Unit B: Chemistry and the Environment
Assignment Booklet B1
Science 30 © 2007 Alberta Education (www.education.gov.ab.ca). Third-party copyright credits are listed on the attached copyright credit page.
Science 30
Science 30 © 2007 Alberta Education (www.education.gov.ab.ca). Third-party copyright credits are listed on the attached copyright credit page.
For Teacher’s Use Only
Summary
Total
Possible
Marks
Chapter 1
Assignment
Teacher’s Comments
Your
Mark
100
Science 30
Unit B: Chemistry and the Environment
Assignment Booklet B1
Chapter 1 Assignment
This document is intended for
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Science 30: Unit B
Assignment Booklet B1
Assignment Booklet B1
Science 30: Unit B
Chapter 1 assignment
This Assignment Booklet is worth 100 marks out of the total 172 marks for the assignments in
Unit A. The value of each assignment and each question is stated in the left margin.
Read all parts of your assignment carefully, and record your answers in the appropriate places.
If you have difficulty with an assignment, go back to the textbook and review the appropriate
lesson. Be sure to proofread your answers carefully before submitting your Assignment Booklet.
100
Chapter 1 Assignment: Acid Deposition
For questions 1 and 2, read each question carefully. Decide which of the choices BEST completes
the statement or answers the question. Place your answer in the blank space given.
1. What product of the combustion of a hydrocarbon occurs only when the supply of
oxygen is limited?
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
nitrogen dioxide
sulfur dioxide
2. Which of the following emission(s) occurs when any fuel is burned at a high
temperature in the presence of air?
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
CO gas
NOx gases
particulates
oxides of sulfur
3. Match each description with the appropriate term from the following list. Place your answer
in the blank space given.
½
½
½
½
i. combustion
ii. greenhouse gas
iii. hemoglobin
iv. oxide
a. a chemical substance consisting of oxygen atoms and other types of atoms
b. a rapid chemical process involving oxygen whose products are a major source
of emissions
c. a substance in the blood that normally transports oxygen but which readily
binds with carbon monoxide
d. carbon dioxide or another substance in the atmosphere that absorbs infrared
radiation (heat), thereby preventing its loss
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Science 30: Unit B
3
Assignment Booklet B1
4. In the investigation “Comparing the Effects of the Products of Cellular Respiration and
Combustion,” the gaseous products of cellular respiration and combustion were bubbled
through a solution of bromothymol blue and water. Explain why the solution colour changed.
5. Balance the following equations by providing the whole number coefficients in each blank.
2
a.
C9H20(g) +
O2(g) Æ
CO2(g) +
H2O(g)
2
b.
C6H14(g) +
O2(g) Æ
CO2(g) +
H2O(g)
2
6. List four natural processes that add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
2
7. Several factors are used to establish environmental quality standards in Alberta. List four of
these factors.
Return to page 4 of the Distributed Learning Student Guide, and begin Lesson 1.2.
Science 30 © 2007 Alberta Education (www.education.gov.ab.ca). Third-party copyright credits are listed on the attached copyright credit page.
Science 30: Unit B
Assignment Booklet B1
For questions 8 to 15, read each question carefully. Decide which of the choices BEST completes
the statement or answers the question. Place your answer in the blank space given.
1
8. Which of the following improves the validity of an experiment?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
performing frequent calibration checks
repeating tests with both positive and negative experimental controls
practising techniques and using equipment before the experiment
performing the experiment using methods others have successfully used in the
same situation
9. An aqueous solution of sodium chloride was found to be a conductor of electricity.
When the solution was tested with both blue and red litmus paper, neither one
changed colour. Based on these observations, the salt solution is
A.
B.
C.
D.
acidic and ionic
basic and molecular
neutral and ionic
neutral and molecular
10. The following acids were prepared with a concentration of 0.10 mol/L and at a
temperature of 25°C.
1
I.
II.
III.
IV.
A.
B.
C.
D.
oxalic acid
benzoic acid
boric acid
hydrofluoric acid
According to the “Table of Acids and Bases,” which of these acids is the
strongest?
I
II
III
IV
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Science 30: Unit B
Assignment Booklet B1
11. Use the following chart to complete this question.
1
Global Sulfur Emissions (1998)
90ºN
60ºN
30ºN
anthropogenic
0º
marine
30ºS
volcanic
terrestrial
60ºS
biomass burning
90ºS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Percentage
According to the “Global Sulfur Emissions (1998)” chart, around which latitude is
the least anthropogenic emission of sulfur present?
A.
B.
C.
D.
75°N
30°N
60°S
75°S
12. Vinegar has a pH of 2 and milk has a pH of 6. Based on these pH values, how does
the hydronium-ion concentration in vinegar compare to that in milk?
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
Vinegar has one-third the concentration of hydronium ions.
