Sustainable Tourism in
SA & International
Travel
Student’s Book
FET FIRST
NQF Level 4
C
FET FIRST Sustainable Tourism in SA & International Travel NQF Level 4 Student’s Book
FET FIRST series
© South West Gauteng College 2008
© Illustrations and design Macmillan South Africa (Pty) Ltd 2008
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First published 2008
08 10 09
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 0
Published by
Macmillan South Africa (Pty) Ltd
Private Bag X19
Northlands, 2116
Gauteng
South Africa
Typeset in 11 on 13pt Palatino by The Setting Stick
Cover design by Deevine Design
ISBN 978 1 77030 459 8; eISBN: 978 1 43102 095 9
WIP2105M000
The publisher would like to thank the following for the use of their photographs:
Afripics - pp. 81 [top right], 98, 112 [top], 115; Fotostock - pp. 10 [photo 1], 11 [photo 4] [photo 10]
[photo 13] [photo 14], 12 [photo 16] [photo 17] [photo 18] [photo 20] [photo 24], 17 [top and bottom],
18, 19 [bottom], 20, 21, 23, 26, 83, 90, 122, 146, 150; Gallo Images - pp. 91, 102, 111;
Greatstock - pp. 10 [photo 3], 11 [photo 5] [photo 9] [photo 12] [photo 15], 12 [photo 23] [photo 26],
19 [top], 24 [top and bottom], 41, 73, 76, 81 [top left], 87, 97, 161; iAfrika Photos - pp. 110 (Shaun Harris),
167 (Alain Proust); INPRA - p. 112 [bottom]; Iziko Museums - p. 108; Jenny Henning - p. 151;
Photo Access - p. 25; Picturenet - p. 107 (Rob Brown); Robben Island Museum - p. 114;
The Bigger Picture - pp. 10 [photo 2], 11 [photo 6] [photo 7] [photo 8] [photo 11], 12 [photo 19]
[photo 21] [photo 22] [photo 25], 38, 68, 81 [bottom], 118, 154
The publisher has made every effort to trace the copyright materials, but if they have inadvertently
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It is illegal to photocopy any page of this book without written permission from the publishers.
Contents
Guide to features
.................................................
Topic 1: South Africa and international tourism
iv
.......................
1
Module 1: The location of international countries and major tourist destinations . . . . . . . . . . .
3
Module 2: What can a tourist expect when visiting international destinations? . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
Module 3: Describing the world from an international travel perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
Module 4: Providing general information about typical tourist countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
Summative assessment: Topic 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
Topic 1: Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
Topic 2: Evaluating sustainable tourism
..............................
79
Module 1: Conserving heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
Module 2: The role of heritage organisations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
94
Module 3: Practising sustainable heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
106
Module 4: Stakeholders in sustainable heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
121
Module 5: Measuring successful events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
133
Module 6: Evaluating performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
141
Module 7: Evaluating effectiveness of systems and processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
144
Module 8: Conducting mid-event evaluations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
160
Module 9: Compiling a user-friendly report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
165
Summative assessment: Topic 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
168
Topic 2: Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
168
Appendix: Portfolio of Evidence Guideline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
169
Guide to features
Think about it
•
Perception, reasoning and problem solving
•
Processing knowledge and information
In the workplace
•
Applying a concept to the work place – putting the knowledge into
practice
•
Possible means of using an element in the workplace
Vocabulary
•
New word definitions close to where the word appears for the first
time (in bold)
Activities
•
Practical activities, either as a class, in groups, pairs or
individually
The following acronyms and abbreviations are used in this book:
DAC: Department of Arts and Culture
DEAT: Department of Environment Affairs and Tourism
GMT: Greenwich Meridian Time
GPS: Global Positioning System
GST: General Sales Tax
IATA: International Air Transport Association
KNP: Kruger National Park
NGO: non-governmental organisation
NHC: National Heritage Council
NHRA: National Heritage Resources Act
SAHRA: South African Heritage Resources Agency
SARS: South African Revenue Services
UK: United Kingdom
UNESCO: United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organisation
UTC: Universal Coordinated Time
VAT: value-added tax
iv
Topic 1
South Africa and
international tourism
1
Topic 1
South Africa and international
tourism
Overview
In Level 3 we focused on local and regional tourism. In other words, we studied neighbouring countries
and some nearby islands.
