Fungi
General Characteristics
•  Primarily
terrestrial
•  Filamentous
Hyphae
–  __________
•  Coenocytic
(aseptate)
•  septate
–  mycelium
–  Haustoria –
specialized
parasitic
hyphae
Fungal Hyphae
General Characteristics
(animal-like)
•  Heterotrophic
–  absorption
(saprobes)
–  parasitic
–  mutualistic
Chitin
•  Cell Wall:______
•  Store sugar as
glycogen
Fungal Reproduction
•  Asexual
– haploid spores (conidia/sporangia)
•  Sexual
– hyphae (haploid)
– Syngamy (diploid) – (like us)
Plasmogamy
• ____________
(dikaryon)
(Heterokaryon)
• karyogamy (diploid)
Fugal Reproduction
Fungal Classification
Division:
Chytridiomycota
Flagella
•  Have _______
(rare in fungi)
•  Coenocytic hyphae or
unicellular
•  Cell wall: chitin
•  Saprobes or parasites
•  May be most primitive fungi
Division: Zygomycota
Division: Zygomycota
•  Coenocytic Fungi
•  Mostly terrestrial
(live on decaying
material)
•  Example: Rhizopus
(Black bread mold)
•  Uses: birth control
pills, meat
tenderizers,
margarine coloring
(enzymes)
Fig. 31-13-4
Key
Essay! – probably at least
one fungi one plant life
cycle!
Haploid (n)
Heterokaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
PLASMOGAMY
Mating
type (+)
Mating
type (–)
Gametangia with
haploid nuclei
100 µm
Young
zygosporangium
(heterokaryotic)
Rhizopus
growing
on bread
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Dispersal and
germination
Sporangia
Zygosporangium
KARYOGAMY
Spores
Sporangium
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
MEIOSIS
Dispersal and
germination
50 µm
Mycelium
Diploid
nuclei
Division: Zygomycota
•  Microsporidia
– Parasitic
• Loss of organelles
– Cause disease in
people with immune
deficiency
– Used as pest control
Division: Glomeromycota
•  Arbuscular mycorrhizae
–  Coenocytic Fungi
Mutualistic - associated
–  ________
with plant roots
–  increases surface area
for the absorption of
water and nutrients
Division: Ascomycota
Divison:
Ascomycota
________
•  Septate fungi (sac
fungi)
•  Saprobes,
mutualistic
•  Examples: Dutch
Elm Disease, yeasts,
truffles, some molds
•  Uses: Penicillium,
pathogens
(penicillin, tumor
suppression) food
(cheese and soy
sauce)
Fig. 31-17-4
Conidia;
mating type (–)
Haploid spores (conidia)
Dispersal
Germination
ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Key
Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
Mating
type (+)
Hypha
PLASMOGAMY
Ascus
(dikaryotic)
Conidiophore
Dikaryotic
hyphae
Mycelia
Mycelium
Germination
Dispersal
Ascocarp
Asci
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
KARYOGAMY
Diploid nucleus
(zygote)
Eight
ascospores
Four
haploid
nuclei
MEIOSIS
Division: Basidiomycota
Division: Basidiomycota
•  Septate Fungi (Club
fungi)
•  Saprobes, parasites,
mutualistic
•  Examples:
mushrooms,
toadstools, puffballs,
shelf fungi
•  Uses: Food
Division: Basidiomycota
•  Fairy Rings
Fig. 31-19-4
Dikaryotic mycelium
PLASMOGAMY
Haploid mycelia
Mating
type (–)
Haploid
mycelia
Mating
type (+)
Gills lined
with basidia
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Basidiocarp
(n+n)
Dispersal and
germination
Basidiospores
(n)
Basidium with
four basidiospores
Basidium
Basidia
(n+n)
Basidium containing
four haploid nuclei
KARYOGAMY
MEIOSIS
Key
1 µm
Basidiospore
Diploid
nuclei
Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n +n)
Diploid (2n)
Division: Deuteromycota
• 
• 
• 
Imperfect
_________
fungi (no sexual cycle), septate hyphae
Examples: Penicillium?, Aspergillus, predatory fungi
Stachybotrys chartarum
Some taxonomist say Penicillium is an Ascomycota and deutromycota
does not exist
Lichen_____
__
•  Mutualistic association with
a green algae
or
cyanobacteria
and an
ascomycota or
basidiomycota
•  Pioneer
organisms
Ecological Impacts
•  Decomposers
•  Pathogens (30% of
species…most plant
pathogens).
•  10-50% world’s fruit lost
due to Fungi
•  Ergots on rye (lysergic
acid > LSD)
•  Food Production –
recycling, alcohol, cheese,
truffles
•  Ergots – another
compound used to reduce
blood pressure/maternal
bleeding after childbirth
3/3/14
•  Worldwide
1/3 of
worlds
amph
suffering
serious
decline
•  60%
human
diseases
originate
from
24
animals
Plant Diversity I
Highlights of Plant
Evolution
Gymnosperms
Alternation of Generation
Both a
Multicellular
__________
haploid and
Multicellular
__________
diploid stages
in the life
cycles.
Classification of Seedless
Plants (Kingdom: Plantae)
•  Nonvascular
Seedless plants
Bryophyta
–  _____________
• Mosses
–  Hepatophyta
• Liverworts
–  Anthocerophyta
• Hornworts
•  Vascular Seedless
plants
Kingdom Plantae – currently defined
as plants with embryos)
–  Lycophyta
•  Club mosses
–  Psilophyta
•  Whiskferns
–  Spenophyta
•  Horsetails
Pterophyta
–  _____________
•  Ferns
We will treat all of these as “divisions”!
Bryophytes - Nonvascular
Seedless Plants
•  Plant is a thallus (no vascular
tissue)
– no true leaves, roots, stems
Gametophyte Sporophyte
•  __________/_________:
– Gametophyte
• (antheridium and archegonium)
– sporangium (produces spores)
Hepatophyta
•  Liverworts
–  Two forms
Leafy
•  __________
(80%)
Thalloid (20%)
•  __________
Hepatophyta
•  Liverworts
–  Reproduction
•  Asexual
Gemma Cups
(_______________)
•  sexual
Anthocerophyta
Sporophyte
____________
•  Hornworts
–  Similar to
liverworts
except for
sporophytes
–  Most closely
related to higher
plants
Bryophyta
Mosses
Moss
gametophytes
grow more
vertically than
horizontally
Essay!
Bryophyta
Pteridophytes - Vascular
Seedless Plants
•  Formation of vascular tissue
Xylem
– __________
(water)
Phloem
– __________
(food)
– True leaves, roots, and stems
•  Lignin (chemical in cell wall)
•  Sporophyte generation
dominate
•  Sperm with flagella
Lycophyta
•  Lycophytes
–  true leaves
•  Microphylls – small,
usually spine shaped
leaves with a single
vein.
–  true stems
–  true roots
Sporophylls
–  ____________
•  leaves that produce
spores
Psilophyta
•  Whisk Ferns
–  True stems
–  no true leaves
–  no true roots
Sphenophyta
•  Horsetails
–  true leaves
•  microphylls
–  true stems
•  silica
–  true roots
Division: Pterophyta
Division: Pterophyta
Fern Life Cycle
Essay!