Maya Thompson
APUSH
Mr. Kann
16 October, 2016
Unit 5
President of the
Common Man
(pg. 237-238)
● Andrew Jackson was a democratic philosopher
○ Jackson believed democracy should offer “equal protection
and equal benefits” to all of it’s white male citizens
○ Also it should favor no region or class over another
● To keep the white male democracy preserved they had to continue
the subjugation of Native Americans, African Americans, and
Women
○ They needed to keep them away from the body politic
● Jackson’s first targets were entrenched office holders in fed govt
The Spoils
System (pg. 238)
● Jackson ended up removing no more than ⅕ of the fed
officeholders during his eight years in office
○ Most of them were removed bc they misused govt funds or
engaged in other corruption
○ Jackson also dismissed no more jobholders than Jefferson
had
● He embraced the spoils system to help make the right of elected
officials to appoint their own followers to public office an
established feature of American politics
● Jackson’s supporters worked to change the way pres candidates
won their party’s nominations
Limited Nature of
Democratic
Reform (pg. 238)
● The spoils system and the political convention (held by Jackson's
followers) did serve to limit the power of two entrenched elites
○ Permanent officeholders
○ Exclusive party caucus
■ Neither of these things helped transfer power to the
people
● Political opportunity in the party was expanding but less than
expected
Calhoun and
Nullification (pg.
239)
● Vice Pres John C. Calhoun
○ He championed a controversial constitutional theory
■ Nullification
● He supported the tariff of 1816 but later began to believe that the
tariff was responsible for the stagnation of their state's economy
● Calhoun argued that since the fed govt was a creation by the
states, the states were the final arbiters of the constitutionality of
fed laws
○ If the state concluded that congress had passed a
unconstitutional law it could hold a special convention and
declare the fed law null and void within the state
The Rise of Van
Buren (pg. 239)
● Van Buren was appointed secretary of state in 1829
● He drove a wedge between the pres and Calhoun
● Peggy O’Neale (newly Mrs. Eaton) was a cabinet wife
○ The rest of the administration wives (led by Mrs. Calhoun)
refused to receive her
● Jackson demanded that they accept her into their social world
○ Calhoun refused
○ Van Buren befriended the Eatons, winning over Jackson
● In 1831 Jackson chose Van Buren to succeed him in the White
House
The Webster
Hayne Debate
(pg. 240)
● In 1830 while controversy over nullification was growing more
intense, a great debate occurred in the US senate over another
sectional controversy
○ During a debate a senator from Connecticut suggested that
all (western) land sales and surveys be temporarily
discontinued
○ Robert Y. Hayne a senator from SC responded by saying
this was just a way for the East to gain political and
economic power
States’ Rights
Versus National
Power
● Daniel Webster (senator from MA and nationalistic whig)
responded to Hayne by challenging him to a debate on the states’
rights versus national power
● Hayne (coached by calhoun) responded w/ defense of the theory
of nullification
○ Webster’s reply known as his “Second Reply to Hayne”
ended w saying “Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one
and inseparable”
○ Both sides waited to hear what Jackson had to say about
the argument
■ He made it clear at the annual Democratic Party
■ What Jackson and Calhoun both had to say drew
sharp lines between themselves
The Nullification
Crisis (pg. 241)
● In 1832 the controversy over nullification caused a crisis when
South Carolinians responded angrily to a congressional tariff bill
○ The bill offered them no relief from the 1828 “tariff
abominations”
○ The Legislature then summoned a state convention which
voted to nullify the tariffs of 1828 and 1832
■ At the same time SC elected Hayne as governor
and Calhoun as senator
● Jackson insisted nullification was treason
○ He strengthened the fed forts in SC and ordered a warship
and several revenue ships to Charleston
● In 1833 Jackson proposed a force bill authorizing the pres to use
the military to see that the acts of congress were obeyed
Compromise (pg.
