that tries to explore how homogeneous
student-sectioning/tracking/ability-grouping is done among public high schools. It
presents my initial analysis of the different student sectioning/classifying practices in
Manila and the reasons and considerations school administrators have in doing them.
Using Kathy Charmaz’s constructivist grounded theory strategies, my goal is to sociologize
the “conditions of possibility” that these practices are creating and their possible
consequences to our society.
Learning About the Moros: A Content Analysis of Selected Philippine History Textbooks
Jorge S. Baclor, Miriam College
This paper examines the extent of the discussion of about the Moro people and their
struggle in selected Philippine history textbooks used in the high school from 2002-2012.
Results show that while the textbooks discuss cultural topics in detail (i.e. the spread of
Islam, and Islamic beliefs), the textbooks are almost silent on socio-political topics (i.e.
resistance to foreign rule, integration into the republic, and the issue of secession). In
conclusion, this paper analyzes the impact of the K-12 curriculum in textbook writing and
in learning about the Moro people and their struggle.
Fostering Religious Literacy in Philippine Public Schools: Assessing Possibilities and
Challenges
Manuel Victor J. Sapitula, University of the Philippines Diliman
The implementation of the K-12 curriculum in the Philippines allows for a closer look at the
challenges in fostering religious literacy in the current public school system. Incorporated
into the school curricula of various countries like the United States, the United Kingdom
and India, religious literacy aims to equip students in dealing with the realities of religious
pluralism and diversity in contemporary societies. This paper looks into the concept of
“religious literacy” in the Philippine context using approaches from the sociology of
religion and sociology of education. Using insights from existing literature on religious
literacy in other countries, the paper assesses local experiences of religious diversity that
30
is relevant in framing classroom instruction and the training of educators. This paper aims
to contribute sociological insights that influence the content and pedagogical
approaches of religious literacy programs that will be used in Philippine public schools.
PANEL 2C | 16 OCTOBER | 15:45-17:15 | CED 203
GENDERED DIMENSION OF SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION
Moderator: Michael Labayandoy
Women in the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in Northern Mindanao
Lovelaze H. Labaja, Rachelle Julia G. Mallillin, Hattah U. Nadjeb, Luz C. Sevidal Castro,
Amabelle A. Embornas, Sulpecia L. Ponce, Mindanao State University- Iligan Institute of
Technology
This study examines the nature of involvement of Maranao women in the Moro Islamic
Liberation Front (MILF) in a municipality of Northern Mindanao. Specifically, description
of the recruitment process, factors and conditions triggering these women to join the
MILF, nature of their involvement and perceived community benefits derived from the
movement were explored. Using in-depth interviews of eight women key informants, the
findings indicate that aside from their knowledge about Jihad (holy war) as an
obligation of all Muslims being taught in the Qur’an and Hadith, the following situations
triggered their entry to the MILF between 2002 to 2007: the declaration of all-out war
against the MILF in 2000; the death of a family member in the hands of the army; and
the human rights violations involved in the February 2005 massacre in Sulu. It was also
known that MILF recruitment was facilitated by MILF members
themselves who
happened to be their family members and relatives. Prior to their admission, they
underwent seminars and
discussions about the teachings of Qur’an and the role of
women in the movement. Women MILF members served in the Social Welfare Committee
(SWC) collecting alms/ donations/zakat from fellow Muslims or organize seminars, take
notes during meetings, and teach Islam. Women generally function as source of moral,
financial, religious, and political support to the movement. The informants believed that
community development is achieved through more MILF supporters influencing effective
law enforcement, observance of good values and cooperation of fellow Muslims.
Overall, the findings point out the auxiliary role women perform in an Islamic social
movement which is quite different from the experiences of Egypt, Nicaragua, South
Africa or China.
Conflict and Transformation Experiences Among the Bangsamoro Women
Monela M. Mua, Mindanao State University – Maguindanao
This is a study on the different conflict experiences of the Bangsamoro Women in the
different of conflict like personal, rational, cultural and structural.
The Women
respondents for the study were residents of eight barangays in four municipalities, namely:
Pokay, Kabacan, Sultan Kudarat and Datu Saudi Ampatuan in the province of
Maguindanao. The provinces were hotbeds of armed conflict which beset the areas
even before the year 2000. Aside from armed conflict, there were some condition and
experiences which the Bangsamoro Women have suffered from. Part of the conflicts on
the personal level was brought about by marital rift or dispute, conflict with children and
parents as well as with in-laws. On the relational kind of conflict, this has to do with conflicts
with other people especially on their face to face interaction with one another, and
conflicts with other tribes, neighbors, local officials and some religious leaders in the
community. For the cultural conflict, it occurs when the women were subjected to force
31
marriage or parental -arranged marriages, when their families have "rido", a local term
for family feud, and land conflict with relatives or the husband remarry again. All of these
kind of conflicts were anchored on John Paul Lederachs 's Conflict Transformation Theory
which uses four dimensions of conflicts such as Personal, Relational, Cultural and
Structural. The methods use in this study was quantitative, making use of survey for the
gathering of data on profiles of the respondents, and qualitative, which made use of
case studies to substantiate the data gathered from the survey. The objectives were to
find out the conflict and transformation experiences among the Bangsamoro Women,
the form of conflict experiences in terms of personal, rational, cultural and structural
dimensions and the effects of these conflicts that led to women transformation.
Living and Leaving the Revolutionary Movement in Compostela Valley Province: The
Struggles and Ideologies of Former Women Revolutionaries
Septrin John A. Calamba, Liwayway S. Viloria, Mark Jason T. Cesar, Gary Ben S. Villocino,
Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology
Membership in the Philippine revolutionary movement is basically rooted in their desire to
contribute to social structural change to uplift the miserable conditions of the masses. This
same desire continues to be nourished by them even when they have already left the
movement. The study intends to address the women’s experiences and involvement in
the Communist Party of the Philippines – New People’s Army (CPP-NPA). This mainly seeks
to deal with women’s views and perceptions on the current social, political, and
economic issues of the country. This is a case study by design using snowball sampling,
individual interview as the main data gathering method, and thematic data analysis
approach. This study is informed by the theories of conflict, relative deprivation, liberal
feminism, and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, among others. Socio-economic problems
such as financial crisis, poor governance, and family disorganization drove them to
engage in the movement in their belief that it can solve these circumstances. As women
revolutionaries, they believe they can help save other women from injustices, inferiority
and inequalities. By serving as medical and political officers, and combatants, they have
experienced respect, fairness, and meaningful camaraderie in the movement, in spite of
such internal problems as financial crisis, misunderstandings with comrades, and
exhausting combat operations against the established forces. Primarily, family concerns
especially the welfare of their children drove these women revolutionaries to leave the
movement. Although they have already left the movement, their “progressive” political
ideology is evident in their constant communication with the active members of the CPPNPA, and in their views about the country’s suffering from economic instability and social
inequalities caused by corruption of the government officials, imperialism, and capitalism.
Nagtutunggaling mga Katangian ng LGBT Pride March
John Andrew Gatchalian-Evangelista, University of the Philippines Diliman
Mahaba ang kasaysayan ng LGBT Pride March. Una itong ginanap noong June 26, 1970
sa tatlong lungsod sa Estados Unidos—New York, Los Angeles at Oregon. Ang orihinal na
layunin ng martsang ito ay alalahanin ang katapangan ng mga miyembro ng LGBT
(lesbian, gays, bisexuals at transgenders) noong nilabanan nila ang puwersa ng kapulisan
na sumugod sa Stonewall Inn noong gabi ng June 26, 1969. Pinaniniwalaan na ang
marahas na kaguluhan sa pagitan ng kapulisan at mga LGBT noong gabing iyon ay
nanatiling malaking inspirasyon para sa pagkilos ng komunidad ng mga LGBT. Sa
pagdaan ng panahon, ang mga tagapangasiwa at kalahok sa martsa ay nagkabit ng
iba’t ibang pagpapakahulugan sa simboliko at taunang gawaing ito. Ang papel na ito
ay isang komprehensibong paglalagom ng literaturang naglalarawan sa mga
32
nagtutunggaling pagpapakahulugan sa LGBT Pride March. Sisilipin rin sa huling bahagi
ng sulatin ang kasaysayan ng LGBT Pride sa Maynila upang maipakita ang natatanging
posisyon ng Metro Manila Pride March sa kalakhang pagsasasagawa ng martsa sa
buong mundo. Ipinalalagay ng papel na ito na mayroong kakayahan ang queer theory
na bigyang resolusyon ang mga nagtatalong kahulugang ito.
PANEL 2D| 16 OCTOBER | 15:45-17:15 | CED AMPHITHEATER
PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE COMMUNITY
Moderator: Jayeel Cornelio
Policy Analysis on Peace and Development: A Case of Barangay One, Malaybalay City,
Bukidnon
Rona Celeste V. Pasamonte, Jade Harley C. Bretaña, Bukidnon State University
Malaybalay is located at the heart of the Province of Bukidnon. It is strategically
positioned in Region 10 in Mindanao. Malaybalay is also known for its tranquillity.
However, the growing number of conflicts is also visible. This conflict affects not only the
tourist but also the locals. The livelihood, employment and the mere living of people as
well. In this paper, researchers looked at the function of the Local Government Unit. In
every LGU, there is a committee on peace and order. The committee is in charge of the
creation, implementation, evaluation, and analysis of the policy and ordinances in terms
of peace and order. Together with the committee is the congruency of the Philippine
National Police. Moreover, both the 2 have co-equal function and responsibility not only
to the City but more importantly to the people. This paper assessed the selected policies
and ordinances implemented both by the LGU and PNP in Barangay One, Malaybalay
City, Bukidnon. The researchers applied purposive sampling to comprise the sample of
the study. Data were gathered using focus group discussion on the selected Barangay
officials of the said barangay. Findings were identified what barriers need to be
addressed, if not to eradicate immediately, but progressively to eliminate the conflicts.
Further, it will provide awareness as of the status of Malaybalay City in terms of Peace
and Development.