However, it is from international tourists that South Africa earns its largest percentage of income from
tourism. International tourists travel between different countries. For example, a person who stays in
the United States of America and comes to South Africa for a month-long holiday is an international
tourist. A South African who visits Europe or Australia is also an international tourist.
International tourism occurs between almost all the countries in the world. Some countries are more
popular than others. In Topic 1 we will explore the most popular world destinations, which are visited
more frequently by international tourists.
The following Subject Outcomes will be covered in this topic:
• Identify the location of various international countries and major tourist destinations using a map.
• Explain what a tourist could typically expect when visiting destinations in other parts of the world.
• Describe the world from an international travel perspective.
• Identify the location of typical tourist countries and provide general information about a given
location.
2
Topic
Topic
1 1: Module 1
Module 1
The location of
international countries and
major tourist destinations
When you work with tourists it is important to know the location of
the destination to which they want to travel. This will help you to
supply them with further information on that country. For example,
whether a country is in the Northern or Southern Hemisphere will
determine the best time of year to travel to that particular country.
At the end of this module you will be able to:
• indicate overseas countries with major tourist destinations on a
world map in order to show basic knowledge of where continents
and countries are, including the location of several world-famous
capitals (countries in Western Europe, the United Kingdom, the Far
East, North and South America, Australia, Asia)
• research, in order to visually recognise and give the correct
location of, various major international tourist destinations.
1.1 Overseas countries, capital cities
and major tourist destinations
International travel occurs between almost all the countries in the world.
The world is divided into five different continents, namely: the Americas
(North and South), Europe, Asia, Africa and Oceania. Each of these
continents is made up of a number of countries. As the biggest
continent, Asia is often divided into four regions:
1. The Middle East: a geographical area without precisely defined
borders, this term refers to Israel, the Palestinian territories, Egypt,
Jordon, Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Oman, Kuwait, Bahrain,
Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.
2. The Far East: refers to the countries of East Asia, especially China,
Taiwan, Japan, North Korea, South Korea and Mongolia.
3. Southeast Asia: refers to countries that that are geographically
south of China, east of India and north of Australia. These include
Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar (Burma) on the
mainland and the island states of Indonesia, Malaysia, the
Philippines, Singapore, East Timor and Brunei.
4. The subcontinent (or South Asia): this region has a certain
geographical or political independence from the rest of the
continent as you will see on a world map. Countries include India,
Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and the island
country of the Maldives.
Bear in mind, however, that these divisions are not precisely
geographically defined and are the product of a western viewpoint.
If you were living in China, for example, you would not regard your
country as the Far East.
Topic 1: Module 1
3
4
Topic 1: Module 1
World map showing the world’s main countries and cities.
Each country is further divided into states, districts or provinces, as is
the case in South Africa. Each country has one or more capital cities.
Let’s look at a map of the world that indicates the major capitals.
A table follows that lists popular tourist countries as well as the main
city/cities in each country:
Words &
Terms
capital city:
usually a very
large
city, which of
ten hosts the
offices of gove
rnment
Country
Location
Major cities
Australia
Oceania
Sydney, Perth, Melbourne
New Zealand
Oceania
Wellington
Kenya
Africa
Nairobi
Tanzania
Africa
Dodoma
South Africa
Africa
Cape Town, Johannesburg and Pretoria
Egypt
Africa
Cairo
Zimbabwe
Africa
Harare
Mozambique
Africa
Maputo
Germany
Europe
Berlin
France
Europe
Paris
Italy
Europe
Rome
Switzerland
Europe
Bern
United Kingdom
Europe
London
Greece
Europe
Athens
Netherlands
Europe
Amsterdam
Austria
Europe
Vienna
Ireland
Europe
Dublin
Portugal
Europe
Lisbon
Spain
Europe
Madrid
Canada
North America
Ottawa
Argentina
South America
Buenos Aires
Brazil
South America
Brasilia
Peru
South America
Lima
Venezuela
South America
Caracas
Hong Kong
Far East
Beijing
Japan
Far East
Tokyo
Israel
Middle East
Jerusalem
Malaysia
Southeast Asia
Kuala Lumpur
Saudi Arabia
Middle East
Riyadh
Thailand
Southeast Asia
Bangkok
United Arab Emirates
Middle East
Abu Dhabi
Mexico
North America
Mexico City
United States of America*
North America
New York and Washington
*The United States is made up of 52 states, each with its own capital city.
