HISTORY
AARMS
Vol. 7, No. 4 (2008) 593–605
Boundless dimensions of civilization:
Ancient elemental powers are coming to life
SÁNDOR ESTÓK
Miklós Zrínyi National Defence University, Budapest, Hungary
Civilization does not stem from ideas but it emerges as an impact of elemental powers.
The dimension spanning over space and time develops dynamically through the
centuries and outlasts changes. It is the most expanded historical continuity and its
most characteristic cohesive forces are religion, origin, kinship, faith, language, way of
life, customs, culture, identity and history.
Societies, empires, cultures, sets of cultures, institutions, federations, city states, nation
states and ethnic groups identify in a system, in an organization.
Man shapes civilization through his sense of identity, identification, socialization and
culture.
On the timeline of history empires, cultures, nations, city states, ethnic groups, rise to
the horizon and fall back to dust.
In my article, after having described the essence and content of civilization, I review the
typical characteristics of Western, Orthodox and Islamic relations, the tenseness of
conflict and the issue of the problems of the present and the future, which originate
from the past.
“Relations between groups from different civilizations however
will be almost never close, usually cool, and often hostile.”
Samuel P. Huntington
Introduction
At the end of the 15th century, the discovery of new civilizations was of great
importance. The seamen set out towards new continents and spacemen, at the end of the
20th century, set out to discover infinite space. Seamen did, and spacemen will discover
the sets of cultures of cosmic civilizations. Let us be open-minded to their existence and
to the broadening of our dimension; since we are parts of it, our common universe
grants us this identification.
Received: November 13, 2008
Address for correspondence:
SÁNDOR ESTÓK
E-mail: [email protected]
S. ESTÓK: Boundless dimensions of civilization
Figure 1. World map of civilizations
Source: Internet1
“Measure yourself on the scale of the Universe!”2
Civilization is a dimension spanning over space and time, simplified and incredibly
accelerated today by science and technology, and dynamically developing information
and communication. Movement, every outspan in space and in other non-determined
environment and medium, every form of shift in dimension affects the transforming,
renewing civilization, bound by common historical myth, religion, tradition, origin and
culture. Our three-dimensional thinking and sense of space is highly restrained,
however, our great inner visions provide us with an insight into infinite space, thus
broadening our own world. Space is expanding, either we sense it or not. At the present
time, this change is inconceivable, but acceleration and scud can anyway be perceived
through human senses as a time-shifted reality. Everyone is offered new opportunities,
whether one believes or not. Let the history of humankind and of civilizations be the
guide for us, in order to measure ourselves by it and by the infinite. Let us not hold on
so much to the today so-called ‘modern’ present. On the contrary, we should wander
our eyes and our faith over the infinite ‘cosmic yard’ of the future carrying in itself new
and numerous mysteries. Let us free ourselves from the burden of being bound to the
soil, let us accept the New and step over our own shadow. Let us set the compass of our
thoughts and point it towards the cognition of new civilizations and relations spanning
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over the infinity of the 21st century. Let us make room for the real imaginary; the
existence of ‘cosmic civilizations’, its possible discovery, since we are also a part of it.
Why would we want to cut ourselves off the medium in which we live in, even if we do
not have enough knowledge of it? We cannot derive the big from the little, although we
know very well that the sea is present in a single drop.
521 years ago, on the 31st of July, 1487 the Portuguese Bartolomeu Dias,3 set out
with two armed ships of 50 tons to an expedition with the objective of examining the
shores of Africa, and reaching the southern end of the continent. He sailed to the South
and from 29° south latitude he got caught in a violent storm, which tossed him out on
the open sea and it was not until 13 days later that the weather settled and the
adversities ended. Dias, based on the cold water, arrived at the conclusion that he must
have had sailed past the southernmost tip of Africa, without even having seen it. It
became obvious that by sailing around the continent, one would get to India. On his
way back, in May, he finally by-passed the long awaited southernmost point, which he
named, the Cape of Storms. Today it is called Dias Point.
