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Compare enamel painting techniques and motifs, and colors of chemical
compounds and enamel Sabean Ahvaz
Yekta Asgharzadeh
Master Restoration of historical and cultural objects, Sureh University
Page | 362
Niloofar Zahedpour
Bachelor of Islamic Arts, Sureh University
ABSTRACT:
Enameling is an ancient art industry, which despite the diversity of techniques, motifs and techniques, few
studies have been conducted on it. This study intends to Sabean enamel and enamel painting of two types
in terms of technique and design, to cross examine the historical method. From books, theses and articles
that so far in this field for similar or the same type have been carried out; the only answer some of the
questions in this direction and objective observations and field research, the main part research into the back
round. The question that is being raised is whether the techniques and motifs from the past Sabean enamel
has remained the same and if the time has changed, why? And why enamel of the Safavid period has not
changed? So that it is placed between layers of cultural life. To achieve the best response is required both
in terms of methods and techniques and motifs and cultural links with the creators of this kind of belief
evaluated. The aim of this study was to identify similarities and contradictions between the enamel more in
line with Sabean and enamel painting techniques and motifs of the effect of time on them.
KEYWOEDS: enamel, Mandaean Sabean enamel , Isfahan enamel, enamel techniques, enamel designs
INTRODUCTION:
Art metalworking and in particular Pug has a long history. If history search for the metal arts, pug has
established a strong connection between science and art. This link is often experimentally and to this day
has passed from generation to generation, has also changed the culture and beliefs of the creators of works
and its consumers. Mandaean Sabians of enamel and enamel painting, although with a known name, but in
terms of techniques and designs used are not synonymous. The investigation conducted so far, enamel
painting because of its comprehensiveness and the commercial and manufacturing centers in the heart of
the tourist center of Iran, has always been of interest to researchers and aficionados. Mandaean Sabian while
the enamel is ignored by researchers. So research in this area is necessary and important.
Given the quantity of written sources and lack of access to oral culture Sabean, in the process of completing
its study seeks, field research and library proceed in one direction. The aim of this study was to record the
experiences of survivors of the art of enamel and enamel Sabean and technical comparison between the two
art designs and durable in Iran. While this study only a small step to capture our share of this art is eternal.
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ENAELLING:
enamel art, decorative art on metal, glass and stone ornaments particular the ability to run and it is also
called enamel on metal. The word literally means a clause in the glazed enamel, contrast and colors and
Page | 363 colorful Tiki and transparent as well as the inlay of glass used and the physical name is Kbvdrng. In literary
language the term enamel is beautiful compositions, such as Mynavsh, Mynakhanh, Mynafam, enamel
dome, enamel and unless the load is particularly important in art and aesthetics. This art is known all over
the world and all its variants produced in Latin is called «ENAMEL». America and England in the English
language the term is used in two different meanings which in America means vitreous enamels that are used
to cover the pores of the surface of metals and metal glaze is common in Persian, While in the UK means
decorative glaze is applied on the body and sometimes as equivalent to decorate or «DECORATION» is
used. Rueen Pakbaz is describing to these terms: Enamelling vitreous material that melts on the surface of
metal objects, translucent look like glazed tiles finds. Enamel is the fairly ancient history. Probably, the
first was developed by the Iranians in the Sassanid era and the technology was transferred to the Eastern
Roman Empire. (Pakbaz, 564: 1383) Finally it can be said that an effect of the use of colors glazed enamel
on metal and baking it in extreme heat is obtained. With the discovery of this art by Iranians and other
nations promoting it among the best in the world emerged, including eye-catching Byzantine enamels can
be noted. This art is considered one of the human creative innovation based on complex chemical
interactions form. On the one hand simple factors such as “Silicon1” and “Minium2” and “Potasium3” and
the other precious stones that their combination creates enamel. Because this is a laboratory of art and, in
fact, substances that combine metal oxides caused by heat, gives color to be achieved in combination with
constant salt and Colors with temperature and heating time is much to find.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
This study was conducted library research and field. Certainly in the way of library books, articles and
dissertations have been investigated and due to the lack of field observations and interviews were used in
parallel. Interviews with craftsmen in the field to complete information and accurate response has been
questioned.
MANDAEAN SABIANS:
A group of religious minorities in this country and in the region of Khuzestan, Ahvaz, Abadan and
Khorramshahr live less understood and taken into consideration. Since the late Parthian period, the oldest
of our fellow citizens or permanent residence Mandaean Sabians were called that. (Hooshyar, Zahedifar,
74: 1386) They migrated from the area around the southern lands of today's Palestine home because of the
similarity of climate and rich water resources also chose to perform religious rites. Sabean word originally
from the verb Saba 'is a word taken lightly and means to be baptized, Sabean also, the word is derived from
the root Hebrew Saby (S-B-S),is, the sink in the water. (Ajil zadeh, 35: 1380) Mandaeans word is derived
from "manda" means mysticism. Khuzestan local people call them "Sabi" call. "Mandaean Sabians believe
the first Prophet Adam (AS), the second Prophet Noah (AS), the third Imam Sam (AS), and the Prophet
Yahya (AS)." (Ibid., 89), "Sabean Mandaean holy books" scrolls Adam " that the language of the Mandaean
1
) Silicon (Sio2)
) Minium (Pb3O4)
3
) Potasium (K)
2
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"Gnzarba" (the treasure) called its verses dedicated to the Prophet Yahya (aS), the book "Gnzarba" starts
with the unity verse. "
(The same, 97) the name of the Sabians religion as one of the divine religions, in three verses of Surah of
the Holy Quran written. In the chapter of "The Baqareh", "Maede" and "Haj" to them as people and the
people of the book is Unitarian.