Topic 1: Module 1
5
The main tourist cities in America are: San Francisco and Los Angeles
(on the west coast); New Orleans and Miami (in the Gulf of Mexico);
Chicago (in Central America) and New York, Boston and Washington
DC on the east coast.
There are also a number of islands that international tourists often visit.
Island
Capital
New Zealand
Wellington
Mauritius
Port Louis
Seychelles
Victoria
Hawaii *
Washington DC
Jamaica
Kingston
Madagascar
Antananarivo
Bahamas
Nassau
Think about it
Do you know what the capital
cities are of each of the
provinces in South Africa?
* Remember Hawaii is one of the states of America and therefore
shares the capital, as does Alaska.
Many people prefer an island holiday to relax.
Learning activity 1.1
Work in pairs. Identify the countries (1–7) and the cities (8–15) indicated on the map that follows:
6
Topic 1: Module 1
Topic 1: Module 1
7
8
4
12
9
2
3
13
11
5
7
6
1
14
10
15
1.2 Major international tourist attractions
Think about it
Most international tourists visit a country to see one or more particular
landmarks or sights. These sights are called tourist attractions. Not all
tourists are interested in the same things. But there are certain
attractions that are more popular than others. Below is a list of some
major international tourist attractions as well as the country in which
they are found.
Do you know what the
traditional Seven Wonders
were of the ancient world?
How many of these historical
tourist attractions survive
today?
Words &
Terms
Some attractions lure the typical tourist – and thousands of them.
Attraction
Pyramids
Taj Mahal
Disney World
Eiffel Tower
Tower of London
Big Ben
London Eye
Colosseum
Bullfight
8
Topic 1: Module 1
attraction: th
ing, place, ob
ject
or activity to
urists want to
see
Country/City
Egypt
India
America, California
France, Paris
London
London
London
Italy, Rome
Spain, Madrid
Bull run
Spain, Pamplona
Swiss Alps
Switzerland
Sugar Loaf Mountain
Brazil
Rio Carnival
Brazil
Parthenon
Greece, Athens
Mount Fiji
Japan
Great Wall of China
China
Little Mermaid in Copenhagen
Denmark
Sydney Opera House
Sydney, Australia
Great Barrier Reef
Northeast coast (Queensland), Australia
Floating Market in Singapore
Singapore
German castles on the Rhine
Germany
Table Mountain
Cape Town, South Africa
Robben Island
Cape Town, South Africa
The Big Five
Kruger National Park, Mpumalanga, South Africa
Grand Canyon
Colorado, United States of America
Mount Rushmore
South Dakota, United States of America
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Houston, United States of America
Statue of Liberty
New York Harbour, United States of America
Serengeti National Park
Tanzania
Ngoro Ngoro Crater
Tanzania
Mount Kilimanjaro
Tanzania
Palace of Versailles
France
Red Square, Kremlin
Russia
Al -Haram Mosque
Mecca
Leaning Tower of Pisa
Tuscany, Italy
Mount Fiji
Japan
Belvedere Palace
Vienna
Christ the Redeemer
Brazil
Victoria Falls and Zimbabwe Ruins
Zimbabwe
Niagara Falls
Ontario, Canada
Ayers Rock
Australia
Stonehenge
Salisbury, England
The Sphinx
Giza, Egypt
Sahara Desert
North Africa
Kalahari Desert
South Africa
Namib Desert
Namibia
Death Valley
California, United States of America
The Louvre
Paris
Champs-Élysées
Paris
Amazon rainforest
Brazil
Mammoth Cave
Kentucky, United States of America
Cango Caves
South Africa
Cradle of Humankind
Krugersdorp, South Africa
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Babylon
Pompeii
Italy, Campania
Alcatraz
San Francisco, United States of America
Topic 1: Module 1
9
Learning activity 1.2
Work in groups. Copy the blank world map on page 7 and see how many of the tourist attractions listed
in the table you can find. Mark their location. You can use an atlas to help you (the Macmillan School
Atlas would be ideal). You may have to do some research to find the location of some of these
attractions.
