CONVENTIONONINTERNATIONALTRADEINENDANGEREDSPECIES
OFWILDFAUNAANDFLORA
CONSIDERATIONOFPROPOSALSFORAMENDMENTOFAPPENDICESIANDII
A.Proposal
InclusionofthegenusDalbergiainCITESAppendixIIwithexceptiontothespeciesincludedinAppendixI.
TheUNEP-WCMCassessedtheDalbergiaspeciesofLatinAmericaandconcluded:“…allpopulationsofDalbergiaspp.
from South and Central America appear to meet the criteria for listing in CITES Appendix II” (UNEP-WCMC, 2015).
Including the whole genus in Appendix II will be essential for the control of international trade by eliminating the
arduoustaskofenforcementandcustomsofficersofdifferentiatingbetweenthehundredsofDalbergiaspecieslisted
andnotlistedinCITES.Theinclusionwillhelpensurethatlegaltradedoesnotbecomeadirectcauseoftheextinctionof
thesehighlythreatenedspeciesandwillhelpcurbillegaltrade.
Considering that CITES Appendix II must include all species, which although not necessarily now threatened with
extinction may become so unless trade in specimens of such species is subject to strict regulation in order to avoid
utilizationincompatiblewiththeirsurvival,itisimportanttoincludethegenusDalbergiainCITESAppendixII.
a) ResolutionConf.9.24,Annex2a,CriterionA-”Itisknown,orcanbeinferredorprojected,thattheregulation
oftradeinthespeciesisnecessarytoavoiditbecomingeligibleforinclusioninAppendixIinthenearfuture”.
b) ResolutionConf.9.24,Annex2a,CriterionB-”Itisknown,orcanbeinferredorprojected,thatregulationof
tradeinthespeciesisrequiredtoensurethattheharvestofspecimensfromthewildisnotreducingthewild
populationtoalevelatwhichitssurvivalmightbethreatenedbycontinuedharvestingorotherinfluences”.
c) Resolution9.24(Rev.CoP15)Annex2bCriterionA–“Thespecimensofthespeciesintheforminwhichthey
aretradedresemblespecimensofaspeciesincludedinAppendixIIundertheprovisionsofArticleII,paragraph
2 (a), or in Appendix I, so that enforcement officers who encounter specimens of CITES-listed species are
unlikelytobeabletodistinguishbetweenthem”.
Domestic and international experience has indicated that enforcement and customs officers who encountered
specimensofDalbergiaproductsareunlikelytobeabletoreliablydistinguishbetweenthevariousspeciesofDalbergia.
B.Proponent
Guatemala,
C.Supportingstatement
1. Taxonomy
1.1 Class: Magnoliopsida
1.2Order: Fabales
1.3 Family Leguminosae(Fabaceae)Juss.1789
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1.4 Genus,speciesorsubspecies,includingauthorandyear:DalbergiaL.f.(Grandtner,2005) .
1.5Scientificsynonyms:
AccordingtoGRIN(2014)thefollowinggeneraareacceptedassynonymsfor
Dalbergia
AmerimnonP.Browne
CoroyaPierre
EcastaphyllumP.Browne
MiscolobiumVogel
TriptolemeaMart.
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1.6 Commonnames :
English:Rosewood,Palisander.
Spanish:PalodeRosa,Rosul,Granadillo,Ébano,CorazónBonito,
Cocobolo,Palisandro.
French:Palissandre;boisderose.
1.7Codenumbers:
2. Overview
SpeciesofthegenusDalbergiabelongtothefamilyLeguminosae(Fabaceae)Juss..Thegenusincludestrees,shrubsand
vines,approximately250speciesinthetropics(Mabberley,2008)and304speciesworldwide(ThePlantList,2013)(see
annex1).
These species are in high demand in the international tropical hardwood trade for the manufacture of furniture.
However, the wild populations of several species have experienced a major decline due to legal and illegal
overexploitation.CITESregulates61speciesofDalbergia:D.abrahamii,D.andapensis,D.aurea,D.baronii,D.bathiei,
D. bojeri, D. brachystachya, D. bracteolata, D. calycina, D. campenonii, D. capuronii, D. catipenonii, D. chapelieri, D.
chlorocarpa, D. cochinchinensis, D. cubilquitzensis, D. darienensis, D. davidii, D. delphinensis, D. emirnensis, D.
erubescens, D. gautieri, D. glaberrima, D. glaucocarpa, D. glomerata, D. granadillo, D. greveana, D. hildebrandtii, D.
hirticalyx,D.humbertii,D.hutibertii,D.lemurica,D.louvelii,D.madagascariensis,D.malacophylla,D.manongarivensis,
D.marítima,D.masoalensis,D.mollis,D.montícola,D.neoperrieri,D.nigra,D.normandii,D.occulta,D.orientalis,D.
peltieri, D. pervillei, D. pseudobaronii, D. pseudoviguieri, D. purpurascens, D. retusa, D. stevensonii, D. suaresensis, D.
trichocarpa,D.tricolor,D.tsaratananensis,D.tsiandalana,D.tucurensis,D.urschii,D.viguieri,D.xerophila.
Whilesomeidentificationguidesforafew Dalbergiaspeciesexist,distinctionbetweenandidentificationofindividual
speciesisverydifficultfornon-professionalsandsometimesevenforexperts,makingitaproblemforenforcementand
customs officers to comply correctly with inspection and identification of CITES listed Dalbergia tree and product
shipments.
However,Dalbergiaspeciesatgenuslevelcanbedistinguishedfromother“rosewood”timbergenus.
The genus Dalbergia is native to the tropical regions of Central and South America, Africa, Madagascar and southern
Asia.Thedistributionofthisgenusisfragmentedandmanyspeciespopulationsareindeclinemainlyduetothelossof
forest coverage by human induced disturbances (e.g. non-sustainable agricultural practices, population growth, fires,
legalandillegallogging).SeveraltimbertreespeciesofDalbergiaproducefinetimbersofhigheconomicvalue,generally
knownas“rosewood”,sorenownedforitsfragrancesandcolours,usedinmusicalinstrumentsandexpensivefurniture
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Taxonomiccircumscriptionofthegenusissubjecttomuchdebate.
ThegenusDalbergiahasalargernumberoftradeandvernacularnames,dependingonthespeciesandtheregionon
whichthespeciesoccur.
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(e.g.D.cochinchinensis,D.latifolia,D.melanoxylon,D.nigra,D.odoriferaandD.sissoo).However,thetermrosewood
hasalsobeenvariouslyascribedtothegeneraJacaranda,Guibourtia,MachaeriumandPterocarpus.
Onlytheheartwoodyieldqualitytimber,butthetreeshavealowregenerationandtheyareslowinformingheartwood;
even large logs often lose much of their volume when the valueless sapwood is removed. The cutting of exploitable
individualsinthewildisthemaincauseoftheabsenceofcertaindiameterclassesandlowdensityofpopulations.
Rosewoodspeciesarecurrentlyinhighdemandbyconsumersandlogsandsawnwoodarethemainproductsintradein
mostoftheproducingcountries.AsaresultofanongoingdemandintheAsianmarket,rosewoodhasbecomeseriously
endangeredbytheirabusivelogginganddestructionoftheirhabitatwhichisleadingtothedeclineofwildpopulations
insideandoutsideprotectedareas.
ThisdocumentsuggeststhatthegenusDalbergiameetsthecriteriaforlistinginCITESAppendixIIincompliancewith
Article II, paragraph 2(a) of the Convention and resolutions Conf. 9.24 (Rev. CoP16) Annex 2 a, Criteria A and B, and
Annex2bCriterionA.
Itisestablishedoritispossibletodeductthatregulationoftradeinthespeciesofthegenusisrequiredtoensurethat
theharvestoftheirspecimensfromthewildisnotreducingthepopulationtoalevelatwhichtheirsurvivalmightbe
threatened.
3. Speciescharacteristics
3.1Distribution
ThegenusDalbergiahasapantropicaldistributionwithhighspeciesdiversityinAsia(ca.119species),inAfrica
(ca. 116 species) and in Central and South America (ca. 80 species) (Vatanparast et al., 2013); according to
Vaglica(2014),thegenusDalbergiaisspreadworldwideto102countries;(seefigure1andAnnex2).
Figure1.GlobaldistributionofDalbergiaspecies(Source:Vaglica,2014).
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3.2Habitat
The genus Dalbergia occurs in different types of ecosystems such as humid evergreen rainforest, semi
deciduousrainforest,riparianforest,drytropicalforest,Miombowoodland,dryandsubaridforests,savannahs,
thicketsandpastureland.Speciesarefoundinareaswithcompletelydifferentcharacteristics,suchastotallyflat
areaswithdryrockysites,areaswithpossibilityoffloodingduringtherainyseason(s),fertileanddeepsandy
clay or calcareous soils along streams (Standley & Steyermark, 1946; Carvalho, 1997; Stevens et al., 2001;
Linares&Sousa,2007;Lemmens,2008).Speciescanbefoundataltitudesfromsealevelupto1.700m.
3.3Biologicalcharacteristics
TheplantsofthegenusDalbergiaaresmalltomediumsizedtrees,shrubs,orwoodyclimbersandlianaswith
alternate,imparipinnateandcompoundleaves(Sahaetal.,2013);stipulesoftensmallandfallingearly;leaflets
arealternate,rarelysubopposite,andglabrous(Sahaetal.,2013).
Flowerssmall(2to20mm):corollasmall,rarelyfragrant,usuallywhite,lightyelloworpurple,withlightgreen
spot at the center of the vexillum (FAUSAC- FNPV, 2015). Inflorescences are terminal or axillar, racemes or
panicles,usuallynumerousflowered;bractsandbracteolesusuallysmall,rarelypersistent,sometimesscorpioid
orcorymbiform.
Thefruitisapod/legumeoblong,ligulate,winged,elliptic,orstrap-shaped,rarelyhalf-moon-shaped(Carvalho,
1997;Shu,2010).Fruitswithintactseedsarewind-dispersed(Bawa&Webb,1984).Thefruithasinmostofthe
speciesbetween1to3seeds,withsomeexceptionsasD.retusawhichhasfromonetofiveseedsinthefruit
(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).
TreesbloombetweenDecemberandJulyinCentralAmericaafter4to5years,withasecondflushinAugust
andSeptember(e.g.D.retusa),whileinMadagascartreesbloomfromSeptembertoMarch.Dalbergiatreesare
slow growing. It has been estimated that trees in Africa reach a size large enough to yield a fair amount of
heartwoodonlyafter70–100years(Lemmens,2008).InSouthEastAsia,heartwoodoftreesreachesanaverage
of13cmindiameterafter20years(CITESCOP16Prop.60).
Honeybees, beetles and butterflies are the typical pollination agents for the genus that requires crosspollination(Vasudeva&Sareen,2009).Bumblebeesandwaspsarealsofrequentvisitorsoftheflowers;aphids
havebeenfounddamagingtheflowersstructures(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).
Information on the breeding system of the genus Dalbergia is not available; however, some aspects of the
reproductive biology show common features: high levels of seed abortion have been observed in D. retusa
(Bawa&Webb,1984);pollenisdispersedbybeesinD.glomerata,D.stevensoniiandD.retusa(Frankieetal.,
2002),andseeddispersedbywindandwaterinD.retusaandD.stevensonii(Marín&Flores,2003).
Naturalregenerationofsomespecies(suchasD.retusa)isscarce,howeversaplingsandjuvenilesarenumerous
inareasperiodicallyexposedtofire(Madrigal,1993;Marín&Flores,2003).InGuatemalaonlyD.retusaseeds
germinateinareasaffectedbyfire(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).
AveryimportantandcommonregenerationstrategyforDalbergiaspeciesintropicaldryforestsissproutingor
coppicing. The ability to coppice is used for management systems (including plantation) of some Dalbergia
species.ExamplesforwellcoppicingspeciesareD.sissoo,D.stevensoniiandD.cochinchinensis.
3.4Morphologicalcharacteristicsofthewood
ThewoodofthegenusDalbergiahasatextureandspecificcoloursthatmakesithighlydesirable:redincolor
(D. tucurensis and D. glabra), dark brown (D. calycina), brown to dark brown with reddish stripes (D.
stevensonii)darkbrowntopurplishblack(D.melanoxylon)(Lemmens,2008;FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).Accordingto
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Condit&Pérez(2002),thecolourmaychangeanddarkensrelativelyquicklyinthelighttobecomeebonyblack.
The trees that produce rosewood are also much alike: they are medium size, reaching 20-30 m tall, with
irregular-shaped trunk, 1-2 m in diameter (NAS/NRC, 1979). Field studies of FAUSAC-FNPV (2015) showed in
Guatemalathatthebiggesttrunksreached0.90minDBH(diameteratbreastheight)forD.tucurensis,1.00m
inD.calycina,0.77mforD.retusaand0.83mforD.stevensonii.
Only the heartwood yield quality timber: it is very hard, heavy and strong. Thus in manufactured objects the
wood is stable, durable and holds its shape. The heartwood is surrounded by clearly differentiated white
sapwood;thesapwood,whichisasdenseastheheartwood,willvaryinamountdependingonthespecies,the
ageofthetreeandtheconditionsofitshabitat(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).Thetreesareslowinformingheartwood
andevenlargelogsoftenlosemuchoftheirvolumewhenthevaluelesssapwoodisremoved(NAS/NRC,1979).
Wastagemaybeashighas70-80%asonlythefineststraightgrainlogsareusedinmakingbarsformarimbas
andxylophones(Kline,1980).However,theamountoffigureandcontrastingcolourvarieswidelyfromtreeto
tree.