Socio-cultural Roles and Access to and Control Over Resources, Benefits, and
Opportunities among Women and Men Farmers in the NGO’s Sustainable Agriculture
Grace Majorenos-Taruc, Mindanao State University- Main
This paper focuses on gender division of labor among women and men farmers in
community spheres and their differential access to and control over resources, benefits,
and opportunities. It also highlights the factors affecting gender division of labor and
access to and control, and the implications of such factors to sustainable agriculture in
the community. Key informant interviews and focus group discussions were conducted
among farmer beneficiaries of NGO’s sustainable agriculture program. Some
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools were also utilized. Findings show that women in
Upper Pugaan areas are either part-time or full-time farmers and are actively involved in
resource management. They are major contributors to the household economy, both
through their remunerative work on farms and through the unpaid work they traditionally
render at home and in the community. Moreover, there is an increasing social mobility
and participation of women in community management work. However, community
politics still remains as men’s domain. Constraints prevailed among women vis-à-vis men
concerning access to and control over economic resources, benefits, and opportunities
in the household, farm, and community: structural, geophysical, and socio-cultural.
However, there is an apparent shift toward egalitarianism. These factors can facilitate,
33
constrain or both towards maximum participation and equal access and control of
women and men which have implications to sustainable agriculture program in the
community.
Conflict in One Upland Community in Oroquieta, Misamis Occidental and Two Coastal
Communities in Iligan City and Lanao del Norte
Nimfa L. Bracamonte, Sulpecia L. Ponce, Mindanao State University- Iligan Institute of
Technology
Employing a triangulation of survey, focus group discussion, key informant interviews, and
secondary data, the study focuses on conflict in three research settings: Sebucal, an
upland protected area in Mt. Malindang Range Natural Park, Oroquieta, Misamis
Occidental; Lapayan, a rural coastal community in Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte; and
Canaway, an urban coastal community in Iligan City.The nature of conflict in Sebucal
involves stealing of animals and crops, petty quarrels, and boundary disputes in a
protected area that are interpersonal or intra-group in nature from within the local
community. Lapayan captures the micro aspect of the “Mindanao problem” with the
August 2008 MILF attack. It is an intergroup conflict with national and global bearing.
Domestic violence that is basically interpersonal/intra-group in nature is also present. In
the case of Canaway, domestic violence, conflict among neighbours, drunkenness,
petty crimes, and land disputes depict the urban blight. In regard to conflict resolution,
amicable/informal settlement is the modal strategy. The role of the barangay council and
the lupong tagapamayapa is crucial. Lapayan’s case indicates military intervention. This
study exemplifies that the nature of conflict bears on the geophysical and
socioeconomic characteristics of the setting, as well as, the sociodemographic and
economic profile of the local population. Conflict may manifest a combination of any of
the following patterns: simple/moderate and/or complex/intense, local and/or
national/global,
intergroup
and/or
intra-group,
personal/domestic
and/or
structural/institutional, individual and/or societal. In general, considering the
interrelatedness of the components of society, it is vital to respect and draw from the
culture and knowledge of a people in developing appropriate models of handling
conflict incorporating education, advocacy, and mediation (Lederach, 1996:13-14, 19).
PANEL 3A | 17 OCTOBER | 10:45-12:15 | PLENARY HALL
COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF CONFLICT
Moderator: Enrique Oracion
Post-Conflict Actor's Behavior: The Case of the Government of National Unity of Zanzibar
Amour Mmanga, University of Dar Es Salaam
When tracing history of Zanzibar and the Mindanao conflict through the CR-SIPABIO tools
of the conflict analysis, you can get the similar result but the different is in the behavior or
outcome. Zanzibar emergence of social political destabilization during this period is not
result of multi-party competition, but also colonial legacy of ethnic and racial practice.
While Mindanao was the political control and land reform but its genesis was through the
religious identity which develops progressively in time bases. Many outcome or behavior
adopt, that badly engage the life of many people into death or collapse economically
for example The NPA’s armed struggle against military forces and civilian militia units
resulted in heavy casualties and displacement. Several efforts have been made to restore
situation by stake holders of peace like National Unification Commission 1992 and
Common wealth 1999 it was complex and difficult task due to political pressure and
tension for example two peace accord was failed recently after the part agree and
34
signed, was similar to Mindanao 1986 peace talks with the rebels. Why these behaviors
occur after coalition? Post conflict time some actors became pessimistic because of
including the opposition members into the government. Those who thought of becoming
the peace actors become betrayal and behave negatively toward the positive peace,
and give hard time to operate the coalition structure. Therefore it revealed that the
actors’ behaviors and practices in the GNU face ambiguous situation of either sticking to
the original objectives or turning against the GNU. They are afraid of the fact that the
coming general election in October 2015 might be full malpractices and turmoil which
devalue of agreed peace accord. Comparatively In 2011 Despite formal peace talks
between the New People’s Army (NPA) and government forces, violent clashes
continued. Why the actors behave like this in post conflict of after the peace accord took
place? This paper comes up with investigation of post-conflict actor’s behavior. The
Government of National Unity in Zanzibar and Mindanao are taken as a case study.
Critical Reflections on the Politics of Identity: Cross-cultural comparisons between the
Philippines and Indonesia
Craig Cook, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Jakarta, Indonesia
This paper addresses the politics of identity shaping through comparative analysis of two
distinct socio-cultural and religious minority identities, both embedded in larger
hegemonic nation-state identities. The cultural identities to be probed are those of the
Muslim minority population of Mindanao, along with the minority Chinese population of
Indonesia. In the post-Suharto Reformasi period of the past 17 years in Indonesia, a threat
has emerged to former nation-state ideologies, such as Pancasila, which attempted to
hold disparate groups together. The threat to stable nation-state identities can be seen
in rising conflicts in places like Papua, and Aceh, where independence movements are
on the rise. How do these transforming cultural, ethnic, and religious identities take shape
under a new order of things? How do the state, education, mass media, religious
organizations, and civil society in general, seek to shape these identities? How do social
actors themselves define their identities in new ways? What, if any, implications hold true
concerning the politics of identity for Muslim Mindanao? Through ethnographic
observation in both locales, as well as interviews with university students in Jakarta of
multiple religious and ethnic backgrounds, these issues will be probed as to how identities
are shaped under an emergent social order which now offers multiple identity
configurations. Through critical analysis using Benedict Anderson’s model of “Imagined
Communities”, and through cross-cultural comparison, the author wishes to shed light on
approaches to identity politics formation that may be seen as a threat or opportunity in
building a stronger civil society.
China’s Path to Domination: Straighter than Aquino’s Matuwid na Daan
Louie Benedict Ignacio, Colegio de San Juan de Letran
The adversities brought about by the conflict in the West Philippine Sea have put the
ability of the Philippine Government to defend the country for its territories in question. This
paper looks at the history how the power of China in the West Philippine Sea (South China
Sea) rose with the deep-blue sea maritime technology. This paper also looks at the role
that China and other super powers, including the United States and Japan, play in the
conflict arising in the area. As a conclusion, the paper looks at possible options the
Philippine Government, under the current administration of Aquino could and should
address the issue.
PANEL 3B | 17 OCTOBER | 10:45-12:15 | CED 202
35
CONFLICT AND LABOR MARKETS (1)
Moderator: Mario J. Aguja
“Muted Hidden Transcript”: The Art of Muting the Resistance among Filipino Call Center
Agents
Floramante Sir John Don King Howard T. Ponce III, Ateneo de Manila University
This paper explores the practice of ‘muted hidden transcript’ among non-mobile Filipino
call center agents. To examine this practice, I have taken concepts 'weapons of the
weak' by Scott and 'muted back talk' by Fabros to frame this study. In the narratives of 28
Filipino agent informants gathered through face-to-face, in-depth key-informant
interview, enriched with direct personal and participant observation in a call center
company (under the hidden name TechnoLink), and supplemented by secondary data
collection, the study focuses on the transnational on-work practices of Filipino agents that
avoid conflict with their foreign customers while muting their resistance. These practices
allow them to voice out what is on their minds, and to breathe and escape from the
pressure of the work performance in front of their onshore customers. Moreover, these
permit them to critique power, in this case, of the customers’, that go on offstage and
also allow them to resist reflexively in a hidden way against the tightly controlled, highly
monitored, pressured structure of the work. The Filipino agents’ way of masking resistance
through ‘muted hidden transcript,’ ‘call transfer,’ and ‘no talking until they drop the call,’
is not only an on-work lifestyle practice that saves social relations with customers from
onshore, but is also an elaborate exercise to subsume their agency. That is, to become
the “agent”—at once a representative that works in behalf of others, and an actor with
the capacity to assert his will.
On Minimal Justice: Exploring the Unknown Voice of the Coconut Farm Workers with
Rainer Forst
Michael P. Gatchalian, St. Mary’s College of Tagum Inc.
The issues of “globalization” have triggered controversies for more than three decades.
“Globalization”, generally construed, is observed in various forms of social activity
including economic, political and cultural life. Perhaps, people who are marginalized (the
coconut farm workers) experienced the intense “disrespect”, struggling human condition,
and status or class maintained by the hybrid landowners and the question; why they
remain poor? Therefore, the task of this study is to trace the periphery in search of justice
in extent of accepting the moral norms of recognition in the process of justification.
Acknowledge the fact that justification is the practical way of addressing the issue of
struggles.
Ang Trabaho sa Pelikula: A Visual Analysis of Representations of “Work” in Selected
Filipino Films (1970 – 2010)
Christian Joshua D. Lomahan, Clarence M. Batan, University of Santo Tomas
This paper problematizes how the concept of “work” or in the local parlance, “trabaho”
is represented in five selected Filipino films in the last four decades from 1970s to 2010.
Using Denzin’s (2004) film and qualitative content analysis method, the paper probes into
work dynamics in the Philippines in terms of (a) the nature of work, (b) varied
36
representations of work issues, problems and concerns; and (c) work intersections with
local and global processes as portrayed and represented in these selected films. The
paper argues about the “power of portrayals” of these selected Filipino films when
historically read against political and socio-economic backdrop of the country. As part
of the istambay study series, the paper aims at furthering the discourse of the sociology
of labor and work in the Philippines specifically along the social issue of the persisting
unemployment in the country.
PANEL 3C | 17 OCTOBER | 10:45-12:15 | CED 203
HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY: CONFLICT AND CONTROL
Moderator: Maria Cecila T. Medina
Ang Peace Time sa Pasig, 1941-1945
Danim R. Majerano, Samahang Saliksik Pasig, Inc.
Ang Pasig ay saksi sa Ikalawang Digmaang Pandadigdig. Ito ay nahati sa dalawang
panig bilang Maka-Hapon at Maka-Amerikano sa konteksto kung papaano tinanggap
ng bayan ang digmaan. Layunin ng papel na talakayin at suriin ang sinasabing “peace
time” o panahon ng katahimikan sa usapin ng talaban ng ideolohiya at pulitika sa
kamalayang bayan. Sa tulong at paggamit ng mga kuwento, alaala, historikal na
dokumento at pamanang kultural ay mahuhubog at maitatanghal na sa loob ng
katahimikan, batbat ng mga negosasyon at kontestasyon sa kalagayan ng surbaybal sa
panahon ng digmaan.
