Preprint submitted to ATOMIC DATA AND N UCLEAR DATA TABLES
March 25, 2010
Discovery of the Manganese Isotopes
K. GAROFALI and M. THOENNESSEN ∗
National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
Twentyfive manganese isotopes have so far been observed; the discovery of these isotopes is discussed. For each
isotope a brief summary of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is
presented.
∗ Corresponding author.
Email address: [email protected] (M. Thoennessen).
CONTENTS
1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
2
Discovery of 46−70 Mn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
3
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
EXPLANATION OF TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
TABLE
I.
Discovery of Manganese Isotopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
REFERENCES FOR TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
1.
INTRODUCTION
The discovery of the manganese isotopes is discussed as part of the series of the discovery of
isotopes which began with the cerium isotopes in 2009 [1]. The purpose of this series is to document
and summarize the discovery of the isotopes. Guidelines for assigning credit for discovery are (1)
clear identification, either through decay-curves and relationships to other known isotopes, particle or
γ-ray spectra, or unique mass and Z-identification, and (2) publication of the discovery in a refereed
journal. The authors and year of the first publication, the laboratory where the isotopes were produced
as well as the production and identification methods are discussed. When appropriate, references to
conference proceedings, internal reports, and theses are included. When a discovery includes a half-life
measurement the measured value is compared to the currently adopted value taken from the NUBASE
evaluation [2] which is based on the ENSDF database [3].
2.
DISCOVERY OF 46−70 MN
Twentyfive manganese isotopes from A = 46 − 70 have been discovered so far; these include 1
stable, 9 proton-rich and 15 neutron-rich isotopes. According to the HFB-14 model [4], 78 Mn should
be the last odd-odd particle stable neutron-rich nucleus while the odd-even particle stable neutron-rich
nuclei should continue through 87 Mn. The proton dripline has been reached and no more long-lived
isotopes are expected to exist because 44 Mn and 45 Mn have been shown to be unbound with upper
lifetime limits of 105 ns and 70 ns, respectively [6]. About 13 isotopes have yet to be discovered
corresponding to 34% of all possible manganese isotopes.
Figure A summarizes the year of first discovery for all manganese isotopes identified by the method
of discovery. The range of isotopes predicted to exist is indicated on the right side of the figure. The
2
90
85
80
Mass Number (A)
75
Fusion Evaporation Reactions (FE)
Light Particle Reactions (LP)
Mass Spectroscopy (MS)
Neutron Induced Fission (NF)
Deep Inelastic Reactions (DI)
Projectile Fission or Fragmentation (PF)
Undiscovered, predicted to be bound
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Year Discovered
FIG. A. Manganese isotopes as a function of time when they were discovered. The different production
methods are indicated. The solid black squares on the right hand side of the plot are isotopes predicted
to be bound by the HFB-14 model.
radioactive manganese isotopes were produced using deep-inelastic reactions (DI), heavy-ion fusionevaporation (FE), light-particle reactions (LP), neutron induced fission (NF), and projectile fragmentation of fission (PF). The stable isotope was identified using mass spectroscopy (MS). Heavy ions are
all nuclei with an atomic mass larger than A=4 [5]. Light particles also include neutrons produced by
accelerators. In the following, the discovery of each manganese isotope is discussed in detail.
46,47 Mn
The 1987 paper “Direct Observation of New Proton Rich Nuclei in the Region 23≤Z≤29 Using
A 55A.MeV 58 Ni Beam”, reported the first observation of 46 Mn and 47 Mn by Pougheon et al. [7]. The
fragmentation of a 55 A·MeV 58 Ni beam at GANIL on a nickel target was used to produce proton-rich
isotopes which were separated with the LISE spectrometer. Energy loss, time of flight, and magnetic
rigidity measurements were made such that “two additional Mn isotopes were identified: 47 Mn and
3
46 Mn
with respectively 335 and 15 counts.”