3.5Roleofthespeciesinitsecosystem
The Dalbergia flowers represent an important food source for honeybees, beetles, wasps, bumble bees,
butterflies and other insects (Vasudeva & Sareen, 2009; FAUSAC-FNPV, 2015). D. retusa is a highly attractive
beeplantinCostaRica,whereupto60speciesofbeesvisittheflowers(Frankieetal.,2002).D.stevensoniiin
Belize is a dominant component of the southern forest types (Cho & Quiroz, 2005).Mature trees are sites of
waspsandbeescolonies;beehiveshavebeenfoundintheprincipaltrunks(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).Antcolonies
are frequently found associated with D. stevensonii, especially because the use of leaves as source of food
(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).Leavesalsorepresentasourcefoodformammals,suchasPotosflavus;birdsareoften
seenonthecrownofthetrees(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).
Numerous epiphytes such as orchids, bromeliads, fungi, lichens, ferns, aroids and peperomias live on the
branchesandinthemaintrunksofthetrees(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015).Climbingplantsarealsoassociatedtothe
genusDalbergia.
The roots of Dalbergia species form nodules in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria (it has been
demonstrated to have aeschynomenoid type of root nodules): as a result of this nitrogen-fixing symbiosis,
Dalbergia species play an important role in the natural forest ecosystem, enhancing soil fertility
(Rasolomampianina et al., 2005; Sprent, 2009) and this is a requirement for biodiversity preservation
(Rasolomampianinaetal.,2005).
Loggingislikelytodisturbthehabitatofallthespeciesassociates,withtherelatedconsequencesofroadand
trail building to transport the logs (Newman, 2004). The protection of the species from further unsustainable
loggingwouldallowremainingtreestocontinuetheirecologicalfunctions.
4. Statusandtrend
TheIUCNRedListhasassessedthegenusDalbergiaandhasclassified83ofthe304knownspeciesofDalbergia
(IUCN, 2016): 1 species as Critically Endangered (D. intibucana); 29 species as Endangered (D. abrahamii, D.
andapensis,D.annamensis,D.bariensis,D.bathiei,D.bojeri,D.brachystachya,D.cambodiana,D.capuronii,D.
congesta, D. davidii, D. delphinensis, D. erubescens, D. glaucocarpa, D. gloveri, D. hirticalyx, D. humberti, D.
intibucana, D. louvelii, D. mammosa, D. maritima, D. normandii, D. oliveri, D. peishaensis, D. setifera, D.
suarensis,D.tsaratanensis,D.tsiandalana,D.urschii,D.xerophila);26speciesasVulnerable(D.acariiantha,D.
aurea,D.balansae,D.baronii,D.catipenoni,D.chlorocarpa,D.cochichinensis,D.glaberrima,D.hildebrantii,D.
latifolia, D. lemurica, D. madagascarensis, D. monticola, D. neoperrieri, D. nigra, D. odorifera, D. orientalis, D.
pseudobaronii,D.purpurascens,D.retusa,D.simposonii,D.tonkinensis,D.tricolor,D.vaccinifolia,D.viguieri);
3 species as Near Threatened (D. chapelieri, D. cultrate, D. eremicola); 5 species as Lower Risk/Near
Threatened(D.bracteolata,D.emirnensis,D.greveana,D.mollis,D.pervillei);12speciesasLeastConcern(D.
arbutifolia,D.assamica,D.calycina,D.cana,D.louisii,D.monetaria,D.oligophylla,D.ovata,D.parviflora,D.
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peltieri, D. reniformis, D. rimosa); 1 species as Lower Risk/Least Concern (D. thrichocarpa); 6 species as Data
Deficient(D.boniana,D.ealaensis,D.entadoides,D.funera,D.menoeides,D.sambesiaca).
4.1Habitattrend
In Central America the typical habitat has been destroyed and is under continuing pressure particularly from
increasing agriculture, cattle ranching, palm plantations, population growth and overexploitation (FAUSACFPNV,2015).ThetropicaldryforestsofCentralAmerica,themainhabitatforD.retusa,havebeensubjectto
humaninfluencessuchashuntingandmodificationofthevegetationcoverforalongas11,000years(Murphy
&Lugo,1995).Lessthan0.1%oftheoriginaldryforesthasconservationstatusinPacificMesoamerica(Maass,
1995).
Deforestation has been commonly observed throughout the habitat range of D. cochinchinensis, the natural
standsofthespeciesarefoundscatteredonlyin30protectedareasthusthehabitatisfragmented(CITESCOP
16Prop.60).InMadagascarinadditiontothedamagecausedbyabusiveloggingoftheDalbergiaspecies,the
destruction of the habitat is worsened by various anthropological activities (slash-and-burn agriculture,
extension of crop fields) (CITES COP 16 Prop. 63). In some areas, in eastern and southern Africa Dalbergia
melanoxylon is found in the Miombo woodlands which has been highly degraded as a result of human use
(Deweesetal,.2011).
4.2 Populationsize
InMadagascar,theresultsobtainedonthedensityanddendrometricfeaturesofsomeDalbergiaspeciesshow
awidevarietyofindividualsrangingbetween10and320individualsperhectare.Moreover,thebiovolumeand
thebasalareaarelow.Thisindicatesthatmostindividualsarenotyetexploitable(DBEV,2010).Inaninventory
ofDalbergiamelanoxyloninNachingwea,southernTanzania,thespeciesaccountedfor4%oftreestemsofthe
sampling area (Opulukwa et al., 2002). The density in southern Tanzania corresponds well with the density
found in the two forest types in which D. melanoxylon occurs in Mozambique with 3% and 5% respectively
(Jenkinsetal.,2002).
InThailand,itwasestimatedthatthecountryhadjust80,000-100,000D.cochinchinensistrees(approximately
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63,500m )leftintheforestsin2011.ThepopulationsizeofrosewoodinVietnamhasbeendecliningabout5060%duringthepast5-10years(CITESCOP16Prop.60).
According to FAUSAC-FNPV (2015), in Guatemala a few (only four) populations of D. stevensonii have been
foundatthemomentatthesocalled”FranjaTrasversaldelNorte,FTN”(AltaVerapazandIzabal),witharange
from44to800trees(only5%oftreeshaveadiameterbetween60and100cmDBH).IntheDepartmentof
SantaRosaonepopulationofD.calycinawasidentified,around100trees(18%ofthetreeshaveadiameter
between40and80cmDBH)andscatteredtreeshavebeenfoundinalltheDepartment.
Dalbergia retusa was widely distributed at the coastal planes in the South Pacific regions of Guatemala
(Standley&Steyermark,1946).However,onlyonepopulationofthisspecieshasbeenfoundinSuchitepéquez
(48 trees), and few scattered trees have been found in Santa Rosa and Escuintla. This species shows a high
percentageoftrees(69%)inthelowestdiameterclassesrange(0-20cmDBH)indicatingrecentregeneration,
andonly21%belongtotherange20-40cmDBH,confirmingahighlevelofoverexploitationinthecountry.
AccordingtoFAUSAC-FNPV(2015),inGuatemala,forDalbergiatucurensisonlyscatteredtreeshavebeenfound
inAltaVerapazandQuiché,ofwhichonly12%oftreesbelongtotherangeof60-100cmDBH.
4.3Populationstructure
InMadagascarthepopulationstructureoftheDalbergiaspeciespresentsadisruptioncausedbytheabsenceof
certain diameter classes inside and outside the protected areas (CITES COP 16 Prop. 63). An inventory of
DalbergiamelanoxyloninNachingwea,southernTanzania,revealedthepatchydistributionofthespecies.The
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highestamountoftreeswasfoundinthetwosmallestdiameterclassesupto20cmandthelowestintheclass
biggerthan40cm,showingtheinfluenceofpastharvests(Opulukwaetal.,2002).
AccordingtoFAUSAC-FNPV(2015),onlytreeswithadiameterclassbetween20and60cmhavebeenfoundof
Dalbergiaspp.inthewild,mainlylocalisedintworegionsofGuatemala:AltaVerapazandPeten.Thebiovolume
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(m /ha)andthebasalarea(m /ha)arelow,andthisindicatesthatmostindividualsarenotexploitable.
4.4Populationtrends
Opulukwa et al. (2002) noted in a study on a region in southern Tanzania that it was now very hard to find
Dalbergiamelanoxylontreesofaharvestablesize(commonlyasfromaDBHof24cm),withreductionsinthe
numberandvolumeoftreesduetoexcessiveexploitation.InMadagascarthereisadecreaseinthenumberof
exploitableindividualsintheproductionareas(CITESCOP16Prop.63).
InThailand,itwasestimatedthatthecountryhad300,000naturalstandsin2005,butgreatlyreducedtojust
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80,000-100,000trees(approximately63,500m )in2011.Evidencesuggeststhatthespeciesisthreatenedwith
extinctionasEIAreportedthatamajorRosewoodtradercomplainedinApril2011that“thespeciesisfinished...
there are only about five years left in the trade.” In Vietnam, the species has been exposed to high rates of
exploitationoftheprimetimber(CITESCOP16Prop.60).
AccordingtoFAUSAC-FPNV(2015),thecombinationofforestcoverlossandcuttinghasresultedinadeclineof
the populations of the species of the genus Dalbergia in Guatemala. The wild populations of Dalbergia spp.
(namely D. retusa, D. tucurensis and D. stevensonii) are likely to be severely diminished as a result of heavy
loggingandland-changeeffectsduringtheperiod1991-2012.
4.5Geographictrends
Ingeneral,therateandextentofdeforestationintherangeStatesisveryhigh.FAO(2005)reportedthatthe
annual rates of forest cover change between -0.4% (Colombia) and -4.6% (El Salvador) for the range States
between 1990 and 2000. Between the period 2006-2010, in Guatemala there was a loss in forest covers of
500.210hectareswithadeforestationrateestimatedat1%peryear.Themainareasaffectedbydeforestation
for illegal logging were Verapaz, Petén, Quiché and the central regions Chimaltenago, Guatemala and Santa
Rosa which includes the distribution areas of D. stevensonii, D. retusa, D. tucurensis and D. calycina (INAB,
CONAP,UVG&URL,2012).
Mexicolostanaverageof274,450haor0.39%peryearbetween1990and2010ora7.8%totallossofforest
coverwhileinBrazil,thechangeinforestcoverbetween1990and2010wasalossof2,765,850haor0.48%per
year,intotalalossof9.6%oftheforestcover(Butler,2016)
In Asia, deforestation has been commonly observed throughout the habitat range of D. cochinchinensis. In
Thailand,thehabitatareahasbeencontinuouslyreducedduetobothdeforestationforagricultureandillegal
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logging. The natural stands of the species are found scattered only in 30 protected areas of 557.76 km . The
habitatisthusfragmented(CITESCOP16Prop.60).InMalaysia,thechangeinforestcoverbetween1990and
2010wasalossof96,000haor0.43%peryear,intotalalossof8.6%oftheforestcover(Butler,2016).
InAfrica,MiombowoodlandsstretchacrosssouthernAfricainabeltfromAngolaandtheDemocraticRepublic
ofCongointhewesttoMozambiqueintheeast.Insomeareas,Miombohasbeenhighlydegradedasaresult
of human use (Dewees et al., 2011). This is also the biome predominant in the countries (Mozambique and
Tanzania)fromwheremostoftheDalbergiamelanoxylontimberisexported(Lemmens,2008).InMadagascar
inadditiontothedamagecausedbyabusiveloggingoftheDalbergiaspecies,thedestructionofthehabitatis
worsenedbyvariousanthropologicalactivities(slash-and-burnagriculture,extensionofcropfields)(CITESCOP
16Prop.63).
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5. Threats
ThegenusDalbergiaisknowntobeindeclineasaresultintheextractionofthespeciesforitsvaluabletimber.
Thesewoodshavealongtraditionofuseinmusicalinstruments,likemarimbasandguitars,woodcarvingsand
currentlysubjecttohighdemandforluxuryfurnituretrade(Lemmens,2008,Jenkinsetal.,2012).Manyspecies
havebecomeendangeredorvulnerableduetotheoverexploitationforitsvaluablewoodlikeD.annamensis,D.
bariensis,D.cambodiana,D.mammosa,D.oliveri(Nghia,1998),D.latifolia(AsianRegionalWorkshop,1998),D.
odorifera(WCMC,1998),D.tonkinensis(Ban,1998),aswellasthe61DalbergiaspecieslistedinCITES.
ThehabitatofthegenusinGuatemalaisknowntobeaffectedbyarangeofthreats,andtheprincipalprocesses
thataffectforestsare:shiftingagriculture(palmoil- Elaeisspp.,coffee-Coffeaspp.andrubberplantations-
Heveaspp.),forestfires,useoffuelwoodandtheillegalextractionandover-exploitationofspecieswithhigh
marketvalues(bothnationallyandinternationally),whichrepresentuptothe95%ofdeforestationrate,and
theextractionoftimberbyruralcommunitiesforlocaluse(Viveroetal.,2005;IARNA-URL,2009).
InMexicoandCostaRica,cattlefarmingandroadconstructionareopeningupareasandmakingaccessiblefor
loggingsiteswhereD.calycinaoccurs(Groom,2012).
