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The Brain: Brainstem
image source: Gazzaniga, Heatherton, Halpern, Psychological Science (2013).
Brain Stem
•
Medulla
oblongota
•
Pons
•
Reticular
Formation
•
Cerebellum
An extension of the spinal cord’ it houses structure that control
functions associated with survival, such as breather, swallowing,
vomiting, urination, and orgasm.
Controls vital autonomic life functions such as breathing, circulation,
digestion and heart rate. The medulla also controls a number of vital
reflexes, such as swallowing, coughing, vomiting and sneezing.
A hindbrain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the
rest of the brain.
A network of nerve fibers located in the center of the medulla that helps
regulate attention, arousal and sleep. It seems to help filter out
unimportant sensory information.
A large convoluted protuberance at the back of the brain stem; it is
essential for coordinated movement and balance.
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The Brain: Cerebellum
image source: Gazzaniga, Heatherton, Halpern, Psychological Science (2013).
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Medusa
(image source: unknown)
Medulla
Medusa
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The Brain: Forebrain and Subcortical Structures
image source: Gazzaniga, Heatherton, Halpern, Psychological Science (2013).
Forebrain and Subcortical structures
• Hypothalamus A brain structure that is involved in the regulation of bodily functions,
including body temperature, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels;
it also influences our basic motivated behaviors.
The gateway to the brain; it receives almost all sensory information
• Thalamus
before that information reaches the cortex
A brain structure that is associated with the formation of memories.
• Hippocampus
A brain structure that serves a vital role in our learning to associate
• Amygdala
things with emotional responses and in processing emotional
information
A system of subcortical structures that are important for the production
• Basal Ganglia
of planned movement.
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The Brain: Forebrain and the Corpus Callosum
Corpus Callosum: A massive bridge of millions of axons
that connects the hemispheres and allows information to
flow between the hemispheres.
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The Brain: Forebrain and Cortical Structures
The Cerebral Cortex (Cortical structures)
Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
Important regions within the
lobes
Psychological Science, Fifth Edition
Copyright © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company
Psychological Science, Fifth Edition
Copyright © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company
image source: Gazzaniga, Heatherton, Halpern, Psychological Science (2016).
Forebrain and Cortical structures
• Occipital lobes Regions of the cerebral cortex—at the back of the brain—important for
vision
Regions of the cerebral cortex—in front of the occipital lobes and
• Parietal lobes
behind the frontal lobes—important for processing auditory information,
for memory, and for object and face perception
• Temporal lobes Regions of the cerebral cortex—below the parietal lobes and in front of
the occipital lobes—important for processing auditory information, for
memory, and for object and face perception
Regions of the cerebral cortex—at the front of the brain—important for
• Frontal lobes
movement and higher-level psychological processes associated with
the prefrontal cortex
The front most portion of the frontal lobes, especially prominent in
• Prefrontal
humans; important for attention, working memory, decision making,
cortex
appropriate social behavior, and personality.
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Motor Cortex and Somatosensory Cortex
image source: Gazzaniga, Heatherton, Halpern, Psychological Science (2013).
nd
(image source: Schacter, Gilbert and Wegner, (2011), Psychology 2 edition)
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The Brain: Language Regions
image source: Hockenbury and Hockenbury, (2009), Psychology
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Chapter 6: Memory
Using elaborative rehearsal to remember information
(page 248, 249):
But if you elaborated on the information in some
meaningful way, you would be more likely to recall it. For
example, you could think about the limbic system’s
involvement in emotions, memory, and motivation by
constructing a simple story.
• “I knew it was lunchtime because my hypothalamus
told me I was hungry, thirsty and cold.
• My hippocampus helped me remember a new
restaurant that opened on campus,
• but when I got there, I had to wait in line and my
amygdala reacted with anger.
•
•
•
Reticular rhymes with particular, which suggests you are paying attention to details
Medulla starts like medicine, which involves life
Broca spoka
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Chapter 9: Motivation and Emotion
The hypothalamus and regions around it play an important role in
regulating eating behavior. Damage to ventromedial
hypothalamus (VMH) increases eating behavior for appetizing
food. Damage to the lateral hypothalamus (LH) decreases eating
(and other behaviors).
(image source: Hockenbury and Hockenbury, 2005, Psychology)
Rat with a Damaged VMH: When a particular section of the
hypothalamus, called the ventromedial hypothalamus, is
destroyed, rats will eat until they become obese-—but only if the
food is appetizing.