48 Mn
48 Mn
was discovered in 1987 by Sekine et al. as described in the paper “The Beta Decay of 48 Mn:
Gammow-Teller quenching in fp-shell nuclei” [8]. At the UNILAC at GSI, Darmstadt an 11.4 MeV/u
40 Ca beam was aimed at a FEBIAD-F ion source with a graphite catcher and 48 Mn was produced in the
fusion evaporation reaction 12 C(40 Ca,p3n). The isotopes were separated by mass in a magnetic sector
field and identified by γ- and β -rays decay spectroscopy. “After accounting for single and double escape
peaks as well as for peaks due to summing with 511 keV annihilation radiation, and leaving the γ-lines
at 1660 and 2167 keV unassigned, 16 γ-transitions were ascribed to the decay of 48 Mn.” A half-life of
150(10) ms was recorded, which is in agreement with the currently accepted value of 158.1(22) ms.
49 Mn
In 1970, Cerny et al. published the paper “Heavy-Ion Reactions as a Technique for Direct Mass
Measurements of Unknown Z>N Nuclei” [9] describing the discovery of the isotope 49 Mn. A 12 C4+
beam with energy 27.5 MeV was directed at calcium targets at the Oxford EN tandem Van De Graaff so
that the products of the reaction could be discerned in a counter telescope made of four semiconductor
detectors, and the spectrum of the reaction analyzed. “As an initial experiment, we have chosen the
reaction 40 Ca(12 C,t)49 Mn as a means of studying the hitherto uncharacterized nuclide 49 Mn; our results
agree well with the theoretical prediction of its mass.” A half-life of 0.43 s had been previously been
reported [10] but this half-life could not be definitively attributed to either 49 Mn or 47 Cr.
50 Mn
Martin and Breckon discovered 50 Mn in 1952 which they announced in “The New Radioactive
Isotopes Vanadium 46, Manganese 50, Cobalt 54” [11]. Protons with energies between 15 and 22 MeV
from the McGill University cyclotron bombarded titanium targets and 50 Mn was produced in the reaction 50 Cr(p,n)50 Mn. Positron activities were displayed on a cathode-ray oscilloscope and photographs
of the screen were taken for subsequent graphical analysis. The assignment of 50 Mn was based on the
threshold energy and the ft value. “One is thus led to assign the 0.40, 0.28, and 0.18 sec. activities to the
isotopes V46 , Mn50 , and Co54 , respectively.” The measured half-life agrees with the presently accepted
value of 283.88(46) ms.
51,52 Mn
In 1938 Livingood and Seaborg outlined their discovery of 51 Mn and 52 Mn in the article “Radioactive Manganese Isotopes” [12]. The reactions for these isotopes made use of deuterons at energies of
5.5 and 7.6 MeV, and helium ions at energies of 16 MeV at the Berkeley Cyclotron. The bombardment
of 50 Cr by deuterons and neutrons was used to yield 51 Mn, while the reaction of 54 Fe with deuterons
and alpha particles was chosen for 52 Mn. Decay curves were measured with a quartz fiber electroscope following chemical separation. “The Cr(d,n)Mn reaction could lead to Mn51 , Mn53 , Mn54 , and
of these possibilities we believe the 46-minute activity must be assigned to Mn51 ... Two positron emitting manganese isotopes Mn52 and Mn54 can be expected through the disintegration type Fe(d,α)Mn;
4
nevertheless, we believe both these activities must be described as isomers of Mn52 .” The extracted
half-lives of 46(2) min. (51 Mn) and 21(2) min. and 6.5(1) days for 52 Mn agree with the accepted values
of 46.2(1) min., 21.1(2) min. and 5.591(3) d for 51 Mn and 52 Mn, respectively. The 21 min. half-life corresponds to an isomer of 52 Mn. Half-lives of 5 d [13], 21 min. [13,14] and 42 min. [15] had previously
been reported, however, no mass assignments were made.