6. Utilizationandtrade
6.1Nationalutilization
Timber species of Dalbergia of South America (e.g. D. brasiliensis, D. cearensis, D. cubilquitzensis, D.
cuscatlanica,D.decipularis,D.foliolosa,D.funera,D.glomerata,D.hortensis,D.miscolobium,D.spruceana,D.
villosa) provide some of the most highly prized woods for the manufacture of fine furniture, marquetry and
veneers,alsousedincabinetwork,musicalinstrumentsandsculpturesforlocalmarketsandhandcrafts(Harris,
2004;Grandtner&Chrevrette,2013;ILDIS,2014;INAB-SEINEF,2015).
InAfricaitissometimesusedforraftersandpolesinconstruction,andforimplementssuchaswalkingsticks,
hammers, drumsticks, arrow tips, pestles, cups, plates and combs. The wood is also used for charcoal
productionandasfirewood,althoughtheflameisveryhotandmaydamagecookingpots.InSenegalthestem
androotbarkisusedintraditionalmedicinetotreatdiarrhoeaincombinationwithbaobabortamarindfruits.
The smoke of burnt roots is inhaled for treatment of headache, bronchitis and colds. In Sudan, patients
sufferingfromrheumatismareexposedtothesmokeofburntstems.InEastAfrica,arootdecoctionisusedto
preventmiscarriage,asananthelminticandaphrodisiac,andtotreatgonorrhoea,stomach-acheandabdominal
pain.Abarkdecoctionorbarkpowderisusedtocleanwoundsandaleafdecoctiontorelievepaininthejoints.
Leafsapistakentotreatinflammationsinmouthandthroat.Barkdecoctionsandleafsaparealsoingredients
ofmixturesusedtotreatvariouscomplaints(Lemmens,2008).
InSouthEastAsiaD.cochinchinensiswoodisusedtomakefurniture,carvings,woodturnery,fine-artarticles,
musicalinstrumentsandsewingmachines.Thewoodfromthestumpsandrootscanalsobeusedformaking
handicrafts.Root,barkandsapcanbepartoftraditionalmedicine.Thedistinctiveheartwoodmakesbeautiful
patternsaftersawing(CITESCOP16Prop.60.
6.2 Legaltrade
Rosewoodspeciesareexportedasrawlogsorfinishedproducts,furnitureandhandicrafts.InMadagascar,over
90% of exported products were logs and sawn wood (CITES COP 16 Prop. 63). Heartwood from old trees is
valued for having the richest colouration (Zadro, 1975). The burls, highly figured cambium outgrowths, are
particularlyvaluedbysometimbertraders.
TradeintimberproductsofDalbergiahasincreasedexponentiallyinthepastfewyearsasseenbylogimports
toAsianmarketsfortheHongmu(RedWood)tradethatisbasedon33speciesoftropicalhardwoodtreesof
8
which 16 species are Dalbergia (EIA, 2016) (Figure 2). Of these 16 Dalbergia species, 7 come from Asia (D.
odorifera, D. cultrata, D. fusca, D. latifolia, D. bariensis, D. cochinchinensis, D. oliveri), 2 from Africa (D.
melanoxylon, D. louvelli) and 7 from Latin America (D. nigra, D. spruceana, D. stevensonii, D. cearensis, D.
frutescens,D.granadillo,D.retusa)(EIA,2016).OnlyD.cochinchinensis,D.louvelli,D.nigra,D.stevensonii,D.
granadilloandD.retusaareregulatedbyCITES.
FarmoreDalbergiaspeciesarepresentlytradedthanthoseCITES-listed.However,informationontradeflowsis
noteasilyavailable.
Other
LatinAmerica
Africa
Asia
Figure2.Chinahongmulogimportsbyregionoforigin(Source:EIA,2016).
3
According to the CITES Trade Database , a total of 28,288.45 m of Dalbergia wood products and 140 t were
tradedbetween2005and2014(UNEP-WCMC,2016a);thenumberofDalbergiaspeciesintradeincreasedfrom
1to6(duetothefactthatnewspecieswerelistedintheCITESAppendices),thenumberofrecordsoftrade
also increased from a minimum of 64 in 2006 to a maximum of 220 in 2013 (Figure 3) and the number of
importingcountriesfluctuatedfromaminimumof20toamaximumof35importingcountriesin2013.
9
250
220
200
181
150
100
81
69
64
2005
2006
95
99
2008
2009
123
110
107
2010
2011
50
0
2007
2012
2013
2014
Figure3.AnnualtransactionsofDalbergiaspp.products:yearrange2005-2014(Source:UNEP-WCMC,2016a).
AccordingtoUNEP-WCMC(2015),EuropeanimportersreportedtradeinsawntimberofD.nigra,D.retusa,and
D.stevensoniifromSouthandCentralAmerica.ThemainexportercountrieswereGuatemala(D.stevensonii),
Belize(D.stevensonii)andBrazil(D.nigra)forcommercialpurpose,andD.retusafromCostaRicaforpersonal
purpose. Between 2004 and 2013 exports from South and Central America to the rest of the world were
reported in D. granadillo, D. nigra, D. retusa, D. stevensonii and Dalbergia spp., except for 2005 and 2006.
Commercialtradewaspredominantlyintimberwithsomeadditionalcommercialtradeinveneersandcarvings
ofD.nigra(UNEP-WCMC,2015).
According to The National Forest Institute of Guatemala (INAB, 2015), for the year 2014, Dalbergia timber
products(logs,tables,sawnwoodandfurniture)ofD.calycina,D.cubilquitzensis,D.stevensoniiandDalbergia
spp.havebeencommercializedandexportedoutsidethecountry.
3
Consulted the CITES Trade Database (UNEP-WCMC, 2016b) Guatemala reported the export of 463.79 m of
sawnwoodofDalbergiaspp.duringtheperiod2011-2014.Allexportsweredoneundersourcecode“W”(wild)
andwith“T”purpose(commercial).
Dalbergia melanoxylon is principally viable for commercial timber extraction only in southeast Tanzania and
northernMozambique(Jenkinsetal.,2012).BasedonofficialrecordsofMozambicantimberexports,thetotal
consumptionoftimber(notonlyD.melanoxylon)domesticallyandforexportwas727,000m³oflogsequivalent
in 2012 (FAEF, 2013). Timber imports to China from Mozambique increased around seven-fold in the last 10
years, the figures given by Chang & Peng (2015) for imported Dalbergia melanoxylon timber (round wood
3
3
equivalents)intoChinaaremorethan5,000m in2004andmorethan33,000m in2013.
6.3 Partsandderivativesintrade
InGuatemala,logsandsawnwoodofDalbergiatimbertreespeciesarethemainproductsintheinternational
trade, but wooden furniture, firewood, tables and finished items manufactured (doors, frames, board) and
handicrafts are also found in the national and international trade (CONAP, 2015; INAB, 2015; UNEP-WCMC,
2016b).
10
With an exception for D. nigra, the CITES trade database shows that almost all the exports in CITES listed
Dalbergia species reported by range states for the period 2000-2015 are identified as logs, timber and sawn
wood(UNEP-WCMC,2016c).
WoodcarvingsofD.nigraanAppendixIspeciesfromBrazilaretradedinternationally(UNEP-WCMC,2016a).
D. melanoxylon is a favourite wood for musical instruments, especially wind-instruments such as clarinets,
oboes, flutes and bagpipes, because of its dark colour, stability and clearness of tone. Jenkins et al., (2012)
3
reportedastabledemandforthisindustryof255m peryear.Usuallythewoodforthispurposeisexported
semi-processedasbillets.In1999itwasestimatedthat250,000piecesofcarvingwereexportedwithavalueof
US$970,000. In the past Senegal, Kenya and Malawi produced considerable amounts of African blackwood,
especially for the carving industry, but stands have been depleted considerably and carvers often changed to
otherwoodsorusedAfricanblackwoodfromTanzania(inKenya)orMozambique(inMalawi)(Lemmens,2008).
DestructiveuseinKitui,KwaleandMakuenihasincludeddigginguptherootstomaketallthincarvings.Most
carversnowbuytheirDalbergiamelanoxylonwoodfromtraderswhocrosstheborderfromTanzania.
6.4 Illegaltrade
The trade in Hongmu Dalbergia species has increased manifold in the past few years causing an increase in
illegal trade. All Hongmu source countries in the Mekong region have strict log export bans and trade in a
numberofthemorethreatenedspeciesiscompletelyprohibited.Despitetheseprovisions,illegalcross-border
log and sawn timber trade is evident across the Mekong (EIA, 2016). The same occurs in West Africa, where
most countries have adopted total bans on harvesting and export and in Latin America, despite several
moratoriums on exports and recent CITES listings, the illegal trade in Hongmu species is still rampant (EIA,
2016).
IllegalloggingisaprevalentprobleminCentralAmerica.Forinstance,itwasestimatedin2003thatupto85%
ofthetotalharvestinbroadleafforestsinHonduraswasillegal.Thereisverylittleinformationonthevolumeof
international trade although cocobolo wood is available from numerous sources online (Jenkins et al., 2012).
Extensiveillegaltradeinrosewoodshasbeenreported,raisingconcernsthatithasacceleratedinrecentyears
(Jenkins et al., 2012). Seizures of illegally trafficked timber in Guatemala suggest that there is an organized
smuggling ring capable of exporting large quantities. The demand for D. retusa from the Darien Region of
Panamahasbeendescribedas“outofcontrol”with“hundredsofsettlerslooting”thespecies(Jenkinsetal.,
2012).
3
Duringtheperiod2011-2014,38shipmentsandvehicles,withatotalamountof906.244m ofDalbergiatimber
(mainlytrunks,flitchesandtables)ofD.stevensonii,D.retusaandDalbergiaspp.(reportedasrosul)ofillegal
originwereconfiscatedinGuatemala(almosttwotimestheCITEStimberreportedaslegallyexportedforthe
same period). With the exception of two shipments destined to Honduras and El Salvador, all the other
shipmentsweredestinedtoAsia.
Dalbergia stevensonii was once locally common in Belize, then faced with rapidly declining stocks, Belize
prohibitedallrawrosewoodexportsin1992butliftedthebanin1996.Localestimatesin2010suggestedaloss
of 90 per cent of historical rosewood stands and in 2012, Belize enacted a moratorium on the harvest and
exportofrosewoodspecies.Despitethisprogressivemove,theillegalharvestofthespecieshascontinued(EIA,
2016). D. granadillo started to be logged in all the sierras of Michoacán, Mexico in 2012 where it is sold for
3
US$2,500/m . An environment authority said that a ship container is sold to Asian buyers for US$50,000
(PROCESO,2014).
In Mexico the seizures of D. granadillo sawn wood destined for the Asian market increased twofold from
3
3
318.077m in2012to727.703m in2014(PROFEPA,2014).
InrecentyearsMadagascarhasexperiencedveryhighlevelsofillegalloggingofeboniesandrosewoodsfromits
rainforestnationalparks,particularlysinceacoupd’étatinMarch2009.Thisillegallogginghasbeendescribed
11
asthemostseverethreattoMadagascar’snorth-easternrainforests.Thevastquantitiesbeingfelledhavebeen
valued at several hundred million US dollars’ worth extracted during 2009. There are estimates of 100 – 200
treesbeingfelleddailywithacollectivevalueofuptoUS$460,000/day.Mostoftherosewoodbeingextracted
is destined for Asian markets, for luxury furniture. Foreign traders and local traders dubbed ‘timber barons’
dominate the illegal logging with the vast majority (Jenkins et al., 2012). Illegal Precious Wood trade appears
from this brief look (anecdotally) to have been accelerating in the last few years, particularly for rosewood
species.ItmaybethecasethattheveryrecentescalationinillegalrosewoodextractionfromCentralAmericais
duetoMadagascarclampingdownontheillegalrosewoodtradefrom2010andthereforethissupplydryingup
for the Asian market. Areas where rosewood used to occur closer to China have been all but exhausted of
rosewood,withestimatesfromtradersthatthespecieshasjustfiveyearsleft.Thisrosewoodtradeappearsto
havebeenacceleratinginthelastfewyears,particularly‘specieshopping’and‘sourceareashifting’isatrend
thathasbeenknownaboutandcommenteduponformanyyears(Jenkinsetal.,2012).
Species shifting, as species become commercially extinct, is a common practice. For instance, with the
commercial extinction of D. odorifera in China and Pterocarpus santalinus in India, the trade in D.
cochinchinensisgrewrapidlyanditbecamethemostsought-afterHongmuspeciesglobally(EIA,2016).AsD.
cochinchinensiswasoverexploitedthemainspeciesnowdominatingtheHongmutradeinSouth-EastAsiaare
3
D.oliveri,D.bariensis,Pterocarpusmacrocarpus,andP.pedatus(EIA,2016).In2014,anestimated229,796m ofD.oliverilogsweretradedinternationally(EIA,2016).MoreandmorespeciesofDalbergiaareenteringthe
tradeworldwideasstocksofonceabundantspeciesarebeingdepleted.
Hongmu trade is also linked to and drives violence in source and transit countries. In West Africa, Hongmu
species are known as “blood timbers” due to connections between illegal Hongmu trade and rebel group
uprisings; for example, in the Senegalese Casamance, in Côte d’Ivoire and in northern Nigeria in territories
controlled by the Muslim extremist group Boko Haram. In Thailand, more than 150 forest rangers, police,
soldiers and illegal loggers have been killed in gunfights during rosewood enforcement operations in recent
years(EIA,2016).