Crime in a Time of War: Notes on Criminality in Japanese Occupied Manila
Aaron Abel Mallari, University of the Philippines Diliman
When the fires of the Second World War engulfed Manila and placed the Filipino people
under Japanese rule, the return to normalcy figured to become a major project of the
newly established regime. To maintain order in the everyday context, therefore, was
paramount. However, the distressing times made it difficult for the people to return to their
pre-war lives. The harsh conditions, in one way, also became a factor that pushed people
to certain acts deviant and criminal. Through a reading of select memoirs and news
reports from the Tribune, this piece explores the different discursive meanings attached
to crime/criminality (particularly cases of theft, looting) in Philippine society in the context
of the Japanese occupation. In a sense, this inquiry also attempts to treat criminality as a
window to further understand the everyday conditions during wartime Manila. Corollary,
the research also aims to throw some light on how the Japanese regime operated on the
ground as the news reports can also provide a glimpse on the ways the Japanese
responded to criminality in the attempt to normalize (i.e. pacify) the atmosphere in Manila
especially in the early years of the occupation. This piece ultimately intends to contribute
to historical criminology research and the further understanding of the Japanese
occupation as a major juncture in Philippine history.
Urban Planning and Colonialism: The City Beautiful Plan (Arellano Plan) of Iloilo City (19281930)
Elgin Glenn R. Salomon, University of the Philippines-Visayas Miag-ao
Colonialism shaped the Philippine history and society for the past centuries. On the other
hand, urban planning function is not only limited on determining the use of space and
design of the urban environment but it also defines power. Hence, this paper then
attempt to interpret the “Proposed Development Plan of the City of Iloilo and Vicinity” or
the City Beautiful Plan and prove that behind the idea of this grand masterplan by Juan
37
Arellano, a pensionado was the rationale of American colonialism in the country such as
domination, subjugation and control. This paper employed interdisciplinary analyses
based of poststructuralist (Foucaldian approaches on social control), postcolonial
(Orientalism) and dependent urbanist (rooted on Wallerstein’s World-System’s theory)
perspectives. It is also backed by evidences on cases of City Beautiful Plans and existing
government institutions /establishments in the United States and other parts of the country
that time. As a result, despite the existing conflicts in race and class, the colonizers utilized
tactics such as introduction of public health, sports education and transportation and
infrastructure building to pacify the Filipinos against their abuses and at the same time,
they operated these establishments to assert their power and to exploit the resources of
the archipelago for their economic advantage.
PANEL 3D| 17 OCTOBER | 10:45-12:15 | MINI-THEATRE
RELIGION: SOURCE OF CONFLICT OR INSTRUMENT OF PEACE
Moderator: Jayeel Cornelio
Comparative Study on Muslim-Christian Relations in Conflict Affected Areas
Amane U. Amanoden, RC AL-Khwarizmi International College Foundation Inc.
The study aimed to determine the effects of Mindanao Conflict on Muslim-Christian
relations in the two conflict affected barangays in Maigo, Lanao del Norte: Barangay
Liangan West (Christian dominated area) and Barangay Mentring (Muslim dominated
area). The Muslim-Christian relation was diagnosed in the following areas of concern such
as marriage patterns, dwelling arrangement, economic activities, religious activities,
educational situation, internal resolution and political activities. The study showed that
there are three factors that bind the Muslim and Christian residents to stay together within
the same barangay, such as: the common mutual economic interests, intermarriages,
and place of origin of the residents were quite far. Dwelling patterns can be classified into
Purok dominated by Christians, Purok dominated by Méranaos, and Puroks in which
Méranaos and Christians stay together. The two major religions practiced in the two
barangays are Islam and Roman Catholic. The mestizo/mestiza in Barangay Liangan West
practice Christianity while in Barangay Mentring, they practice Islam. The conflict alerted
the residents to observe their own respective religion.The conflicts between Muslim and
Christian individuals are always taken as an individual problem and not a matter between
the Muslim and Christian groups. Conflicts were settled through negotiations of the
Barangay Chairman and the leaders from both Méranaos and Christians.There are places
where Muslims and Christians have frequent contacts and which fortified their
harmonious relationships like schools where Muslim and Christian pupils and parents
mingle together. Politically, the barangay officials from Barangay Liangan West are
mostly composed of Christians while in Barangay Mentring are mostly Méranao. Currently,
chairpersons from both barangays are mestizo and mestiza. In general, the Mindanao
Conflict did not affect the relationship of the Muslims and Christians in the two barangays.
It is even a motivating factor for them to find ways by which they could stay together.
"Walang away-away": The Peace Village Residential Experience
Schoolchildren in Lanao del Norte
Noriko Hashimoto, Menandro Abanes, Ateneo de Naga University
(PVRE)
of
Several studies attribute religious differences as the persistent driver of the Mindanao
conflict. Children are one of the most affected by the conflict. This research focuses on
the schoolchildren who participated in the Department of Education (DepEd)-initiated
Peace Village Residential Experience (PVRE) in the Division of Lanao del Norte. It aims to
38
answer, do schoolchildren perceive these religious differences? To what extent do the
differences in religion among children play in their relations with religious outgroups? Are
interactions and contacts limited because of the differences? The PVRE includes activities
which make pupils think and encourage them to experience shared interests (e.g.
games, dances, and artworks), which essentially create the space for interactions. For
seven years, the PVRE has been bringing Bisaya-speaking Christian and Maranaospeaking Muslim schoolchildren together. Do the PVRE activities make a difference in the
way schoolchildren view religious outgroups? To answer these questions, a small survey
and interviews with schoolchildren were conducted. Actual observation and
participation in several activities were also made by the researchers in 2011 PVRE in
Kapatagan, Lanao del Norte. Social identification with an ingroup, derived from Social
Identity Theory, and limited contact with the outgroup have informed schoolchildren's
view of fellow schoolchildren whose religion and language are different from theirs. The
PVRE activities have been found to be a good venue for schoolchildren to counter the
formation of prejudices and negative attitudes towards outgroups at their young
impressionable age.
Peace After the Mamasapano Incident: A Comparison of Muslim and Non-Muslim
Perceptions
Sherifa Rossmia O. Kadil, Mary Beth Ann O. Odo, Lucille A. Bayron, Sulpecia L. Ponce,
Mindanao State University- Iligan Institute of Technology
The road to peace in Mindanao is a journey with lots of opportunities and historical
challenges. The crafting of the Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL) by the negotiating panels
of the government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) aims for the
institutionalization of a structural foundation to peace in the archipelago. This study
examines the perceptions of selected Maranao and non-Maranao respondents in Iligan
City on peace and BBL after the Mamasapano, Maguindanao incident, which caused
the death of 44 the Special Action Force personnel of the PNP. It further seeks to
determine their views on human security after the incident and on the prospects of
peace in Mindanao. Through a survey of 60 respondents representing the
aforementioned ethnic groups chosen through convenience sampling, findings show
that respondents view peace as “the absence of conflict between Muslims and
Christians,” “the absence of fear and anxiety,” and “presence of unity and openmindedness among people.” For the non-Maranaos, however, the creation of the BBL led
to confusion, indifference and validation of the demarcation between ethnic lines. On
the other hand, the Maranaos find BBL as the solution to peace and security issues in
Mindanao, a position they held even after the Mamasapano incident. In contrast, to the
non-Maranaos, this tragic incident intensified further their sense of social, economic and
personal insecurity. However, both groups expressed strong faith that Mindanao will
achieve peace if the people are determined to make it happen. This paper proposed
that Galtung’s view on positive peace through collaborative enterprises of conflicting
parties, in the case of Mindanao, between Muslims and Christians and among the diverse
ethnic identities, can become a promising framework to end Mindanao conflict.
The Sacred of Religion and the Sublime of Ideology: Constructing Collective Identity
through Religious Solidarities
Emanuel De Guzman, Polytechnic University of the Philippines
The sacred is ontologically central to the discursive construction of collective identity.
Being the institutional expression of the sacred, religion is a staple in all human
collectivities and a constitutive force in forging group identities. Hence, religion is coeval
39
and coterminous with society and the human being: religion is society's birthright and
fate. As an ontologically religious being who derives an identity from the social body, the
human being is always susceptible to ideological corruption, to an excessive forging of
identity and solidarity that blurs the sense of the other, that which is fundamental in the
human as a social being. The observed fatal journey of group solidarities from the sacred
to religion to ideology in history provides a wealth of data for theorizing the process of
ideologization and the susceptibility of religion to undergo this process. The answer lies in
the the structure sacred-religion-ideology where ideology is seen as an embedded
corruptive symptom in all social groups.
PANEL 3E| 17 OCTOBER | 10:45-12:15 | COE 322
SOCIOLOGY OF YOUTH (1)
Moderator: Esnairah Salem
When Acceptance Demands Pain: Experiences Among Frat Members
Danica Rose I. Bolivar, Jee Irvin T. Erag, Angielyn O. Petere, Saidamin P. Bagolong,
University of Mindanao
Despite the danger it may bring due to hazing, more and more individuals are enticed to
join fraternity. Their outlook lays an optimistic mind-set that joining fraternity shall benefit
them in one way or another. This study explores the experiences of several fraternity
members just as they are about to enter, when they are already on the process of
entering, and after they become an official member. It also aims to determine the
motivational factors and their significant experiences as well as how they changed their
lives in general. This study used phenomenological research design utilizing a focus group
discussion (FGD) to different college students in Davao City. Data gathered were
analyzed using manual NVIVO and cluster analysis to categorize their responses. Findings
showed that joining fraternities before being accepted physically demands pain. It
requires initiation rites, a servicing and body contact which demand a lot of efforts and
determination that one may regret if he/she will give up so easily especially investing
his/her time just to be wasted. The enjoyment and true brotherhood/sisterhood’s
acceptance is what they reap after being subjected to painful experiences upon
entering the fraternity to which they all agreed to be worthwhile. Despite hearing all
hazing-related deaths in colleges, this phenomenon still takes place, and more and more
are still joining even great probability of harm and the existence of law condemning it.