The way Dias set out to conquer the virtually infinite space ahead of him, sailing
towards unknown civilizations, was the beginning of a new era. In the same way,
present-day astronauts also set out to the infinite space, in order to find a cosmic
civilization in the universe, or far beyond, in interstellar space. Each traveller had the
same odds; the seaman did find, and the spaceman will hopefully find other sets of
cultures of another civilization in expanded space.
Civilization, the familiar stranger
Currently, civilization is identified a number of times, in a very ambiguous way with
culture, whereas culture has a narrower significance than civilization. The term
originates from the Latin word civis, which has several interpretations. It means citizen,
townsman. Its major elements are the order, the scale of values and the identity, that the
community considers exemplar and important. Identity is the bearer of culture, which
cultivates, preserves, cherishes, develops and keeps together through its cohesive force
the societies and cultures, reuniting in a civilization. It also denotes the differentiation
of groups of people based on the specificities of tribe, race, and nationality.
Civilization is the most expanded culture in space and time; sets of cultures, which
claim to belong together on the basis of identificational aspects, are held and attracted in
a system. It is the biggest unit belonging together culturally. A civilization, as opposed
to simpler societies, is a composite society. Everyone lives in some sort of society or
culture, but not all of them live in a civilization.4
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ZSOLT ROSTOVÁNYI5 conceives civilization in the following way. Cultures making
up a civilization organise themselves in a unified system. Their development through
different historical eras makes them special and differentiates them from other
civilizations. Their geographical confinement and region separates them from other
peoples. This is most strikingly expressed through religion. Civilization is a worldview,
an ideology that can be traced back to many centuries. It is characterised by values and
norms, institutions and ways of thinking, which are sets of values of primary
importance that are supposed to be passed on from generation to generation.
According to Wallerstein,6 civilization is a specific correlative system of ideologies,
customs, structures and cultures. DAWSON7 says that it is the special and original
process of the cultural creativity of a given people.
In my view, the definition of civilization, its connotational context and basic
principle remain virtually inaccessible to everyday people. At the same time, man
creates and shapes civilization through his sense of identity and identification and his
socialization. The process of mankind’s history and development proceeds parallelly,
interweaving and merging into invisible unity on the timeline of history, in the
dimension of space and time and in the continuum of expanse.
According to SAMUEL P. HUNTINGTON8 the history of humankind is identical to the
history of civilizations, its development can be described by its concept. It spans over
generations, from ancient Sumerian and Egyptian civilizations to Christianity and Islam.
On the basis of my research, invisible lines of force are emerging, which play an
important role in the lives of civilizations.
MACKINDER9 mentions that civilizations do not stem from ideas; instead they
emerge as a result of the pressure of factors with important elemental powers reviving
great efforts.10
At the same time, a civilization does not have a definite delineation. It is
characterized by long historical continuity, and although its form and composition
changes, its life span is quite extended. Empires emerge and collapse but civilizations
remain; they survive political, social and ideological turmoil. They show a dynamic
development, they rise, merge, separate, they can even disappear in the adversities of
eras and be covered in the dust of evanescence; still, its ideas and cultures remain in the
memory of history.
Civilization is a cultural entity and not a political or ideological one. It does not
maintain legal order or administer justice. It does not assume the administration of the
affairs and duties of empires either. Charismatic leaders cannot plan or create it; it is
only strengthened in unity in the civilizational melting pot of individuals’ identity and
cohesion. Societies, empires, cultures, institutions are joint within it, but it also may
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contain several political units, city-states, federations, nation-states. All these are
merged into a civilization by several common unifying forces. The most characteristics
among the cohesive forces are religion, kinship, faith, language, way of life, customs,
culture, identity and history.
Civilization justifies itself by its very existence
The history of civilizations has justified the importance of the above mentioned and
has provided several cautionary examples. Religion, faith, language, kinship and the
spirit of civilization belong here. Peoples belonging to an identical ethnic group, and
having the same language, but having different religion and worshipping different God
figures in their religious cultures, cannot accept each other based on their faith, and
cannot identify with civilization either. They even dare to commit monstrous deeds
against each other. Circumstances are further complicated by the fact when in a given
civilization several religions meet in a geographical space with outstanding values. In
such territories the air is sizzling with the closeness of conflict. Among the great
civilizations described on Peters’ map,11 in Western civilization, in the Balkans, in
Sarajevo and in the Islamic civilization, in Jerusalem groups of people representing four
religions coexist (Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic, Islamic, Jewish). Historical events
confirm that these two cities were the arena for many conflicts in the past 15–20 years.