Traffickersexploitanylegalloopholetosmuggleillegaltimber.Traffickershaverepeatedlytakenadvantageof
the current gaps in the CITES listings, misdeclaring Dalbergia retusa as the unregulated and similar-looking
Dalbergia bariensis in violation of national moratoriums and CITES listings (EIA, 2016). In Guatemala, the
documents accompanying rosewood shipments often recorded the export as recycling material (such as
cardboard,junkorscrapmetal)orothertimberspecies,suchasCupressus,DialiumandMiroxylum.InMexico,
D. granadillo logs are mixed with other species in ship containers to disguise the shipments from authorities
sincetherearenopermitstologthisprotectedspecies(PROCESO,2014).
6.5 Actualorpotentialtradeimpacts
Dalbergiaspecieshavearelativelowregenerationrateandtheabsenceofcertaindiameterclasses(70-100cm)
and the low density of population of certain diameter classes (20-30, 40-50) further disturbs the health of
regeneration.Wastagemaybeashighas70-80%asonlythefineststraightgrainlogsareusedinmakingbars
formarimbasandxylophones(Kline,1980).Thetreesareslowinformingheartwood,soevenlargelogslose
muchoftheirvolumewhenthesapwoodisremoved(NAS,1979).Thecuttingofexploitableindividualsinthe
wildisthemaincauseofthisdisturbance;harvestingforexportationcouldslownaturalregenerationandthe
international trade has therefore promoted cutting of great many Dalbergia spp., leading to the decline of
populationsinsideandoutsideprotectedareas.
7.Legalinstruments
7.1National
Most range states have different legal instruments for the protection and conservation of the species, their
habitat,declarationofprotectedareas,measurescontrollinglogging,use,importorexport.
12
7.2International
CITES regulates 61 species of Dalbergia: 1 species in Appendix I, 55 species in Appendix II and 5 species in
AppendixIII:
Species
D.nigra
Appendix Country
Annotation
AppendixI
AppendixIII
AppendixII
Brazil
D.cochichinensis
D.abrahamii,D.andapensis,D.aurea,D.baronii,D.bathiei,D.bojeri,
D.brachystachya,D.bracteolata,D.campenonii,D.capuronii,D.
catipenonii,D.chapelieri,D.chlorocarpa,D.davidii,D.delphinensis,
D.emirnensis,D.erubescens,D.gautieri,D.glaberrima,D.
glaucocarpa,D.greveana,D.hildebrandtii,D.hirticalyx,D.humbertii,
D.hutibertii,D.lemurica,D.louvelii,D.madagascariensis,D.
malacophylla,D.manongarivensis,D.marítima,D.masoalensis,D.
mollis,D.montícola,D.neoperrieri,D.nigra,D.normandii,D.
occulta,D.orientalis,D.peltieri,D.pervillei,D.pseudobaronii,D.
pseudoviguieri,D.purpurascens,D.suaresensis,D.trichocarpa,D.
tricolor,D.tsaratananensis,D.tsiandalana,D.urschii,D.viguieri,D.
xerophila
D.granadillo,D.retusa,D.stevensonii
D.darienensis
D.calycina,D.cubilquitzensis,D.glomerata
D.tucurensis
Thailand#5
Madagascar#5
Belize,CostaRica,El
Salvador,Guatemala,
Honduras,Mexico,
Nicaragua,Panama#6
Panama#2
Guatemala#6
Nicaragua#6
Annotations:#2Allpartsandderivativesexceptseedsandpollenandfinishedproductspackagedandreadyforretail
trade;#5logs,sawnwoodandveneersheets;#6logs,sawnwood,veneersheetsandplywood.
8.Speciesmanagement
8.1Managementmeasures
Most range states have different kinds of management measures for either the species, protected areas,
logging,useorexport.
8.2Populationmonitoring
VeryfewreportshavebeenpublishedonpopulationmonitoringalthoughtwoexistforGuatemala(Inventario
NacionaldeEspeciesForestalesEstratégicaporlaConvenciónCITES-FaseIyFaseII;FNPV,2015).FAUSAC-FNPV
(2015)isdoinganongoingpopulationmonitoring.
8.3Controlmeasures
8.3.1National
Most range states have different legal instruments for the protection and conservation of the species, their
habitat,declarationofprotectedareas,logging,use,importorexport.
13
8.3.2International
CITES regulates 61 species of Dalbergia: 1 species in Appendix I, 55 species in Appendix II and 5 species in
AppendixIII(seesection7.2)
8.4Artificialpropagation
Due to the value of their timber, NAS (1979) recommended that effort be made to extend Dalbergia species
cultivations.
Guatemalahasregistersofplantationsof:D.retusaandD.stevensonii(INAB,2012;FNPV,2012).D.retusawas
included in plantation trials of native precious wood species in Costa Rica, which started in 1992 (Fonseca &
Chinchilla,2002;Fonsecaetal.,2002).Inmanagedplantations,treesmayreach13cmDBHand8minheight
after17years(Marín&Flores,2003andreferencestherein). Dalbergiatreeshavebeenfoundtogrowatan
averagerateof1.1m/yearinheight(Knowles&Leopold,1997).
Laos and Thailand have trial plots of D. cochinchinensis (CITES COP 16 Prop. 60). In Madagascar propagation
trialsfromcuttingsandbylayeringproducedsatisfactoryresultsforD.monticola(CITESCOP16Prop63).There
are records of artificial propagation of D. melanoxylon in plantations in Kenya and Tanzania (Gregory et al.,
1999).
8.5Habitatconservation
ManyspeciesofDalbergiaexistwithinnaturalprotectedareasintheirrespectiverangestates.
9.Informationonsimilarspecies
ManyDalbergiaspecieshavethesamewoodanatomyandtheprocessofidentificationofdifferentspeciesis
very difficult because of the hardness of the wood in the process of preparing thin sections for microscopic
analysys(FAUSAC-FNPV,2015;McLureetal.,2015).
The timber of D. retusa is likely to be confused with D. stevensoni and D. tucurensis (Wiedenhoeft, 2011). D.
retusacanbemosteasilyseparatedfromthembyitsdistinctreddish-orangecolor,butalsoitscomparativelack
of paratracheal parenchyma and distinct abundance of diffuse-in-aggregate parenchyma; this require strong
technical knowledge (Wiedenhoeft, 2011). D. tucurensis and D. stevensonii cannot usually be definitively
separated (Wiedenhoeft, 2011). The two species can be distinguished by means of density that requires
accurate weight and volume measures (Wiemann & Ruffinatto, 2012). D. retusa wood is denser and stronger
than Brazilian rosewood D. nigra (SCMRE, 2002). D. tiralana can be confused with D. stevensonii (Zamora,
2000).
ThetimberofD.granadillo(rangeStatesElSalvadorandMexico)isnotdistinguishablefromthatofD.retusa
(Record&Hess,1943;Richter,2006).Althoughithasthecommonname”granadillo”,itisoftentradedunder
the name ”cocobolo” (Richter, 2006). The inclusion in CITES Appendix II of the whole genus is therefore
proposedforlook-alikereasons.
Mexico also made recommendations to the CITES Plants Committee for the evaluation of look-alike species
from the genus, due to the difficulty that differentiation of CITES-listed and non-listed Dalbergia species
presentsforimplementationoftheConvention(PC22Doc.22.4),aproblemalsonotedbyotherPartiesinthe
region(PC22Doc.17.2;UNEP-WCMC,2015).
10.Consultations
14
11.Additionalremarks
TradeinDalbergiaspecieshasbeenincreasingformanyyearsandmoreandmorespeciesarebeingloggedandtraded
internationally,mostoftheseillegally.Severalfactorsarecausingmajorproblemsforenforcementauthoritiestocomply
correctly with the actual CITES listings. For example, the difficulty in differentiating between Dalbergia species was
discussedinsection9,andmanyshipmentsareonlyidentifiedasDalbergiaspp.forwhichthereisnowayofknowingif
it includes only CITES-listed Dalbergia species or illegal non-listed Dalbergia species. It has been recognized that
enforcementandtracking/reportingofDalbergiaspeciesintradeishamperedbytheuseofcommontradenames,such
as“rosewood”asitcanrelatetoCITES-listedDalbergiaspeciesandtomanynon-listedDalbergiaspeciesorspeciesfrom
differentCITESornon-listedgenera(PC22Doc17.6).
IthasbeenrecognizedaswelltheproblemtoidentifybetweenDalbergiaandothertimberlook-alikespeciesorimprove
testingtodifferentiatebetweenlistedandnon-listedDalbergiaspeciesandlook-alikespecies.Forexample,thegenera
Pterocarpusspp.andMachaeriumspp.arecloselyrelatedtoDalbergiawhileotherlook-alikegeneraincludeDicorynia
spp.,Caesalpiniaspp.,andSwartziaspp.(PC22Doc17.6).
Theseandotherproblemshavebeendiscussedbyseveralexpertsandworkinggroups,includingdiscussionsatthelast
PlantsCommitteemeetinginTbilisi,Georgia.TheCommitteenoteddocumentPC22Doc.17.6.ontheimplementationof
the Convention for Dalbergia spp., presented by the representatives from the European region. The Committee also
noted document PC22 Doc. 22.4 and supported its submission for consideration by the Conference of the Parties,
includingrecommendations9and10:
“9.TotakenoteoftheadvancesmadebyMexicowithrespecttotheevaluationoftimberspeciesofthegenus
Dalbergia, and also of the principal difficulties that the CITES Authorities of Mexico have encountered in the
implementationofthelistingsofDalbergiaspp.inAppendixII(para.3).
10.Consideringthattodatethereisnoreliablemethod(noronetriedoutbyCustomsofficials)toidentifyatan
intra-specieslevelthewoodfromspecimensofDalbergia,andthatthismaycauseproblemsinimplementing
the listings of Dalbergia in Appendix II, to develop recommendations on the appropriateness of listing the
thirteenremainingMexicantimberspeciesinAppendixII,andinthatcontexttoconsiderothertimberspecies
ofDalbergiathatmightbesuitableforthesametreatment,inaccordancewiththeruleonlistingoflook-alike
species(inlinewithArticleII,para.2b.oftheConvention).”
During the discussion of these documents a large number of participants supported the need to list the whole genus
DalbergiainAppendixIItosafeguardmanyoftheDalbergiaspecieswhicharenowintradeandhaveyettobelistedas
wellastosimplifytheworkofenforcementandcustomsauthoritieswhenfacingshipmentsofDalbergiaproducts.
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13.ListofAnnexes
Annex1.
Annex2
20
Annex1.ChecklistofacceptednamesandsynonymsofthegenusDalbergiaaccordingto“The
PlantList”;acceptednamesarepresentedinboldromantypeandsynonymsarepresentedin
italictype(www.theplantlist.org,accessedonlineon10April2016).
AllNames
Acceptednames
DalbergiaabbreviataCraib
DalbergiaabrahamiiBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiaacaciifoliaDalzell
Dalbergiapinnatavar.acaciifolia(Dalzell)Thoth.
DalbergiaacariianthaHarms
DalbergiaacutaBenth.
DalbergiaacutifoliolataMendonca&Sousa
DalbergiaadamiBerhaut
DalbergiaafzelianaG.Don
DalbergiaafzeliiBaker
Amerimnonafzelii(Baker)Kuntze
DalbergiaagudeloiJ.Linares&M.Sousa
DalbergiaajudanaHarms
DalbergiaalbertisiiPrain
DalbergiaalbifloraHutch.&Dalziel
Dalbergiaalbiflorasubsp.albiflora
DalbergiaalbifloraHutch.&Dalziel
DalbergiaaltissimaBakerf.
Dalbergiaamazonica(Radlk.)Ducke
DalbergiaambongoensisBaill.
DalbergiagreveanaBaill.
DalbergiaamerimmonL.exB.D.Jacks.
DalbergiaamerimnumBenth.
Dalbergiabrownei(Jacq.)Urb.
DalbergiaandapensisBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiaangustifoliaHassk.
MillettiasericeaBenth.
DalbergiaarboreaB.Heyne
DalbergialanceolariaL.f.
DalbergiaarboreaWilld.
Pongamiapinnata(L.)Pierre
DalbergiaarbutifoliaBaker
Dalbergiaarbutifoliasubsp.aberransPolhill
Dalbergiaarbutifoliasubsp.arbutifolia
DalbergiaarbutifoliaBaker
DalbergiaarmataE.Mey.
Dalbergiaassamica"Benth.,p.p."
DalbergiasericeaG.Don
DalbergiaassamicaBenth.
DalbergiaatropurpureaDucke
Dalbergiafoliosa(Benth.)A.M.Carvalho
DalbergiaaturensisPittier
DalbergiainundataBenth
DalbergiaaureaBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiabakeriBaker
DalbergiabalansaePrain
DalbergiabarclayiHook.
Munduleabarclayi(Hook.)DuPuy.
DalbergiabarclayiiHook.[Spellingvariant]
Munduleabarclayi(Hook.)DuPuy.
DalbergiabariensisPierre
DalbergiabaroniiBaker
DalbergiabarretoanaHoehne
Dalbergiavillosavar.barretoana
DalbergiabathieiR.Vig.
DalbergiabeccariiPrain
DalbergiabeddomeiThoth.
DalbergiabenthamiPrain[Spellingvariant]
DalbergiabenthamiiPrain
DalbergiabenthamiiPrain
DalbergiabernieriBaill.
DalbergiasuaresensisBaill.
Dalbergiaberteroi(DC.)Urb.
DalbergiabhutanicaThoth.
DalbergiaassamicaBenth
DalbergiabignonaeBerhaut
DalbergiabintuluensisSunarno&Ohashi
DalbergiablumeiHassk.
Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain
Dalbergiaboehmiisubsp.boehmii
DalbergiaboehmiiTaub.
Dalbergiaboehmiisubsp.stuhlmannii(Taub.)Polhill
DalbergiaboehmiiTaub.
DalbergiaboinensisJum.
DalbergiatrichocarpaBaker
DalbergiaboiviniiBaill.
DalbergiahildebrandtiiVatke
DalbergiabojeriDrake
DalbergiabonianaGagnep.
DalbergiaborneensisPrain
DalbergiabrachystachyaBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiabracteolataBaker
DalbergiabrasiliensisVogel
DalbergiabrevicaudataVatke
Craibiabrevicaudata(Vatke)Dunn
Dalbergiabrownei(Jacq.)"Schinz,p.p."
Dalbergiaecastaphyllum(Jacq.)Urb..
Dalbergiabrownei(Jacq.)Schinz[Spellingvariant]
Dalbergiabrownie(Jacq.)Urb.
Dalbergiabrownei(Jacq.)Urb.
DalbergiaburmanicaPrain
DalbergiacalderoniiStandl.
Dalbergiacalderoniivar.calderonii
DalbergiacalderoniiStandl.
DalbergiacalycinaBenth.
DalbergiacambodianaPierre
DalbergiacampechianaBenth.
Dalbergiaglabra(Mill.)Standl.
DalbergiacampenoniiDrake
DalbergiacanaKurz
Dalbergiacandenatensis(Dennst.)Prain
Dalbergiacanescens(Elmer)Merr.
DalbergiacapuroniiBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiacarringtonianaSousa
DalbergiacassioidesA.Gray
Dalbergiamimosella(Blanco)Prain.
DalbergiacatingicolaHarms
DalbergiacaudataG.Don
DalbergiacavalerieiH.Lév.
DalbergiastenophyllaPrain.
DalbergiacearensisDucke
DalbergiachampioniiThwaites
Dalbergiapseudo\sissooMiq.
DalbergiachapelieriBaill.
DalbergiachermezoniiR.Vig.
Dalbergiamollisvar.menabeensis(R.Vig.)Bosser&
R.Rabev.
DalbergiachlorocarpaR.Vig.
DalbergiachontalensisStandl.&L.O.Williams
DalbergiacibixPittier
Dalbergiaglabra(Mill.)Standl.
DalbergiaclarkeiThoth.
DalbergiacloiseliiDrake
Dalbergiamadagascariensisvar.poolii(Baker)Bosser&
R.Rabev.
DalbergiacochinchinenisLaness.
DalbergiacochinchinensisPierre
Dalbergiacolettii"Prain,p.p."
Dalbergiayunnanensisvar.collettii(Prain)Thoth.
DalbergiacollettiiPrain
DalbergiayunnanensisFranch.
DalbergiacommiphoroidesBakerf.
DalbergiacomorensisBosser&R.Rabev.
Dalbergiaconfertiflora"Benth.,p.p."
DalbergiavolubilisRoxb.
DalbergiaconfertifloraBenth.
Dalbergiaconfertifloravar.confertiflora
DalbergiacuiabensisBenth
DalbergiacongensisBakerf.
DalbergiacongestaWight&Arn.
DalbergiacongestifloraPittier
DalbergiacoromandelianaPrain
DalbergiacrispaHepper
Dalbergiacubilquitzensis(Donn.Sm.)Pittier
DalbergiacucullataPittier
DalbergiacuiabensisBenth.
DalbergiacujabensisBenth.[Spellingvariant]
DalbergiacuiabensisBenth
DalbergiacultrataBenth.
Dalbergiacultratavar.cultrata
DalbergiacultrataBenth
DalbergiacumingianaBenth.
DalbergiacumingiiBenth.
DalbergiaparvifloraRoxb.
DalbergiacurtisiiPrain
Dalbergiacuscatlanica(Standl.)Standl.
DalbergiadalzieliiHutch.&Dalziel
DalbergiadarienensisRudd
DalbergiadavaoensisElmer
Dalbergiamimosella(Blanco)Prain
DalbergiadavidiiBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiadebilisJ.F.Macbr.
DalbergiadecipularisRizzini&A.Mattos
DalbergiadelavayiFranch.
Cladrastisdelavayi(Franch.)Prain
DalbergiadelphinensisBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiadensaBenth.
Dalbergiadensavar.densa
DalbergiadensaBenth
DalbergiadensicomaBaill.
DalbergiapervilleiVatke.
Dalbergiadensiflora(Benth.)Benth.
Dalbergiadialoides(Pierre)Niyomdham
DalbergiadiphacaPers.
Ormocarpumcochinchinense(Lour.)Merr.
DalbergiadiscolorBlume
DalbergiadiscolorBlumeexMiq.
Amerimnondiscolor(BlumeexMiq.)Kuntze.
DalbergiadiversifoliaMiq.
Dalbergiapseudo\sissooMiq.
DalbergiadomingensisPers.
Lonchocarpusdomingensis(Pers.)DC.
DalbergiadongnaiensisPierre
DalbergiaduarensisThoth.
DalbergiadubiaElmer
Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain
DalbergiaduperreanaPierre
DalbergiadyerianaHarms
DalbergiaealaensisDeWild.
Dalbergiaecastaphylla(L.)Taub.[Spellingvariant]
Dalbergiaecastaphyllum(Jacq.)Urb.
Dalbergiaecastaphyllum(L.)Taub.
Dalbergiaecastophyllum(L.)Taub.[Spellingvariant]
Dalbergiaecastaphyllum(Jacq.)Urb.
DalbergiaelataHarms
DalbergiaboehmiiTaub.
DalbergiaelegansA.M.Carvalho
DalbergiaemarginataPrain
DalbergiasissoidesWight&Arn.
DalbergiaemarginataRoxb.
DalbergialatifoliaRoxb.
DalbergiaemirnensisBenth.
Dalbergiaemirnensisvar.emirnensis
DalbergiaemirnensisBenth
DalbergiaenneandraHoehne
Dalbergiariedelii(Benth.)Sandwith.
DalbergiaenneaphyllaPittier
DalbergiaentadoidesPrain
DalbergiaeremicolaPolhill
Dalbergiaernest-uleiHoehne
DalbergiaerransCraib
DalbergiaerubescensBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiaeurybothryaDrake
DalbergiagreveanaBaill.
DalbergiafalcataPrain
DalbergiaferrugineaGlaz.
DalbergiaglazioviiHarms.
DalbergiaferrugineaRoxb.
DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.
Dalbergiaferrugineavar.daronensisElmer
DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.
Dalbergiaferrugineo-tomentosaHoehne
DalbergiacuiabensisBenth
DalbergiafischeriTaub.
DalbergiaflexuosaBenth.
DalbergiareniformisRoxb.
DalbergiafloribundaCraib
DalbergiafloriferaDeWild.
Dalbergiafoliacea"Prain,p.p."
DalbergiaentadoidesPrain.
DalbergiafoliaceaBenth.
Dalbergiarimosavar.foliacea(Benth.)Thoth.
DalbergiafoliolosaBenth.
Dalbergiafoliosa(Benth.)A.M.Carvalho
Dalbergiafoliosa(Benth.)T.S.Ralph
Dalbergiafoliosa(Benth.)A.M.Carvalho
DalbergiaforbesiiPrain
DalbergiafouilloyanaPellegr.
DalbergiafrondosaDC.
DalbergialanceolariaL.f.
Dalbergiafrutescens(Vell.)Britton
Dalbergiafrutescensvar.frutescens
Dalbergiafrutescens(Vell.)Britton
Dalbergiafrutescensvar.tomentosa(Vogel)Benth.
DalbergiafuneraStandl.
DalbergiafuscaPierre
DalbergiafuscaPrain
DalbergiacultrataBenth
Dalbergiafuscavar.enneandraS.Q.Zou&J.H.Liu
DalbergiafuscaPierre
DalbergiagardnerianaBenth.
DalbergiagentiliiDeWild.
DalbergiagerardianaBenth.[Spellingvariant]
DalbergiagardnerianaBenth
DalbergiagilbertiiCronquist
DalbergiagilletiiDeWild.
DalbergiahostilisBenth
DalbergiaglaberrimaBosser&R.Rabev.
Dalbergiaglaberrimasubsp.glaberrima
DalbergiaglaberrimaBosser&R.Rabev.
Dalbergiaglabra(Mill.)Standl.
Dalbergiaglabravar.chontalensis(Standl.&
L.O.Williams)Rudd
Dalbergiaglabravar.glabra
DalbergiachontalensisStandl.&L.O.Williams.
DalbergiaglandulosaBenth.
Dalbergiaglauca(Desv.)Amshoff
Dalbergiafoliosa(Benth.)A.M.Carvalho
DalbergiaglaucaKurz
Dalbergiaobtusifolia(Baker)Prain
Dalbergiaglabra(Mill.)Standl.
DalbergiaglaucaWall.
DalbergiaovataBenth
Dalbergiaglaucescens(Benth.)Benth.
DalbergiaglaucocarpaBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiaglazioviiHarms
DalbergiaglomerataHemsl.
DalbergiaglomerifloraKurz
Dalbergiaovatavar.glomeriflora(Kurz)Thoth.
DalbergiagodefroyiPrain
DalbergiagoetzeiHarms
DalbergiabracteolataBaker
DalbergiagossweileriBakerf.
DalbergiagracilisBenth.
DalbergiagranadilloPittier
DalbergiagrandibracteataDeWild.
DalbergiagrandidieriBaill.
DalbergiabracteolataBaker
DalbergiagrandistipulaA.M.Carvalho
DalbergiagreveanaBaill.
DalbergiagummiferaDC.
Ateleiagummifera(DC.)D.Dietr.
DalbergiaguttembergiiA.M.Carvalho
DalbergiahainanensisMerr.&Chun
DalbergiahanceiBenth.
DalbergiaharmsianaDeWild.
DalbergiaboehmiiTaub.
DalbergiahavilandiPrain[Spellingvariant]
DalbergiahavilandiiPrain
DalbergiahavilandiiPrain
DalbergiahemsleyiPrain
Dalbergialanceolariasubsp.paniculata(Roxb.)Thoth.
DalbergiahenryanaPrain
DalbergiaheptaphyllaPoir.
Lonchocarpusheptaphyllus(Poir.)DC.
DalbergiaheterophyllaWilld.
DerristrifoliataLour.
DalbergiaheudelotiiStapf
DalbergiahiemalisMalme
Dalbergiahildebrandtiivar.hildebrandtii
DalbergiahildebrandtiiVatke
Dalbergiahildebrandtiivar.scorpioides(Baker)Bosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiahildebrandtiiVatke
DalbergiahircinaBenth.
DalbergiasericeaG.Don.
DalbergiahircinaWall.
DalbergiasericeaG.Don.
DalbergiahirticalyxBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiahookeriBojer
Munduleasericeasubsp.madagascariensisDuPuy&
Labat
Dalbergiahorrida(Dennst.)Mabb.
DalbergiahorridaGraham
DalbergiaspinosaRoxb.
Dalbergiahorridavar.glabrescens(Prain)Thoth.&
Nair
Dalbergiahorridavar.horrida
Dalbergiahorrida(Dennst.)Mabb.
DalbergiahortensisHeringer&al.
DalbergiahoseanaPrain
DalbergiahostilisBenth.
DalbergiahullettiiPrain
DalbergiahumbertiiR.Vig.
DalbergiahupeanaHance
Dalbergiahupeanavar.hupeana
DalbergiahupeanaHance
Dalbergiahygrophila(Benth.)Hoehne
Dalbergiahygrophilavar.nephrocarpa(Ducke)
Hoehne
DalbergiahypargyreaHarms
Dalbergiaamazonica(Radlk.)Ducke
DalbergiahypoleucaPittier
DalbergiaretusaHemsl.
DalbergiaikopensisJum.
DalbergiagreveanaBaill.
Dalbergiainaequilatera(Poepp.)Wiehler
ColumneainaequilateraPoepp.&Endl.
DalbergiainsularisPulle
DalbergiabeccariiPrain.
DalbergiaintermediaA.M.Carvalho
DalbergiaintibucanaStandl.&L.O.Williams
DalbergiainundataBenth.
DalbergiaiquitosensisHarms
DalbergiaisaloensisR.Vig.
DalbergiagreveanaBaill.
DalbergiaisangiensisDeWild.
DalbergiasaxatilisHook.f.
DalbergiajaheriiBurck
DalbergiajavanicaMiq.
DalbergiasissoidesWight&Arn.
DalbergiajingxiensisS.Y.Liu
Dalbergiajunghuhnii"Baker,p.p."
DalbergiacurtisiiPrain
DalbergiajunghuhniiBenth.
DalbergiakerriiCraib
DalbergiakingianaPrain
DalbergiakisantuensisDeWild.&T.Durand
DalbergiakostermansiiSunarno&Ohashi
DalbergiakroweeRoxb.
Derrisrobusta(DC.)Benth
DalbergiakunstleriPrain
DalbergiakurziiPrain
Dalbergiakurziivar.kurzii
DalbergiakurziiPrain
DalbergialacciferaLaness.
DalbergiaoliveriPrain
DalbergialaceiThoth.
DalbergialacteaVatke
DalbergialaevigataStandl.
Acosmiumpanamense(Benth.)Yakovlev
Machaeriumfloribundumvar.hypargyreum(Harms)
Rudd.
DalbergialakhonensisGagnep.
Dalbergialakhonensisvar.lakhonensis
DalbergialakhonensisGagnep.
