Introduction
to Biological Concepts
and Research
AP Biology Ch. 1
Why it matters ...
“Biology is the study of life”
“Life on planet Earth”
What is LIFE? Origin, make up, maintenance, development, persistence, change,
evolution, etc.
CHARACTERISTICS; construction/ components, functions, roles, location,
replication, relationships, metabolism… can you recall 6-8 from Biology?
“Unity in diversity” - huge variety of life forms with surprising and simple
similarities.
Ideas of vitalism (life emerges) and mechanism (chemistry and physics rules)
Study Outline - 2 hand outs from AP College Board
Chapter(s)/ Section(s)
BIG IDEAS
AP Standards
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1.1 What is Life? Characteristics of
Living Organisms
# 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and
molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and
to maintain dynamic homeostasis
1.2 Biological Evolution
# 1: Evolution = change in the genetic makeup of a
population over time
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Organisms share many
conserved core processes
1.3 Biodiversity and the Tree of Life
# 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and
unity of life….. So very different because of genes, but
super similar because of DNA…. Humm :-)
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Several hypotheses
Much evidence
Common processes and
features
1.4 Biological Research
“Protocols” - standard ways to approach evidence,
collect data, conduct labs/ use equipment, ask
questions, etc
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Convert data sets
Apply mathematics
Investigate cause and effect
Evaluate evidence
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All organisms require energy
that is captured, stored and
transferred
Organisms exchange matter
to grow, reproduce and
maintain homeostasis
1.1 Characteristics of Living Organisms
“Picture a lizard on a rock turning its head to follow the movements of another
lizard. You know the lizard is alive and the rock is not.” … but how and why ?
Create a Venn diagram of a living dandelion growing up through a crack in non
living pavement
DANDELION
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.Atoms
2.molecules
3. Changes
4.
PAVEMENT
1.
2.
3.
4.
Levels and Emergent Properties
Characteristics that are dependent on the level of organization but were not
present in lower levels of organization.
Atoms → molecules → macromolecules → cells → tissues → organs →
(carbon )
(carbon-carbon)
(protein, DNA)
(membrane, nucleus)
(muscle)
(heart)
organisms → populations → communities…. Biosphere
(coyote)
(all the coyotes in Barry county)
(coyotes, rabbits, baby turkeys, grass, trees. roads/traffic) ……
Choose any example of a macromolecule/ cell / tissue and tell how it is related to what’s above and below it in this
series.
Chemical Instructions for
Structure and Function
Living things are composed of chemicals and their are directions for arranging those molecules and
the shape of the molecule determines its function
DNA - the directions for making proteins.
DNA - RNA - proteins (linear to 3D) ….. Code that was written and entered into 3D printer then
making something that is actually 3D - after all its layers and turns. We know code; not turns.
Proteins/ Enzymes- everything related to cells is either made of protein or run/ regulated by
proteins. “Proteos = most important”
Carbs - fuel; accessible or stored, some structural… importance of bonds for glucose vs cellulose
Lipids - structure determines “good” vs “bad”
Metabolism
“Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism”
Assemble, disassemble, synthesize, digest, rearrange, build….
ATP, proteins, enzymes, carbs. Autotrophs not only make their own sugar
they make ALL of their own organic compounds
Photosynthesis, cellular respiration, decomposition
calories= heat to raise 1 g water 1 degree Celsius
Calorie/ Kilocalorie = 1000 c (these are food calories)
Energy Flows and Matter Cycles
Solar energy becomes stored chemical bond energy in carbs - eventually to
bonds in ATP then used to make DNA and proteins. But will becomes heat.
Entropy will increase even when building something more ordered. Heat will not
return to the sun. FLOW of energy from structured bonds to heat in universe
Matter cycles from CO2 to carbs to CO2 - even if it’s in limestone or shells for
awhile or a tree for 100s of years it will cycle - FINITE amount of carbon atoms
and they are not being created or destroyed only moved.
C HOPKINS CaFe Mg NaCl
Chemical reactions form, break and reform bonds
* * Know this list of elements **
Compensation for external environment aka Homeostasis
Maintaining of a steady internal state in-spite of changing conditions externally.
