Advection, 317
Alkalinity, definition, 67
Anions, control mechanism, 287
Antarctic bottom water (AABW) , 337
Anthropogenic tracers, 383
AOU:
definition, 131
distribution, 131
Aragonite, solubilities, 63-64
Argon-39, deep sea ventilation, 377
Authigenic mineral, 45
formation of, 295
Barium:
geographic pattern, 30
mean lifetime, 21
removal, 11
Benthic boundary layer, 88
Biogenic sediments:
calcite, 47
opal, 47
Biointermediate constituents, 6,8,22
Biolimiting constituents, 6
Bioturbation, sediment, 257,562
Biounlimited constituents, 6,8
Boundary stagnant film:
sea-air interface, model, 113
sediment-water interface, 86-88
Bubble entrainment, 127,130
Buoyancy flUX, 329
Cadmium, distribution in the sea, 216,218,222
Calcite:
biogenic, 47
changes, glacial-interglacial, 456
compensation depth, 100
degree of saturation, 61
distribution in marine sediment, 58
pore water resaturation time, 84
solubilities, 63
solution, bioturbation model, 487
683
solution, controlling factors, 84
solution rates, 269
storage, compensation time, 456-457
Carbon:
control mechanism, 280
fixation, ratio organic to CaCD3, 476
reservoir sizes, 455
Carbon-13:
fractionation, 306
glacial-interglacial, 451-454,473
marine geochemistry of, 306
phosphate changes, 466
planktonic forams, 470
tree ring, 538
units, 306
.
Carbon-14 (see Radiocarbon)'
Carbon dioxide:
anomalies, equatorial Pacific, 158
anthropogenic production, 500,501
atmospheric time history, 535
concentration in surface water, 149-150
equilibration times, 155
excess, equatorial surface water, 430
fossil fuel (see fossil fuel C02)
future levels, prediction, 550
ice cores, 445
potential partial pressure, 161,443
release, forest & soil, 502-503
solubilities in sea water, 111,112,151,152
Carbonate chemistry, 69
Carbonate ion, variation, 62
Carbonate saturation:
horizon, 71
spacial variation, 71
Carbonic acid:
1st apparent dissociation constants, 151,152
2nd apparent dissociation constants, 151,152
Calcium:
distribution, 11
mean lifetime, 21
Cations, control mechanism, 289
Characteristic penetration depth, 319
Chemical composition:
hydrothermal vents, 292,294
river and sea, 26-27, 290
saline lake, 293
Circulation pattern, deep water, 32,33
Conservative property, 334
Continental runoff, rate of, 247
Copper, distribution in the sea, 216,218,222
Dating:
beryllium, 264
magnetic reversals, 267
684
potassium-argon, 264
radiocarbon, 255
uranium-helium, 312
uranium series, 257
Deep water, sources, 334
Denmark Straits Overflow Water (DSW), 335
Density gradient, 327-331
Detrital material, 45
Detritus accumulation rate, 45
Diapycnal mixing, 322,324
Diffusion, deep water, 317,319
Distribution coefficient, 230
e-folding time, 457
Element budget, earth's crust, 166,167
Element concentrations, river and ocean, 26-27, 290
Element, hydrolysis constants, 231
Element, removal times, 231
Film replacement model, 118
Flushing time, deep sea, 370
Foram, solution index, 98
Fossil fuel, reserves, 506
Fossil fuel C02:
atmospheric levels, prediction, 550
calcite solution, 552
oceanic uptake, capacity, 511
oceanic uptake, kinetics, 524
oceanic uptake, numerical model, 526,529
production, 500, 501
Gas exchange rate, 113
Gas flux, 116
Gases:
diffusivit s in sea water, 119
equilibrium concentration in surface water, 114
solubilities in sea water, 112, 113
volume partition coefficient, 112, 113
Gibbs Fracture Zone Water (GFZW), 337
Helium:
excess, 147
hydrothermal vents, 295
Helium-3:
anomalies, 149
distribution, deep Pacific, 331
distribution, thermocline, 432
Hydrothermal vents, 292,294
Igneous rocks, chemical compOSition, 167
Inorganic carbon, total dissolved, 67
Input rates, river to sea, 25
Iron, transport in the sea, 226
685
Isopycnal mlxlng, 322,324
Isopycnal surface, 322,391,392
Isotope fractionation, carbon, 236
Isotope ratios in reactive metals, 221
Keeling fraction, 514
Labrador Sea Water (LSW), 337
Lead:
distribution in the sea, 218-222
isotope ratios, 223,226,227
Lead-210:
depth profile, 174
distribution, 189
excess, sediment, 562-563
fallout rates, 191
production rates, 191
scavenging time, 189,199
Lysocline:
definition, 75
glacial-interglacial, 485
transition zone, 89
Manganese, transport in the sea, 226
Manganese nodules, 98
Metal transport, model, 205
Mixing rates, deep sea, 325
Model:
advection-diffusion, sea water, 318
biolimiting constituents, 15