Dalbergialanata(Seem.)Wiehler
Columnealanata(Seem.)Kuntze
DalbergialanceolariaHemsl.
DalbergiabalansaePrain
DalbergialanceolariaL.f.
DalbergialanceolariaLitv.
Dalbergiamimosella(Blanco)Prain
DalbergialanceolariaMoon
PericopsismoonianaThwaites
DalbergialanceolariaNav.&Ferdinand
Dalbergiamimosella(Blanco)Prain
Dalbergialanceolariasubsp.lanceolaria
DalbergialanceolariaL.f.
Dalbergialanceolariasubsp.paniculata(Roxb.)
Thoth.
Dalbergialanceolariavar.assamica(Benth.)Thoth.
Dalbergialanceolariavar.maymyensis(W.G.Craib)
Thoth.
DalbergialastoursvillensisPellegr.
DalbergialaterifloraBenth.
DalbergialatifoliaRoxb.
Dalbergialatifoliavar.sissoides(Wight&Arn.)Baker
DalbergiasissoidesWight&Arn.
DalbergialaurentiiDeWild.
Aganopelucida(Baker)Polhill
DalbergialavigataStandl.[Spellingvariant]
Acosmiumpanamense(Benth.)Yakovlev
DalbergialaxifloraMicheli
DalbergialemuricaBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergialibrevillensisPellegr.
DalbergialimonensisBenth.
DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.
Dalbergialindeniana(Benth.)Hoehne
MachaeriumlindenianumBenth
DalbergialineataPittier
DalbergiaretusaHemsl.
Dalbergialivida"Wall.,p.p."
Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain
DalbergialongepedunculataJ.Linares&M.Sousa
DalbergialouisiiCronquist
DalbergialouveliiR.Vig.
DalbergialuteolaJ.Linares&M.Sousa
DalbergialuzonensisVogel
DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.
Dalbergiamacrophylla(Kunth)Spreng.
LonchocarpusmacrophyllusKunth
DalbergiamacrospermaBaker
DalbergiamacrothyrsaHarms
DalbergiasaxatilisHook.f.
Dalbergiamadagascariensissubsp.madagascariensis
DalbergiamadagascariensisVatke
DalbergiaassamicaBenth
Dalbergiamadagascariensisvar.poolii(Baker)Bosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiamadagascariensisVatke
DalbergiamalabaricaPrain
DalbergiamalangensisSousa
DalbergiamalifoliaWelw.exBaker
Amerimnonmalifolium(Welw.exBaker)Kuntze
DalbergiamammosaPierre
DalbergiamarcanianaCraib
DalbergiamarginataRoxb.
Derrismarginata(Roxb.)Benth
DalbergiamaritimaR.Vig.
Dalbergiamaritimavar.maritima
DalbergiamaritimaR.Vig.
DalbergiamartiniiF.White
DalbergiamaymensisCraib
Dalbergialanceolariasubsp.paniculata(Roxb.)Thoth.
DalbergiamaymyensisW.G.Craib
Dalbergialanceolariavar.maymyensis(W.G.Craib)
Thoth.
DalbergiamayumbensisBakerf.
DalbergiamegalocarpaHarms
Dalbergiaarbutifoliasubsp.aberransPolhill.
DalbergiamelanocardiumPittier
DalbergiamelanoxylonGuill.&Perr.
DalbergiamengsuoensisY.Y.Qian
DalbergiarimosaRoxb.
DalbergiamenoeidesPrain
DalbergiamexicanaPittier
Dalbergiamexicanavar.hygrophila(Mart.exBenth.)
J.F.Macbr.
DalbergiamicrocarpaBakerf.
Dalbergiahygrophila(Benth.)Hoehne.
DalbergiamicrocarpaR.Vig.
DalbergiapeltieriBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiamicrophyllaChiov.
DalbergiamillettiiBenth.
DalbergiamillettiiPrain
Dalbergiamillettiivar.mimosoides(Franch.)Thoth.
Dalbergiamillettiivar.mimosoides(Franch.)Thoth.
Dalbergiamimosella(Blanco)Prain
DalbergiamimosoidesFranch.
DalbergiaminahassaeKoord.
Dalbergiamimosella(Blanco)Prain
DalbergiamiscolobiumBenth.
DalbergiamodestaJ.Linares&M.Sousa
DalbergiamollisBosser&R.Rabev.
Dalbergiamollisvar.menabeensis(R.Vig.)Bosser&
R.Rabev.
Dalbergiamollisvar.mollis
DalbergiamonetariaL.f.
Dalbergiamonetariavar.brachyphyllaRadlk.
DalbergiamonetariaL.f.
Dalbergiamonetariavar.hygrophila(Benth.)
J.F.Macbr.
Dalbergiamonetariavar.monetaria
Dalbergiahygrophila(Benth.)Hoehne.
DalbergiamonophyllaG.A.Black
DalbergiamonospermaDalzell
Dalbergiacandenatensis(Dennst.)Prain
DalbergiamonticolaBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiamicrophyllaChiov.
DalbergiamollisBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiamonetariaL.f.
DalbergiamoonianaThwaites
PericopsismoonianaThwaites.
DalbergiamultifloraB.Heyne
Dalbergiahorrida(Dennst.)Mabb.
DalbergiamultifloraPrain
Dalbergiahorrida(Dennst.)Mabb.
Dalbergiamultifloravar.glabrescensPrain
Dalbergiahorridavar.glabrescens(Prain)Thoth.&Nair
DalbergiamultijugaE.Mey.
DalbergiamyriabotrysBaker
DalbergiagreveanaBaill.
Dalbergianegrensis(Radlk.)Ducke
DalbergianelsiiSchinz
Philenopteranelsii(Schinz)Schrire
DalbergianeoperrieriBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergianephrocarpaDucke
Dalbergiaamazonica(Radlk.)Ducke.
DalbergiangounyensisPellegr.
Dalbergianigra(Vell.)Benth.
DalbergianigrescensKurz
Dalbergialanceolariasubsp.paniculata(Roxb.)Thoth.
Dalbergianitida(Benth.)Hoehne
DalbergianitidulaBaker
DalbergianoldeaeHarms
DalbergianormandiiBosser&R.Rabev.
Dalbergianovo-guineenseMerr.&L.M.Perry
DalbergiabeccariiPrain
DalbergiaoblongifoliaG.Don
DalbergiaobovataE.Mey.
DalbergiaobtusaLecomte
DalbergiapervilleiVatke
Dalbergiaobtusifolia(Baker)Prain
Dalbergiaobtusifoliavar.obtusifolia
Dalbergiaobtusifolia(Baker)Prain
DalbergiaochraceaHarms
DalbergiaarbutifoliaBaker
DalbergiaodoriferaT.C.Chen
DalbergiaoligophyllaHutch.&Dalziel
DalbergiaoliveriPrain
DalbergiaoojeinensisRoxb.
Desmodiumoojeinense(Roxb.)H.Ohashi
DalbergiaorientalisBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiaovataBenth.
DalbergiaovataGraham
DalbergiaovataBenth
Dalbergiaovatavar.glomeriflora(Kurz)Thoth.
Dalbergiaovatavar.obtusifoliaBaker
Dalbergiaobtusifolia(Baker)Prain
Dalbergiaovatavar.ovata
DalbergiaovataBenth
DalbergiaoxyphyllaHarms
DalbergiacuiabensisBenth
Dalbergiapachycarpa(DeWild.&T.Durand)DeWild.
DalbergiapachycarpaDucke
Dalbergiariedelii(Benth.)Sandwith
DalbergiapacificaStandl.&Steyerm.
Dalbergiacuscatlanica(Standl.)Standl.
Dalbergiapalo-escritoRzed.
DalbergiapaniculataRoxb.
Dalbergialanceolariasubsp.paniculata(Roxb.)Thoth.
DalbergiapapuanaPulle
DalbergiaalbertisiiPrain
DalbergiaparvifloraRoxb.
DalbergiapaucifoliolataLundell
DalbergiapeguensisThoth.
DalbergiapeishaensisChun&T.Chen
DalbergiapeltieriBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiapentaphyllaPoir.
Lonchocarpusheptaphyllus(Poir.)DC.
DalbergiaperrieriDrake
DalbergiatrichocarpaBaker
DalbergiaperrieriJum.
DalbergiagreveanaBaill.
DalbergiapervilleiVatke
DalbergiaphyllanthoidesMiq.
DalbergiajunghuhniiBenth
DalbergiapierreanaPrain
DalbergiapinatubensisElmer
Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain
Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain
Dalbergiapinnatavar.acaciifolia(Dalzell)Thoth.
Dalbergiapinnatavar.badiaMerr.
Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain
Dalbergiapinnatavar.pinnata
Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain
DalbergiaplurifloraBakerf.
DalbergiapolyadelphaPrain
DalbergiapolyphyllaBenth.
DalbergiapolyphyllaPoir.
Glottidiumvesicarium(Jacq.)R.M.Harper
DalbergiapooliiBaker
Dalbergiamadagascariensisvar.poolii(Baker)Bosser&
R.Rabev.
DalbergiapraecoxHochst.exA.Rich.
PterocarpuslucensGuill.&Perr.
DalbergiaprainiiThoth.
DalbergiaprazeriPrain
DalbergiaoliveriPrain
DalbergiapreussiiHarms
Dalbergiasaxatilisvar.preussii(Harms)Cronquist
Dalbergiapseudo-ovataThoth.
Dalbergiapseudo-sissooMiq.
DalbergiapseudobaroniiR.Vig.
DalbergiapterocarpifloraBaill.
DalbergiachapelieriBaill.
DalbergiapterocarpifloraBaker
DalbergiachapelieriBaill.
DalbergiapubescensHook.
DalbergiasubcymosaDucke
DalbergiapurpurascensBaill.
Dalbergiapurpurea"Benth.,p.p."
DalbergiavolubilisRoxb.
DalbergiapurpureaKurz
DalbergiakurziiPrain
DalbergiapurpusiiBrandegee
Dalbergiaglabra(Mill.)Standl.
DalbergiaradiataPrain
Dalbergiapseudo-sissooMiq.
DalbergiareniformisRoxb.
DalbergiareticulataMerr.
DalbergiaretusaBaill.
DalbergiapervilleiVatke
DalbergiaretusaHemsl.
Dalbergiaretusavar.lineata(Pittier)Rudd
DalbergiaretusaHemsl.
Dalbergiaretusavar.retusa
DalbergiaretusaHemsl.
DalbergiarevolutaDucke
DalbergiarhachiflexaJ.Linares&M.Sousa
DalbergiarichardiiBaill.
DalbergiabracteolataBaker
DalbergiarichardsiiSunarno&Ohashi
Dalbergiariedelii(Benth.)Sandwith
DalbergiarimosaRoxb.
Dalbergiarimosavar.foliacea(Benth.)Thoth.
Dalbergiarimosavar.rimosa
DalbergiarimosaRoxb.
Dalbergiariparia(Mart.)Benth.
DalbergiarivularisMerr.&L.M.Perry
DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.
DalbergiarobustaDC.
Derrisrobusta(DC.)Benth
DalbergiaroseiHoehne
DalbergialaterifloraBenth
DalbergiarostrataHassk.
DalbergiarostrataPrain
Dalbergiapseudo-sissooMiq.
DalbergiarotundifoliaSond.
Pterocarpusrotundifolius(Sond.)Druce
DalbergiarubiginosaRoxb.
DalbergiaruddiaeJ.Linares&M.Sousa
DalbergiarufaG.Don
DalbergiarufaGraham
Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain
DalbergiarugosaHepper
DalbergiasacerdotumPrain
DalbergiasaigonensisPierre
Dalbergianigrescensvar.saigonensis(Pierre)Gagnep.
DalbergiasalvanaturaeJ.Linares&M.Sousa
DalbergiasambesiacaSchinz
DalbergiasampaioanaKuhlm.&Hoehne
DalbergiasandakanensisSunarno&Ohashi
DalbergiasaxatilisHook.f.
Dalbergiasaxatilisvar.preussii(Harms)Cronquist
DalbergiascandensRoxb.
Derrisscandens(Roxb.)Benth
DalbergiascorpioidesBaker
Dalbergiascortechinii(Prain)Prain
Dalbergiahildebrandtiivar.scorpioides(Baker)Bosser
&R.Rabev.
DalbergiasericeaBojer
Munduleasericea(Willd.)A.Chev.
DalbergiasericeaG.Don
DalbergiasessilifloraHarms
DalbergiaobovataE.Mey.
DalbergiasetiferaHutch.&Dalziel
DalbergiasimplicifoliaMerr.
DalbergiarostrataHassk.
DalbergiasimpsoniiRudd
DalbergiasissoidesGraham
DalbergiasissoidesWight&Arn.
DalbergiasissoidesWight&Arn.
DalbergiasissooDC.
DalbergiaspinosaRoxb.
DalbergiaspinosaWight&Arn.
DalbergiacoromandelianaPrain
Dalbergiaspruceana(Benth.)Benth.
DalbergiastenocarpaKurz
DalbergiasericeaG.Don
Dalbergiastenocarpavar.menabeensisR.Vig.
Dalbergiamollisvar.menabeensis(R.Vig.)Bosser&
R.Rabev.
Dalbergiastenocarpavar.typicaR.Vig.
DalbergiamollisBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiastenophyllaPrain
DalbergiastercoraceaPrain
DalbergiastevensoniiStandl.
DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.
Dalbergiastipulaceavar.stipulacea
DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.
DalbergiastipulaceaeFern.-Vill.
DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.