241-242)
● Not a single state had supported SC
○ Even SC was divided
● The intervention of Henry Clay averted a crisis
○ Clay devised a compromise in which the tariff would be
lowered gradually so that by 1842 it would reach approx
the same level as in 1816
■ The Compromise and the force bill were passed on
the same day
● In SC the convention reassembled and repealed its nullification of
the tariffs
○ They nullified the force act
The Removal of
Indians (pg. 242)
● Jackson wanted the Indian tribes to move west out of the way of
white settlement
● His views were that different from most other white Americans
White Attitude
Towards the
Tribes (pg. 242)
● In the 1700’s many white Americans considered the Indians
“noble savages”
● In the first decades of the 1800’s this attitude was turning into a
much more hostile one
○ Particularly among whites in the western states and
territories whom Jackson never came to represent
○ Such whites were seeing them as uncivilized as well as
uncivilized
■ White people believed they should not be able to
live in close proximity to the tribes
● White westerners favored removal as well because they feared that
the continued contact between the Indians and expanding white
settlements would lead to endless contact and violence
○ They mostly favored Indian removal because of their own
desire for territory
● Legally only the fed govt had the authority to negotiate w Indians
over land
The Black Hawk
● The long process of expelling the woodland indians culminated in
War (pg. 242)
a last battle in 1831-1832 between white settlers in Illinois and an
alliance of Sauk and Fox Indians under the warrior Black Hawk
○ An earlier treaty had ceded tribal lands in Illinois to the US
■ Black Hawk and his followers refused to recognize
the legality of the agreement
■ White people saw them occupying the vacant lands
as an invasion and assembled the Illinois state
militia and federal troops to get rid of them
Sauk and Fox
Indians Defeated
(pg. 242-243)
● Black Hawk war was known for the viciousness of the white
military
● The Sauk and Fox were defeated and starving
○ Went to Iowa
○ White troops slaughtered most of them
■ US troops captured Black Hawk and brought him
to the east to meet w many curious white people
(including Jackson)
The Five
Civilized Tribes
(pg. 242)
● The tribes remaining in the south was troubling to the govt in the
1830’s
● In western GA, AL, MI, and FL lived the “Five Civilized Tribes”
○ The Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw
○ Most of them had established settled agricultural societies
w successful economies
■ Some whites argued that the Cherokee should be
allowed to retain their eastern lands since they had
become a “civilized” society
Removal Act (pg.
243)
● The fed govt worked steadily to negotiate treaties with the
southern Indians that would remove them to the west and open
their lands for white settlement
○ Whites were impatient during the negotiation process
● The removal act was passed in 1830
○ Appropriated money to finance fed negotiations w the
southern tribes aimed at relocating them to the west
■ Southern tribes faced a lot of pressures from the
state and fed govts
● Most tribes were too weak to resist
● In GA the Cherokees tried to stop the white encroachments by
appealing to the supreme court
Cherokee
Resistance (pg.
243)
● In 1835 the fed gov extracted a treaty from the minority faction
of Cherokees
○ The treaty gave up tribe's land to GA in return for $5
million
■ 17,000 Cherokees refused to leave their homes
so Jackson sent an army of 7,000
Trails of Tears
(pg. 243-244)
● 1,000 Cherokee fled across state line to NC where the fed govt
provided a small reservation in the Smoky Mountains
○ Many died along the way
■ Route was called “The Trail Where They Cried”,
Trail of Tears
● Jackson claimed that he supported the removal as a way to
protect the tribes
○ The Five Civilized Tribes were forced to relocate in the
new Indian Territory
● Indian Intercourse Act of 1834
● Seminoles in FL resisted at first
○ Agreed to move to Indian Territory within three years
○ Under the leadership of ​Osceola​ defended their lands
○ In 1842 U.S. finally gave up
The Meaning of
Removal (pg.
245)
● By the end of 1830s most Indian societies east of the
Mississippi had be removed to the West
● In theory there were many alternatives to brutal removal policy
○ after mid 1800’s whites didn’t see Indians as being equal
or subordinate partners
Jackson and the
Bank War (pg.
246)
● In 1830 Jackson vetoed Congress providing subsidy to
Maysville Road in Kentucky
○ argued the Bill is unconstitutional bc
■ not benefitting all nation;
■ not qualified for “interstate commerce”
■ extravagant expenditure
Biddle’s
Institution (pg.
246)
● Bank of U.S. held monopoly on federal deposits
● Nicholas Biddle was the president of Bank and put the
institution on a financial success
○ Jackson wanted to destroy it
● Opposition of the bank groups
○ Soft money
■ Restrained the state banks from issuing notes
freely
○ Hard money
■ Believed gold and silver were the basis for
money
● advisors persuaded Biddle to apply for recharter bill in 1832
(Bank expires at 1836)
○ Jackson vetoed
■ Congress failed to override the veto
● Henry Clay ran for pres, Jackson was reelected though
The “Monster”
Destroyed (pg.
247)
● Jackson was more determined to destroy the “monster” bank
○ Jackson removed government’s deposits from it
○ Roger Taney took government’s deposits out of the BUS
and put in state banks
● Biddle responded by calling in loans & raising interest rates
○ Resulted in short recession
● In 1836 the bank died
The Taney Court
(pg. 247-248)
● In 1835 John Marshall died
○ Replaced with Roger B. Taney
● Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge of 1837
○ Two MA companies disputing over the right to build a
bridge across the Charles River between Boston and
Cambridge
■ first one wanted to build for profit
■ second one wanted to build for people’s benefit
● Taney chose second one to promote the
general happiness
Democrats and
Whigs (pg. 249)
● Whigs
○ wanted the fed govt to expand its power encouraging
industrial and commercial development
● Democrats
○ wanted steadily increasing economic and political
opportunities for white males and gov should be limited
● Whigs were favored by
○ the merchants and manufacturers of Northeast
○ wealthy planters of South
○ ambitious farmers of West
● Democrats had more support from
○ smaller merchants and workingmen of Northeast
○ southern planters suspicious of industrial growth
○ westerners who favored agrarian economy
Crash Courses
Crash Course #14
● Almost all voters were white, male landowners.