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Enamels out art Mandaean Sabians
Jobs and art that have been treated many times during Sabean, enamel on gold and silver. "According to
the" chest of drawers "Mandaeans in Iraq and Iran, Europeans before World War I came to the regions of
Mesopotamia them" conservatives silver circumstantial evidence "was called. So it seems that the Sabean
Mandaean has been engaged in this art. "(Keshavarzi, Nik shnas, 18: 1389) they engraved by art and
language, image and special designs on metals to express their stories and beliefs. According to the survey
(1391) in Ahvaz, similar to the impact of metals by my appearance but was believed Pictures "Farhan
Chhyly" (1392), a resident of Ahwaz and believers Mandaean religion says: "... old art pug Sabean seems
to be more than nine hundred years from the start with the same techniques and modern designs is produced.
Some researchers believe that less than two centuries old pug is in this area. In "ornament of history" that
"Pug on silver since about 150 years ago to the current figure was traditional but with a forty-year old is
gold." (Hooshyar, Zahedifar, 76: 1386) Although it appears to lack of written historical sources, can not be
clearly identified this art dating But it should be borne in mind that raised the art-industry dating back to
the period of their employment in Iran and Sabean in the land of their ancestors and the past pug is unknown
except that this ancestral art and undoubtedly it paid in its territory.
Enamel techniques Sabean
In general, they Enamel done metals include gold, silver, copper and iron. Sabean doing more work on
gold, but sometimes Enamel The works can be seen on the silver. "The main reason for the choice of silver,
is the shine of the metal, as white with light symptoms Mandaeans and a good value and can also choose
gold because of its brightness, which is a symbol of the sun." (Misaghi, Moradmand, 123: 1381) is one of
the most important causes of the gold and silver as flush pug works Sabean, their high melting point.
Because if metal melting point lower than the melting point of the alloy enamel is flush before baking
enamel, metal melts. In addition to the items listed, according to local artists pug in the field of high valueMandaeans lot of hard work and of course it is. So the art is done on precious metals. Pug art Sabean five
stages that include: construction underway in two ways engraving and "Stampping" (templates), use of
enamel and enamel on the surface, filing and sanding enamels, etching and engraving effects and final
payment. The first metal was melted down gold and copper or silver to add ten percent. According Chhyly
(1391) In this work must be 22 carat gold with enamel is soft and when not to break. To lower the melting
point of gold from the "body of work" that a "silicate" is used. Used to work in gold and scrap, ingots or
gold is different. Then Pug surfaces that must be mastered by your own brushes that makes them given
form. This item has acted like a cavern and it is engraved metal surface in such a way that plays to appear
prominently and indeed around the pit design. In Stampping, flush the metal is heated and then format it on
hardware that is still made by the artist, are located. Then it several times with a heavy hammer on metal
waiting to be transported role. Today, in order to speed up the production process, more than Stampping
methods are used. The mold was making difficult and usually requires one to two days time. For making
molds, the designs are engraved on metal template. This must be done with patience and careful, because
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it depends on the quality of work produced. (Image 1). Then, the "seal" or "hardened" to be hard and does
not deform on impact.
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Image (1): Non-ferrous form for the procedure Stampping (Source: The author, Ahvaz, 1391)
Then the enamel powder is placed on the sunken relief. "Enamel powder and various metal oxides are
formed. Mina is a metal oxide of sulfur, silver and copper has been formed. Today enamel required to
produce chemical and countries such as Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, and enter the
country. In the past, enamel and enamel artist Saby and derivatives of sulfur, silver, copper and a little water
was prepared. But in connection with its preparation in the traditional way and according to their opinion
they have been forgotten.
Sabean same black enamel with enamel color is that of originality, but because of market demand,
sometimes the enamel color such as green, blue and red are used. "(Keshavarzi, Nik shenas, 25: 1389) in
his article" Take a pug Ahvaz "states:" there powdered enamel to erode. The alloy powder of some
substance. Black enamel is composed of iron oxide, lead, cobalt oxide-manganese dioxide. "(Bagheri, 13:
1385) The remarkable thing is that the composition of the enamel and water some" sugar "is added to the
enamel thinner and smoother flush on the player. At this point enamelled pieces by a broad flat tail and kept
or below and the heat it up. Heat-forming and baking by the "Hand furnace" or "torch" done. Fire directly
on the ground to enamel is melted and smooth and evenly spread at the Good Work. To play it smoothly,
master their hands constantly and slowly moves from side to side. Sabean enamel baked in two steps. After
this stage, the effect is five to six minutes left to lose his own temperature and then heat it up to take Enamel
Mood leaden and opaque. "To strengthen the enamel on the piece, it is for moments in" sulfuric acid4"and
then put them out." (Hooshyar, Zahedifar, 77: 1386) Sabean Unlike enamel painted enamels, clothes size
and depth to your designs it fills. All glazed surface by adding metal graters are worn and polished. The
rasp, sandpaper lines created by the glaze is gone and washing with water and soap work is ready to etch
step. This step makes it beautiful and the designs are getting. This is done by pen as required by the master,
makes them only done by hand pressure and without the aid of a hammer. "Engraved bangle or ring for the"
desire "to form a cylindrical device used so that after putting the object on it, scrimshaw work is done. If
the fragment plates with different forms, it is placed on the lacquer melted and separated after completion
of the work by heating pieces of wax and with a clean oil)"( Misaghi, Moradmand, 124: 1381). Upon
completion of the engraving work, due to the Cold payment method, payment is final." In the cold, so the
engine (to work by electric grindstone) is applied on the surface of the stone, cloth or soft cover drawn by
4
) That boric acid is used to lower the melting temperature alloy enamel.