This idea is affirmed by the conversation of Tito, Nasser and Nehru in 1959:
“Tito: I have… seven complicated problems.12 Here is this one state I have, using
two alphabets (Latin and Cyrillic), speaking three languages (Serbian, Croatian,
Slovenian), having four religions (Islam, Greek Catholic, Roman Catholic and Jewish),
five nationalities (Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Montenegrins, Macedonians), six republics
and seven neighbors.” Here I would like to refer to the fact that the artificially
maintained, forced confederation of empires and nations in the past decade resulted in
disintegration (e.g., Soviet Union, Yugoslavia). The hostilities persist in these areas,
without result though; it is only through applying a certain exertion that a cold
coexistence can be achieved in the given territory, with constant immanent conflict.
Civilizational relations are interwoven with past events; however, they are not
capable of changing what happened or of influencing it with sufficient power. There is
little possibility of the alliance of civilizations or its probability. These relations are
characterized by recent fears and pains. The print nourished by ancient cultures and
coded in its genes cannot be overwritten. There is just a short thought of remission,
where even the best intention and interest is an illusion, or exalted optimism, which is
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not at all founded in reality, only nourishes a thought of wishfulness, or serves goals
dictated by interests.
The Cold War, which was clearly an antagonism between civilizations, did not
manage to change, even after nearly 20 years, the minds of generations; the Orthodox
and the Western civilization do not have a remodelling effect on each other. In this
present time, there is little possibility of change; still, the compulsion of our existence
provides us with some sort of possibility or reality of a human form of coexistence. The
concrete form of relationship will express that this is a compulsion or a mutual
toleration of each other.
Rendezvous of civilizations at the fault line
SAMUEL P. HUNTINGTON devotes extensive attention to the dividing lines between
civilizations, which he calls fault lines, and the course of events in these territories.
Civilizational conflicts emerge on the fault lines, between neighboring countries and
different ethnic groups. Often their reasons stem from old conflicts and not new arguments.
The location of Western civilization determines a great fault line, which can also be
regarded as the borderland between Western, Orthodox and Islamic civilizations. It has
not yet been named, however, as the border of Europe. This dividing boundary has been
set up for many centuries, and no one has managed to change it, despite several
attempts of several people. It is enough to think about all the nations that merged or
disappeared forever, still, the fault line separating civilizations endured. It remains even
today in an undiminished way, even when a large empire collapsed in its close
proximity. This line passes by the following countries (from the North):
Eastern boundary of Finland,
Eastern boundary of Estonia,
Eastern boundary of Latvia,
Eastern boundary of Lithuania,
it divides Byelorussia in the middle,
it separates the European part of Ukraine from Asia,
it passes through the Southern part of Transylvania (Romania),
it passes by the southern frontier of Vojvodina (Serbia),
Southern part of Slovenia,
Croatia up to the Dalmatian coast,
Italy and
the basin of the Mediterranean Sea.
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Figure 2. The great fault line
Source: Ib Obhlsson, Foreign Affairs, London, 1990
This zone was crossed many times in history from each side by different war-lords
with the intention of conquest (the Prophet Muhammad, Napoleon or Stalin), but none
of them could entirely fulfil their wish of conquest. Civilization, through its invisible
power, had always stopped atrocious endeavors, even if certain success was achieved on
the battlefield.
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Western civilization at its peak
Already from the 17th century on, some quite lasting relations have developed between
civilizations; primarily between Western and Islamic and also Islamic and Hindu. The
broadening and the effect of relationships brought about change. The rise of the West
started and this is the period from where we calculate development, which was
enhanced by the appearance of Christianity.13 However, at this time period Byzantium
surpassed European art, scientific achievement, and military power. European culture
started to evolve in a spectacular way, in the 11th century, the same time, when the
spreading of Christianity also gained impetuous. Commerce accelerated both inside and
outside civilizations. Social structure started to transform as well; the proportional and
relative division of powers served development. A favorable, non-hostile relationship
evolved, based on mutual acceptance, between orders and sovereigns, and between
religious and secular territories. The rise of Western civilization was further aided by
technical development, the contact/entry to the territory of other civilizations, and the
improvement in sailing the ocean and in military potential. From the end of the 15th
century on Portuguese and Spanish conquerors set foot in Asia and America.