Vinegar has 3 times the concentration of hydronium ions.
Vinegar has 1000 times the concentration of hydronium ions.
Vinegar has 10 000 times the concentration of hydronium ions.
13. A sample of rainwater has a pH of 5.30. What is its hydronium-ion concentration?
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
4.9 ¥ 10-6 mol/L
5.0 ¥ 10-6 mol/L
5.3 ¥ 10-5 mol/L
5.5 ¥ 10-5 mol/L
Science 30 © 2007 Alberta Education (www.education.gov.ab.ca). Third-party copyright credits are listed on the attached copyright credit page.
Science 30: Unit B
½
½
A.
B.
C.
D.
-1.00
-5.72
5.72
1.00
15. A student tested a solution with the indicators methyl orange and litmus. During
the testing, the student observed that the methyl orange indicator turned yellow
and the litmus indicator turned red. The observations suggest that the solution’s
pH is between
1
½
Assignment Booklet B1
14. A shampoo has a hydronium-ion concentration of 1.9 ¥ 10-6. What is its pH?
1
½
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.8 and 3.2
3.2 and 4.4
4.4 and 4.5
4.5 and 8.3
16. Decide whether each statement is true (T) or false (F). Place your answer in the blank
space given.
a. Electrolytic solutions conduct electricity.
b. Dissociation occurs due to the electrostatic repulsion between charged ions
of the solute and the charges on water molecules.
c. An acid present in a food adds a bitter taste to its flavour.
d. Basic solutions feel slippery.
17. Match each description with the appropriate term from the following list. Place your answer
in the blank space given.
½
i. blue litmus paper
ii. conductivity meter
iii. fire-pit ashes
iv. red litmus paper
a. used to identify acids
½
b. used to identify bases
½
c. used to identify electrolytes
½
d. traditionally used to adjust the colour of dyes from berries, leaves, and bark
Science 30 © 2007 Alberta Education (www.education.gov.ab.ca). Third-party copyright credits are listed on the attached copyright credit page.
Science 30: Unit B
Assignment Booklet B1
18. Match each description with the appropriate term from the following list. Place your answer
in the blank space given.
½
½
½
½
½
½
½
½
i. acid
ii. base
iii. dry deposition
iv. ionic compound
v. molecular compound
vi. wet deposition
a. a chemical substance formed from a metal and a non-metal
b. a chemical substance formed from non-metals
c. gases or particles removed from the atmosphere that are transported by winds
and absorbed by Earth’s surface
d. gases or particles removed from the atmosphere that dissolve in water
e. the substance that accepts or gains a hydrogen ion from another substance
during a chemical reaction
f. the substance that donates or loses a hydrogen ion to another substance during
a chemical reaction
19. During the production of fertilizer, NH3(aq) reacts with H3PO4(aq). For this chemical
reaction, match each description with the appropriate term from the following list. Place
your answer in the blank space given.
i. acid
ii. base
iii. conjugate acid
iv. conjugate base
a. H2PO4-(aq)
b. H3PO4(aq)
½
c. NH3(aq)
½
d. NH4+(aq)
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Science 30: Unit B
2
Assignment Booklet B1
20. Based on Arrhenius’s theory, explain why CaCl2(aq) can be considered a neutral solution
rather than an acidic solution or a basic solution.
21. In an experiment, ammonia gas NH3(g) was bubbled through distilled water.
Some of the dissolved ammonia gas, NH3(aq), reacted with the water to form the aqueous
ammonia ions, NH4+(aq). When red litmus paper was placed in contact with the aqueous
solution, the paper turned blue. This indicated a basic solution.
Use the “Table of Acids and Bases” on page 173 of the textbook to complete the following
questions.
2
a. Identify the acid and base in the reaction between dissolved ammonia gas, NH3(aq), and
water. Explain your answer.
2
b. Identify the conjugate acid and conjugate base of the reaction. Explain your answer.
1
c. Write the complete chemical equation for the reaction between NH3(aq) and H2O(l).
2
Assignment Booklet B1
22. The oxides of carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen can be harmful when released into the
atmosphere. Why are these oxides so harmful? Give one reason that applies to all
these oxides.
Return to page 6 of the Distributed Learning Student Guide, and begin Lesson 1.3.
For questions 23 to 29, read each question carefully. Decide which of the choices BEST
completes the statement or answers the question. Place your answer in the blank space given.
23. A student sketched a graph of the relationship between the hydronium-ion
concentration and the concentration of nitrates in rainwater.
1
Concentration of Nitrates in Rainwater
Versus Hydronium-Ion Concentration
Hydronium Ion Concentration
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Science 30: Unit B
Concentration of Nitrates
According to this graph, the connection between the variables is best described as
A.
B.
C.