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Page | 366
its rapid rotation and contact with the fragment levels, the action payment is carried out. Before contacting
the pieces with a grindstone, polishing or polisher applied on it, then its back to the grindstone, the action
takes place entirely. "( Hooshyar, Zahedifar, 77: 1386) practice of paying for clean and shiny metal surface
and does not affect the color and quality enamel. Pay spots created on the metal and the artist's works have
finished the piece and it is quite polished.
Designs in Sabean enamel
Valid documents and written histories about people Sabean less than its pug designs that can be analyzed
with historical roots. But it can be focused and careful in their religion and their holy living environment
and climate consideration received information. Perhaps one of the most telling evidence of their designs
artwork's history and identity. In fact, "The most important feature of Ahvaz pug simply choose containers
and ornaments and motifs used in the form of work is derived from the culture, religion and history and
geography Mandaeans Location. That's why the designs of their own and is not used somewhere else. "(
Misaghi, Moradmand, 124: 1381) with respect to geographical and cultural context of Khuzestan, pug
designs Sabean is divided into eight groups:
Animal motifs, floral, animal, historic buildings, "Raft5" and boat, humanitarian relief, water, "shed6", a
compilation relief .
Animal designs
Due to hot and dry weather conditions in the region, camel is one of the best animals has an important role
in the life of this group. Designs and animal motifs were very limited and only camels and deer are
sometimes seen in the works Sabean. In the past, animals are deer attention Sabean and the living area is a
habitat for the species. It is rarely used as deer and camel designs are used. The role of camels sometimes
convoy moving and sometimes solitary figure used and sometimes the presence of Sarbanan beside them
there. (Image 2) "The role of different animals and birds also reflects the importance of the Mandaeans do
their flesh for catering at events-are used. ".( The same:125)
Image (2) The use of animal motifs (Source: The author, Ahvaz, 1391)
5
6
) Without a sail boat near the coast of applications.
) Small room with straw and stalks of dry plants in palm groves or agricultural land are made.
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Plant designs
Khuzestan certain plants grown in arid areas that play a significant role in the lives of residents of the area.
Page | 367 One of these plants, palm trees, both fruit and leaves and shells critical value tree is used in everyday life.
Moreover palm tree after the creation of the first human use and is sacred. This role can be seen in
abundance in the works Sabean. (Image 3) Choheyli, artist pug Ahvaz (1392), another plant designs are
Dand.gl jasmine lily, a flower with five leaves that name again in Mandaean books and has been used in
religious ceremonies. Mandaean flowers ,there are other metal industries, such as iris, lily, jasmine and
ornaments used to decorate.Full implementation by pen lacy texture and shading that it adds to the aesthetic
effect.
Pictures (3): The use of plant designs (Source: The author, Ahvaz, 1391)
Historic Buildings
Sabean variety of historic buildings used in works of art dating pug marks and the long-term presence in
the area. The porch design motifs typical of Madain, white bridge or bridge arches Ahwaz. Given that in
this area there is no specific architecture and index, pug artists are always interested in taking advantage
of these two leading architects and have been known.
Balam
For people who live beside running waters, boats and canoeing, is one of the essential means to make a
living. In the past, many Sabean to manufacturing of yachts or boat paid and their living this way. Thus,
Balam design can be constantly pug designs are also deployed in the area alongside Karun observed.
Canoeing, sailing and rowing scheme used to be two forms. Canoeing, rowing and paddling always
standing personal and sometimes seen with a fishing net and sail from Belem in Balam with the previous
larger and without human paintings and decorative uses. (Image 4)
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Page | 368
Image (4): the role of Belem and boats (Source: The author, Ahvaz, 1391)
Human designs
"Because Sabean enamel designs is derived from the life of indigenous people, human beings as one of the
motifs engraved on their work. The role of design that has the ability to run, even the native people of this
region is also quite clear. "(Farmer, Nick Gourmet, 28: 1389) According to the observations of the author
(1391) Human motifs used in jewelry no details Mandaean and sometimes they are the only entity in the
form of clothing taken from the native people of the region and is even Mandaeans. This role has not
changed over the years. The plaque that man's role as a camel driver with camels can be seen, not specify
any detail and even coverage. In places where women used to clearly indicate the type of coverage the local
Women's clothing, along with pots shower is on (Image 5)
Image (5): the use of human designs (Source: The author, Ahvaz, 1391)
Water
Water is the most important thing in life Sabean. In fact, they live in the Khuzestan region due to the
presence of water such as rivers and Karun, and Karkheh Arvand. "Mandaeans water means life, renew
youth, the element of mental cleansing of sins, the originator of the tree of life and know where the light ...
the role of water by way of specific lines of cookware and accessories shown." (Misaghi Moradmand, 125:
1381)
Shed
shed's role in Mandaean Sabians metal industry indicates that cattle and their herds to winter and summer
were used for the settlement of the tent and shed. They were made of straw, dry sheds Khuzestan region.