Hence, the pain experienced by frat members is a collective consciousness towards
treating each other equally. There is nothing wrong with initiation rites but the thing that
we have to focus our attention to is how critical the position of the master initiator during
the rite, the degree to which a pledger experiences so much injury lies on the hands of
the master initiator.
Virtual Community in the Age of Conflict: Clash of Clans’ Solidarity and Online War
Phenomenon
Jade Harley C. Bretaña, Bukidnon State University
Community is always evolving and changing. Today’s generation is getting harder to feel
any sense of community yet people find ways and means adapting to these changes.
As people continue to interact, conflict is inevitable. This paper examines and reports: (1)
Clash of Clans (COC) virtual community as to answer if it is a community and what kind
of solidarity is being manifested; (2) dynamics of the “war” game as to its relevance to
real life situation; and (3) gamers’ reasons of playing as to elucidate their case to non-
40
gamers why they play COC every day. The researcher used Clash of Clans as the platform
of this community because it constantly engaging into conflict, battles and clan wars. As
the game is also being played by millions of players around the world. According to Think
Gaming, a website based in New York, there are 4,379,699 average daily active Iphone
users from May 19 – June 17, 2015 in United States. COC is considered top 1 grossing game
in many countries. It is also considered top 1 grossing game in the Philippines as of June
6, 2015 (www.appannie.com). Philippine Clash of Clans Battleground (PCCB) at one point
had 13,000 members and over 90 active clans (PCCB, 2014). Purposive sampling was
employed to comprise the sample of the study. Data were gathered using survey
questionnaire. Findings show that clash of clans’ virtual community appertain virtual
solidarity. A distinct form of solidarity composite to Durkheim’s mode of analysis of the
society: organic solidarity (urban society) and mechanical solidarity (rural village). It
suggests that COCs’ virtual community has a distinct form of interaction and dynamics.
Lastly, with the average of 2-4 hours a day spent on playing is a manifestation of the
gamer’s satisfaction towards the game and the said virtual community.
A Sociological Inquiry into Sexual Exploitation of Children: An Assessment of the Efficiency
of Philippine Public Policies on Child Trafficking
Joseph Franco F. Febre, University of Santo Tomas
This paper explores into sexual exploitation of children in the Philippines and assessed the
efficiencies of Philippine public policies on child trafficking through policy review to
determine inconsistencies and gaps in existing mandated institutional mechanisms that
may account to the continuous increase of sexually exploited children in the Philippines.
Moreover, this paper systematically analyzed seven (7) female victims’ cases on
commercial sexual exploitation between the age of 8 and 17 years old since this age
group has the most number of victims of child trafficking in the Philippines. The researcher
employed a constructivist philosophical worldview in conducting this research with an
exploratory research design to determine the socio-cultural, economic, legal and
political factors why child trafficking persists in the country. This research also utilizes a
qualitative case study approach with semi-structured qualitative interview (step-wise
interview) and policy analysis as major methods in order to document the different cases
and experiences that child victims went through, and to determine the gaps and frailties
of existing laws and public policies that would have addressed and restricted this
inhumane practice. Based from the findings of this research, online private chat rooms for
cybersex emerged as one of the major avenues for victimizing children to engage in
commercial sexual exploitative acts (i.e. prostitution, pornography, sex slavery and sex
tourism). Hence, the researcher concludes that child trafficking is highly prevalent to the
Philippine society because it is globally affected by the rapid modernity and availability
of accessible technology such as the internet, wherein it negatively developed to a major
contributing factor to cybercrime that the legal system of the country inevitably struggle
to keep track.
PANEL 4A | 17 OCTOBER | 13:00-14:30 | PLENARY HALL
COMMUNITIES IN CONFLICT
Moderator: Diana Therese M. Veloso
Conflicts in Marawi Elections
Seddik U. Magadapa, Myrma Jean A. Mendoza, Mindanao State-University-Iligan Institute
of Technology
41
This is a qualitative study which delves into the culture of politics and conflict in Marawi
City, an urban community in Southern Mindanao. The location of the study has always
been identified by the Commission on Election as among the election hotspots in the
Philippines. Eleven individuals, knowledgeable of Marawi politics and culture, served as
key informants in this study who were identified through referential sampling. The sample
group is composed of community and traditional leaders, political adviser, wife of a
former governor, security officers of politicians, press, and an academician, mostly
Muslims and a few Christians. Findings in the study identify cultural practices which
influence the nature of politics and election which is characterized by conflict and
violence. Their views as to how pre and post-election violence may be reduced were
solicited. Framed within the Marxist conflict and Weber’s rational-legal perspectives, the
data identify a confluence of factors in Marawi politics among Maranao ,such as family
pride/status/honor (maratabat), family influence and connections, and financial
capacity of contending politicians and followers to engage in election-related violence.
Typical conflicts during election include murder, firing of guns, riots and bombing.
Politician supporters are the usual victims of such atrocities. The proliferation of guns and
private armies in Maranao society reinforce and perpetuate the culture of conflict
especially during election. From the viewpoint of the key informant, Marawi politics is a
fight between two or more contending powerful Maranao families. Political candidates
together with their allies of relatives and friends resorted to various strategies to win in an
election, after all it is the family pride/status (maratabat) which is at stake when a family
member runs for an electoral position.
Political Rivalry and Marine Protected Areas: Case Study of a Visayan Coastal
Municipality
Enrique G. Oracion, Silliman University
Central Visayas is known as the origin of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the history of
marine conservation in the Philippines, specifically off the islands of Sumilon in Cebu and
Apo in Negros Oriental. The MPAs are primarily promoted as tools in the rehabilitation and
preservation of fragile marine habitats to address dwindling fisheries for food security.
These are also attractions to coastal and dive tourism that provide additional or
alternative livelihood sources to fishing households affected by the closure of their
traditional fishing grounds. There are success stories of MPAs in the country but whose
beginnings must have been filled also with tensions. In this light, this paper looks at two
adjacent MPAs in a Visayan coastal community as symbols of spatial expressions within a
local political culture and of struggle of rival fishers’ associations for political identity. But
these were eventually merged by the election of a mayor who changed party affiliation
and brought the management of these MPAS under one association amid the resistance
of former party members. These MPAs reflect the political history of the municipality
characterized by highly volatile political alliances evident in the forging and severing of
party affiliation or familial connection in order to pursue an ambition to become mayor.
The association behind MPA management also drew in members who identified
themselves with incumbent mayors as political patronage. Thus, the annual income from
tourism user fees is seen not only as measure of biological and economic success of MPAs
but also as political capital in local elections.
“Effects of the Establishment Of CMRCF in Sitio Bangko, Brgy. Bonbonon, Iligan City: Its
Social Implications”
John Albert M. Quijano, Fitzgerald N. Torralba, Maria Cecilia M. Ferolin, Mindanao State
University- Iligan Institute of Technology
42
The main concern of this study is to determine how the establishment of City Material
Recovery and Composting Facility (CMRCF) affect the residents of Sitio Bangko, Brgy.
Bonbonon, Iligan City, using Peace & Conflict Impact Assessment (PCIA) and
participatory development. These two frameworks are helpful in ascertaining that
development interventions, in this case the CMRCF will not create cause community
conflicts or exacerbate existing conflicts. CMCRF is basically the city’s segregating and
waste handling processing plant. The construction of the facility was completed in late
2011 and had been in operation until early 2014. This study will inquire on the impacts of
the CMRCF in terms of social, economic, environmental and health, to the residents in
the said sitio. Moreover, the study will also find out the issues and concerns regarding the
establishment and operation of the facility. This study uses triangulation method which
includes qualitative and quantitative approaches. Survey respondents are randomly
chosen from the residents who live closely in the area of CMRCF. The key informants
include officials who played a vital role in the establishment and the operation of the
CMRCF. This study hopes to contribute to the well-development of the city of Iligan by
providing additional supplemental information from the residents as well as from the key
informants. Also, it aims to mitigate the conflict between different sectors and actors in
the community through providing policy recommendations. The struggle on how to
manage waste disposal and the different roles and interests of stakeholders are the
potential areas of conflicts perceived in this study.
Social Divisiveness in Filipino Village post-Haiyan: Outcomes of Humanitarian Agencies’
Targeted Aid
Pamela Combinido, Jonathan Ong, Jaime Manuel Flores, University of the Philippines
Diliman
Drawing from a wider learning and research component of Pamati Kita (Let’s Listen
Together) in the aftermath of typhoon Haiyan (Ong et al., 2015), this paper explores how
local culture–shared cultural norms around gratitude and obligation, as well as political
structures and established practices of political participation–mediated the relief process.
In particular, this paper presents the resentment of local communities on humanitarian
agencies’ standard procedures of targeting and selective distribution within barangays.
Given the local context of Filipinos as having “relational selves” and a “consciousness of
shared identities,” neighbor envy and status anxiety were outcomes of targeted aid that
caused new material inequalities and social divisiveness within the community. It shows
how exclusion from aid created more than just an economic burden of having to find
alternative means to secure shelter or source of livelihood post-disaster, but also a deep
emotional imprint in people that manifested as shame and jealousy in their neighborly
interactions. Being excluded, compounded by the dread of being ‘left behind’ by
neighbours considered to be their extended family, had a profound impact on people’s
self-confidence and civic and political connectedness. This paper argues for the
importance of multiplicity of check and balance structures, decentralized participation
at the local level, and active role of humanitarian agencies given the context of
patronage and structural exclusion from aid of individuals within a community.
PANEL 4B | 17 OCTOBER | 13:00-14:30 | CED 202
CONFLICT AND LABOR MARKETS (2)
Moderator: Cleve Arguelles
Taming Class Conflict? Industrial Peace Policy and Workers’ Strike in the Philippines from
2001 to Present
Jane A. Siwa, Jessica Viliran, Center for Trade Union and Human Rights
43
The strike has been considered the workers' most potent tool against exploitation and
other forms of abuses committed against them by capitalists. It is a concretization of class
conflict, a cathartic moment in a seemingly covert contradiction between classes inside
a capitalist firm. Over the last two decades, official government data on workers' strikes
in the Philippines show that the number of incidents significantly decreased from 94 strikes
in 1995 alone to as low as one strike recorded in 2013. The governments of both Presidents
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and Benigno Aquino III have hailed this phenomenon as a
reflection of industrial peace, achieved through social dialogue and the effective use of
tripartite and multi-stakeholder mechanisms. Using data from documentation of
independent labor groups and analysis of government policies, this paper will argue that
the government’s pursuit of industrial peace is anchored very minimally, if at all, on social
dialogue or effective negotiation of conflicts between capitalists and workers. Rather, it
is based upon relentless, systematic, and multi-faceted suppression of independent
unions and conscious value-subjects. Contrary to the principle of social dialogue,
Philippine labor policies, laws and use of state power to suppress workers freedom to
organize or stage collective resistance only validate the necessarily antagonistic nature
of contradictions between workers and capitalists. The paper will further cite case studies
and interviews with protesting workers to demonstrate various types and new forms of
workers' collective resistance not previously reflected in official data, thus rendering a
clearer picture of the persistence of working class struggle and its potential future
directions.