53 Mn
Wilkinson and Sheline reported the discovery of 53 Mn in their 1955 paper “New Isotope of Manganese53” [16]. A sample of enriched 53 Cr was bombarded with 9.5 MeV protons from the Berkeley 60-inch
cyclotron. 53 Mn was produced in the 53 Cr(p,n) charge-exchange reaction and the activity of the isotope
was measured using a Geiger counter following chemical separation. “It is established then that we have
a long-lived gammaless orbital electron capturing isotope of manganese. In view of the isotopic composition of the enriched Cr53 isotope used in the proton bombardment, the presence of an unassigned
position in the nuclear periodic table at 25 protons and 28 neutron, the unusual stability expected because of shell closure at 28 neutron, and finally, the fact that this is a proton excess nucleus since it
is an orbital electron capturer, the only reasonable assignment of this long-lived manganese activity is
Mn53 .” The half-life was not directly measured, only calculated from comparing the cross sections with
the charge exchange reaction on 54 Cr. A half-life of 140 years was deduced assuming a 5/2 ground
state for 53 Mn. The possibility of a 7/2 ground state was considered which would result in a half-life of
∼106 y. The latter turned out to be correct with an accepted half-life for 53 Mn of 3.74(4)×10−6 y.
54 Mn
In 1938 Livingood and Seaborg outlined their discovery of 54 Mn in the article “Radioactive Manganese Isotopes” [12]. The reaction for this isotope made use of deuterons at energies of 5.5 and 7.6
MeV, and helium ions at energies of 16 MeV at the Berkeley Cyclotron. 54 Mn was produced through
the activation of iron with deuterons, chromium with deuterons, and vanadium with helium ions. “Only
two choices are available for this isotope when produced from iron by deuteron bombardment; Mn52
and Mn54 . We have given evidence above for the assignment of Mn52 of the isomeric activities with 21
minutes and 6 days half-lives, so that the 310-day period is to be associated with Mn54 .” The measured
half-life of 310(20) days is consistent with the accepted value of 312.05(4) days.
55 Mn
In 1923 Aston stated the discovery of the only stable manganese isotope, 55 Mn in “Further Determinations of the Constitution of the Elements by the Method of Accelerated Anode Rays” [17]. No
details regarding the mass spectroscopic observation of manganese was given. “Manganese behaved
surprisingly well, and yielded unequivocal results indicating that it is a simple element of mass number
55.”
56 Mn
In 1934 Amaldi et al. discovered 56 Mn which was announced in “Radioactivity Produced by Neutron Bombardment-V” [18]. Neutrons from beryllium powder mixed with emanation (radon) irradiated
5
manganese targets at the Istituo Fisico della R. Università in Rome, Italy. The β -ray activity was measured with a Geiger-Müller counter. “For manganese, besides the period of 4 minutes, another of about
150 minutes was observed, the active substance of which cannot be separated from manganese and is
probably Mn56 , which also is obtained from iron and cobalt.” The half-life mentioned above of 150
minutes agrees well with the accepted value of 2.5789(1) h.
57 Mn
In the 1954 paper titled “Manganese-57” [19], Cohen et al. published the discovery of the isotope
Isotopically enriched 57 Fe was bombarded with neutrons produced by the Oak Ridge 86 inch
cyclotron and 56 Mn was created by the (n,p) charge exchange reaction. The gamma-ray spectrum was
examined with a NaI(T1) scintillation spectrometer, while the beta-ray spectrum was analyzed with an
anthracene scintillation spectrometer. The isotope “was identified by chemical separations, by measurement of its formation and cross section, by investigation of possible impurity effects, and by comparison
of its gamma spectrum with that of 57 Co.” The recorded half-life of 1.7(1) min. is in agreement with
the accepted value of 85.4(18) s. A previous attempt to observe 57 Mn was not successful [20].
57 Mn.
58 Mn
The discovery of 58 Mn by Chittenden et al. is outlined in the 1961 paper “New Isotope of Manganese; Cross Sections of the Iron Isotopes for 14.8-MeV Neutrons” [21]. At the University of Arkansas
400-kV Cockcroft-Walton accelerator, enriched iron was bombarded by 14.8 MeV neutrons and the
gamma-ray spectrum was analyzed by the NaI(T1) scintillation spectrometer. “On the basis of crossbombardments utilizing chemical separations and gamma-ray spectrum (which fits the measured energy
level of Fe58 ) the activity is assigned to Mn58 from the Fe58 (n,p) and Fe57 (n,np) reactions.” The isotope
is assigned a half-life of 1.1(1) min., which corresponds to an isomer of 58 Mn with an accepted half-life
of 65.2(5) s.