In the workplace
Tourism marketers often use popular attractions in brochures to promote a destination and to attract
international visitors to the country.
Learning activity 1.3
Possible assessment task
Work in pairs. Look at the numbered pictures of famous attractions below. Identify each attraction as
well as the country and city in which it is found.
Your lecturer will use the assessment scale below to assess your answers.
Did the students …
1
2
3
4
correctly identify each attraction?
correctly identify the country?
correctly identify the city?
Scale: 1 = Not achieved (0-39%); 2 = Not yet competent (40-49%); 3 = Competent (50-69%);
4 = Highly competent (70-79%); 5 = Outstanding (80-100%)
1.
2.
3.
10
Topic 1: Module 1
5
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
7.
11.
12.
10.
13.
14.
15.
Topic 1: Module 1
11
16.
17.
18.
(clue: an island close to Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania)
19.
21.
20.
22.
23.
24.
26.
25.
12
Topic 1: Module 1
Learning activity 1.4
Answer the following questions on your own. You might have to do some research to find the answers
to some of these.
1.
Western Europe
(a) What is the name of the wine region in France?
(b) Where can you see the original painting of the Mona Lisa?
(c) How high is the Eiffel Tower?
(d) Where is the famous Leaning Tower?
(e) What is the best time of year to visit Switzerland and why?
2.
The United Kingdom
(a) Name any three tourist attractions in London.
(b) What is the name of the subway system that transports visitors all over London?
(c) Which town in Scotland is regarded as the home of golf?
(d) Where is the Millenium Stadium and what sport is played there?
(e) Name the two capital cities of Ireland.
3.
The Far East
(a) What is the name of the biggest square in the world found in China?
(b) What is the name of Japan’s highest mountain?
(c) Where is the Andong Mask Dance Festival held every year in autumn?
(d) Where is the Gobi Desert?
(e) Which museum houses the largest collection of Chinese artwork in the world and where is it?
4.
North America
(a) How long is the famous suspension bridge in San Francisco and what is it called?
(b) Name two wine valleys that tourists can visit in San Francisco?
(c) Where can you see Walk of Fame?
(d) Where and what is Ground Zero?
(e) In which American city can you find replicas of the Sphinx, a pyramid and the Eiffel Tower?
5.
South America
(a) Name any three scenic wonders a visitor will see in Chile.
(b) Give the Argentinian names for coffee and meat.
(c) Where would one find the grave of Eva Peron?
(d) Which site in Brazil has been declared a National Heritage Site by the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)?
(e) Where and what is Machu Picchu?
6.
Oceania
(a) Where is the annual New Years Eve firework show held in Australia?
(b) Name any one of the 14 national parks in New Zealand.
(c) In Australia, what marine attraction is one of the natural wonders of the world and a World
Heritage Site?
(d) Where and what is the tallest tower in the Southern Hemisphere?
(e) What is Australia’s most famous natural landmark?
Topic 1: Module 1
13
7.
Southeast Asia and the Middle East
(a) What is the name of the bridge in Bangkok built by World War 2 prisoners?
(b) Name two festivals held every year in Singapore.
(c) What is the main reason tourists go to the United Arab Emirates?
(d) What is the name of the preserved ancient city in Saudi Arabia?
(e) To which city do Muslim believers undertake a pilgrimage?
Learning activity 1.5
Work on your own. In 2007, ninety million people around the world voted for the new Seven Wonders
of the modern world. What are they and where are they? Use a blank map of the world and on it,
identify the country, the continent and the town or city where each new Wonder is found. Use the
Internet or the library for your research.
Use the rubric below to assess your own work:
Did I …
Countries Continent Wonders
Cities
Identification of ...
