DEMOLITION OPERATIONS AND TRAINING
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SECTION I – DEMOLITION EFFECTS
Generally in the operations of sabotage enemy installations or weapons, it identified the critical point where to place the explosive charge. An optimal
sabotage is not the complete destruction of the structure or armament, but in making it useless.
OVERVIEW
For sabotage operations are usually used explosives with different heat capacities, for different purposes, the most commonly used:
• Sheet explosive.
• M112 (composition C4) block.
• 1-pound TNT block.
This devices can blowing mines in place, destroying timber trestle bridges, destroying captured equipment and supplies, cratering, and gaining access to a
building during training for urban operations. All of these missions can be executed safely with little or no damage to facility infrastructures.
SECTION II – CHARACTERISTICS AND GENERAL USE
This section will be illustrated and explained the use of certain types of explosives in the destruction of certain targets.
SHEET EXPLOSIVE DEMOLITION EFFECTS
Sheet explosives are materials formed by combining an explosive with a "rubberizer"—a flexible binding agent. The resulting compound is cast into a flat
sheet which is typically pliable and deformable over a wide range of temperature. Typical products are generally shock-insensitive secondary explosives,
requiring a blasting cap or other detonator.
Detonation velocities are frequently very high, which can improve the detonation synchronicity across the area of a tertiary charge with a low detonation
velocity. This property makes them suitable for use in detonation trains which require precise timing and homogeneous delivery of force across a complex
surface (but see also shaped charge for an orthogonal technique).
PRIMARY USES
This charge is primarily used for the following charges:
• Ribbon.
• Saddle.
• Diamond.
• Steel-cutting.
M112 (COMPOSITION C4) BLOCK DEMOLITION EFFECTS
The M112 (composition C4) block is a common variety of the plastic explosive known as Composition C.
C4 is composed of explosives, plastic binder, plasticizer and usually a marker or odorizing taggant chemical such as 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane
(DMDNB) to help detect the explosive and identify its source.
The explosive in C4 is RDX (cyclonite or cyclotrimethylene trinitramine), which makes up around 91% of C4 by mass. The plasticizer is diethylhexyl (5.3%)
or dioctyl sebacate and the binder is usually polyisobutylene (2.1%). Another plasticizer used is dioctyl adipate (DOA). A small amount of SAE 10 nondetergent motor oil (1.6%) is also added. C4 is manufactured by combining the noted ingredients with binder dissolved in a solvent. The solvent is then
evaporated and the mixture dried and filtered. The final material is an off-white solid with a texture similar to modelling clay.
PRIMARY USES
The M112 charge is used primarily for steel-cutting charges, forced entry of buildings, breaching, cutting timber, demolishing small structures,
neutralizing mines, destroy enemy equipment, weapons and installations. For the sabotage of weapons such as artillery or missile ramps simply the
application of a single charge of plastic explosive on the ramp, thanks to the power of cutting metal at high temperatures makes the facilities unusable. The C4
is commonly used for the sabotage of electronic equipment, the decompression force resulted in the first seconds of the detonation are capable of destroying
almost all the equipment in a medium sized room of the 50 mq.
SPECIFICATIONS
The M112 block specifications are as follows:
• Weight: 1 1/4 pounds.
• Dimensions: 1 by 2 by 10 inches.
ADVANTAGE
A major advantage of C4 is that it can easily be molded into any desired shape. C4 can be pressed into gaps, cracks, holes and voids in buildings,
bridges, equipment or machinery. Similarly, it can easily be inserted into empty shaped charge cases of the type used by military engineers.
C4 is very stable and insensitive to most physical shocks. C4 cannot be detonated by a gunshot or by dropping it onto a hard surface. It does not
explode when set on fire or exposed to microwave radiation. Detonation can only be initiated by a combination of extreme heat and a
shockwave, such as when a detonator inserted into it is fired. A single charge can break into nearly all types of equipment.
TABLE OF POWER DESTRUCTION DEVICE
(M112 BLOCK DEMOLITION EFFECT)
EQUIPMENT OR AMMO
NUMBER OF CHARGE
Concrete wall 2
SABOTAGE
Radio equipment
1
DESTROY
Doors or small windows 1
DESTROY
BMP1
2
SABOTAGE
BRDM2
1
SABOTAGE
AA-ZPU
1
DESTROY
BM21 GRAD
1
SABOTAGE
ARTILLERY
1
SABOTAGE
AA-Missiles
1
DESTROY
(Dimension 1x2x10 inch)
EFFECT
1-­‐POUND, TRINITROTOLUENE-­‐BLOCK DEMOLITION EFFECTS The TNT-block is made of 1 pound of chalk powder and sand mixture placed into a cardboard box that has the same measurements as an actual
TNT box. The device can be made with or without an internal detonating cord booster charge. TNT is one of the most commonly used
explosives for demolition operation. It is valued partly because of its insensitivity to shock and friction, which reduces the risk of accidental
detonation, compared to other more sensitive high explosives such as nitroglycerin. TNT melts at 80 °C (176 °F), far below the temperature at
which it will spontaneously detonate, allowing it to be poured as well as safely combined with other explosives. TNT neither absorbs nor
dissolves in water, which allows it to be used effectively in wet environments. Additionally, it is stable compared to other high explosives.
TNT is reported to contain 2.8 mega joules per kilogram explosive energy. The actual heat of combustion is 14.5 megajoules per kilogram, which
requires that some of the carbon in TNT react with atmospheric oxygen, which does not occur in the initial event. The explosive energy utilized
by NIST is 4184 J/g (4.184 MJ/kg). The energy density of TNT is used as a reference-point for many other types of explosives, including nuclear
weapons, the energy content of which is measured in kilotons (~4.184 terajoules) or megatons (~4.184 peta joules) of TNT equivalent.
For comparison, gunpowder contains 3 megajoules per kilogram, dynamite contains 7.5 megajoules per kilogram, and gasoline contains 47.2
megajoules per kilogram (though gasoline requires an oxidant, so an optimized gasoline and O2 mixture contains 10.4 megajoules per kilogram).
PRIMARY USES
This charge is used primarily for the following:
• Neutralizing mines.
• Reducing fortifications.
• Urban operations.
• Breaching.
• Cutting timber.
• Bridge demolition.
ADVANTAGE
The TNT offers several advantages over standard powders used in demolition, due to its high combustion temperature can cut the metal bars in
the structures of concrete, making it easier to sabotage of structures such as bridges or fortifications.
TABLE OF POWER DESTRUCTION DEVICE
(TRINITROTOLUENE-­‐BLOCK DEMOLITION)
EQUIPMENT OR AMMO
NUMBER OF CHARGE
Concrete wall 1
DEMOLISHED
Steel Bridge
1
SABOTAGE
Fortificaion bunker
3
DEMOLISHED
Concrete bridge
2
SABOTAGE
Radio Tower
1
SABOTAGE
(Dimension 1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 7 inch)
EFFECT