59 Mn
In 1976, Kashy et al. published the discovery of 59 Mn in their paper “Observation of highly neutronrich 43 Cl and 59 Mn” [22]. An enriched 64 Ni foil was bombarded with a 74 MeV 3 He beam at the Michigan State University Cyclotron and 59 Mn was produced in the reaction 64 Ni(3 He,8 B). The momentum
of the ejectiles was examined in an Enge split pole spectrograph, energy loss was measured, and time
of flight data was taken from a plastic scintillator to verify the observations and record the mass of the
isotope. “[The figure] shows spectra of 8 B ions from the 64 Ni and 27 Al targets,... A peak with a width
of about 200 keV is observed for the 59 Mn.”
60 Mn
Norman et al. presented their 1978 discovery of 60 Mn in the paper “Mass and β -decay of the new
neutron-rich isotope 60 Mn” [23]. An enriched 48 Ca foil was bombarded with 18 O ions at an energy
of 56 MeV at the Argonne tandem accelerator. 60 Mn was produced in the fusion-evaporation reaction
48 Ca(16 O, αpn). Gamma-rays were analyzed with Ge(Li) detectors, and beta-rays were examined using plastic scintillators. “Gamma rays have been attributed to the decay of 60 Mn by comparison of
6
their energies with those of previously reported levels of 60 Fe and by their coincidence relations with
known gamma rays of 60 Fe. From these measurements, the half life, ground-state spin, parity, and decay scheme of 60 Mn were determined.” The half-life was measured as 1.79(1) s, which corresponds to
an isomer of 60 Mn with a half-life of 1.77(2) s.
61,62 Mn
Guerreau et al. reported the discovery of 61 Mn, 62 Mn in the 1980 paper “Seven New Neutron Rich
Nuclides Observed in Deep Inelastic Collisions of 340 MeV 40 Ar on 238 U” [24]. A 340 MeV 40 Ar
beam accelerated by the Orsay ALICE accelerator facility bombarded a 1.2 mg/cm2 thick UF4 target
supported by an aluminum foil. The isotopes were identified using two ∆E-E telescopes and two time
of flight measurements. “The new nuclides 54 Ti, 56 V, 58−59 Cr, 61 Mn, 63−64 Fe, have been produced
through 40 Ar + 238 U reactions.” At least twenty counts were recorded for these isotopes. The tentative
observation of 62 Mn was mentioned in a table.
63 Mn
Bosch et al. discovered 63 Mn in 1985 as described in “Beta-decay half-lives of new neutron-rich
chromium-to-nickel isotopes and their consequences for the astrophysical r-process” [25]. 76 Ge was
accelerated to 11.4 MeV/u at GSI and bombarded a natural tungsten target. 63 Mn was produced in
multinucleon transfer reaction and separated with the FEBIAD-F ion source and the GSI on-line mass
separator. “Beta-decay studies of the new neutron-rich isotopes 58,59 Cr, 63 Mn, 66,67 Co and 69 Ni, yielding distinctly shorter half-lives than the corresponding theoretical predictions, are presented.” The measured half-life of 0.25(4) s for 63 Mn agrees with the currently accepted value of 0.275(4) s.
64,65 Mn
The 1985 paper “Production and Identification of New Neutron-Rich Fragments from 33 MeV/u
Beam in the 18≤Z≤27 Region” by Guillemaud-Mueller et al. reported the first observation of
64 Mn and 65 Mn [26]. The 33 MeV/u 86 Kr beam bombarded tantalum targets and the fragments were
separated with the GANIL triple-focusing analyser LISE. “Each particle is identified by an event-byevent analysis. The mass A is determined from the total energy and the time of flight, and Z by the ∆E
and E measurements... In addition to that are identified the following new isotopes 47 Ar, 57 Ti, 59,60 V,
61,62 Cr, 65,65 Mn, 66,67,68 Fe, 68,69,70 Co.”
86 Kr
66 Mn
In their paper “New neutron-rich isotopes in the scandium-to-nickel region, produced by fragmentation of a 500 MeV/u 86 Kr beam”, Weber et al. presented the first observation of 66 Mn in 1992 [27].
