Clinical Infectious Diseases
1 September 2013
Volume 57
Number 5
i News
iii In the Literature
ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES
631
Medical Students’ Perceptions and Knowledge About Antimicrobial
Stewardship: How Are We Educating Our Future Prescribers?
Lilian M. Abbo, Sara E. Cosgrove, Paul S. Pottinger, Margaret Pereyra, Ronda Sinkowitz-Cochran,
Arjun Srinivasan, David J. Webb, and Thomas M. Hooton
This study highlights an important education gap among US medical schools, suggesting that more
attention should be given to instruction of medical students about the principles of antimicrobial
stewardship. Medical schools should be partners in global efforts to reduce antimicrobial resistance.
639
On the cover: Chavín Jar Representing Kissing Bug.
pottery, before 1000 AD, unknown artist (Peruvian,
ca. 400–200 BC), Artemis Gallery Ancient Art,
Lafayette, CO. Reproduced with permission.
Chagas disease, caused by a trypanosome parasite, is transmitted through the bite of a kissing
bug, which typically finds victims while they are
asleep. The parasites cause an initial flu-like
illness that can be treated if caught. But if it is not
diagnosed, it may remain a long-term infection,
eventually damaging the intestines or the heart.
The disease is endemic in much of Latin America
and the southern United States. It can be fatal.
The Chavín civilization, which produced this and
other characteristically zoomorphic jars, was an agricultural economy which flourished prior to the
advent of the Incas. Their economy was based on
maize, corn, potatoes, and domesticated llamas. The
figures represented on their pottery jars were those
drawn from the fauna familiar to an agricultural
people. Major cultural centers included Chavín de
Huántar, which has been designated a UNESCO
World Heritage site north of Lima. Some of the civilization’s relics are in the Museo de la Nación in
Lima, and in the Museo Nacional de Chavín, in
Chavín de Huántar.
(Mary & Michael Grizzard, Cover Art Editors)
Investigation of a Chlamydia pneumoniae Outbreak in a Federal
Correctional Facility in Texas
Laura Conklin, Jennifer Adjemian, Jennifer Loo, Sema Mandal, Carol Davis, Sharyn Parks, Tina Parsons,
Brian McDonough, Jorge Partida, Kathleen Thurman, Maureen H. Diaz, Alvaro Benitez, Tracy Pondo,
Cynthia G. Whitney, Jonas M. Winchell, Newton Kendig, and Chris Van Beneden
We investigated a Chlamydia pneumoniae outbreak at a federal correctional facility. Higher risk was
observed among white inmates and residents of housing unit Y, suggesting that social interaction
contributed to transmission. Chlamydia pneumoniae persisted in the oropharynx after antibiotic therapy.
648
Foodborne Outbreak of Group A Streptococcus Pharyngitis Associated
With a High School Dance Team Banquet—Minnesota, 2012
Sarah K. Kemble, Amy Westbrook, Ruth Lynfield, April Bogard, Nicole Koktavy, Kelly Gall, Victoria Lappi,
Aaron S. DeVries, Edward Kaplan, and Kirk E. Smith
Foodborne transmission should be considered as a possible cause of clusters of group A
Streptococcus (GAS) pharyngitis. When possible, strain typing should be employed in epidemiologic
investigations of suspected GAS outbreaks to enhance understanding of the epidemiology of GAS
disease.
655
A Large Community Outbreak of Blastomycosis in Wisconsin With
Geographic and Ethnic Clustering
Monika Roy, Kaitlin Benedict, Eszter Deak, Miles A. Kirby, Jena T. McNiel, Carrie J. Sickler,
Eileen Eckardt, Ruth K. Marx, Richard T. Heffernan, Jennifer K. Meece, Bruce S. Klein, John R. Archer,
Joan Theurer, Jeffrey P. Davis, and Benjamin J. Park
This report describes the largest known US outbreak of blastomycosis, in which we observed
neighborhood and household clustering of cases in north-central Wisconsin in 2010. Persons of Hmong
ethnicity were disproportionately affected. A common outdoor source was not identified.
663
Marijuana Smoking Does Not Accelerate Progression of Liver Disease
in HIV–Hepatitis C Coinfection: A Longitudinal Cohort Analysis
Laurence Brunet, Erica E. M. Moodie, Kathleen Rollet, Curtis Cooper, Sharon Walmsley, Martin Potter,
and Marina B. Klein; for the Canadian Co-infection Cohort Investigators
In a large human immunodeficiency virus–hepatitis C virus coinfection cohort, we found no evidence that
marijuana smoking accelerated progression to significant liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, or end-stage liver disease.
Previous studies reporting an association may have been biased by reverse causation due to self-medication.