D.
a direct variation
an exponential variation
an indirect variation
no relationship
24. Which rock type is common to areas with the highest potential to reduce acid
deposition?
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
intrusive
metamorphic
sedimentary
volcanic
Science 30 © 2007 Alberta Education (www.education.gov.ab.ca). Third-party copyright credits are listed on the attached copyright credit page.
Science 30: Unit B
Assignment Booklet B1
25. Which of the following regions or provinces of Canada has the greatest proportion
of soils or bedrock with high buffering capacity?
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
Alberta
Quebec
southern Ontario
coastal mountains of BC
Use the table “Agricultural Plants and Soil pH for Optimal Growth” to complete questions
26 and 27.
AGRICULTURAL PLANTS AND SOIL pH
FOR OPTIMAL GROWTH
Plant
Soil pH for Optimal Growth
alfalfa
6.5 to 7.0
barley
6.3 to 6.5
blueberries
4.5
canola
5.5 to 8.3
clover
5.8 to 6.2
corn
5.8 to 6.2
oats
5.8 to 6.2
pasture grass
5.5 to 6.2
sugar beets
6.5 to 8.0
potatoes
5.2 to 8.0
wheat
5.5 to 6.5
26. Which crop best tolerates a highly acidic soil?
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
blueberries
canola
clover
corn
27. Which of the following crops can grow optimally in a highly alkaline soil?
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
alfalfa
canola
potatoes
sugar beets
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Science 30: Unit B
10
Assignment Booklet B1
28. What insoluble substance do hydronium ions chemically interact with in soil to
produce aluminium ions?
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
aluminium sulfate
aluminium oxide
aluminium hydroxide
sodium hydroxide
29. In the Arctic food chain, polar bears consume seals, seals consume fish, fish
consume krill, and krill consumes phytoplankton. Which level of this food chain
has the highest concentration of mercury?
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
fish
krill
polar bear
seal
30. Match each description with the appropriate term from the following list. Place your answer
in the blank space given.
½
i. alkaline
ii. biomagnification
iii. buffering
iv. buffering capacity
v. jet stream
vi. leaching
a. a measure of the amount of acid that can be neutralized by surface water
or soil
b. an air current located at the boundary between major air masses
½
½
d. the extraction of a substance from a solid by dissolving the substance
in a liquid
½
½
½
c. having the properties of a base
e. a chemical reaction to minimize a change to the hydronium-ion concentration
in soil or water
f. the tendency of a pollutant to appear at higher concentrations at higher levels
in a food chain
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Science 30: Unit B
11
Assignment Booklet B1
2
31. According to a student’s hypothesis, the pH of rainwater near emissions of sulfur oxides
would be less than the normal pH of 5.6. Explain why the student’s hypothesis is reasonable.
2
32. Explain why the wind from the northeastern United States often carries polluted air into
Ontario and Quebec.
2
33. When you made observations for the investigation “Acid Deposition and Its Effect on
Simulated Lake Water—Demonstration” on page 191 of the textbook, samples of simulated
lake water were exposed to SO2(g). Two graduated cylinders containing samples of simulated
lake water had CaCO3(s) added. Describe the effect of the added CaCO3(s).
4
34. Explain how calcium carbonate functions as a buffer. Include a chemical reaction in
your explanation.
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Science 30: Unit B
12
Assignment Booklet B1
2
35. Explain why a change in soil pH can make soil nutrients unavailable to plant roots.
2
36. Mercury is one metal that can reach toxic levels in ecosystems. Mercury can reach such
toxic levels through leaching brought about by acid deposition. List four other metals that
can reach toxic levels through acid deposition.
2
37. Name an organism (or a group of organisms) that is negatively affected by a high
concentration of aluminium ions in the soil or water. Describe the effect.
Return to page 9 of the Distributed Learning Student Guide, and begin Lesson 1.4.
For questions 38 to 40, read each question carefully. Decide which of the choices BEST answers
the question. Place your answer in the blank space given.
38. Which of the following information items provides qualitative data rather than
quantitative data?
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
average number of spots present on leaf surfaces
cloudiness of fish eyes
population of deer
soil pH
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Science 30: Unit B
13
Assignment Booklet B1
39. In the following table, a student recorded the data from titrations performed by
four groups in her class.
1
Volume of standard solution
Final (mL)
Initial (mL)
Added (mL)
1
13.15
1.20
1.95
2
13.20
1.25
11.95
3
13.55
1.25
12.30
4
21.45
9.50
11.95
The final readings were made as close as possible to the endpoint. To use only
the three most consistent results, which trial should not be used in the student’s
analysis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Trial 4
40. Which acid is the weakest?
1
½
Trial
A.
B.
C.
D.
phosphoric acid
oxalic acid
nitric acid
methanoic acid
41. Decide whether each statement is true (T) or false (F). Place your answer in the blank
space given.
a. Sulfuric acid is a weak acid.