66 Mn was produced in the fragmentation reaction of a 500 A·MeV 86 Kr beam from the heavy-ion synchroton SIS on a beryllium target and separated with the zero-degree spectrometer FRS at GSI. “The
isotope identification was based on combining the values of Bρ, time of flight (TOF), and energy loss
(4E) that were measured for each ion passing through the FRS and its associated detector array.” Sixteen counts of 66 Mn were recorded. The previous reported “...hints for the observation of 54 Sc and
66 Mn” [26] was not considered to be sufficient to warrant discovery.
7
67−69 Mn
Bernas et al. observed 67 Mn, 68 Mn, and 69 Mn for the first time in 1997 as reported in their paper
“Discovery and cross-section measurement of 58 new fission products in projectile-fission of 750·A
MeV 238 U” [28]. Uranium ions were accelerated to 750 A·MeV by the GSI UNILAC/SIS accelerator
facility and bombarded a beryllium target. The isotopes produced in the projectile-fission reaction were
separated using the fragment separator FRS and the nuclear charge Z for each was determined by
the energy loss measurement in an ionization chamber. “The mass identification was carried out by
measuring the time of flight (TOF) and the magnetic rigidity Bρ with an accuracy of 10−4 .” 245, 43
and 5 counts of 67 Mn, 68 Mn and 69 Mn were observed, respectively.
70 Mn
70 Mn
was discovered by Tarasov et al. in 2009 and published in “Evidence for a change in the
nuclear mass surface with the discovery of the most neutron-rich nuclei with 17 ≤ Z ≤ 25” [29]. 9 Be
targets were bombarded with 132 MeV/u 76 Ge ions accelerated by the Coupled Cyclotron Facility at
the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory at Michigan State University. 70 Mn was produced
in projectile fragmentation reactions and identified with a two-stage separator consisting of the A1900
fragment separator and the S800 analysis beam line. “The observed fragments include fifteen new
isotopes that are the most neutron-rich nuclides of the elements chlorine to manganese (50 Cl, 53 Ar,
55,56 K, 57,58 Ca, 59,60,61 Sc, 62,63 Ti, 65,66 V, 68 Cr, 70 Mn).”
3.
SUMMARY
The discoveries of the known manganese isotopes have been compiled and the methods of their
production discussed. The limit for observing long lived isotopes beyond the proton dripline which
can be measured by implantation decay studies has been reached with the discovery of 46 Mn and the
determination of upper limits for the half-lives of 105 ns and 70 ns for 44 Mn and 45 Mn, respectively.
The discovery of the manganese isotopes was fairly uncontroversial. The half-lives of 49 Mn, 50 Mn, and
51 Mn had been measured initially without a firm mass assignment.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under grants No. PHY06-06007
(NSCL).
REFERENCES
1. J.Q. Ginepro, J. Snyder, and M. Thoennessen, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 95, 905 (2009)
2. G. Audi, O. Bersillon, J. Blachot, and A.H. Wapstra, Nucl. Phys. A 729, 3 (2003)
8
3. ENSDF, Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File, mainted by the National Nuclear Data Center at Brookhaven
National Laboratory, published in Nuclear Data Sheets (Academic Press, Elsevier Science).