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The other source is the role of the Mandaean religious ceremony. " Salem Choheyli7", "Ganzora8" Great
Mandaeans says (1392): "Mandaeans any particular temple for religious ceremonies are performed.
Page | 369
Image (6): the role of shed (Source: The author, Ahvaz, 1391
With the addition of the Hatch roles are closer to normal. Through a combination of large and small, far
and near in designs and motifs plans will be achieved. A very important point is that most of designs in
Sabean designs enamel designs angle of the face in the image. Therefore, research in the field of art Enamel
designs Mandaean Sabians indicates that more than anything religious beliefs influenced their sacred
customs. In every corner of the images in addition to signs of climatic, social and geographical region of
Khuzestan can be clearly witnessed the religious rites and cover them as well.
Consolidated designs
According to field research and observations of author (1391) in some designs of jewelry making
Mandaeans composition can be seen. In works like bracelet and necklace composed of small plates is
connected, this combination of designs can be seen in abundance. (Image 7) That is one of the designs were
chosen on each plate and finally a bracelet or necklace, all designs have combined a Mandaean. Sometimes
on a neck pendant or a ring set of pictures are also used, but the difference aesthetic sense, combining
designs in handcuffs as separate, but attached images, very eye-catching than the accumulation of all
designs in a confined space the necklace. (Image 8)
Image (7): Use combined designs (Source: The author, Ahvaz, 1391)
7
8
)Salem Choheili
) Mandaean religious spiritual mysticism is the highest grade.
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Page | 370
Image (8): Use combined designs (Source: The author, Ahvaz, 1391)
Based on The author observations until completion of the study (1392), and geometric inscription in the
works Mandaean not notice any role. Mandaeans and loyalty to the traditions of their ancestors before their
designs to offer the same shape and style.
Important features Enamel designs of Sabean
On the part of the gold that is without enamel, lacy texture implemented simple. With the addition of the
Hatch roles are closer to normal. Through a combination of large and small, far and near in designs of and
motifs plans will be achieved. A very important point is that most of designs in designs of enamel Sabean
angle of the face in the image.
With the addition of the Hatch roles are closer to normal. Through a combination of large and small, far
and near in designs and motifs plans will be achieved. A very important point is that most of designs in
Sabean designs enamel designs angle of the face in the image. Therefore, research in the field of art Enamel
designs Mandaean Sabians indicates that more than anything religious beliefs influenced their sacred
customs. In every corner of the images in addition to signs of climatic, social and geographical region of
Khuzestan can be clearly witnessed the religious rites and cover them as well.
Durability Sabean Enamel
Enamels because they are established by cooking at high temperatures, often do not see the damage caused
by atmospheric effects. But the most important factor is injury blow Sabean Enamel works. As mentioned,
this work has the size and fragile enamel. However, its resistance to low blow not just severe blow not
tolerate. If severe blow enamel paint broken, crushed down. Fortunately advantage is that this type of
enamel than other enamels enamel can be repaired and re-link the damaged enamel on the piece and
repeated baking. Today a handful of masters of this art. For this reason the Sabean Enamel art that is fading
. From the famous masters of this art can be noted Farhan Choheyli and "Jabar Tavoosi" . Farhan Choheyli
after World War II, has been engaged to this art.
Sheikh Jabar Tavoosi ,great Mandaean Sabean Genzora is one of the best masters of this art-industry,
according to the Ahvaz area natives (1391) in Australia and the United States of America to stamp their
authority specified piece and no one wants to get to know this jewel can do further investigation. In other
words, signed by the artist, the value and privilege to give effect made.
Isfahan enamel painting
Painted enamel of Isfahan, the arts that is unmatched taste and great care will be implementing it. Intricacy
and detail in the implementation process and strict implementation of its designs, one of the most important
things that give value to a piece of enamel. As mentioned Enamel in Iran has a very long history. But the
peak of this art like many other arts dates back to the Safavid era. "At the time of the Safavids Enamel and
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metal background and art direction of change. Iran silverware like miniature motifs such as meetings or
events at the court feast was decorated with hunting or horseback riding and so on."(Sharif Zadeh, 35: 1381)
today is still used designs to-abundance of Isfahan enamel painting. "The art of Fath Ali Shah Qajar period,
especially during the highly regarded and has made a lot of progress. Many artists at the court or exclusively
or alongside other arts such as painting and varnished list also were engaged in this art. "(Faizullah, Fanaee,
Page | 371 69: 1389) , although the artists were out of favor during the Qajar art and its boom fell but then recovered
and flourished more than ever. "Enamel in the industry spread of Isfahan the Pahlavi era and about the year
1310 ... the solar industry by a famous master craftsman of Isfahan, and the name Shokrallah Sani Zade had
been expanded, and students were trained in this school."( Glack. 164: 1356) This section of the paper
examines the techniques and designs used in enamel painting beyond. This enamel is "painting and
decorating various metals such as gold, silver, copper, brass, iron and steel, with fixed colors and glazes
that were baked in the heat." (Sharif Zadeh, 33: 1381)
Enamel techniques of Isfahan
For enamel painting of various metals such as copper, gold, silver, iron, etc. are used. But copper is the
most widely used in the art. Due to the use of copper for flush enamel, ductility and flexibility, and its
reasonable price for too much."Hojjatallah Karimi" Pug Esfahani (1392) on the use of copper in the Enamel
says: "... Another reason is the use of copper in Isfahan under the supervision of the art handicraft runs and
to allow the use of metal enamel constructive artists not another ... ".Enamel as copper used in the work,
should be pure, because otherwise cracks after baking sheet and enamel paint. In step cooking copper
impurities combined with color and dark color and discoloration of the enamel.