671
Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) Reactivation
and HHV-6 Encephalitis After Allogeneic
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation:
A Multicenter, Prospective Study
REVIEW ARTICLE
704
Rita L. Finley, Peter Collignon, D. G. Joakim Larsson, Scott A. McEwen,
Xian-Zhi Li, William H. Gaze, Richard Reid-Smith, Mohammed Timinouni,
David W. Graham, and Edward Topp
Masao Ogata, Takako Satou, Jun-ichi Kadota, Noriyuki Saito,
Takashi Yoshida, Hirokazu Okumura, Toshimitsu Ueki, Koji Nagafuji,
Shinichi Kako, Nobuhiko Uoshima, Mitsuru Tsudo, Hidekazu Itamura,
and Takahiro Fukuda
This large-scale, prospective, multicenter study showed that high
levels of plasma human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) DNA are associated with
higher risk of HHV-6 encephalitis. Cord blood transplantation is a
significant risk factor for high-level HHV-6 reactivation and HHV-6
encephalitis.
682
Emerging Trends in the Epidemiology of Invasive
Group B Streptococcal Disease in England and
Wales, 1991–2010
Theresa L. Lamagni, Catherine Keshishian, Androulla Efstratiou,
Rebecca Guy, Katherine L. Henderson, Karen Broughton, and
Elizabeth Sheridan
Marked increases in the incidence of invasive group B streptococcal
infection in England and Wales were identified between 1991 and 2010
with a relative shift toward adult disease. Changes in serotypes were
noted with marked increase in erythromycin resistance across all age
groups.
The Scourge of Antibiotic Resistance: The
Important Role of the Environment
Antibiotic resistance levels are rising around the world. Because
antibiotic usage in people and animals is the major driver for this
resistance, the role of the environment in the emergence and spread of
antibiotic resistance is often overlooked.
PHOTO QUIZ
711
A 40-Year-Old Woman From a Native Indian
Community With Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
and Hemoptysis
(Answer on pages 765–6.)
INVITED ARTICLES
712
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Laboratory Diagnosis of HIV in Adults: A Review
of Current Methods
Julia Kang Cornett and Thomas J. Kirn
689
Despite advancements in laboratory methods, an unacceptably high
percentage of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
remain unaware of their diagnosis. A proposed alternative algorithm for
the diagnosis of HIV should lead to improved detection of HIV infections,
particularly acute HIV and HIV-2.
Clinical Features of Dog- and Bat-Acquired Rabies
in Humans
Sean J. Udow, Ruth Ann Marrie, and Alan C. Jackson
Clinical and laboratory features were analyzed in dog- and batacquired human rabies cases. Aerophobia, hydrophobia, and
encephalopathy were more common in dog-acquired rabies, whereas
focal neurological deficit, local sensory symptoms, and myoclonus were
more common in bat-acquired rabies.
719
CLINICAL PRACTICE
Urinary Tract Infections: Current and Emerging
Management Strategies
BRIEF REPORTS
Amelia E. Barber, J. Paul Norton, Adam M. Spivak, and
Matthew A. Mulvey
697
Urinary tract infections are often caused by strains of uropathogenic
Escherichia coli (UPEC), which are becoming increasingly resistant to
antibiotics. This review considers UPEC pathogenic mechanisms along
with current management strategies and emerging therapies.
MonoMAC Syndrome in a Patient With a GATA2
Mutation: Case Report and Review of the
Literature
Jose F. Camargo, Stephen A. Lobo, Amy P. Hsu, Christa S. Zerbe,
Gary P. Wormser, and Steven M. Holland
725
700
Emergence of Sequence Type 398 as a
Community- and Healthcare-Associated
Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus
in Northern Manhattan
Anne-Catrin Uhlemann, Cory Hafer, Benjamin A. Miko,
Madeleine G. Sowash, Sean B. Sullivan, Qiuhu Shu, and
Franklin D. Lowy
HIV/AIDS
A Primer on Performing Systematic Reviews and
Meta-analyses
Craig A. Umscheid
A primer is presented on conducting systematic reviews, highlighting
differences between review types, outlining steps in performing a
systematic review, and offering resources to help authors perform and
report valid reviews.
HIV/AIDS
768
Reply to Gelfand et al and Solla
Nuria Fernández-Hidalgo, Benito Almirante, and Albert Pahissa
735
Immunogenicity and Safety of the Human
Papillomavirus 6, 11, 16, 18 Vaccine in
HIV-Infected Young Women
770
Jessica A. Kahn, Jiahong Xu, Bill G. Kapogiannis, Bret Rudy, René Gonin,
Nancy Liu, Craig M. Wilson, Carol Worrell, and Kathleen E. Squires
Among 16- to 23-year-old human immunodeficiency virus–infected
young women who were human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA and HPV
seronegative at the time of vaccination with the quadrivalent HPV
vaccine, immune responses to vaccination were generally robust and the
vaccine was well tolerated.