4. S. Goriely, M. Samyn, and J.M. Pearson, Phys. Rev. C 75, 64312 (2007)
5. H.A. Grunder and F.B. Selph, Annu. Rev, Nucl. Sci. 27, 353 (1977)
6. V. Borrel, R. Anne, D. Bazin, C. Borcea, G.G. Chubarian, R. Del Moral, C. Detraz, S. Dogny, J.P. Dufour,
L. Faux, A. Fleury, L.K. Fifield, D. Guillemaud-Mueller, F. Hubert, E. Kashy, M. Lewitowicz, C. Marchand,
A.C. Mueller, F. Pougheon, M.S. Pravikoff, M.G. Saint-Laurent, and O. Sorlin, Z. Phys. A 344, 135 (1992)
7. F. Pougheon, J.C. Jacmart, E. Quiniou, R. Anne, D. Bazin, V. Borrel, J. Galin, D. Guerreau, D. GuillemaudMueller, A.C. Mueller, E. Roeckl, M.G. Saint-Laurent, and C. Detraz, Z. Phys. A 327, 17 (1987)
8. T. Sekine, J. Cerny, R. Kirchner, O. Klepper, V.T. Koslowsky, A. Plochocki, E. Roeckl, D. Schardt, B. Sherrill,
B.A. Brown, Nucl. Phys. A 467, 93 (1987)
9. J. Cerny, C.U. Cardinal, K.P. Jackson, D.K. Scott, and A.C. Shotter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 676 (1970)
10. H. Tyren and P.-A. Tove, Phys. Rev. 96, 773 (1954)
11. W.M. Martin and S.W. Breckon, Can. J. Phys. 30, 643 (1952)
12. J.J. Livingood and G.T. Seaborg, Phys. Rev. 54, 391 (1938)
13. J.J Livingood, F. Fairbrother, and G.T. Seaborg, Phys. Rev. 52, 135 (1937)
14. B.T. Darling, B.R. Curtis, and J.M. Cork, Phys. Rev. 51, 1011 (1937)
15. L.A. DuBridge, S.W. Barnes, J.H. Buck, and C.V. Strain, Phys. Rev. 53, 446 (1938)
16. J.R. WIlkinson and R.K. Sheline, Phys. Rev. 99, 752 (1955)
17. F.W. Aston, Nature 112, 449 (1923)
18. E. Amaldi, O. D’Agostino, E. Fermi, F. Rasetti, and E. Segrè, Ric. Scientifica 5, 21 (1934)
19. B.L. Cohen, R.A. Charpie, T.H. Handley, and E.L. Olson, Phys. Rev. 94, 953 (1954)
20. M.E. Nelson, M.L. Pool, Phys. Rev. 77, 862 (1950)
21. D.M. Chittenden II, D.G. Gardner, and R.W.Fink, Phys. Rev. 122, 860 (1961)
22. E. Kashy, W. Benenson, D. Mueller, H. Nann, and L. Robinson, Phys. Rev. C 14, 1773 (1976)
23. E.B. Norman, C.N. Davids, M.J. Murphy, and R.C. Pardo, Phys. Rev. C 17, 2176 (1978)
24. D. Guerreau, J. Galin, B. Gatty, and X. Tarrago, Z. Phys. A 295, 105 (1980)
25. U. Bosch, W.-D. Schmidt-Ott, P. Tidemand-Petersson, E. Runte, W. Hillebrandt, M. Lechle and, F.-K.
Thielemann, R. Kirchner, O. Klepper, E. Roeckl, K. Rykaczewski and, D. Schardt, N. Kaffrell, M. Bernas,
Ph. Dessagne, and W. Kurcewicz, Phys. Lett. B 164, 22 (1985)
26. D. Guillemaud-Mueller, A.C. Mueller, D. Guerreau, F. Pougheon, R. Anne, M. Bernas, J. Galin, J.C. Jacmart,
M. Langevin, F. Naulin, E. Quiniou, and C. Detraz, Z. Phys. A 322, 415 (1985)
9
27. M. Weber, C. Donzaud, J.P. Dufour, H. Geissel, A. Grewe, D. Guillemaud-Mueller, H. Keller, M. Lewitowicz,
A. Magel, A.C. Mueller, G. Münzenberg, F. Nickel, M. Pfützner, A. Piechaczek, M. Pravikoff, E. Roeckl, K.
Rykaczewski, M.G. Saint-Laurent, I. Schall, C. Stéphan, K. Sümmerer, L. Tassan-Got, D.J. Vieira, and B.
Voss, Z. Phys. A 343, 67 (1992)
28. M. Bernas, C. Engelmann, P. Armbruster, S. Czajkowski, F. Ameil, C. Böcksteigel, Ph. Dessagne, C.
Donzaud, H. Geissel, A. Heinz, Z. Janas, C. Kozhuharov, Ch. Miehé, G. Münzenberg, M. Pfützner, W.