Copper thickness to produce porcelain enamel substrate, usually 7 or 8 hundredth of a millimeter, and
sometimes outstanding works great for copper used a millimeter. The master coppersmith metal into the
desired shape and then various stages, ranging from swing to prevent breakage of copper, it is in salt water,
lemon juice or vinegar are located. Sometimes it is injected sulfur dust. "Ehtemam", the pug-Isfahani (1392)
says: "... Another way to remove fat from the body of copper is" Zoghab "that means the insertion of a
metal in a solution of water and ) "Sulphuric Acid9 ". After preparing the dish of copper, its surface lining
up. Lining of white enamel on copper is used. The main problem with flush enamel copper as the oxidation
discoloration and staining the cooking process that makes the enamel. One way to prevent this from
happening is to use pure copper. Another way is to create a base coat of white paint. It should be completely
white enamel and brilliant as well as its high melting temperature to be able to withstand the next time it
takes to bake layers. The of copper oxide layer to lock and prevent discoloration of enamel layers are used.
(See the Enamel of world, 2009: 23) The glaze is usually the "lead", "tin10", "crystal" and "Flint" to be
made. After sitting enamels on of copper body, and brought it into the furnace at a temperature of 750-800
° C and cook for 3-4 minutes. At this point, the white enamel coating with a primer three times appear to
be evenly glazed. Then Pug artist to "Vashur" work pays. "Before doing any motif or design on the enamel
enamelware, glassware should be in terms of Vashur. This action causes the fat and impurities on dishes go
away. "(Feizollahi, 47: 1388) at this stage white cotton cloth dipped in glue to be a little sticky, then it will
kill the enamel dish to the work surface is free of fat. The fabric should be high adhesion, because in this
9
) Sulphuric Acid (h2SO4 )
) Tin (Sn)
10
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case the colors painted on the grill after cooking with fine cracks and become dull and lose their color
quality. The colors are ready to use. "From the point of view of pug metal, enamel on metal attached to the
left and right mix components to provide a good visual effect. You must also have a melting point suitable
for use in a whole. This may seem a rigorous scientific characteristics »(Williams, 2009: 15) In the past,
plant and mineral-based enamel paints that in the art of Calico also was used. But today, enamel paint and
Page | 372 chemicals are imported from Germany. "Hojjatallah Karimi" over his decades-Isfahani artist pug, pug
Karimi father and his brothers run the workshop, says (1392): "... Enamel colors from the very beginning
was built by Iranians. But years later, in the Qajar era of art education paint artist paint manufacturer
refused, enamel had to prepare and bring the colors of Germany. The colors produced are still in Germany.
"Enamel color is very soft powder preparation is required for use. It is necessary to prepare the colors a
little water to it, a single "Glycenne" and two "Gum" is the best type of gum Arabic is added by spatula on
a glass or opal combine. Enamel workshops of water, Glycenne and gum together, the "Stop" is called, in
a bottle if stored and thicken paint, again to be increasing. The most important matter is added to a solution
of Glycenne cease.
" Glycenne soap and clean wood and silk factories in the factory fragile and restoring flexibility to the
objects used. Alkaline solution to remove glycerol is used as a corrosion protective vegetation.
"(Kelaydzedill, 172: 1379) In Enamel, Glycenne used in order to create adhesion between the grains of
color B is used. Enamel art in the book reads: "Enough to keep paint particles suspended in solution as
adhesion and color use. Anchors When the bus or go to the furnace burns and other trace of them remains.
The brush in enamel colors of the pen on the business running smoothly and later drying enamel colors are
... Bass also used to prevent the settling of color. "(Faizullah, 49: 1388) can be sometimes rather than mixing
colors with enough solution, extract it with" pine ink "or" ink-lavender "mixed. After the bus or ink color
combination of lavender and uniform color, and improvisation artist's mind to the carpet on the container.