It can be asserted that in the history of the West, in almost 400 years, it performed
such evolution that other civilizations qualified it. They observe Western civilization,
admire its development. Its new values, social settlement and functioning are assessed
and explained in many ways, and some attempt to adapt it to their own environment.
This third-generation civilization has the rich legacy of anterior sets of cultures. The
legacy of the Greeks is philosophy and rationalism. The impact of the Romans remained
even after the fall of the empire in many fields, like architecture, military experience,
civil law, Latin language and Christianity. Other third-generation civilizations inherited
far less (Islamic, Orthodox).
The exertion of power, the technical development by leaps and bounds, the great
degree of organization and discipline, training, logistic solutions and services all
contributed greatly to the rise of the West. We also need to remember the Industrial
Revolution and its effects, and commercial relations, which had accelerated thanks to
shipping and colonization.
Huntington attributes its success to the expertise in the employment of organized
violence. The creation of real civilization was made possible by the employment of the
achievements of military engineering between 1500 and 1700. This time period is thus
deservedly called by warlords, historians and authentic literature: warfare revolution.
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The ongoing problems of present and future
Today’s civilizational problems originate from the past, but they may be amplified by
ethnic, minority and cultural differences. They can lead to modern-day conflicts, which
endanger peace and security on the long run. The solution to this is basically diplomatic,
it can be achieved through political activity; otherwise there will be incalculable
consequences. Even the menace of an armed conflict or violence may occur.
Differences stemming from economic development or outstanding achievements can
also trigger hostility, hatred and danger among leading states of a civilization. This is
exactly what happens in the beginning of the 21st century; the outstanding results of
Chinese civilization can be assessed as threatening by the neighboring countries, thus
might be the source of a future conflict.
Today, all over the world hostility and violence between religious groups have
gained ground to a greater and greater extent, amplifying this way religious movements
within the civilization, where the ones in trouble can be supported with solidarity in a
given territory.
Figure 3. Civilizations and conflicts
The civilizations of the world are either in global quest for identity or in crisis.14
Nations in quest of their identity are15 for instance Japan, South Africa, and China. On
the other hand, Syria, Brazil, Canada, Denmark and Turkey are in crisis.
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Russia could not overcome crisis either, with the old conflict of the 19th century
surfacing again. The dilemma is whether Russia is European or Asian? This conflict
cannot be dissolved, even today, since Occidentalists, Pan-Slavists and Eurasists16 fight
austere inner struggle. A possible, assumably supported solution is the construction of
an empire and other absolutist visions on the Eurasian continent. All this stems from
Tsarist expansionism, the ever present roots of Communist ideology and the
underdevelopment of democracy.
In the recent years, in Orthodox civilization and mainly in Russia, expedient and
calculated thoughts of domination have occurred. It is expressed in the reinforcement of
inner power, the recurrence of the feeling of insecurity and the revival of traditions of
constructing an empire. The above was conceptualized in a speech by JURIJ
BALUJEVSKIJ, Chief of Staff, in January, 2007. On the one hand, the past appears as
something that needs to be sealed up, and on the other hand the all-important issue of
the urgent need of self-definition. It has not been decided yet what kind of role its
leaders attribute to the Russian Federation. The solution depends on the mutual
coactions of several factors, which can be influenced by the past, the disintegration of
the empire and the crisis afflicting economy and the whole of the society.
In my view, Russia has lost its civilizational identity, which is not easily regained,
since it is not the matter of political, ideological principles, economic solutions or actual
leaders. Without this, it is only hopes they conceive, which cannot be overwritten by
imperial thinking.
In order for the sense of identity17 to evolve, the simultaneous assertion of several
factors is necessary. Nations, cultural entities and groups, which are able to express the
accomplishment of social and economic development, the sustenance of culture.