½
b. Methyl orange is a weak acid.
½
c. Hydrogen carbonate ions and carbonic acid stabilize the pH of human blood.
½
d. Hydrochloric acid is a weak acid.
½
e. Bromothymol blue is an acid-base indicator.
½
f. A weak acid reacts more quickly with magnesium metal than does a
strong acid.
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Science 30: Unit B
14
Assignment Booklet B1
42. Match each description with the appropriate term from the following list. Place your answer
in the blank space given.
½
½
½
½
½
½
i. Erlenmeyer flask
ii. burette
iii. weak acid
iv. strong acid
v. titration
vi. indicator
a. a conical-shaped glass container in which the test solution and indicator are
swirled during a titration
b. a graduated tube-shaped piece of glassware used to release a standardized
solution to a test solution during a titration
c. a substance used in a titration to indicate when the endpoint is reached
d. a technique used to find the concentration of a test solution by adding a
standardized solution to it
e. a type of acid that completely reacts with water
f. a type of acid that only partially reacts with water
1
43. Among Canada’s First Nations, Métis, and Inuit people there is a kind of holistic knowledge.
When dealing with environmental issues, this knowledge serves as a valuable complement to
the knowledge obtained through methods used by scientists. Indicate the term used to refer
to this holistic type of knowledge.
2
44. To identify which contains more acid—vinegar or lemon juice—neutralization with sodium
hydroxide can be used. Explain how.
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Science 30: Unit B
15
Assignment Booklet B1
45. In a titration to determine the concentration of hydronium ions in a test solution, the test
solution was titrated with a 0.250 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution. Over several titrations
using 40.0 mL of test solution each time, an average of 10.5 mL of sodium hydroxide
solution was used to reach the endpoint.
4
a. Calculate the molar concentration of the hydronium ion in the test solution.
Show your work.
2
b. Determine the pH of the test solution. Show your work.
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Science 30: Unit B
2
16
Assignment Booklet B1
46. Strong and weak acids are produced from sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide emissions.
List two weak acids and two strong acids resulting from these emissions.
Return to page 14 of the Distributed Learning Student Guide, and begin Lesson 1.5.
For questions 47 and 48, read each question carefully. Decide which of the choices BEST
answers the question. Place your answer in the blank space given.
47. Which of the following 0.100 mol/L solutions has the lowest ability to remove
acid-forming gases from a mixture of gases?
2
A.
B.
C.
D.
sodium hydroxide
sodium chloride
sodium carbonate
ammonia
48. Suppose a catalyst in a catalytic converter becomes “poisoned” by lead or sulfur
in the fuel. Which gaseous component would be found in a greater concentration
in the exhaust as the result of a poisoned catalyst?
2
A.
B.
C.
D.
O2(g)
NOx(g)
H2O(g)
CO2(g)
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Science 30: Unit B
17
Assignment Booklet B1
49. Match each description with the appropriate term from the following list. Place your answer
in the blank space given.
½
½
½
½
½
½
i. catalytic converter
ii. electrostatic precipitator
iii. fly ash
iv. lime
v. limestone
vi. scrubber
a. a device that removes one or more components from a mixture of gases by
passing the mixture through other substances in which selected components
are absorbed and separated from the other gases
b. a device that uses electric fields to collect particles suspended in exhaust gases
when pulverized coal is burned
c. an emission-control device used to remove NOx, carbon monoxide, and
hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust
d. calcium carbonate
e. calcium oxide
f. small particles of sand and other unburned material that remain suspended in
exhaust gases when pulverized coal is combusted
2
50. In liming, calcium hydroxide may be added to soil to improve its pH. Write the balanced
chemical equation that describes the neutralization of the hydronium ions in the soil by
calcium hydroxide.
2
51. Approximately 15 million tonnes of sulfur are produced annually by sulfur-removal
processes used in the oil sands near Fort McMurray. Some of this sulfur is used as a
feedstock to make useful products, but much of the sulfur remains to be stockpiled in blocks.
Explain why these piles of sulfur can lead to environmental problems.
Science 30 © 2007 Alberta Education (www.education.gov.ab.ca). Third-party copyright credits are listed on the attached copyright credit page.
Science 30: Unit B
2
18
Assignment Booklet B1
52. Describe four personal behaviours you can think of that would reduce emissions.
53. Clean-coal technologies (CCTs) could counter the harmful environmental effects of coal use.
There are advantages to the people of Alberta in developing CCTs.
1
a. Describe one benefit from an economic perspective.
1
b. Describe one benefit from an ecological perspective.
Submit your completed Assignment Booklet B1 to your teacher for assessment.
Then return to page 17 of the Distributed Learning Student Guide,
and begin the Chapter 1 Summary.