DalbergiastipulataWall.
Amerimnonstipulatum(Wall.)Kuntze
DalbergiastocksiiBenth.
DalbergiamelanoxylonGuill.&Perr.
DalbergiastriataBojer
Munduleasericeasubsp.madagascariensis
DalbergiastuhlmanniiTaub.
Dalbergiaboehmiisubsp.stuhlmannii
DalbergiasuaresensisBaill.
Dalbergiasubalternifolia(Elmer)Merr.
DalbergiarostrataHassk.
DalbergiasubcymosaDucke
DalbergiasuccirubraGagnep.&Craib
DalbergiasuccirubraGagnepain&Craib
Dalbergiavelutinavar.succirubra(Gagnepain&Craib)
Niyomdham
DalbergiasympatheticaNimmo
Dalbergiahorrida(Dennst.)Mabb.
DalbergiaszemaoensisPrain
DalbergiaassamicaBenth
DalbergiatabascanaPittier
Dalbergiaglabra(Mill.)Standl.
DalbergiatamarindifoliaRoxb.
Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain
Dalbergiatamarindifoliavar.acaciifolia(Dalzell)Baker
Dalbergiapinnatavar.acaciifolia(Dalzell)Thoth.
Dalbergiatamarindifoliavar.pubescensBaker
DalbergiamalabaricaPrain
DalbergiateijsmanniiSunarno&Ohashi
DalbergiateixeiraeSousa
DalbergiatelfairiiBojer
Munduleasericeasubsp.madagascariensisDuPuy&
Labat
DalbergiathomsoniiBenth.
DalbergiathoreliiGagnep.
DalbergiatilaranaN.Zamora
DalbergiatimoriensisDC.
Derrisscandens(Roxb.)Benth
DalbergiatingensBaill.
RoureaorientalisBaill.
DalbergiatinnevelliensisThoth.
Dalbergiatomentosa(Benth.)Ducke
DalbergiaintermediaA.M.Carvalho
DalbergiatomentosaVogel
Dalbergiafrutescensvar.tomentosa(Vogel)Benth.
DalbergiatonkinensisPrain
DalbergiatortaA.Gray
Dalbergiacandenatensis(Dennst.)Prain
DalbergiatortaGraham
Dalbergiacandenatensis(Dennst.)Prain
DalbergiatoxicariaBaill.
RoureaorientalisBaill.
DalbergiatravancoricaThoth.
DalbergiatrichocarpaBaker
DalbergiatricolorDrake
Dalbergiatricolorvar.tricolor
DalbergiatricolorDrake
DalbergiatsaratananensisBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiatsiandalanaR.Vig.
DalbergiatsoiMerr.&Chun
DalbergiatucurensisDonn.Sm.
Dalbergiauarandensis(Chiov.)Thulin
DalbergiaurschiiBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiavacciniifoliaVatke
Dalbergiavariabilisvar.bahiensisHoehne
DalbergiacearensisDucke
Dalbergiavariabilisvar.cubilquitzensisDonn.Sm.
Dalbergiacubilquitzensis(Donn.Sm.)Pittier
Dalbergiavariabilisvar.tomentosa(Vogel)Benth.
Dalbergiafrutescensvar.tomentosa(Vogel)Benth
DalbergiavariabilisVogel
Dalbergiafrutescens(Vell.)Britton
DalbergiavelutinaBenth.
Dalbergiavelutinavar.succirubra(Gagnepain&Craib)Niyomdham
Dalbergiavelutinavar.velutina
DalbergiavelutinaBenth
DalbergiaverrucosaCraib
DalbergiaviguieriBosser&R.Rabev.
Dalbergiavillosa(Benth.)Benth.
Dalbergiavillosavar.barretoana(Hoehne)A.M.Carvalho
Dalbergiavillosavar.divaricataHoehne
Dalbergiavillosa(Benth.)Benth
Dalbergiavillosavar.villosa
Dalbergiavillosa(Benth.)Benth
Dalbergiaviolacea(Jacq.)Hoffmanns.
DalbergiamiscolobiumBenth
Dalbergiaviolacea(Vogel)Malme
DalbergiamiscolobiumBenth
Dalbergiavolubilis(L.)Urb.
DalbergiamonetariaL.f.
DalbergiavolubilisRoxb.
Dalbergiavolubilisvar.cuspidigeraHoehne
DalbergiamonetariaL.f.
Dalbergiavolubilisvar.volubilis
DalbergiavolubilisRoxb.
DalbergiawattiiC.B.Clarke
DalbergiaxerophilaBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiaximengensisY.Y.Qian
DalbergiayunnanensisFranch.
Dalbergiayunnanensisvar.collettii(Prain)Thoth.
Dalbergiayunnanensisvar.yunnanensis
DalbergiayunnanensisFranch.
Annex 2. Distribution of accepted species names of the genus Dalbergia according to “The
InternationalLegumeDatabaseandInformationService”(ILDIS,2013).
Note.DifferentreferencesourceswerealsoutilisedandthoseareindicatedbyspecificnumbersaftertheISOcodesofcountriesmentionedin
Annex2.
ACCEPTEDSPECIESNAMES
RANGESTATES
DalbergiaabbreviataCraib
DalbergiaabrahamiiBosser&R.Rabev.
TH
MG
DalbergiaacariianthaHarms
DalbergiaacutaBenth.
DalbergiaacutifoliolataMendonca&Sousa
DalbergiaadamiBerhaut
DalbergiaafzelianaG.Don
DalbergiaagudeloiJ.Linares&M.Sousa
DalbergiaajudanaHarms
DalbergiaalbertisiiPrain
DalbergiaalbifloraHutch.&Dalziel
DalbergiaaltissimaBakerf.
Dalbergiaamazonica(Radlk.)Ducke
DalbergiaamerimmonL.exB.D.Jacks.
DalbergiaandapensisBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiaarbutifoliaBaker
Dalbergiaarbutifoliasubsp.aberransPolhill
DalbergiaarmataE.Mey.
DalbergiaassamicaBenth.
DalbergiaaureaBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiabakeriBaker
DalbergiabalansaePrain
DalbergiabariensisPierre
DalbergiabaroniiBaker
DalbergiabathieiR.Vig.
DalbergiabeccariiPrain
DalbergiabeddomeiThoth.
DalbergiabenthamiiPrain
Dalbergiaberteroi(DC.)Urb.
DalbergiabignonaeBerhaut
DalbergiabintuluensisSunarno&Ohashi
Dalbergiaboehmiisubsp.stuhlmannii(Taub.)Polhill
DalbergiaboehmiiTaub.
DalbergiabojeriDrake
DalbergiabonianaGagnep.
DalbergiaborneensisPrain
DalbergiabrachystachyaBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiabracteolataBaker
DalbergiabrasiliensisVogel
Dalbergiabrownei(Jacq.)Urb.
TZ
BR
ZM
SN
AO,CM,CF,CD,GA,GN,GW,NG,SL,TG
1
1
1
1
SV ,GT ,HN ,NI BJ
ID,PG,SB
CI,NG,SL
1
VE 4
1
BR,CO ,FR ,GY,VE
1
US MG
MW,MZ,TZ,ZM,ZW
CD,TZA
MZ,ZA,LK,SZ,TZ
2
2
2
1
1
1
BD ,BT ,KH ,CN,IN,KE,LA ,MM,TH ,VN MG
AO,CD,GA
CN,VN
2
2
KH ,LA ,TH,VN
MG,TZ
MG
BN,ID,MY,PG,SB
IN
1
CN,VN 1
1
1
CU ,HT ,JM GW,CI,SN,TG
MY
3
AO,CM,CF,CD,GW,KE,MW ,MY,MZ,SL,SD,TZ,ZM,ZW
MG
VN
ID,MY
MG
KE,MG,MZ,TZ
BR
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
BZ,CO,CR,CU ,DO ,EC ,SV ,GT,HT ,HN ,JM ,MX,NI,PA,
1
1
TT ,GB ,US,VE
CN,MM
1
1
1
BZ ,SV,GT ,HN ,MX,NI
2
1
1
1
BZ ,CR ,SV ,GT,HN ,MX,NI
KH,VN
MG
2
LA ,MM,TH
1
AU,BD,BN,KH ,CN,FJ,IN,ID,MY,FM,PG,PH,MM,SG,SB,
LK,TH,VN
MY,PH
MG
AO
BR
DalbergiaburmanicaPrain
DalbergiacalderoniiStandl.
DalbergiacalycinaBenth.
DalbergiacambodianaPierre
DalbergiacampenoniiDrake
DalbergiacanaKurz
Dalbergiacandenatensis(Dennst.)Prain
Dalbergiacanescens(Elmer)Merr.
DalbergiacapuroniiBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiacarringtonianaSousa
DalbergiacatingicolaHarms
1
www.tropicos.org
www.iucnredlist.org
3
Sahaetal.,2013
4
Grandter&Chevrette,2013
5
Shu,T.H.,2010
2
DalbergiacaudataG.Don
DalbergiacearensisDucke
DalbergiachapelieriBaill.
DalbergiachlorocarpaR.Vig.
DalbergiachontalensisStandl.&L.O.Williams
DalbergiaclarkeiThoth.
DalbergiacochinchinenisLaness.
DalbergiacochinchinensisPierre
DalbergiacommiphoroidesBakerf.
DalbergiacomorensisBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiaconfertifloraBenth.
DalbergiacongensisBakerf.
DalbergiacongestaWight&Arn.
DalbergiacongestifloraPittier
DalbergiacoromandelianaPrain
DalbergiacrispaHepper
Dalbergiacubilquitzensis(Donn.Sm.)Pittier
DalbergiacucullataPittier
DalbergiacuiabensisBenth.
DalbergiacultrataBenth.
DalbergiacumingianaBenth.
DalbergiacurtisiiPrain
Dalbergiacuscatlanica(Standl.)Standl.
DalbergiadalzieliiHutch.&Dalziel
DalbergiadarienensisRudd
DalbergiadavidiiBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiadebilisJ.F.Macbr.
DalbergiadecipularisRizzini&A.Mattos
DalbergiadelphinensisBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiadensaBenth.
Dalbergiadensiflora(Benth.)Benth.
Dalbergiadialoides(Pierre)Niyomdham
DalbergiadiscolorBlume
DalbergiadongnaiensisPierre
DalbergiaduarensisThoth.
DalbergiaduperreanaPierre
DalbergiadyerianaHarms
DalbergiaealaensisDeWild.
Dalbergiaecastaphyllum(L.)Taub.
DalbergiaelegansA.M.Carvalho
DalbergiaemirnensisBenth.
DalbergiaenneaphyllaPittier
DalbergiaentadoidesPrain
DalbergiaeremicolaPolhill
Dalbergiaernest-uleiHoehne
DalbergiaerransCraib
DalbergiaerubescensBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiafalcataPrain
DalbergiafischeriTaub.
DalbergiafloribundaCraib
DalbergiafloriferaDeWild.
DalbergiafoliolosaBenth.
Dalbergiafoliosa(Benth.)A.M.Carvalho
DalbergiaforbesiiPrain
DalbergiafouilloyanaPellegr.
Dalbergiafrutescens(Vell.)Britton
Dalbergiafrutescensvar.tomentosa(Vogel)Benth.
1
www.tropicos.org
www.iucnredlist.org
3
Sahaetal.,2013
4
Grandter&Chevrette,2013
5
Shu,T.H.,2010
2
3
BR,MX MG
MG
1
1
SV ,GT ,NI
IN
2
KH,LA ,PG,SB,TH,VN
KH,LA,PG,SB,TH,VN
ET,KE,SO
1
KM BD,IN,MX
AO,CF
IN
1
SV IN
NG,SL
1
BZ ,CR,MX,NI
VE
BO,BR
2
5
KH ,CN ,IN,LA,MM,TH,VN
PH
ID,LA,MY,TH,VN
1
CR,SV ,GT,MX,PA
CM,GA,NG,TG
PA
MG
PE
BR
MG
AU,ID,PG,PH
BR
ID,MY,PH,TH
KH,TH,VN
IN
KH,TH
CN
AO,CM,CD,GA
AO,AG,BS,BB,BZ,BR,CM,CO,CR,CU,DM,DO,GQ,FR,GM,
1
1
3
GH,GD,GT,GN,GW,GY,HT,HN ,IN,CI,JM ,LR,MU ,MX,NI,
1
NG,NL,PA,PY ,PE,VC,ST,SN,SL,SR,TG,TT,GB,US
BR
MG
VE
KH,LA,TH,VN
KE,SO
BR
TH
MG
BN,ID,MY
MW,MZ,TZ,ZM,ZW
TH
AO,CF,CD
1
BO ,BR
1
BR,CO,FR,GY ,SR,VE
ID,LA,TH
GA
1
1
1
AR,BO,BR,CO ,CR ,EC ,GY,PY,PE,VE
1
4
BO ,BR,SR,VE DalbergiafuneraStandl.
DalbergiafuscaPierre
DalbergiagardnerianaBenth.
DalbergiagentiliiDeWild.
DalbergiagilbertiiCronquist
DalbergiaglaberrimaBosser&R.Rabev.
Dalbergiaglabra(Mill.)Standl.
DalbergiaglandulosaBenth.
Dalbergiaglaucescens(Benth.)Benth.
DalbergiaglaucocarpaBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiaglazioviiHarms
DalbergiaglomerataHemsl.
DalbergiagodefroyiPrain
DalbergiagossweileriBakerf.
DalbergiagracilisBenth.