stagnant film, 113
Mole, definition, 17
Molecular diffusion coefficients, 116,119
Neodymium, isotope ratios, 223-226
Nickel, distribution in the sea, 216,218,222
Nitrate:
control mechanism, 284
consumption (denitrification), 142
distribution of, surface water, 47
geographic pattern, 31
Nitrous oxide cycle, 139
Northern Component Water (NCW):
definition, 335
conservative properties of, 340, 341
feed for, 345
radiocarbon in, 343
Nutrient gradients in the deep sea, 312
Ocean chemistry, glacial-interglacial, 467
Oeschger model, 526
Opal:
biogenic, 47
diffusion coeffiCient, pore water, 55
686
distribution of, 47
rain rate, 56
resaturation time, pore water, 55
solution rate, 49,56
Organic carbon in sediments, 47
Organic matter, chemical composition of, 8
Oxygen:
concentration, surface water, 127
consumption, respiration, 134
control mechanism, 284
deficiencies, deep water, 131
deficiencies, surface water, 131
excess, photosynthesis, 127
geographic pattern, 31
glacial deep water, 484
Oxygen-18:
in forams, 446-447
Outcropping isopycnals, 322
Paleolysocline, 98
Paleoocean:
chemistry, recorder of, 301
indicator, 301,311
Particulate matter, composition of, 13
Partition coefficient, 384
Phosphate:
changes, causes of, 479
changes, glacial-interglacial, 466
control mechanism, 275
Phosphorus:
input rate, 25
mean lifetime, 20,21
residence time in mixed layer, 20
scavenging time, 175
Piston velocity, 121
Plant productivity, 130
Plutonium, distribution, 203
Polonium-210, distribution, 198
Potential temperature, 3,111
Potential C02 partial pressure, 161,443
Preformed values, 131
Protactinium-231:
231pa/230Th ratio, 184,189
rain rate, 186,187
Radiocarbon:
14C/C ratio definition, 245
cycle, deep sea, 368
decline, fossil fuel, 544
distribution in the sea, 245
production, temporal variation, 374
production rates, 236-238
production, sun-spot, 544
Radiocarbon, bomb-produced:
distribution, thermocline, 412
687
distribution, surface water, 415
time history, air, 389
time history, surface sea, 389
Radium:
marine geochemistry, 13
226 Ra , distribution, 200-203
226 Ra , flux from sediments, 204
226 Ra / Ba ratio, model distribution, 245
228 Ra , deep sea, 326
Radon-222, deep sea, 326
Red clay:
definition, 45
chemical composition, 167
Redfield ratio, 9
Removal model, radionuclides, 171
Residence time, definition, 25
Revelle factor, 158,519
Salinity:
controlling factors, 289
changes, glacial-interglacial, 448
Saturometer, 80,83
Scavenging constant, 171
Scavenging times, 172
Sea salt composition, 2
Sediment mixing, 562
Sediment recycling, model, 212
Sedimentation rates, methods, 253
Selenium, distribution of, 22
Shale, chemical composition, 167
Silica: (see als 0 Opal)
atom ratio, mean sea water, 11
control mechanism, 280
distribution, surface water, 47
geographic pattern, 30
N-S vertical sections, 36-38
Solubilities of gases, 111,112
Southern component water (SeW), 349,359
Stagnant film:
model, sea-air interface, 113
sediment-water interface, 562
thickness, radiocarbon method, 118
thickness, radon method, 122
Steady state, definition, 17
Strangelove ocean, 466, 472
Strontium, 13
Strontium-90:
corals, 412,413
delivery mechanism, 385
deposition rate, 386
Suess effect, 544
Sverdrups, 382
Temperatures, glacial-interglacial, 446
688
Termination I, II, 454
Thermocline:
definition of, 15
hydrology of, 388
Thorium:
activities, 170
isotopes in the sea, 172-184
scaven~ing times, 175
228Th/ 28 Ra ratio, 175-179
Thorium-230:
distribution coefficient, deep Pacific, 181
profile in sea water, 180
rain rate, 186,187
Trace metal, distribution, 215
Tracers, diapycnal and isopycnal mixing, 324
Tracers, purposeful, 438
Tritium:
delivery mechanism, 384, 385
delivery rates, 386
distribution, thermocline, 399
penetration depth of, 402,403
temporal trends, 402
vertical distribution, 409
Two-box model, 15,240
Two-degree discontinuity (TDD) , 359
Upwelling:
distributiton of, 158,319
bomb l~C, 422
carbon dioxide anomaly, 427
evidence for, 397
rates of, 425,429
Uranium content:
of coral, 311
of saline lakes, 311
Uranium series, activities, 170
Ventilation of deep sea:
source areas, 312,317
deep Atlantic, 359
deep Indian, 365
deep Pacific, 365
Vertical mixing, rate of, 236-243
Vital effect, 468
Volatile elements, distribution of, 288
Weddell Sea Bottom Water (WSBW), 353
Zinc, distribution in the sea, 216,218
689