Ora et Labora: Understanding the Role of Religion and Religious Organizations in the Life
and Work of Overseas Filipino Workers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Minami Iwayama, University of the Philippines Los Baños
The study discusses the situation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in terms of policies on
migrants and religious practices. It identifies different Christian religious organizations
present within Saudi Arabia where members include OFWs and examines their current
status, organizational operations, and religious practices. It discusses how religion and
religious affiliations affect the life and work of OFWs in Saudi Arabia. The study also
describes the religious beliefs and practices of OFWs in Saudi Arabia, a host country
where religious freedom is restricted. The study employs qualitative research methods. A
review of literature on policies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and interviews were used
as methods of data collection. The study made use of a thematic analysis as method of
data analysis. Participants are Christians who have worked or are currently working in
Saudi Arabia as professionals, skilled, or domestic workers. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
remains a conservative host country and such is reflective of its policies on migrants and
religious practices. Saudi Arabia, in principle, tolerates religious practices of migrants,
however, officers and members of the Muttawa (religious police) and some Saudi citizens
remain intolerant of religions and religious practices other than Wahhabi Islam and its
practices. Three dominant Christian organizations were found to be actively conducting
religious activities, albeit clandestinely within Saudi Arabia. Religion acts as [1] a source
of strength, [2] a form of amusement, [3] a form of motivation to become a better person,
[4] an anesthetic that numbs the physical, emotional, and mental strains, [5] a source of
networks, and [6] a method of knowing God for Christian OFWs in Saudi Arabia.
PANEL 4C | 17 OCTOBER | 13:00-14:30 | CED 203
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF POLITICS, PEACE AND PRAYER
Moderator: Nicole Curato
44
Peace-building and the Social Activism of Iglesia ni Cristo
Jayeel Serrano Cornelio, Ateneo de Manila University
Iglesia ni Cristo is one of the fastest growing indigenous Christian churches in the world
today. They have an estimated membership of 2.25 million adherents based in more
than 100 countries. To celebrate their 100th anniversary in 2014, INC inaugurated the
biggest indoor stadium in the world, the Philippine Arena, which I have described
elsewhere as a form of religious worlding. In this article, I intend to show that paralleling
the global ambitions of INC as an evangelizing church is its social activism in the
Philippines through medical missions, relief operations, and other forms of outreach
activities dedicated to the poor. These activities are articulated as extensions of love,
care, and mission. Although these are clearly peace-building efforts, what I want to
highlight in this paper is that these are poised to assert the political influence of Iglesia ni
Cristo relative to other equally influential religions and ultimately the state in the
Philippines.
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Media Framing of the Bangsamoro Basic Law (BBL)
Alejandro S. Ibañez, University of the Philippines Diliman
This paper unravels the framing of the Bangsamoro Basic Law by media organizations in
the aftermath of the Mamasapano incident. With the use of Fairclough’s approach in
critical discourse analysis, the paper examines the way national broadsheets (Philippine
Daily Inquirer, Philippine Star, and Manila Bulletin) through its editorial pieces, frames the
debate on the BBL which reflects the socio-political processes and social context in which
the articles are embedded. I argue that through the editorial pieces, discursive practices
are disentangled which reflect power relations and mind-framing. The framing of the
debate brings about positioning of media organizations through its power to frame
perceptions, reflect social conditions, and redefine politics. Through critical discourse
analysis, the paper reveals that editorial pieces tend to structure the BBL debate in the
background of other socio-political issues such as 2016 elections, conflict in Mindanao,
among other things. In this way, the BBL debate goes beyond the legalities of the law and
tries to situate it in a more contextualized discussion to reflect other contemporary sociopolitical issues. In this process of framing, editorial pieces illuminate power relations
between which interests are being positioned and which interests are negated. The
paper concludes that discursive practices of national broadsheets are significant in
looking at a certain socio-political issue at it ensue framing and power dynamics at play.
Salaam and Salaah – On Becoming a Catalyst for Peace Through Islamic Ritual Prayer:
Muslim Filipino Mystic Perspective
Kamaruddin Bin Alawi Mohammad, University of the Philippines Diliman
This paper seeks to advance knowledge about Islamic ritual prayer, the Salaah, as a
viable tool in reforming oneself into an effective catalyst for peace as advanced by
Muslim Filipino mystics. The objectives of this paper include the following: To present basic
information about Muslim mystic, Islamic ritual prayer and its relation to the notion of
peace; To highlight how local Muslim mystics understood and practice Islamic ritual
prayer in reforming the self to be an effective catalyst for peace; To address the validity
of such understanding and practice in relation to existing Islamic concepts in particular
as well as Islamic textual sources in general; To highlight the effect of the practice and
further address its maintenance for long term goal; To promote the “Culture of Peace in
Islam” through Islamic ritual prayer. This paper reveals that comprehensive approach of
45
local Muslim mystic to Islamic ritual prayer proves effective as far as reforming the self ethically and spiritually - is concerned. The fact that transformation exists “within and
without,” there is a rather radical change on the personality of a Muslim making him
worthy of being an effective “catalyst for peace.” This is the total opposite of a “bias
notion” that Muslims are “antagonists of peace”.
The Yellow Propaganda: Daang Matuwid and the Social Construction of Philippine Politics
Bonifacio G. Train, Ateneo De Manila University
The daang matuwid (straight path) was among the yellow propaganda that the
Philippine’s Liberal Party used during the 2010 Presidential elections in order to package
the bid for presidency of Benigno “P-noy” Aquino III. The daang matuwid which started
as a political propaganda eventually became a pro-forma for Aquino’s incumbency as
the elected president. Daang matuwid was more of an ideology than its ironic reference.
It is ideological because it intends to change “habits.” For analysis, Peter Berger and
Thomas Luckman’s concepts in their book entitled: The social construction of reality: a
treatise in the sociology of knowledge (1966) was used. The authors contend that reality
is socially constructed and that the sociology of knowledge must analyse the process in
which it occurs. This paper, then, presents the social construction of Philippine politics in
the context of how the daang matuwid propaganda socially institutionalises politicking
and all of its underpinnings through the power of what it symbolizes; how it legitimizes its
claim that there is no other road to tread but the daang matuwid through the plasticity
of public opinion; and how it internalises its appeal for treading the righteous path through
the constituents’ predisposition towards socialisation. Consequently, what was seemingly
metaphorical is actually a self-evident politically determined reality, therefore, an
ideology. It must be mentioned that this paper does not intend to criticize the
incumbency of the Aquino office neither does it present an exhaustive discourse about
the Philippine politics.
PANEL 4D| 17 OCTOBER | 13:00-14:30 | MINI-THEATRE
SOCIOLOGY OF YOUTH (2)
Moderator: Clarence Batan
Experiences of Children in Conflict with the Law on Davao City’s Diversion Program
Melvin C. Pilvira, Jessica C. Tado, Jaysa G. Valentin, Saidamin P. Bagolong, University of
Mindanao
Children in conflict with the law (CICL) had their rights too. They are not just flaccid objects
of sympathy and disdain but are members of community who also have needs to be
addressed in a holistic way. This study tries to determine the experiences of the children
in conflict with the law on the Diversion Program offered by the local government of
Davao City particularly on their reactions and responses on the diversion contract and
restitution agreement as well as the issues and concerns encountered. It employed
instrumental case study using an in-depth interview and content analysis to the CICL who
were used to be under the custody of Lamdag sa Kabataan- Boys Home and after having
granted by the prosecutor at the court level to undergo a diversion program. Findings
showed that most of the respondents were grateful to be granted with community-based
diversion program and not to be placed in the rehabilitation center but a bit anxious
because of the stigma as people labeled them young criminals. Issues and concerns of
the respondents focused on financial stability where they’re afraid to violate the diversion
contract and restitution agreement due to expensive cost and lack of monitoring from
the district social workers since they were required to visit the Barangay hall and the City
46
Social Services Development Office to report about their involvement in the community
activities. Thus, diversion program can only be effective if the implementation is clearly
understood by both the CICL and the parents concerned as provided by Republic Act
9344.
Gender Differences of the Resiliency of Early and Late Adolescent Sendong Survivors in
Terms of Emotional Self-disclosure, Life Orientation, PTSD Level and Service Learning
Antoniette Zacarina B. Sansona, Joannie C. Alarde, Jannah Jean I. Pescador, Cristy Marie
L. Pagalan, Mindanao State University- Iligan Institute of Technology
This paper investigates the level of resiliency of the survivors of typhoon Sendong, in terms
of their emotional self-disclosure, life orientation, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) level
and service learning in the context of gender differences. There were 120 respondents,
divided into two groups the early adolescents and late adolescents with an equal
number of female and male respondents. The results of this study implied that there are
significant factors affecting the student survivors' resiliency levels. Between early and late
adolescent Sendong survivors, they differed in their life orientation (t=-2.733, p=.007) and
service learning (t=- 2.46, p=.009), and their ability to become resilient, their willingness to
disclose themselves and their PTSD level are more likely the same. It would seem that age
was an important determinant of the differences in how Sendong survivors’ respond to
the experience of trauma. Between genders, the result showed that regardless of the
gender, becoming resilient, their willingness to disclose oneself, their life orientation, PTSD
level and service learning, do not have any differences. Results challenge the
perspective that gender differences is socially constructed, and that gendered
subcultures perpetuate the expectation that differences are present between males and
females. The results showed that when faced with a traumatic experience such as the
Typhoon Sendong, males and females share the same experiences, cope with the
trauma, disclose to significant others, view life and engage in service learning in the same
way. Additionally, both male and female Sendong survivors’ exhibit PTSD symptoms 3
years after the typhoon.