745
A Single Amino-Acid Change in a Highly
Conserved Motif of gp41 Elicits HIV-1
Neutralization and Protects Against CD4
Depletion
Caroline Petitdemange, Abla Achour, Stefania Dispinseri, Isabelle Malet,
Alexis Sennepin, Raphaël Ho Tsong Fang, Joël Crouzet,
Anne-Geneviève Marcelin, Vincent Calvez, Gabriella Scarlatti,
Patrice Debré, and Vincent Vieillard
A specific substitution in a 3S-based immunogen might allow the
generation of specific anti-gp41 antibodies that are capable of eliciting
neutralizing antibodies and countering natural killer cytotoxicity against
CD4+ T cells.
756
Incidence and Timing of Cancer in HIV-Infected
Individuals Following Initiation of Combination
Antiretroviral Therapy
Elizabeth L. Yanik, Sonia Napravnik, Stephen R. Cole,
Chad J. Achenbach, Satish Gopal, Andrew Olshan, Dirk P. Dittmer,
Mari M. Kitahata, Michael J. Mugavero, Michael Saag,
Richard D. Moore, Kenneth Mayer, W. Christopher Mathews,
Peter W. Hunt, Benigno Rodriguez, and Joseph J. Eron
Kaposi sarcoma and lymphoma rates were highest immediately after
antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation, particularly among patients with
low CD4 cell counts, whereas other cancers increased with time on ART.
Calendar year of ART initiation was not associated with subsequent
cancer incidence.
Nicholas Kiraly, Shyamali C. Dharmage, and Katrina J. Allen
770
Combination Therapy for Enterococcal
Endocarditis
Reply to Kiraly et al
Maxwell A. Witt, Paul H. Katz, Elizabeth T. Truong, and David J. Witt
771
HIV Self-Testing: Money Matters
Oon-Tek Ng and Mei-Ting Tan
772
Reply to Ng and Tan
Sue Mavedzenge Napierala, Rachel Baggaley, and Elizabeth L. Corbett
772
Candidemia Subsequent to Severe Infection Due
to Clostridium difficile: Is There a Link?
Maurizio Guastalegname, Alessandro Russo, Marco Falcone,
Simone Giuliano, and Mario Venditti
774
Retention in Care and Health Outcomes of
Transgender Persons Living With HIV
Baligh R. Yehia, John A. Fleishman, Richard D. Moore, and Kelly A. Gebo
776
Occupational Distribution and Prevalence of
Influenza, China, 2008–2012
Rongzhang Hao, Yewu Zhang, Peng Li, Yong Wang, Shaofu Qiu,
Zhenjun Li, Ligui Wang, Zhihao Wu, Rui Lin, Nan Liu, Guang Yang,
Chaojie Yang, John D. Klena, and Hongbin Song
ERRATA
779
Scallan E and Mahon BE (Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54:
S381–4)
779
Ong KL et al (Clin Infect Dis 2012; 54:S424–31)
779
Al Shuaibi M et al (Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56:
943–50)
779
Campo R et al (Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56:1637–45)
779
Garg S et al (Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56:1480–7)
CORRESPONDENCE
767
Reduced Risk of Pertussis Among Persons Ever
Vaccinated With Whole-Cell Pertussis Vaccine
Compared to Recipients of Acellular Pertussis
Vaccines May Have Been Confounded by Age
Michael S. Gelfand and Kerry O. Cleveland
768
Effectiveness of Ampicillin Plus Ceftriaxone
Compared to Ampicillin Plus Gentamicin for
Treating Enterococcus faecalis Infective
Endocarditis: A Noninferiority Question Not Yet
Properly Investigated
Davi Jorge Fontoura Solla
ELECTRONIC ARTICLE
e135 Cerebrospinal Fluid HIV-1 Compartmentalization
in a Patient With AIDS and Acute VaricellaZoster Virus Meningomyeloradiculitis
E. Liana Falcone, Ademiposi A. Adegbulugbe, Virginia Sheikh,
Hiromi Imamichi, Robin L. Dewar, Dima A. Hammoud, Irini Sereti, and
H. Clifford Lane
We report a case of AIDS presenting as varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
meningomyeloradiculitis associated with human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) quasispecies compartmentalization within the cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF), and a CSF viral load that was 1 log higher than in peripheral
blood. Prolonged antiviral therapy for both VZV and HIV type 1 was
associated with partial resolution.
The electronic article listed above is freely available in this issue
of Clinical Infectious Diseases online (http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/
content/current).