Schwab, C. Stéphan, K. Sümmerer, L. Tassan-Got, B. Voss, Phys. Lett. 415B, 111 (1997)
29. O.B. Tarasov, D.J. Morrissey, A.M. Amthor, T. Baumann, D. Bazin, A. Gade, T.N. Ginter, M. Hausmann, N.
Inabe, T. Kubo, A. Nettleton, J. Pereira, M. Portillo, B.M. Sherrill, A. Stolz, and M. Thoennessen, Phys. Rev.
Lett. 102, 142501 (2009)
10
EXPLANATION OF TABLE
TABLE I.
Discovery of manganese isotopes
Isotope
Author
Journal
Ref.
Method
Manganese isotope
First author of refereed publication
Journal of publication
Reference
Production method used in the discovery:
FE: fusion evaporation
LP: light-particle reactions (including neutrons)
MS: mass spectroscopy
NC: neutron capture reactions
DI: deep-inelastic reactions
PF: projectile fragmentation or fission
Laboratory where the experiment was performed
Country of laboratory
Year of discovery
Laboratory
Country
Year
11
TABLE I. Discovery of Manganese Isotopes
See page 11 for Explanation of Tables
This space intentionally left blank
12
Isotope
46 Mn
47 Mn
48 Mn
49 Mn
50 Mn
51 Mn
52 Mn
53 Mn
54 Mn
55 Mn
56 Mn
57 Mn
58 Mn
59 Mn
60 Mn
61 Mn
62 Mn
63 Mn
64 Mn
65 Mn
66 Mn
67 Mn
68 Mn
69 Mn
70 Mn
Author
F. Pougheon
F. Pougheon
T. Sekine
J. Cerny
W.M. Martin
J.J. Livingood
J.J. Livingood
J.R. Wilkinson
J.J. Livingood
F.W. Aston
E. Amaldi
B.L. Cohen
D.M. Chittenden
E. Kashy
E.B. Norman
D. Guerreau
D. Guerreau
U. Bosch
D. Guillemaud-Mueller
D. Guillemaud-Mueller
M. Weber
M. Bernas
M. Bernas
M. Bernas
O.B. Tarasov
Journal
Z. Phys. A
Z. Phys. A
Nucl. Phys. A
Phys. Rev. Lett.
Can. J. Phys.
Phys. Rev.
Phys. Rev.
Phys. Rev.
Phys. Rev.
Nature
Ric. Scientifica
Phys. Rev.
Phys. Rev.
Phys. Rev. C
Phys. Rev. C
Z. Phys. A
Z. Phys. A
Phys. Lett. B
Z. Phys. A
Z. Phys. A
Z. Phys. A
Phys. Lett. B
Phys. Lett. B
Phys. Lett. B
Phys. Rev. Lett.
13
Ref.
Pou87
Pou87
Sek87
Cer70
Mar52
Liv38
Liv38
Wil55
Liv38
Ast23
Ama34
Coh54
Chi61
Kas76
Nor78
Gue80
Gue80
Bos85
Gui85
Gui85
Web92
Ber97
Ber97
Ber97
Tar09
Method
PF
PF
FE
FE
LP
LP
LP
LP
LP
MS
NF
LP
LP
LP
FE
DI
DI
DI
PF
PF
PF
PF
PF
PF
PF
Laboratory
GANIL
GANIL
Darmstadt
Oxford
McGill
Berkeley
Berkeley
Berkeley
Berkeley
Cambridge
Rome
Oak Ridge
Arkansas
Michigan State
Argonne
Orsay
Orsay
Darmstadt
GANIL
GANIL
Darmstadt
Darmstadt
Darmstadt
Darmstadt
Michigan State
Country
France
France
Germany
UK
Canada
USA
USA
USA
USA
UK
Italy
USA
USA
USA
USA
France
France
Germany
France
France
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
USA
Year
1987
1987
1987
1970
1952
1938
1938
1955
1938
1923
1934
1954
1961
1976
1978
1980
1980
1985
1985
1985
1992
1997
1997
1997
2009
REFERENCES FOR TABLE
Ama34
E. Amaldi, O. D’Agostino, E. Fermi, F. Rasetti, and E. Segrè, Ric. Scientifica 5, 21 (1934)
Ast23
F.W. Aston, Nature 112, 449 (1923)