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So blood sugar stays close to 100 mg/dL for many hours between meals
with the help of glucagon and insulin and shouldn’t spike and drop. (Insulin
resistance and diabetes will impact this; range is 70-140)
Core body temp is 98.6 F whether it’s 45 F or 112 F but will shiver or sweat
and fingers/ toes/ nose, even skin may have more variation
Kidneys (concentration) skin, heart, brain, hormones, liver, circulation are
all closely overlapped to compensate for changes
Reproduction and Heredity
need to be able to replicate DNA, and follow
directions
1.
2.
Make more cells
a.
b.
c.
Grow larger
Fix cuts and breaks
Repair what wears out
d.
Sometimes more individuals if singled
celled organism like algae
Make more individuals
a.
b.
3.
Egg, sperm, pollen, spores, etc
Directly if single celled
Read DNA in order to develop
a.
Have to pass information on (physically) to
the next generation
Development and Life Cycles
born/ hatch/sprout - develop - mature - reproduce - age (senescence) - die
(mortality)
Bonus: what movie contains this word?
DIFFERENTIATION of cells into specialized cells and tissues
Develop 3D organisms and tissues and organs…. .think about orientation
Requires DNA directions, chemical concentrations, orientation, gravity, etc.
Evolution
Systems are collections of changes
Natural selection - variation present and nature selects which varieties work best trial and error - survival of the fittest - constantly changing target
Artificial selection - domestication , cross breeding, cultivation
Examples of human traits showing biogeographic trends include sickle cell anemia
1.2 Biological Evolution
Populations change
Traits are inherited
Diversity and variation exist in populations
What is the difference between artifical and
natural selection ?
Darwin and Wallace
Darwin 5 years on the HMS Beagle; pigeons
Wallace in S. America and Asia
1858
1.
2.
3.
4.
Limits to size of populations (carrying capacity; don’t all survive)
Variety is common, some varieties are more successful
Traits are inherited so if you’re successful your traits go to your offspring
Traits that are most common see increases and decreases are reversals.
Mutations, Adaptations and Survival
Mutations are changes in the DNA/ genetic code
These changes happen in individuals
But show as a change in traits seen in populations / gene pool
As a change in genotype and/or phenotype frequencies
Some mutations are helpful; and some are not - get passed to offspring
McIr gene for coloration in Rock pocket mice (Arizona)
1.3 Biodiversity & The Tree of Life
Species = group of individuals with DNA close enough to interbreed in nature
and produce viable offspring. (Strain in single celled organisms)
Trunks = ways to look at similarities; physical traits, DNA sequences,
biomolecules
Domains and Kingdoms
Prokarya
Bacteria and Archaea
Eukarya
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells/ organisms?
Know the complete
classification for a
human being
1.4 Biological Research
Basic or Pure Knowledge
vs.
Explain
Lots we don’t know
Just to know; Academia
Applied Science
Use
Solve a problem
Marketable; Good for all
STEM (STEAM) -->
Science Technology Engineering (and the Arts)and Mathematics
There is a lot that is still unknown!!
Types of Scientific Methods
Hypothetical Deductive Method
Typical/ learned sequence/ not really that linear…
Claim - Evidence - Reasoning
Correlative Method
Very common
Uses correlations in data to make a prediction (WEATHER Models)
Why is the scientific method really a loop or spiral?
Terms you will need:
Observational (descriptive) and Experimental (manipulated) data
Quantitative (number, quantity) and Qualitative (quality or character) data
Hypothesis If, Then, …. Therefore…. Because….
Explains what you will see and why
Null Hypothesis - what you will see if there’s not support for hypothesis - it’s an
alternative hypothesis
Graphing to show relationship between variables
More terms
SKEPTICISM
CURIOSITY
Model organism = develops rapidly, short life cycle, small size, large # offspring
Mice, flies, bacteria, worms, plants, anoles, fish
Molecular Techniques = 1941 Beadle & Tatum with bread mold
Biotechnology = use a living organism for a product
Theories = many tests/ experiments with SAME hypothesis - Confirms a pattern or explains a broad idea
“Plausible or scientifically acceptable, well substantiated
explanation of some aspect of the natural world”
QUESTIONS
A.
B.
C.
Write as much of power point as you need
a.
That being said - just hitting print will not get the information into your head
b.
Writing and reading and hearing and highlighting and answering questions means you’ve
done it 5 X….. practice, practice, practice :-)
Answer the embedded questions in your notebook and be able to show
them to me - either as they appear in the notes or on a separate page
Answer the following text book questions
a.
b.
Page 21 Discuss the Concepts #1, 2, 3
Page 21 Apply Evolutionary Thinking #1