○ between 1820 and 1850 this changed
■ State legislatures lowered/ eliminated the property
qualifications for voting
● which allowed many more people to vote
(as long as they were white and male)
● The American System was a program of economic nationalism
built on
○ federally financed internal improvements
■ roads and canals
○ Tariffs, to protect new factories and industries
○ A national bank that would replace the First BUS
■ Charter had expired in 1811
● nationalism also extended to foreign affairs
○ After Latin America won its independence from Spain,
Pres Monroe made a speech proposing that Europe
shouldn't try to retake colonies in the Western hemisphere
● many people felt that the fed govt shouldn't invest in
infrastructure
○ Big problems with the Second Bank of the United States,
○ Perennial issue of slavery
● In 1819 Missouri had enough people in it to become a state,
○ A New York Congressman named James Tallmadge made
a motion to prohibit the introduction of further slaves into
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
the proposed state
Missouri Compromise also said that no state admitted above the
36º30' line of latitude would be allowed to have slaves
Van Buren is important for having invented the Democratic Party
○ First to realize that national political parties could be a
good thing
Jackson won election of 1824
Democrats tended be lower- to middle class men
○ usually farmers
○ who were suspicious of the widening gap between the rich
and the poor
○ particularly worried about bankers, merchants, and
speculators, who seemed to be getting rich without
actually producing anything
a new party rose in response to Jackson's election:
○ The Whigs
■ took their name from the English Whigs, who were
opposed to absolute monarchy
■ American Whigs felt that Andrew Jackson was
grabbing too much power for the executive branch
○ Whigs were big supporters of the American System and its
active fed govt.
○ The greatest support was in the northeast,
■ businessmen and bankers who benefited from
those tariffs and the stability provided by a national
bank
in 1828, Congress passed the Tariff of 1828
Jackson supported this,even though it benefited manufacturers.
○ The tariff raised prices on imported manufactured goods
made of wool and iron
○ enraged SC because they'd put all their money into
slavery, and none into industry
Congress passed a new tariff in 1832
○ lowered the duties
○ the Palmetto State's government nullified it
Jackson responded by getting Congress to pass the Force Act
○ authorized him to use the Army and Navy to collect taxes
Native Americans
○ Much of Jackson's reputation there was based on killing
them
○ Jackson supported Southern states' efforts to appropriate
Indian lands and make the Indians move
○ This support was formalized in the Indian Removal Act of
1830 which Jackson supported.
● The law provided funds to relocate Cherokees, Chickasaws,
Choctaws, Creek, and Seminole Indians from their homes in GA,
NC, FL, MI, and AL.
○ In response, these tribes sued the government.
● Supreme Court ruled that Georgia's actions violated their treaties
with the fed govt
○ they had a right to their land.
● Jacksons forced removal of the Indians took place in the winter of
1838-1839 under Jackson's successor Van Buren
○ one quarter of the 18,000 Indians died on the forced march
■ Trail of Tears
● In 1832, bank leader Nicholas Biddle persuaded Congress to pass
a bill extending the life of the Second U.S. Bank for 20 years
○ Jackson vetoed the bill
● The Second BUS expired in 1836
○ no central institution with which to control federal funds.
● economic collapse
○ the Panic of 1837
○ The subsequent depression lasted until 1843
○ Jackson's bank policy had a major effect on American
politics
■ business-oriented Democrats became Whigs
■ remaining Democrats further aligned with agrarian
interests, which meant slavery
Crash Course #15
● One response to the massive changes brought about by the shift to
an industrialized market economy was to create Utopian
communities where people could separate themselves from the
worst aspects of this "Brave New World."
○ The most famous at the time, and arguably still were the
Shakers,
■ Shaker communities did separate themselves from
the competition that characterized free markets
■ They were celibate
● Therefore only able to increase their
numbers by recruitment, which was made a
little bit difficult by celibacy.
■ They embraced equality of the sexes, and at their
peak, they had more than 6,000 members
● Much more successful in the long run where the Latter Day
Saints, also called Mormons
● So while some of these communities were based in religion,
others were more worldly attempts to create new models of
society, like Brook Farm.
●
●
●
●
●
●
○ Founded in 1841 by a group of Transcendentalists
○ Brook Farm tried to show that manual labor and
intellectual engagement could be successfully mixed.