The color combination of lavender and uniform color with a brush or ink, artist for improvisation and mental
pays the carpet on the container. When the carpet by the pen, the color thicken, some cease to gush pen
with an eyedropper or Glycenne can be added to it. It is very important that the amount of resin used in
pies; Because if the gum is excessive, opaque color will be. After the transfer of designs and finishes
painting the baking time comes effect. In both modes (bas or pine essence) enamel Page baking heat of
the day before. About this stage of helper says: "... be sure before putting in the oven enamel enamel
plate gently on a spirit lamp to heat the ink content to be burned and destroyed. It is evident that this
work needs to be very careful because if the temperature is more than enough, inks containing enamel
paint pots suddenly flashes and the screen will pockmark the case with enamel. "(Yavari 70: 1387th) It is
obvious that pockmark the effect will reduce its value. After the container was the enamel on heating fuel
and Glycenne it completely, put it on the grill this location. The most important step in the Atashkar Enamel
or baking. This time the furnace is in effect for enamel. The ovens are a particular building. Enameling
furnaces are of two types. Traditional electric furnaces and ovens (gas). Electric-furnace, furnace-like
household gas oven cavity that electrical work is characterized by digital thermometer temperature. The
ovens in educational centers (schools), universities and cultural heritage sites are used.
After the furnace clear; its inner compartment warm and red. When the digital display showed the number
850 electric oven baking enamel works. The porcelain enamel cooking temperature reaches 800 degrees.
But by opening the oven door, the temperature will come down, and proper cooking. Bake in the oven for
3-4 minutes for full color is sufficient. Traditional ovens are structurally quite different. The traditional
DAV International Journal of Science Volume-5, Issue-1 January 2015
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structure of steel inside the furnace, because the "structure Stainless steel inside the furnace because of
metal corrosion in terms of heat transfer and heat-durable metal is considered the most appropriate fire. To
build a proper furnace must steel sheet and plate number eight to number one for the floor around the
furnace because the floor directly in front of the fire, and if the sheet is a earlier will not be used disappears.
Vacuum furnace around the skeleton should be able to deliver heat evenly to all furnace body, because if
Page | 373 heat is not uniform at all levels, the quality of the work will be very effective. "(Faizullahi, 51: 1388), died
fuel furnace oil was provided through the wood and later. Today, fuel gas, especially gas grills city that is
more economical in terms of cost as well. The field research was, traditional furnace body covered in mud
to keep heat in. According to my experience (in 1392) when the enamel in the furnace body goes first and
then the color Kindle is a blur. When the effect of the mist and fog covered the case, the object can be
removed from the furnace. After leaving the dark colors of yellow and white glaze unpleasant one. With
the loss of body temperature and cooler color effect to your mode become real. After baking enamel effect
is ready to market.
Isfahan enamel designs
"The main requirement for the boundary's strength, power, life lines and motifs that draw the viewer's
attention, depth and smoothness contrast and composition of colors. All of these things when I was tucked
in a full work in us a sense of strength and vitality that is decorated to create original order. "(Sadiq, 44:
1355) designs in the art of enamel with very limited diversity in the designs metal arts Islamic era. The art
of enamel painting is not exclusive role of Iran's Islamic designs in the collection are used: Arabesque
designs, Khataei designs, inscription designs, figure designs, designs of buildings, poultry and Khataei,
flowers and birds, arabesques, Khatai.
Arabesque designs
One of the most important Islamic Arabesque designs designs that in all Islamic arts such as tile,
illumination and book layout and engraving can be seen in abundance. "Art in Farsi European equivalent
of the word" Arabesque "or Arabaneh(something which is related to Arabian) is used, the name given to a
variety of ornamental plants in the works of researchers West and the Islamic era designs have been
applied."(Khazayi, Hejazi, 9: 1391) located in arabesque forms of plant-based role that beauty requires
great precision, symmetry and coordination skills are in circulation. In Enamel These motifs by artist and
just improvised and mental skills are plotted. (Image 9)
Image (9): Use Arabesque designs (Source: The author, Isfahan, 1392)
DAV International Journal of Science Volume-5, Issue-1 January 2015
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Khataei designs
These designs such as arabesques, has stems and forms swirling that all its space with flowers, buds and
leaves filled and looks the part from the growing "Eshgheh11" is. (Image 10) porcelain enamel Khataei
designs with the effects of the market with mass production rarely used.
Page | 374
Image (10): Use Khataei designs (Source: The Art of enamel, 61: 1388)
Inscription designs
inscriptions designs include prayers, verses, sayings and poems of Persian and non, which is usually at the
center of the dishes written between them by designs workers enamel filled. (Image 11) master enamel have
enough skill in calligraphy have to work well and the exact offer. In surveys (1392) enamel artist in the art
of calligraphy mighty were observed.
Image (11): Use inscription designs (Source: The Art of enamel, 6: 1388)
figure designs
"The use of abstract designs figure (human and animal) in the decorative arts of Iran has a historical
background. Drawings of animals and birds, rooted in the traditions of Iran, Iran plays an important role in
the decorative arts. " (The same. 10), according to surveys conducted, (1392) in the enamel works of Iranian
figures like miniature designs in abundance, portrait, designs can be seen fighting and feasting, and hunting
scenes. (Image 12) This further designs from Iranian painting schools of Islam, particularly after the Safavid
period. designs, porcelain and sculptures in the center and surrounding areas painted white on blue
Arabesque designs seen.
11
) Plant such as ivy that wraps around other plants and makes them yellow.