1
2
3
4
5
correctly identify
correctly identify correctly identify correctly
one or two Wonders three Wonders
four Wonders
identify five
Wonders
correctly identify
six or seven
Wonders
correctly identify
and locate one
continent
correctly identify correctly identify correctly
and locate two
and locate three identify and
continents
continents
locate four
continents
correctly identify
and locate all
five continents
correctly identify
and locate one or
two countries
correctly identify correctly identify correctly
and locate three and locate four
identify and
countries
countries
locate five
countries
correctly identify
and locate six or
seven countries
correctly identify
and locate one or
two towns/cities
correctly identify correctly identify correctly
and locate three and locate four
identify and
towns/cities
towns/cities
locate five
towns/cities
correctly identify
and locate six or
seven
towns/cities
Scale: 1 = Not achieved (0-39%); 2 = Not yet competent (40-49%); 3 = Competent (50-69%);
4 = Highly competent (70-79%); 5 = Outstanding (80-100%)
14
Topic 1: Module 1
Learning activity 1.6
Possible assessment task
Work in groups. Look at the video provided by your lecturer and answer the questions on the specific
destination featured in the video. If a question is not relevant to the video you watched, you may leave
it out.
1. What is the name of the country?
2. Show on your map from Activity 1.2.
• On which continent this country is found
• In which hemisphere this country is found
• the capital city of this country
• at least five popular destinations/tourist regions
• ten popular attractions
• any nature reserves/game reserves
3. What language is spoken in this country?
4. What is the currency used in this country?
5. When is the best time of year to visit and why?
Your lecturer will use the following assessment scale to assess your group’s work:
Did the group …
1
2
3
4
5
correctly identify the country?
correctly identify the continent?
correctly identify the hemisphere?
correctly identify the capital city?
show all five popular destinations or tourist regions?
provide ten popular attractions?
identify any nature reserves or game reserves?
identify the language spoken in this country?
identify the currency used in this country?
explain when the best time to visit this country is and why?
work together effectively?
Scale: 1 = Not achieved (0-39%); 2 = Not yet competent (40-49%); 3 = Competent (50-69%);
4 = Highly competent (70-79%); 5 = Outstanding (80-100%)
Topic 1: Module 1
15
Module 2
What can a tourist expect
when visiting international
destinations?
Now that we know where the most popular tourist countries are, we
need to learn why tourists go to specific destinations. We will find out
what there is for tourists to see and do in various countries.
At the end of this module you will be able to:
• research tour brochures and compare (in table format) a typical
tourist experience for a number of countries.
2.1 Research tour brochures and
compare tourist experiences
In this module you will do some of your own research by looking at
brochures of:
• four varied destinations in Western Europe and the United
Kingdom
• two different destinations in the Far East
• two destinations in North America
• two destinations in South America
• one destination in Australia/New Zealand
• two destinations in Asia
• one destination in the Middle East or the Balkans.
People travel to different countries for different reasons: the climate,
the food, the culture of the local people and, of course, the specific
attractions.
Many tourists enjoy gondola rides in Venice, the city on water in Italy.
16
Topic 1: Module 2
Let’s take a closer look at what tourists can expect in a number of
countries. Then you will research more countries from these continents.
EUROPE
France
Purpose of visit
Culture, history, sightseeing, food, wine
Activities
Paris, France
• See the famous Eiffel Tower – 299,6 m high. Visitors are allowed to go to the top.
• Visit Notre Dame Cathedral: this example of Gothic architecture seats 6 000 people, has a
7 800 pipe organ and is characterised by three enormous rose windows. Visitors can climb
the 387 steps to the top for a
spectacular view of Paris.
• Art lovers can visit the world famous
Louvre Museum, in which Leonardo
Da Vinci’s famous painting of the
Mona Lisa is kept behind
bullet-proof glass.
• The Champs Elysées is a beautiful
architectural site and famous landmark
in Paris.
The Louvre, Paris.
France, Nice
Visitors to Nice must stop at the flower and food markets and visit the famous beaches
(covered in small rocks instead of sand).
Provence
• The fragrant French countryside
provides many opportunities to
taste French country food and
world famous wines.
• Visitors can stay on farms and
experience a typical French
country life style.
Winelands in the south of France.
Topic 1: Module 2
17