Ber97
M. Bernas, C. Engelmann, P. Armbruster, S. Czajkowski, F. Ameil, C. Böckstiegel, Ph. Dessagne, C.
Donzaud, H. Geissel, A. Heinz, Z. Janas, C. Kozhuharov, Ch. Miehé, G. Münzenberg, M. Pfützner,
W. Schwab, C. Stéphan, K. Sümmerer, L. Tassan-Got, and B. Voss, Phys. Lett. B 415, 111 (1997)
Bos85
U. Bosch, W.-D. Schmidt-Ott, P. Tidemand-Petersson, E. Runte, W. Hillebrandt, M. Lechle and, F.K. Thielemann, R. Kirchner, O. Klepper, E. Roeckl, K. Rykaczewski and, D. Schardt, N. Kaffrell,
M. Bernas, Ph. Dessagne, and W. Kurcewicz, Phys. Lett. B 164, 22 (1985)
Cer70
J. Cerny, C.U. Cardinal, K.P. Jackson, D.K. Scott, and A.C. Shotter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 676 (1970)
Chi61
D.M. Chittenden II, D.G. Gardner, and R.W. Fink, Phys. Rev. 122, 860 (1961)
Coh54
B.L. Cohen, R.A. Charpie, T.H. Handley, and E.L. Olson, Phys. Rev. 94, 953 (1954)
Gue80
D. Guerreau, J. Galin, B. Gatty, and X. Tarrago, Z. Phys. A 295, 105 (1980)
Gui85
D. Guillemaud-Mueller, A.C. Mueller, D. Guerreau, F. Pougheon, R. Anne, M. Bernas, J. Galin, J.C.
Jacmart, M. Langevin, F. Naulin, E. Quiniou, and C. Detraz, Z. Phys. A 322, 415 (1985)
Kas76
E. Kashy, W. Benenson, D. Mueller, H. Nann, and L. Robinson, Phys. Rev. C 14, 1773 (1976)
Liv38
J.J. Livingood and G.T. Seaborg, Phys. Rev. 54, 391 (1938)
Mar52
W.M. Martin and S.W. Breckon, Can. J. Phys. 30, 643 (1952)
Nor78
E.B. Norman, C.N. Davids, M.J. Murphy, and R.C. Pardo, Phys. Rev. C 17, 2176 (1978)
Pou87
F. Pougheon, J.C. Jacmart, E. Quiniou, R. Anne, D. Bazin, V. Borrel, J. Galin, D. Guerreau, D.
Guillemaud-Mueller, A.C. Mueller, E. Roeckl, M.G. Saint-Laurent, and C. Detraz, Z. Phys. A 327,
17 (1987)
Sek87
T. Sekine, J. Cerny, R. Kirchner, O. Klepper, V.T. Koslowsky, A. Plochocki, E. Roeckl, D. Schardt,
B. Sherrill, and B.A. Brown, Nucl. Phys. A 467, 93 (1987)
Tar09
O.B. Tarasov, D.J. Morrissey, A.M. Amthor, T. Baumann, D. Bazin, A. Gade, T.N. Ginter, M.
Hausmann, N. Inabe, T. Kubo, A. Nettleton, J. Pereira, M. Portillo, B.M. Sherrill, A. Stolz, and
M. Thoennessen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 142501 (2009)
Web92
M. Weber, C. Donzaud, J.P. Dufour, H. Geissel, A. Grewe, D. Guillemaud-Mueller, H. Keller, M.
Lewitowicz, A. Magel, A.C. Mueller, G. Münzenberg, F. Nickel, M. Pfützner, A. Piechaczek, M.
Pravikoff, E. Roeckl, K. Rykaczewski, M.G. Saint-Laurent, I. Schall, C. Stéphan, K. Sümmerer, L.
Tassan-Got, D.J. Vieira, and B. Voss, Z. Phys. A 343, 67 (1992)
Wil55
J.R. Wilkinson and R.K. Sheline, Phys. Rev. 99, 752 (1955)
14