DalbergiagranadilloPittier
DalbergiagrandibracteataDeWild.
DalbergiagrandistipulaA.M.Carvalho
DalbergiagreveanaBaill.
DalbergiaguttembergiiA.M.Carvalho
DalbergiahainanensisMerr.&Chun
DalbergiahanceiBenth.
DalbergiahavilandiiPrain
DalbergiahenryanaPrain
DalbergiaheudelotiiStapf
DalbergiahiemalisMalme
Dalbergiahildebrandtiivar.scorpioides(Baker)Bosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiahildebrandtiiVatke
DalbergiahirticalyxBosser&R.Rabev.
Dalbergiahorrida(Dennst.)Mabb.
Dalbergiahorridavar.glabrescens(Prain)Thoth.&Nair
DalbergiahortensisHeringer&al.
DalbergiahoseanaPrain
DalbergiahostilisBenth.
DalbergiahullettiiPrain
DalbergiahumbertiiR.Vig.
DalbergiahupeanaHance
Dalbergiahygrophila(Benth.)Hoehne
DalbergiaintermediaA.M.Carvalho
DalbergiaintibucanaStandl.&L.O.Williams
DalbergiainundataBenth.
DalbergiaiquitosensisHarms
DalbergiajaheriiBurck
DalbergiajingxiensisS.Y.Liu
DalbergiajunghuhniiBenth.
DalbergiakerriiCraib
DalbergiakingianaPrain
DalbergiakisantuensisDeWild.&T.Durand
DalbergiakostermansiiSunarno&Ohashi
DalbergiakunstleriPrain
DalbergiakurziiPrain
DalbergialaceiThoth.
DalbergialacteaVatke
DalbergialakhonensisGagnep.
DalbergialanceolariaL.f.
Dalbergialanceolariasubsp.paniculata(Roxb.)Thoth.
Dalbergialanceolariavar.maymyensis(W.G.Craib)Thoth.
DalbergialastoursvillensisPellegr.
DalbergialaterifloraBenth.
1
www.tropicos.org
www.iucnredlist.org
3
Sahaetal.,2013
4
Grandter&Chevrette,2013
5
Shu,T.H.,2010
2
SV,GT
1
1
CN,MM ,VN IN
CD
CD
MG
1
BZ,CR,SV ,GT,HN,MX,NI
BR
BR
MG
BR
1
2
2
CR ,GT ,HN ,MX
KH,LA,TH
AO
BO,BR
1
SV ,MX
CD,GN
BR
2
MG BR
CN
CN,TH,VN
BN,MY
CN
CD,GA,GH,GN,CI,LR,NG,SN,SL
BR
MG
MG
MG
IN,LA,TH,VN
BR
MY
AO,BJ,CM,CF,CD,GQ,GA,GH,GN,GW,CI,LR,NG,SL,TG
ID,MY,SG
MG
CN,LA,VN
4
BR,CO ,PE,VE
1
1
BR,GY ,VE HN
BR,CO,GY,PE,VE
BR,PE
ID
1
CN ID,MY,SG
LA,TH
CN,MM
AO,CD,GA
ID,MY
MY
TH
MM,TH
BI,CM,CD,ET,GA,KE,MW,MZ,NG,RW,SD,TZ,UG,ZM,ZW
LA,TH
1
BD,KH,HN ,IN,PK,MM,LK,TH,VN
KH,IN,LA,NP,MM,TH,VN
GA
BR
DalbergialatifoliaRoxb.
DalbergialaxifloraMicheli
DalbergialemuricaBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergialibrevillensisPellegr.
DalbergialongepedunculataJ.Linares&M.Sousa
DalbergialouisiiCronquist
DalbergialouveliiR.Vig.
DalbergialuteolaJ.Linares&M.Sousa
DalbergiamacrospermaBaker
Dalbergiamadagascariensisvar.poolii(Baker)Bosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiamadagascariensisVatke
DalbergiamalabaricaPrain
DalbergiamalangensisSousa
DalbergiamammosaPierre
DalbergiamarcanianaCraib
DalbergiamaritimaR.Vig.
DalbergiamartiniiF.White
DalbergiamayumbensisBakerf.
DalbergiamelanocardiumPittier
DalbergiamelanoxylonGuill.&Perr.
DalbergiamenoeidesPrain
DalbergiamexicanaPittier
DalbergiamicrophyllaChiov.
DalbergiamillettiiBenth.
Dalbergiamillettiivar.mimosoides(Franch.)Thoth.
Dalbergiamimosella(Blanco)Prain
DalbergiamimosoidesFranch.
DalbergiamiscolobiumBenth.
DalbergiamodestaJ.Linares&M.Sousa
DalbergiamollisBosser&R.Rabev.
Dalbergiamollisvar.menabeensis(R.Vig.)Bosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiamonetariaL.f.
DalbergiamonophyllaG.A.Black
DalbergiamonticolaBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiamultijugaE.Mey.
Dalbergianegrensis(Radlk.)Ducke
DalbergianeoperrieriBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiangounyensisPellegr.
Dalbergianigra(Vell.)Benth.
Dalbergianitida(Benth.)Hoehne
DalbergianitidulaBaker
DalbergianoldeaeHarms
DalbergianormandiiBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiaoblongifoliaG.Don
DalbergiaobovataE.Mey.
Dalbergiaobtusifolia(Baker)Prain
DalbergiaodoriferaT.C.Chen
DalbergiaoligophyllaHutch.&Dalziel
DalbergiaoliveriPrain
DalbergiaorientalisBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiaovataBenth.
Dalbergiaovatavar.glomeriflora(Kurz)Thoth.
Dalbergiapachycarpa(DeWild.&T.Durand)DeWild.
Dalbergiapalo-escritoRzed.
DalbergiaparvifloraRoxb.
DalbergiapaucifoliolataLundell
DalbergiapeguensisThoth.
1
www.tropicos.org
www.iucnredlist.org
3
Sahaetal.,2013
4
Grandter&Chevrette,2013
5
Shu,T.H.,2010
2
3
BD ,FR,IN,ID,KE,MY,MU,NP,NG,PK,SG,LK,TZ,UG
CD
MG
GA
1
1
HN ,MX 2
2
2
2
BJ ,CM ,CG ,CD,GA ,NG
MG
1
1
GT ,MX AO
MG
MG
IN
AO,TZ,ZM
VN
TH
MG
NA,ZM,ZW
AO
1
1
1
BZ ,CR,SV,GT,HN ,MX,NI 3
2
AO,BW,BF,BI ,CF,TD,CD,ET,IN,CI,KE,MW,ML,MZ,NA ,
2
NG,SN,ZA,SS ,LK,SD,TZ,UG,ZM,ZW
ID,MY
1
MX ET,KE,SO,TZ
BT,CN,IN,MM
BT,IN,MM
ID,MY,PH
1
CN,IN BR
1
MX MG
MG
1
1
BZ,BO ,BR,CO,CR,CU,DO,EC ,FR,GT,GY,HT,HN,JM,MX,
2
1
NI,PA,PE,LC ,VC,SR,TT,US ,VE
BR
MG
ZA
BR
MG
CD,GA,SL
BR
BO,TZ
AO,BI,CD,MW,MZ,RW,ZA,UG,ZM,ZW
AO,GW
2
MG GH,GW,CI,LR,SN,SL
MZ,ZA,TZ
CN,MM,TH
CN
CM,NG,SL
IN,MY,MM,TH,VN
MG
2
BD,LA ,MM,TH,VN
MM,TH
AO,CM,CD
MX
BN,ID,LA,MY,MM,SG,TH
1
MX MM
DalbergiapeishaensisChun&T.Chen
DalbergiapeltieriBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiapervilleiVatke
DalbergiapierreanaPrain
Dalbergiapinnata(Lour.)Prain
Dalbergiapinnatavar.acaciifolia(Dalzell)Thoth.
DalbergiaplurifloraBakerf.
DalbergiapolyadelphaPrain
DalbergiapolyphyllaBenth.
DalbergiaprainiiThoth.
Dalbergiapseudo-ovataThoth.
Dalbergiapseudo-sissooMiq.
DalbergiapseudobaroniiR.Vig.
DalbergiapurpurascensBaill.
DalbergiareniformisRoxb.
DalbergiareticulataMerr.
DalbergiaretusaHemsl.
DalbergiarevolutaDucke
DalbergiarhachiflexaJ.Linares&M.Sousa
DalbergiarichardsiiSunarno&Ohashi
Dalbergiariedelii(Benth.)Sandwith
DalbergiarimosaRoxb.
Dalbergiarimosavar.foliacea(Benth.)Thoth.
Dalbergiariparia(Mart.)Benth.
DalbergiarostrataHassk.
DalbergiarubiginosaRoxb.
DalbergiaruddiaeJ.Linares&M.Sousa
DalbergiarufaG.Don
DalbergiarugosaHepper
DalbergiasacerdotumPrain
DalbergiasalvanaturaeJ.Linares&M.Sousa
DalbergiasambesiacaSchinz
DalbergiasampaioanaKuhlm.&Hoehne
DalbergiasandakanensisSunarno&Ohashi
DalbergiasaxatilisHook.f.
Dalbergiasaxatilisvar.preussii(Harms)Cronquist
Dalbergiascortechinii(Prain)Prain
DalbergiasericeaG.Don
DalbergiasetiferaHutch.&Dalziel
DalbergiasimpsoniiRudd
DalbergiasissoidesWight&Arn.
DalbergiasissooDC.
DalbergiaspinosaRoxb.
Dalbergiaspruceana(Benth.)Benth.
DalbergiastenophyllaPrain
DalbergiastercoraceaPrain
DalbergiastevensoniiStandl.
DalbergiastipulaceaRoxb.
DalbergiasuaresensisBaill.
DalbergiasubcymosaDucke
DalbergiasuccirubraGagnep.&Craib
DalbergiateijsmanniiSunarno&Ohashi
DalbergiateixeiraeSousa
DalbergiathomsoniiBenth.
DalbergiathoreliiGagnep.
DalbergiatilaranaN.Zamora
DalbergiatinnevelliensisThoth.
DalbergiatonkinensisPrain
1
www.tropicos.org
www.iucnredlist.org
3
Sahaetal.,2013
4
Grandter&Chevrette,2013
5
Shu,T.H.,2010
2
CN
MG
MG
KH
BD,BT,CN,IN,ID,LA,MY,NP,PG,PH,MM,TH,VN
IN
AO
CN
PH
MM
MM
IN,MY,LK,TH
MG
BD,IN,MM
PH
2
1
1
1
BZ ,CO ,CR,SV,GT ,HN ,MX,NI,PA
BR,VE
1
MX MY
1
1
1
BO ,BR,CO,EC ,FR ,GY,PE,SR,VE
1
1
5
BD,BT,KH ,CN,IN,ID ,LA,MY ,MM,TH,VN
MM,TH
1
1
BO ,BR,EC ,GY,PE
BN,IN,ID,MY,PH,SG,LK
3
CN ,IN
1
1
CR ,MX CM,CD,GN,GW,NG,SN,SL
GR,LR,SL
CN
1
SV MZ
BR
MY
AO,CM,CD,GA,GH,GW,CI,LR,NG,SN,SL,TG
ID,MY
3
5
1
BT,CN,KE ,NP,MM ,VN GH,CI
PE
IN,ID
1
AF,AU,BD,BT,TD,CN,DO,GH,GW,HN ,IN,ID,IR,IQ,KE,MY,
MZ,NP,NE,NG,OM,PK,MM,SN,SL,SD,TZ,UG,US,ZM,ZW
BD,IN,KY,MM
BO,BR,VE
5
1
CN,TH ,VN ID,MY,SG
1
BZ,GT,HN ,MX
1
BD,BT,KH ,CN,IN,ID,LA,MY,NP,PG,PH,MM,SB,TH,VN
MG
1
BO ,BR,FR,GY,PE,SR,VE
TH
ID
AO
IN
KH,LA,TH
1
CR,MX ,NI,PA
IN
CN,VN
DalbergiatravancoricaThoth.
DalbergiatrichocarpaBaker
DalbergiatricolorDrake
DalbergiatsaratananensisBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiatsiandalanaR.Vig.
DalbergiatsoiMerr.&Chun
DalbergiatucurensisDonn.Sm.
Dalbergiauarandensis(Chiov.)Thulin
DalbergiaurschiiBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiavacciniifoliaVatke
DalbergiavelutinaBenth.
Dalbergiavelutinavar.succirubra(Gagnepain&Craib)Niyomdham
DalbergiaverrucosaCraib
DalbergiaviguieriBosser&R.Rabev.
Dalbergiavillosa(Benth.)Benth.
Dalbergiavillosavar.barretoana(Hoehne)A.M.Carvalho
DalbergiavolubilisRoxb.
DalbergiawattiiC.B.Clarke
DalbergiaxerophilaBosser&R.Rabev.
DalbergiaximengensisY.Y.Qian
DalbergiayunnanensisFranch.
Dalbergiayunnanensisvar.collettii(Prain)Thoth.
1
www.tropicos.org
www.iucnredlist.org
3
Sahaetal.,2013
4
Grandter&Chevrette,2013
5
Shu,T.H.,2010
2
IN
MG
MG
MG
MG
CN
1
1
BZ,CR,SV ,GT,HN,MX,NI SO
MG
KE,TZ
BD,IN,ID,LA,MY,MM,SG,TH
TH
MG
1
BO ,BR
BR
1
3
BD,CN ,IN,LA,NP,LK,TH,VN IN
MG
1
CN 1
CN,IN MM