The Voice: Teenage Pregnancy and Community’s Response as Told by Young Mothers
Veronica L. Gregorio, University of the Philippines Diliman
According to the National Statistics Office (2013), the incidence of reported teenage
pregnancies in the Philippines (ages 10 to 19) increased by 65% in the span of 10 years,
from 126, 025 in 2000 to 207, 898 in 2010. Quantitative studies on teenage pregnancy
reveal statistical data such as age bracket, family characteristics, educational
attainment, and many more. However, these data are limited as it does not include the
stories of the teenage mothers from their own perspective. This paper looks into the
experiences of four teenage mothers from Aroma Compound, an urban poor community
in Tondo, Manila. It aims to give voice to teenage mothers by providing a venue for them
to: (1) speak about their own stories and (2) identify how their community perceives their
stories. Through photo-elicitation, participants shot their own photos representing their
ideas on the issue of adolescent sexuality and teenage pregnancy. Using a feminist
framework, the paper presents how the current set-up of society affects and influences
the daily struggles of teenage mothers. In the end, the paper provides research and
policy recommendation on how adolescent sexuality and teenage pregnancy should
be analyzed.
PANEL 5A | 17 OCTOBER | 14:45-16:15 | PLENARY HALL
47
INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES: IDENTITY, DIVERSITY AND CONFLICT
Moderator: Gina R. Gatarin
Shifting Ethnic Identities: Voices of Marginal Maranao Students in Lanao
Myrma Jean A. Mendoza, Charlotte Quiros, Mindanao State University- Iligan Institute of
Technology
This paper is about ethnic identities of marginal Maranao, more known as mestizo/mestiza
Maranao in Lanao area. Data used in this paper are culled from FGD and life story
findings of another research of the author. Ethnic identity of marginal Maranao is
interesting because their descents, both Muslims and Christians, had had long history of
conflict in Mindanao. Ethnic identity is viewed as multi-dimensional, dynamic, and
situational. Having parents from differing and even conflicting cultural and religious
milieus, these marginal offsprings were raised in dual socialization at one time or another
in their lives. Thus, experiences of role conflicts are common lived experiences among
the informants. Apart from cultural expectations, familial structures and community
setting have influenced the construction and shifting of ethnic identities. The informants
have developed strategies in dealing with conflicting expectations and situations and
have become adept in shifting ethnic identities. Shifts in ethnic identities are analyzed
within the changing social contexts of their families and communities.
Paradise Lost: The State and Ati Community on the concept of “Ancestral Domain”
Maria Corinna Prisicila D. Escartin, University of the Philippines Diliman
This paper analyzes how the state vis-à-vis the Ati Community nuance ancestral domain
in relation to issues of land displacement this community faces in Boracay. In doing so,
pertinent literature on the situation of the ati community, the government’s role in the
problem of domain, the politics of tourism, the influence of the elite and the other
conditions that perpetuate tensions in different dimensions are discussed. The analysis
zooms in on the dynamics of the state and the Ati Community, incorporating citizenship,
ethnicity and state intervention as contexts for discussion. This paper concludes that (a)
the State is not a passive machine controlled by non-state forces such as the elites and
civil-society groups. It, in fact, contributes to defining ―Indigenous Communities‖ based
on the rights and obligations presented in IPRA; (b) the Ati community as an indigenous
group is co-opted into indirectly assisting the implementation of government projects; (c)
the authenticity of the space functions as a deterrent from land-grabbing of other
stakeholders such as real-estate developers and migrant settlers. The identification of
owners, however, makes the process complex and controversial due to the nuancing of
the purpose of the land.
Level of Literacy of the Indigenous People in Barangay Diteki, San Luis, Aurora
Jetron S. Velasco, Colegio de San Juan de Letran – Bataan
The Philippines, because of its archipelagic nature and the long history of colonization,
developed a diverse cultural entity that has long been separating its members due to
some barriers like ethnicity, cultural differences, and geographical location. This diversity
is characterized by an estimated of 14- 17 million Indigenous Peoples (IPs) belonging to
110 ethno-linguistic groups. They are mainly concentrated in Northern Luzon (Cordillera
Administrative Region, 33%) and Mindanao (61%), with some groups in the Visayas area
(San Juan, 2011). International Labour Organization (2013) estimates that there are 12-15
million indigenous people inhabit the Philippines (approximately 15-20% of the total
population), speaking around 170 different languages and belonging to 110 ethnic
48
communities. Also, according to the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP),
the majority (61%) of indigenous peoples in the country live in Mindanao, while a third
(33%) are in Luzon, and the remaining (6%) population are in Visayas. San Luis, is one of
the municipalities of the province of Aurora, with a land area of 62, 068.17 hectares which
represents roughly 20 percent of the total land area of the province. It has 18 barangays
including Brgy. Diteki and 17 more (Provincial Government of Aurora, 2013). Barangay
Diteki, is a forest village in San Luis, Aurora, about 230 kms. northwest of Manila (Bolos,
2006.)It is home for the local tribe of Agta-Dumagat, that houses more or less 150
households. The Chieftain, during the study and interview, stated that because of the
tension between the local rebels and the Armed Forces of the Philippines, the tribes’
people were forced to leave the mountain and live with the lowlanders. With their life
dependent on the mountain, they found it hard to cope-up. Education was last in their
priority and only few members of the tribe have knowledge in reading, writing and
arithmetic.
Environmental Impacts of War on the Indigenous Knowledge on Natural Resource
Management of the Locals in Mindanao
Ma. Cathrene Lagare, Ateneo de Davao University
The paper aims to examine the nature of the impacts of war on the indigenous
knowledge of the locals in Mindanao in terms of natural resource management. The
basic principle of war is to somehow advance the state's goal of acquiring peace within
the nation. But by doing so, various entities are getting ravaged due to the ongoing
conflicts. There is already numerous deliberations on the influence of war in the human
and infrastructural aspects, but by some means we forgot about the environment. Only
a few are able to stand as stakeholders representing the environment as one of the
ongoing struggles in the conflict in Mindanao. We have to realize that as we continue this
warfare, we are also causing the depletion of natural resources in order to provide for the
demand of supplies needed for the combat, imagine the amount of flora and fauna
being cleared in order to provide base camps for the military and also including those
that are damaged due to explosions. As conflict arises in some areas, one of its impacts
is population displacement. This paper highly focuses on the environmental impacts of
war as indigenous people, who were regarded as stewards of biodiversity, are displaced
along with their local knowledge on natural resource management. IPs in some local
areas have already been practicing their own land management system that has
sustainably regulated the area for a long-time including its floras and faunas, as the
system has been disrupted, the environment becomes more vulnerable and exposed to
destruction. This paper utilized the framework on indigenous knowledge systems in
documenting and evaluating the concerns held by the local population.
PANEL 5B | 17 OCTOBER | 14:45-16:15 | CED 202
PROSPECTS OF PEACE BUILDING
Moderator: Alejandro S. Ibañez
Addressing the Roots of the Armed Conflict: The Philippine Ecumenical Peace Platform’s
(PEPP) Experience of Peacebuilding
Jerry D. Imbong, Colegio de San Juan de Letran
This research examined the significant role of the Philippine Ecumenical Peace Platform's
(PEPP) in brokering the peace between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines
(GPH) and the National Democratic Front of the Philippines (NDFP). PEPP is the biggest
ecumenical church group in the country which includes the Catholic Bishops Conference
49
of the Philippines (CBCP), National Council of Churches in the Philippines (NCCP), and
the Ecumenical Bishops Forum (EBF). It aims to help push forward the resumption of formal
peace talks between the GPH and the NDFP in order to attain a just and lasting peace.
Anchored on the peacebuilding theory of Johan Galtung, this research sought to answer
the following questions: What are the various peace initiatives, strategies or platforms of
the PEPP in accompanying the peace process? As a civil society group, how does PEPP
contribute to the resumption of the GPH-NDFP peace talks? How far has the PEPP
succeeded in advancing the peace process? The results show that a just and lasting
peace can only be attained through principled negotiations which focuses on providing
concrete and comprehensive solutions to the primary causes of the armed conflict. This
can only be achieved by following the Substantive Agenda of the formal peace
negotiations laid upon by both parties. The results further show that civil society groups
play an important role in providing hybrid mechanisms to the field of mediation and
conflict transformation. This is manifested by exerting proper leverage and sustaining the
interest of the parties as well as maintaining a level of comfort that restores mutual trust.
Exploring multiple paths to peacebuilding can help manage situations of violent conflict.
Hence, it is crucial to enable sectors and communities affected by conflict to determine
the peace agenda.
Conflict to Resolution: The Case of Dumagats in the Philippines
Kristine Gail C. Lobo, Lyceum of the Philippines University- Manila
This research aimed to explore how Dumagats handled conflict in their clan. A qualitative
research design was used to look into the Dumagats process of resolving conflict. Focus
group discussion and in-depth interviews were done. Results indicate that elders were
being consulted. After consulting the elders, the chieftain has the authority to mediate,
facilitate negotiations and impose punishments to resolve the said conflict.
Himig ng Kapayapaan: Ang Mga Awitin nina Francis M. at Papa Dom
Danim R. Majerano, Lilimay R. Manalo, Domenick M. Somoray, Maria Theresa M. Verian,
Samahang Saliksik Pasig, Inc.
Ang sining sa kanyang kalikasan ay balon ng mga damdamin at pananaw. Ang
paghahanap sa kapayapaan ay hindi natapos sa EDSA Revolution 1986. Ito ay patuloy
na sinisikap na makamit at mapanatili. Ang ganitong tunguhin ay maririnig at makikita sa
mga awitin nina Francis M. at Papa Dom. Layunin ng pag-aaral na sipatin ang papel ng
musika sa pagpapalaganap ng konsepto ng kapayapaan. Gamit ang apat na antas sa
pagsusuri ng sining (basic semiotic, iconic, contextual at evaluative planes) nahinuha
ang konstruksiyon ng mga mang-aawit sa halaga ng pagkamit ng kapayapaan. Ito ay
pumapaloob sa sosyo-historikal na konteksto – hinubog ng anyo, wika at produksyon ng
sining. Bagama’t wala na ang mga mang-aawit, patuloy pa ring ginagamit ang kanilang
musika sa mga pakikibaka tungo sa pagkamit ng tunay na kapayapaan.