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Page | 375
Image (12): Use figure designs (Source: enamel on metal, 72: 1391)
Building designs
Based on my research (1392), in the category of historic buildings Iranian designs that include images of
historic buildings of the Safavid dynasty that same period Enamel art is flourishing. These images are
usually in the center of the dish and in the midst of an ornamental loop and a set of Arabesque designs
painted surrounds it. The Building consists of Si-o-seh pol, Khaju Bridge, Chehel Sotounand Naqsh-e Jahan
Square. (Image 13) designs Building as well as designs sculptures on the white background or the lining in
painted Arabesque designs, also on a blue background azure are glaring.
Image (13): Use of Building designs (Source: The Art of enamel, 41: 1388)
Poultry and Khataei designs
These designs a combination of decorative elements Khataei and birds rotating among the flowers is.
(Image 14) "This style of painting in art Enamel with a combination of blue, red and cream together and
Flower colors blue, red, red lead and green are used. The reason this style Poultry and Khataei say the kinds
of buds and leaves and flowers with birds and mostly a swirling motion, helix or spiral. "(The Faizullahi,
39: 1388)
Image (14): the role of poultry and Khataei (Source: The Art of enamel, 39: 1388)
Flower and bird designs
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Iranian always has been considered to flowers and birds designs. This design is abundance of wall painting,
book illustration, pen and mirror and trainer has been used. Iranian art has a mystical themes are flowers
and birds, especially a bird that in our culture, a symbol of purity and freedom. "Iranian Enamel artist for
their interest to cultural affiliation and poultry and other birds such as the nightingale Iranian flowers, dove
and so could implement this artistic style on objects Enamel."(The same: 39) the design of the late Safavid
Page | 376 period came from the West to Iran in Qajar era reached its peak and is still considered enamel.
Arabesque, Khatai designs
In this role traditional design principles and specific rules, arabesques and Khataei in both rotated and
harmony to create eye-catching. As seen in the work of spirals and arabesques quite smoothly and without
interrupting each other rotate among intertwine. (Image 15)
Image (15): the Arabesque, Khatai designs (Source: The Art of enamel, 42: 1388)
Finally, an important point that must be mentioned; Use and processing practices painted enamel shades
and exponential volume of Qajar period after that in addition to the impact of European naturalist reveals,
Represents initiative and talented artists is the pug. (See the Negareh, 65: 1385) According to the above to
say designs used in art Enamel like other arts Islamic period fully consistent with the views and beliefs of
Islam and the Muslim artist and continues to this day. "This also follow the general rules governing
traditional art of Islamic Art, the spirit of Iranian art and Persian ornaments is based on the motif is retained
in ... Islamic art refers to the art features based on the religion of Islam, but Muslims do not necessarily
represent the artistic phenomenon. Islamic art, In this sense, the civilization that flourished over the
centuries in the vast Islamic land and artistic traditions also bring stability. "(Khazayi, Hejazi, 4: 1391)
Among the enamel designs or hunting more figure images drawn from the tradition of pre-Islamic Iranian
during the Islamic period is intertwined with ornaments and the role of Iranian-Islamic culture based on
Islam is created. So it seems designs used in the art of enamel painting is based solely on tradition and
Islamic-Iranian culture and has continued without any geographical conditions, climate, weather and the
type of cover designs did not affect indigenous clothing. In fact, the art of painting enamel is no exclusive
designs.
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Colors of Isfahan enamel painting
As previously mentioned, enamel paints are made with chemicals. enamel is a type of glass. "basis glass,
materials made of "silica12" Cast (sand or ground quartz or silicon) with an "alkali" the natural ones like
"sodium carbonate13" or "potassium" exists; For transparency effect of the "tin oxide14" is used. But each
Page | 377 has a different composition of enamel paints that are not comparable with each other. To make the color
combination of blue enamel "cobalt oxide15" or "phosphate Cobalt" or "Asenathi Cobalt" and "aluminum
oxide16" (alumina), "lime" (calcium oxide), "manganese oxide17" or "Quartz" is used . In preparing the red
color of the "peroxide", "calcium oxide18", "silicon dioxide19", "tin oxide" small amount "chromic oxide20"
is used. Of course, if a small change in the chemical composition or even the cooking time or temperature
can be caused directly results in the observed color. For example, in color combinations with more fiery
and increase the amount of lime-colored silicon dioxide, red, blue can be obtained. "Boric acid" The color
purple does not want to "potassium oxide21" and "sodium" pink and purple changes. One of many colors of
paint used in enamel painting "Turquoise" is. The color of the crystal structure "Copper rack", flint, glass
and tin powder is obtained. Nowadays, however, the formula obtained all colors, but because of the
importance of accuracy in the composition of the oxides as well as the colors of Germany are prepared. In
the art of enamel of different colors are used. The most important and most common colors are blue, "blue"
reddish-purple "Pink", green, yellow, red, purple, turquoise color, brown, black color "black" is. More
colors used in the painting of blue and turquoise enamel and very little red, brown and green are used.
"Safavi artists have often used the color red. The plant was introduced in the Qajar era and became red in
the art of enamel. "(Ghorshi, 31: 1350)" Hojjatallah Karimi " Esfahan enamel artist (1392) says:
In ancient times colors were more diverse and happy and More green colors were used but in according to
the market needs , blue and turquoise colors are used. The most important features color enamel is painted
with the colors flat and without volume and a thin layer of enamel effect on fall color. In the past Enamels
with black background and gold designs on the porcelain production was, however, difficult to implement
due to lack of cooking as well as the color of gold and of course the high cost of this type of enamel is no
longer produced.