It is crucial to define personal, ethnic and religious interrelations as identifiable to
one another. As well as to explore what kind of unity or diversity is created by the
historical relations of entities belonging to Orthodox civilization. To what extent
uniformity is present, or fear, trust, linguistic and religious differences and the social
practice of people. How well they are able to accept, preserve and tolerate difference.
It is essential whether the supervision over the peoples, territories, economy and
resources of the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (which can be in
most cases a source of conflicts) is in balance, or it is conflict, disagreement or even bad
decisions that remained from the past, which can further aggravate relations in the future.
In every civilization, a characteristic of human nature is the supposition of danger, a
feeling of insecurity, fear, or the hatred of others. Difference may provoke distrust,
sense of menace, or it can be assessed as a threat.
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At the end of the Cold War, at the time of the collapse of the Russian empire, a
‘black hole’ emerged in civilization in the middle of Eurasia.18 The Russian crisis
deepened and BRZEZINSKI wrote that the only dilemma for Russia was not anymore the
issue of geopolitical change, but its very survival. Since the image of the enemy ceased
to exist, new forms of identity emerged as a response. History justified this, and a few
years later Russian initiatives to rebuild the empire formulated among the objectives.
This may of course cause fear or anger among the neighboring civilizations and carries
conflict in itself. Even within Russia, new identities emerged carrying new dangers.
The most important factor of this civilization is the Russian people, which felt it was
distinguished, as the people which is the carrier of God,19 with a great deal of
missionary zeal. Historical past provides numerous examples of this. The faith in being
invincible is strongly present in this people and its leaders with imperial ambitions.
YURI BALUYEVSKY wrote on the ‘new concept of victory’20 that the military
security of Russia must be assured not mainly through victory achieved in war (armed
conflict), but instead by means of preventive and non-military instruments. In addition
to this, the Russian Federation (RF)21 is trying to assert its interests and to sort out its
relations to the countries of neighboring civilizations. In its economic policy it has in
view the maintenance of market economy even by forced means, in the fields of
international relations, politics, economy, and diplomacy. In order to develop
democracy several solutions need to be introduced.
Summary
As far as civilization is concerned, I have a living organism in mind, a structured
system, which is unequalled in the history of mankind, standing above the societies and
cultures functioning with the greatest wisdom. Past, present and future coexist within,
together with ancient elemental forces, which are capable of enormous effort when
needed, they transform the surrounding world and they even affect the universe. At the
same time, in this invisible and inconceivable power, the strongest physical and
transcendental concentrates of power coexist. This power is held together, developed,
and its values are preserved by the identity, the religion and the faith of the civis, the
citizen, the peoples and the cultures. This complex and coherent system undergoes
dynamic change and movement. It shapes and feeds from itself all the peoples, empires,
nation-states seeking for shelter and living in it. It helps invisibly their development and
it discretely, intelligently organises their civilizational life. In return, however, it does
not demand from the ones living within but a sense of identity, since the cohesive force
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is present even in its smallest individual, affirming day by day the ancient order of
relatedness and identification.
Civilization, wisely and not provocatively unifies in its melting pot the values of the
past, the joys of the present and the hopes of the future. And this goes on and on for
centuries, in peace and in tempest, in joy and in sorrow, in ultimate harmony with itself
and its surroundings.
Civilization transfers a message and a teaching to the man of the 21st century and all
those who have found or are still in quest of their identity. Everyone, from the
individual to the society is concerned. It is worth therefore, to heed its call and warning.
In a simplified way, it can be defined the following way. – What does civilization mean
to me? How does it help me in everyday life? What does it expect from me? What value
does the civilization, in which I live in, carry? If we took seriously the issues that are
not a question of interest, our lives would be pervaded more by peace and
understanding rather than conflict. I am certain that in our world any political and
military decisions and consequent actions should be preceded by a profound analysis of
civilization and context. It is also important to mention that civilization should be
defined and analysed in an interdisciplinary way, and then the set of results should be
synthesised with the most modern scientific method. The answers to the problems of
our world would probably be very different. The infinite ocean of the universe is not to
be omitted from our assumptions; we may well not know it (or not yet prepared to
experience it), still other life forms may exist besides us. It is not sure that mankind on
Earth is unique in the universes.