PANEL 5C | 17 OCTOBER | 14:45-16:15 | CED 203
RESEARCHING VULNERABLE POPULATIONS:
METHODS & ETHICS
Moderator: Grace Majorenos-Taruc
Meanings of the Life Experiences and Partnership of Recovery through Practices of
Restorative Justice for the Sexually Abused Women in the Philippines
Marina D. Gamo, De La Salle University-Dasmariñas
50
Perhaps one of the most sensitive and socially neglected areas of study nowadays is the
situation of the sexually abused women and their lives before and after an experience of
sexual violence and sexual assault. This paper is an attempt to analyze dimensions of
engagements and disengagements, processes of connections and disconnections, and
discourses on attachments and detachments that these women had undergone; thus,
arguing that they experience both social engagements and disengagements on specific
life domains as they reconstruct their lives and undergo a process of recovery. Using the
Care System Model as a model of social reintegration from social alienation for these
women, the study utilizes the layering scheme in problematizing concepts, such as social
acceptance and social alienation, and in understanding the meaning of meanings of
their life experiences. In the end, the paper draws insights on (a) how this study could
become a tool in drawing a needs program for the sexually abused women, (b)
contribute to the paradigm of restorative justice practices, and (c) further define the
mutuality of obligations and responsibilities of multi-stakeholders in the community.
Exploration on Domestic Violence against Women in the Philippines: Narratives of the
Victims
Mary Antonnette C. Santos, University of Santo Tomas
This research determines the factors that contributes to and causes domestic violence
against women. Violence against women in the Philippines is not a new phenomenon,
with a significant number of domestic violence continuously increasing to this day; the
phenomenon should be alarming as to call the attention of any concerned citizen. This
study uses a qualitative approach and a research method called life history that obtains
data from five (5) selected sample of victims of domestic violence who are under the
care of the following organization and government units in the Philippines: a) Women’s
Crisis Center (WCC); b) Women’s Legal Bureau: Brgy. Malanday, Marikina City: VAWC
Unit. The initial result provides a view of the situation of the victims’ base on their narration
that elaborates the existing factors that led their perpetrators to commit the act of
violence towards them. The result also shows that even though domestic violence against
women is usually done by men, some also experiences abuse from women. Other factors
like the effect of poverty in a family or relationship unit shows the possibility of violent act
as to where examples like jealousy and unemployment crisis triggers perpetrators to
abuse the victims. Through the analysis of the victims’ socio-demographic profiles and life
story narratives, the researcher concludes that the victims’ experience, acceptance,
toleration and reaction towards violence gives negative effect to the victims as a
member of their family and society. This study’s result aims to aid advocacy works and
policy not just to help and support victims but to efficiently address and mitigate the
incidence phenomenon.
Bakla, Baklang-bakla at Ayaw Magpahalatang Bakla: Metodo, Etika, at Paggitna sa
Nagtutungaliang mga Uri ng Pagkabakla
Michael Eduard Layco Labayandoy, Lyceum of the Philippines University- Laguna
Malalim ang suliranin ukol sa diskriminasyon at hindi pagtanggap sa mga bakla sa ating
lipunan. Kung tutuusin, may suliranin din sa mismong hanay ng mga bakla.
Nagtutunggalian ang mga uri ng pagkabakla—mula sa bakla, baklang-bakla, mga
baklang ayaw magpahalata, hanggang sa mga baklang walang nakakaalam na sila
ay bakla. Ang tensiyon at tunggaliang ito ay naka-ugat sa pamamayani ng
heterenormatibong pananaw sa sekswalidad at kasarian at pagbibigay-diin at halaga
ng lipunan sa mga katangiang panlalaki. Ang papel na ito ay isang pagbabalik-tanaw
at pagmumuni-muni na bunga ng higit dalawang taon na pananaliksik tungkol sa mga
51
baklang hindi tago subalit lalaking-lalaki sa kilos at anyo. Sa pag-aaral na ito, maliwanag
ang paglayo ng mga baklang kilos-lalaki sa mga baklang kilos-babae. Dito ay nalantad
ang tensiyon at tunggalian ng mga bakla ayon sa lapit o layo sa itinakdang kahulugan
at imahe ng pagkalalaki sa lipunang Pilipino.Batay sa mga direktang karanasan at kritikal
na mga desisyon na isinagawa sa nasabing pananaliksik, ang papel na ito ay umiinog sa
usapin ng metodo, etika, at tayo o posisyon ng mananaliksik sa pag-aaral ukol sa
tensiyon at tunggalian sa kasarian at sekswalidad ayon sa naghaharing diskurso sa
lipunan. Ipinapalagay ng papel na ito na ang uri ng metodo ay may kakayahang
palabasin ang mga tensiyon at tunggalian. Subalit mayroon ding tensiyon at limitasyon
sa usapin ng etika, partikular sa bigat ng layunin, pagtitimbang sa lente ng pagsusuri, at
kapakanan ng mga kalahok. Ang suliranin sa etika ay mas pinaiigting ng tayo o posisyon
ng mananaliksik. Bilang isang baklang mananaliksik, halimbawa, ano ang ibig sabihin at
ano ang mga posibleng praktikal at teoretikal na lenteng maaaring gamitin sa paggitna
sa mga nagtutunggaliang kasarian, sekswalidad, at identidad?
PANEL 5D| 17 OCTOBER | 14:45-16:15 | MINI-THEATRE
DISPLACEMENT, MARGINALIZATION AND RESISTANCE
Moderator: Emanuel de Guzman
The Politics of Everyday Resistance in the Violent Land Conflict of Pangarap Village,
Caloocan City, Philippines: A Case Study
Jose Paulino M. Domingo, Colegio de San Juan de Letran
Complementing Scott’s (1985) “Weapons of the Weak” framework with key informant
semi-structured interviews, field notes and secondary data, the study explored a twotrack resistance movement unconsciously and/or semi-consciously perpetuated by the
30,000 residents of Pangarap Village (PV) against the everyday harassments and human
rights abuses beyond land-related measures of the Carmel Development Inc. (CDI). The
PV resistance consist of the “Visible and Confrontational” and the “Hidden and NonConfrontational” resistance factions which are in constant internal conflict with each
other and with their sub-factions within, divided by their means and reasons for resisting.
Their resistance is driven and directed against the capitalist hegemony and market
globalization and for their own personal agenda and vendetta against CDI. The
implications of such led to a stronger and functional communal relationship and achieve
support groups from outside PV, yet still divided by individualistic ways of making a living
and survival, but nevertheless enabled them to somehow achieve gains and minimize
their losses amid the capitalist incarceration. The study adds novel findings to the
resistance literature specifically on subaltern resistance in class conflicts, and bridges the
literature gap between land conflicts in highly urbanized societies and the concept of
everyday resistance.
From Self-sufficiency to Socioeconomic Insecurity: The Case of Displaced Families from
the Laguindingan International Airport
Liwayway S. Viloria, Hilda R. Betonio, Mary Jane E. Edios, Roselie B. Janubas, Ramelyn L.
Bracero, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology
Large infrastructure projects such as airports are established to spur development in a
community, region or nation. Sociologically, development may be referred to as the
process of deliberate change in various institutions to better address human needs and
wants through appropriate social policies and programs. In the case of the displaced
families, however, unfavorable impacts of these projects tend to outweigh the favorable
ones. This phenomenon has been scarcely studied in the local context. Using case study
52
design, operationalized through interview with 30 household head respondents, nonparticipant observation and archival methods of data gathering and thematic data
analysis, this study describes how the Laguindingan International Airport Development
Project (LIADP) has changed the socio-economic conditions of the displaced families
now relocated in a government shelter program in Golden Village, Laguindingan,
Misamis Oriental. Contrary to what the affected respondents had expected, their socioeconomic conditions at the relocation site have worsened in terms of the quality of
shelter, occupation or livelihood, and facilities for water, health, education, recreation
and religious involvement, among others. Sadly, the LIADP has fallen short of the
expectations of the affected families even as it failed to fully fulfill its commitments under
the Environment Compliance Certificate, particularly on the specifications of basic
community facilities, employment or livelihood opportunities, payment for farm lots and
houses, disturbance fee and food support. With the great socio-economic
disadvantages of the Laguindingan International Airport Development Project to the
displaced families, their ability to survive, adapt and thus attain integration in their new
environment, has been weakened as viewed under Parsons’ social system theory.
Indeed, development does not occur at a uniform rate, within a given country or
community. And as contemplated under the underdevelopment theory, the
development of one sector may be achieved at the expense of some others. The road
to socio-economic security of the relocated families is indeed a complex and difficult
one, requiring not only physical relocation but a package of quality services that would
ensure their survival and sustainable life.
Fisherfolks and Reclamation in Conflict: Manila Bay in Context
Arlen A. Ancheta, Paula G. de Castro, University of Santo Tomas
This paper aims to understand the views of the fisher folks on reclamation that would
affect the economic activities in Brgys. Tanza, Navotas City and Hulong Duhat, Malabon
City, along the Manila Bay. It argues that the views of the fisher folks on this infrastructure
development are essential in crafting relocation program. This paper is anchored on the
concept of “place dependence” (Stokols and Shumaker 1981), which has two
components: (1) the quality of the current residential situation; and (2) the relative quality
of alternative residential situations. In this case, the fisherfolks of Tanza and Hulong Duhat
are dependent on their place as it provides economic livelihood. On the other hand, the
proposed relocation area in Pandi, Bulacan is limited in responding to the economic
needs of the fisherfolks. Qualitative methods used are: (1) focus group discussion; (2) indepth interviews; (3) field observations; and (4) secondary data analysis. Results show that
the fisher folks refused to be relocated because they have been living on the shoreline of
Manila Bay all their lives and it means they will be deprived of fishing and related
livelihood. In conclusion, fisher folks prefer to live in precarious areas where livelihood is
available rather than be relocated where they have difficulty looking for economic
activity.
Of Conflict, Displacement, and Gender-Based Violence: The Narratives of IDPs in
Zamboanga City
Diana Therese M. Veloso, De La Salle University
This paper presents the preliminary findings of a research project relating to internally
displaced persons (IDPs) in the Joaquin F. Enriquez Grandstand in Zamboanga City. The
researcher examines women’s and men’s heightened risk for gender-based violence in
conflict zones, using the situation of the evacuees of the September 2013 Zamboanga
53
Siege as a case in point. To contextualize the discussion, the researcher examines the
dynamics of violence, conflict, and war from a gendered perspective and illuminates the
extent to which gender-based violence exists on a continuum from personal, to
community based and/or state-sponsored violence during war and conflict. Drawing
upon interviews and focus group discussions with the residents and community workers—
including Facilitators at the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)sponsored Women Friendly Space (WFS) and Peacekeepers—at the Grandstand, the
researcher discusses the trends and nuances in women’s and men’s experiences of
private and community and/or state-sponsored violence as IDPs. The researcher exposes
the numerous incidences of lawlessness and violence experienced by the residents,
especially during the early months of their displacement, the vulnerability of women and
children to domestic violence, prostitution, and trafficking, and the covert attempts to
recruit men into extremist groups. The researcher also highlights the link between racial,
ethnic, gender, and social class inequality in the Philippines and the continued
vulnerability of the residents at the Grandstand on account of their dismal living
conditions, the absence of normalization in their lives for nearly two years after the siege,
and their neglect due to limited interventions by government authorities. This paper
highlights the intersections between private and public forms of violence and control, as
reflected in the experiences of the evacuees in Zamboanga City, and the local and
international responses to gender-based violence.