■ Brook Farm did not work out
The most Utopian of the Utopian communities were set up at
Utopia, Ohio and Modern Times NY, by Josiah Warren.
○ Without any laws to regulate behavior, Warren's
communities collapsed spectacularly and quickly
Behind most of those reform movements was religion
○ Second Great Awakening.
○ This series of revival meetings reached their height in the
1820s and 1830s with Charles Grandison Finney's giant
camp meetings in NY
■ Second Great Awakening made America a
religious nation
■ The number of Christian ministers in the United
States went from 2,000 in the 1770s to 40,000 by
1845
The Awakening stressed individual choice in salvation and a
personal relationship with Jesus Christ,
○ deeply influenced by the Market Revolution
○ Awakening ministers also preached the values
■ Sobriety
■ Industry
■ Self-discipline
● which had become the essence of both the
market economy and the impulse for
reform
The religious nature of all these nineteenth-century reform
movements were overwhelmingly Protestant
■ New religions were Protestant denominations
● wouldn't have a lot of appeal to immigrants
from Ireland and Germany
Many of these reformers believed in Perfectionism
○ the idea that individuals in society were capable of
unlimited improvement.
○ many of the reform movements were based on a different
view of freedom
■ For 19th century reformers, freedom was the
opposite of being able to do whatever you wanted,
which they associated with the word "license.
The growing feeling among reformers that we should limit--or
even ban alcohol appealed to those Protestant ideas of restraint
and perfecting the social order.
● by 1860, all northern states had established public schools,
○ but they were far less common in the South
■ planter class was afraid of education falling into
the wrong hands
● those of poor whites
● especially slave
● Abolitionism was the biggest reform movement in the first half of
the 19th century
○ In the 17th and 18th centuries, the only challengers to
slavery where slaves themselves, free blacks, and Quakers.
○ In the early 19th century, colonizationists began to gain
ground
■ Their idea was to ship all former slaves back to
Africa
○ Blacks protested against this
■ In 1817, 3,000 of them assembled in Philadelphia
and declared that black people were entitled to the
same freedom as whites
■ By 1830, advocates for the end of slavery became
more and more radical
○ By 1843, 100,000 northerners were aligned with the
American Anti-Slavery Society
● Not all Americans were enthusiastic about abolitionism
○ slavery remained abolished.
■ Often, resistance to abolitionism was violent
● Congress adopted the "gag rule" in 1836.
○ The gag rule prohibited members of Congress from even
reading aloud or discussing calls for the emancipation of
slaves
● The best-known abolitionist was Frederick Douglass a former
slave
● Uncle Tom's Cabin
○ Uncle Tom's Cabin sold more than a million copies
between 1851 and 1854
■ banned in the South.
○ But while based on a black man's story, Uncle Tom's
Cabin was written by a white woman
■ black abolitionists were battling not only slavery,
but near ubiquitous racism
Crash Course #16
● the higher the social class, the greater the restrictions on women.
● American women did participate in the American Revolution
○ They were still expected to marry and have kids
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
■ husbands held authority over the person, property,
and choices of their wives
○ Women weren't permitted to own property so they
couldn’t vote
Women were important to the new republic, because they were
raising children, especially male children
○ The Republican mother idea allowed women access to
education, so that they could teach their children
Market Revolution had profound effects on American women
○ AS production shifted from homes to factories, it shifted
away from women doing the producing
The cult of domesticity decreed that a woman's place was in the
home
○ the job of women was to enable their husbands to make
stuff by
■ providing food and a clean living space,
■ also by providing what our favorite historian
non-market values like love, friendship, and
mutual obligation
The idea of true equality between men and women was so radical
that almost no one embraced it
○ Only very low-paying work was available to them
■ In most states, they couldn't control their own
wages if they were married
○ Most American women had no chance to work for profit
outside their houses
■ many women found work outside traditional
spheres in reform movements
Many of the most famous advocates for legally prohibiting the
sale of alcohol in the U.S. were women
Many women were also important contributors to the anti-slavery
movement, although they tended to have more subordinate roles
Uncle Tom's Cabin (written by a women) introduced millions of
Americans to the idea that African American people were people
○ Uncle Tom's Cabin humanized slaves to such a degree that
it was banned throughout most of the South.
The male leaders of the anti-slavery movement denied women's
demands for equality, believing that any calls for women's rights
would undermine the cause of abolition
The most visible manifestation of it was the issue of women's
suffrage, raised most eloquently at the Seneca Falls Convention of
1848
○ Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and many others
wrote and published the Declaration of Sentiments,
modeled very closely on the Declaration of Independence
● like abolitionism, it was an international movement.
● like other reform movements, the women's movement was
primarily a middle-class or even upper-class effort
● It faced strong resistance