If we approached civilization with different intentions and thoughts, and not by
considering its existence in a superficial way, instead by seeking answers in the
understanding of deeper correlations, then a reality of multiple dimensions would reveal
itself to us. Civilization probably has answers to numerous problems, even those which
are not to be answered on a physical plane in the present scientific sense.
It can be asserted however, that the development of Earth is not unambigously the
evolution of societies and empires. Civilization serves as a basis, a construction and the
greatest system, in which each being, institution, power within can become complete.
In the past century, the solution of problems was controlled by other forces, principles
and decisions, compelled by political, military and economic rivalry and conflict.
In the 21st century, there is a shift from the question of power, balance of power and
bipolar conflict to the direction of relationships, partnership and a ‘win-win
cooperation’. Space is opening up and broadening. Earth is sweeping on; us, together
with it, so we should embrace this speed in our thoughts as well and head for the future,
towards the completion of our new transforming civilization.
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References
1. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hu/4/45/Clash_of_Civilizations_%E2%88%9E.png
2. JÓZSEF ATTILA: Ars poetica [poetry].
3. FÁBRI FERENC: MTI – Panoráma, Press Database. Bartolomeu Dias, discoverer of the Cape of Good
Hope.
4. http://hu.wikipedia.org
5. Dr. VINCZE LAJOS: Bevezetés az európai kultúra és bölcselet történetébe, II. kötet, ZMNE Budapest,
2001 XVI. Rész, p. 351.
6. SAMUEL P. HUNTINGTON: A civilizációk összecsapása és a világrend átalakulása, Európa Kiadó Budapest,
2006 ISBN: 963 07 8036 4, p. 50. [The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order]
7. SAMUEL P. HUNTINGTON: A civilizációk összecsapása és a világrend átalakulása, Európa Kiadó Budapest,
2006 ISBN: 963 07 8036 4, p. 50. [The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order]
8. Advisor to James Earl “Jimmy” Carter, 39th President of the United States of America, Professor of the
Harvard University, Director of the John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies. Author of several books;
the most well-known: The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order; author of several
publications
9. HALFORD JOHN MACKINDER (1861–1947) British geographer of Scottish origin
10. MOLNÁR GUSZTÁV: Halford John Mackinder The creator of Anglo-Saxon geopolitical school
11. FISCHER FERENC: A kétpólusú világ, Dialóg Campus Kiadó Budapest-Pécs, 2005; ISBN: 963 9542 857,
LV. sz. tábla [table LV.]
12. FISCHER FERENC: A kétpólusú világ. LV. sz. tábla [table LV.]
13. RÁZSÓ GYULA: A hadm vészet középkori és újkori klasszikusai, Kiadó Zrínyi Budapest, pp. 18–28.
SAMUEL P. HUNTINGTON: A civilizációk összecsapása és a világrend átalakulása, pp. 66–76. [The Clash
of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order]
14. SAMUEL P. HUNTINGTON: Kik vagyunk mi? Európa Kiadó Budapest, 2005; ISBN: 963 07 7709 6, pp.
38–45 [Who are We?]
15. The notion of identity is said to be ‘indispensable yet unclear’. It is the self-definition of an individual or
a group. It is the product of self-consciousness: I or we possess specific characteristics, which
differentiate me from you or us from you; Differentiation; finding and defining identity in groups.
16. CZENE GRÉTA says in her essay on The quitessential of Russian Geopolitics: Russian geopolitics is
constantly occupied by the question of self-definition. Different answers are given to this by
Occidentalists, Pan-Slavists and Eurasists.
17. SAMUEL P. HUNTINGTON: A civilizációk összecsapása és a világrend átalakulása, pp. 200–205 [The
Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order]
18. Z. BRZEZINSKI: A nagy sakktábla, “Fekete lyuk Eurázsia közepén” cím fejezet, pp. 120–163 [The
Grand Chessboard, Chapter 4, The Black Hole]
19. CZENE GRÉTA: The quitessential of Russian Geopolitics
20. DEÁK JÁNOS, SZTERNÁK GYÖRGY: How the change in Russian geopolitical thinking reflects in the
planning of new military doctrine.
21. Russian Federation
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