54
GUIDELINES FOR PAPER PRESENTERS
BEFORE THE CONFERENCE
Presenters may provide an advanced copy of their paper for other conference
participants to read ahead of time. Organizers can upload the paper at
http://philippinesociology.com/. This is optional. Papers can be sent to
[email protected]. There is no word limit for conference papers.
Presenters are advised to limit their PowerPoint presentation deck to 8-10
substantive slides, assuming there is 2-3 minutes per slide. This will help presenters
manage their time.
Consider distributing handouts to the audience (20 copies) especially for
presentations with data sets that cannot fit in one PowerPoint slide. Participants
must bring their own handouts.
For Apple users, please ensure that your presentation is compatible with Windowsbased platforms. Bring a DVI converter for the projector.
DURING THE CONFERENCE
Arrive at your room ten minutes before your session. Load your PowerPoint
presentation before the session begins.
You only have twelve to fifteen minutes to provide a summary of your paper. This
depends on the size of your panel. Moderators are instructed to inform speakers
to wrap up on their final two minutes and stop the presentation should the
participant speak beyond fifteen minutes. This is to ensure that all panelists have
enough time to discuss their work and receive feedback from the audience.
There will be time to answer questions and brief comments from the audience.
55
GUIDELINES FOR MODERATORS OF PARALLEL SESSIONS
1. During registration, claim the certificates of participation for paper presenters
from the Secretariat.
2. Arrive at your room at least ten minutes before your session begins.
3. Ensure that all presenters have uploaded and checked their PowerPoint
presentations.
4. Introduce each presenter before he or she speaks. Before the session begins,
consult participants on how they want to be introduced. Confirm the title of
the presentation as some presenters may have changed their presentations’
titles.
5. Be strict with time. Speakers only have 15 minutes to present. Notify the
presenter when he or she has two minutes remaining. Make sure that the
presentation does not exceed fifteen minutes.
6. After all presenters are finished, the audience may provide brief comments
and/or ask questions. Be ready to ask questions in case questions from the
audience are sparse.
7. Before concluding the session, award the paper presenters their certificates for
participation.
8. Make sure to conclude the session on time and vacate room to make way for
the succeeding parallel sessions.
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AGENDA FOR THE BUSINESS MEETING
Business Meeting for PSS Members
16 October | Friday | 17:30-19:00 | Plenary Hall
1 Presentation of copies to Dr. Jayeel S. Cornelio, Issue Editor, PSR Vol. 63
contributing authors to
Main Issue
the Philippine
Dr. Nicole C. Curato, Issue Editor, PSR Vol. 63
Sociological Review
Special Issue: Sociology of Disasters
2
Proposals for
Amendments of the
Constitution and By-laws
of the PSS
Session coordinator: Dr. Mario J. Aguja, PSS
Board Member, and Professor, Sociology
Department, Mindanao State University-General
Santos City
3
Presentation of
Nominees, and Election
of the PSS Board
Members.
PSS Election Committee Coordinator: Dr. Myrma
Jean Mendoza, Head of Election Committee
4
PSS Board End of Term
Report
Dr. Filomin C. Gutierrez, PSS President
5
Announcement of
Election Results
Dr. Myrma Jean Mendoza
Business Meeting for All Stakeholders
17 October | Saturday | 16:15-17:30 Plenary Hall
Dr. Clarence B. Batan, Vice President, PSS
1 CHED Update
2
Sharing of common
concerns
Dr. Maria Cecilia T. Medina, Board Member, PSS
3
Planning for the 2016
National Conference
Dr. Clarence Batan
57
PRACTICAL INFORMATION
Airport Transfers
The organizers are arranging complimentary airport transfers from Laguindingan
Airport in Misamis Oriental (an hour away) to the MSU-IIT Campus (and vice-versa)
on the following dates and time.
FROM LAGUINDINGAN AIRPORT
14 October (Wednesday)
15 October (Thursday)
10 am; 3 pm
10 am; 3 pm
TO LAGUINDINGAN AIRPORT
18 October (Sunday)
7 am; 12 nn
Participants are encouraged to arrange their flight schedules to meet these
dates/time. Participants who wish to avail of this service should email their
itinerary to [email protected] on/before 9 October 2015. This is to ensure
that the organizers can properly arrange pick-up upon arrival and departure.
Those who are unable to make it to the schedule about: there are Super 5 vans at
the airport which for P50 per person will bring you to the Super 5 Bus Terminal bound
for Iligan City. Bus fare from Cagayan De Oro to Iligan is Php 150. To return to
Laguindingan Airport the same Super 5 bus and then van can bring you back.
Conference Venue
The plenary sessions will convene at the College of Engineering. Parallel sessions
will be held at the College of Education. Lunch and dinner will be served at the
gymnasium.
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Optional Tour
The optional tour costs P600 inclusive of entrance fees, lunch, morning and
afternoon snacks. Participants must get in touch with Septrin John “Badz” A.
Calamba on/before 10 October (09177147840 or [email protected]) to
confirm a slot in the tour. Please cross-reference to schedule in previous page.
Key Contacts
PSS Secretariat
For queries about registration matters, invitation letters,
certificates, parallel sessions and timetable.
[email protected]
Arnold P. Alamon
For queries about the conference venue and other
practical matters in Iligan City
[email protected]
Septrin John A.
Calamba
For queries about the optional tour
09177147840 [email protected]
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CAMPUS MAP
THE PHILIPPINE SOCIOLOGICAL SOCIETY
The Philippine Sociological Society’s primary mission is to represent, promote, and
advance the intellectual and sociological interests of its members.
It is a non-stock, non-profit professional association registered with the Securities
and Exchange Commission. As an inclusive social science organization, its
members come from a range of disciplines whose professional careers have a
fundamental connection to Sociology.
In pursuit of its mission, the PSS aims to: Promote sociology as a social science
discipline in the Philippines; facilitate and improve sociological teaching; develop
and nurture sociological research; cultivate the contributions of sociology to
society; publish the Philippine Sociological Review and other materials; organize
forums and conferences; seek, encourage, and maintain links with sociologists
around the world and; enhance the professional development of PSS members.
Membership
To join, please approach the registration desk or download a membership form at
http://philippinesociology.com or email [email protected]
Board of Directors
President
Vice President
Secretary
Treasurer
Board
members
Ex-officio
Intern
Dr. Filomin Candaliza-Gutierrez
Dr. Clarence M. Batan
Dr. Nicole C. Curato
Dr. Manuel Victor J. Sapitula
Dr. Mario J. Aguja
Dr. Jayeel S. Cornelio
Dr. Maria Cecila T. Medina
Dr. Filomeno Aguilar, Jr.
Rossine Lyandre Yao C. Fallorina
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THE PHILIPPINE SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW
The Philippine Sociological Review (PSR) is
the official journal of the Philippine
Sociological Society, Inc. It publishes
empirical articles on the Philippines,
Filipinos, Philippine society and culture, and
conceptual or theoretical papers that
promote the understanding of these topics
and of the discipline. Peer reviewed, the
PSR is recognized by the Commission on
Higher Education (CHED) as an Accredited
Research Journal. It is published annually.
In 2012, the National Academy of Science and Technology awarded PSR the
National Outstanding Book Award.
For subscription or purchase, visit The PSSC Central Subscription Service at
www.css.pssc.org.ph.
Manuscript submissions
The Philippine Sociological Review invites manuscript submissions from prospective
authors. Submissions are accepted on a rolling basis. Standard length of an article
is 7,000 to 10,000 words but shorter or longer contributions may be considered.
For queries, please email [email protected]
or visit www.philippinesociology.com
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CONFERENCE ORGANIZERS
DR. NIMFA L.
BRACAMONTE
Conference
Convener, Co-Chair,
Steering Committee
PROF. ARNOLD P.
ALAMON
Co-Chair, Steering
Committee
DR. SULPECIA L.
PONCE
Chair, Venue,
Physical
Arrangement and
Vehicle
DR. MYRMA JEAN A.
MENDOZA
Chair, PSS Election
Committee
DR. MA. CECILIA M.
FEROLIN
Chair,
Documentation
Committee
DR. LIWAYWAY S.
VILORIA
Chair, Food and
Snacks Committee
DR. JAYREY G.
ALOVERA
Co-Chair,
Documentation
Committee
SEPTRIN JOHN A.
CALAMBA
Chair, PreConference Tour
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Other Members of the Organizing Committee:
Dr. Jay Rey Alovera
Prof. Christian T.N. Aguado
Dr. Josefina M. Tabudlong
Prof. Hazel D. Jovita
Prof. Cheryl C. Encabo
Dr. Alma G. Maranda
Mr. Jonaim Dipatuan
Ms. Connie Fern B. Miranda
Ms. Ramelyn Bracero
Ms. Jhona D. Landong
Ms. Charlotte Mae P. Quiros
Ms. Frencis Joy Panerio
Prof. Annie Rose C. Cadeliña
Ms. Mary Beth Ann Odo
Ms. Lucille Bayron
Ms. Mia Kadil
Mr. Dean Irvin Dangel
Mr. Fitzgerald Torralba
Mr. Albert Quijano
Ms Dinah Luarez
Mr. Cyril Balatero
Ms. Sweet Marie Villasan
Ms. Crissa Acompañado
Ms. Rholaisa Mamailao
Ms. Karlai Tabimina
Ms. Sittie Sultan
Ms. Zoraida Zaman
MSU-IIT Sociological Society
The organizers would also like to thank the following:
Kalimulan Cultural Dance Troupe, MSU-IIT
IMCC Kapagintaw Band
Octava Chorale Society, MSU-IIT
Hotel and Restaurant Management Department, MSU-IIT
Dr. Christine F. Godinez-Ortega, Chair, Office of Public Information, MSU-IIT
Mr. Mark Jezreel C. Orbe
Prof. Michelle Jeanne Caracut
Iligan City Tourism Office
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