Durability of Isfahan enamel designs
Injuries resulting in the loss of blows and pull effect only include sharp objects. Hit with sharp objects, the
color of the light and the effect it will go away. This works among all the crafts, the only art that great
12
) Silicic
) Sodium Carbonate (Na2 CO3)
14
) Tin Oxid (Sno)
15
) Cobalt Oxide (Co3O4)
16
) Aluminium Oxide (AL2O3)
17
) Manganese Oxide (Mno)
18
) Calcium Oxide (Cao)
19
) Silicium Deoxide (Sio2)
20
) Chromium Oxid (Cr2O3)
21
) Potassium Oxide (K2O)
13
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durability and erosion damage to it does not enter the atmosphere. "Rismanchian" responsible for the
restoration laboratory at the School of Restoration Arts University (1392) argues: "... If as a result of enamel
damage can not be repaired and restored first. Because it can not be used again and bake enamel paint,
because paint will burn earlier in baking. Paints and adhesives used in restoration works and then restored
on the "primer" are used. Restoration done is resistant to moisture still in shock effect disappears. "Although
Page | 378 a small percentage of the enamel damaged and are in need of repair, but only restoration works that have
historical value and other works due to the high cost of Repair is not worth repairing. Outstanding Master
and famous master of this art can be born Shokrallah Sani, Master Gholam Hossein Faizullahi, master
Esmaili and young artist Shahin Shirazi noted. Master Shirazi works with the signature "Shirazi enamel"
are in the country many craft stores.
Analysis table
Sample
There is no picture
Elements
Designs
Camel, Gazelle
Animal designs
Date palm ,Reedy
Planet designs
Swelling lines
Water and Shed
Ark ,Boat
Ark and boat
Taq ،Ahvaz white bridge
Kasra
Buildings
Men and women costumes
without details
Human designs
Combining the above
designs
Consolidated designs
Table A: Sabean Enamel designs
Black is the only color used on this Enamel and Oxides of sulfur and various metals have been developed.
Sample
Elements
Designs
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Arabesque twisting
design
Arabesque
Floral pattern
Khataei
Streak and Prayers
Inscriptive
Human framework
Framework
Historical building
Building
Meadow
meadow
Flowers and European
birds
Meadow and flower
Arabesque and khataei
compound design
Arabesque
Page | 379
Khataei
Table B: The designs and colors of Isfahan enamel
CONCLUSION:
In reviewing the material contained in this study, it seems that what is presented today as an art enamel in
Iran; Still based on the same techniques and techniques of the past, and with little change in color could
well account for the market. In this paper, two types of enamel techniques and designs that are produced in
Iran, were studied. The enamel Sabean-Mandaeans, or Sabians in Khuzestan produced by sects and enamel
painting of Esfahan Enamel design and produced by the screw. The similarity of the two names can be used
only art and that both factors are high art of enamel on metal. However, one of the gold and copper on the
other, but both are in the category of metal enamels. Also in both practice established by baking enamel
paint takes place. Both colors consisting of a mixture of various oxides that are produced by chemical
reactions. But in general we can say that these two pug just in terms of working on metal are similar and
very different from each other. Finally, it could be without the bulk and surface analysis of that color
enamel, if enamel paint Sabean volume and fills the role of all circles. Enamel Sabean also now only on
gold and silver jewelry and metals done, but of enamel painting on copper and most of the dishes proposed.
The two Enamel used designs from the artist's religious beliefs. In Enamel Sabean native designs, religious,
and social climate, there Mandaeans and Khuzestan. While enamel painting of the Safavid era of Islamic
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revival found according to art and Islamic designs like arabesques and became Khataei to a new role.
Arabesques and Khataei and engravings used in the enamel inscription of in accordance with the Islamic
faith and the unity of God, considering that the same basic designs in Islamic art, and sometimes also of
Iranian designs like feasting, fighting and hunting scenes also used. Sabean Mandaean enamel and enamel
of one of the important differences in the way their baking. Painted enamel of the oven with a temperature
Page | 380 of 850 ° C for 3-4 minutes cooked and heated only once. While Sabean enamel by Torch (Sar pik) cooked
and the cooking time is unknown. This is when the enamel baking enamel to take leaden case. The twice
baked enamel is of course completely Sabean baking enamel to not more than 10-15 minutes. Based on this
analysis, we find that in each of the past certain way what is seen and what is based on field research and
Any interest and did not insist on the need to influences from each other, and always remained faithful to
the past and their ancestors have inherited the art. Of course in the art of enamel and chemistry laboratory,
according to the above points are very important and have the greatest impact on the advancement of the
arts. This problem has been fixed in the history of science and progress day by day, especially in the field
of color and bake Enamel art has seen changes. This article is only Sabean review and comparison between
enamel and enamel of the techniques and designs that, while each of the content listed is an opportunity for
broader research and research with longer time . Because the voices of artists and artisans of this country
every day to the elderly and gone off their hereditary information and record keeping obligations ancient
heritage of Iran.
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