The Verb Adverb/Preposition Combination in
Contemporary American English
著者
journal or
publication title
volume
page range
year
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Ido Osamu
Bulletin of the Kyushu Institute of
Technology. Humanities, social science
17
31-52
1969-03-30
http://hdl.handle.net/10228/3353
31
The Verb Adverb／Preposition Combination in
Contemporary American English
Osamu Ido
1． Introduction
Prepositions usually combine with nouns （or noun equivalents）， and they make
up adjective phrases or adverb phrases， which modify the verbs， or the adverbs in the
selltences． Many verbs in contemporary English， however， can combine with certaill
prepositional adverbs， and the combinations are used functionally as intransitive verbs
or transitive verbs as units．
Compounds like‘overtake’and ‘upset’originated in an older stage of English．
The principle of composition which they represent， however， has almost died out， so that
as a rule we cannot form any new words on the same pattern． We can prefix‘over’
and‘under，’with the sense‘too much，’‘too little，’to verbs． But in general the modern
feeling of the language resists the introduction of compounds of this kind， and very few
of them have come in since the sixteen century．①
Compounds（synthetic form）→Combinations（analytic construction）②
OE ModE
lnCUman → COmご1n
ヵurhbreacan → break through
This verb−preposition／adverb combination③ was very rare in Old English and
began to develop in Middle EngFsh， especially in the 15th century・arld did not grow in
the 16th and 17th centuries because of the invasion of Romanic verbs， but it has much
developed recently．④ Passives of verb−preposition／adverb combinations might appear
in the 14th century．⑤
The loss of the old case forms and the developement of this combination brought
them new and a great many verb−preposition／adverb combinations in America， though
this combination is by no means new or American． As they feel the possibilities of this
coDstruction， they are constantly forming new combinations for fuller or more convenient
expression of their thought．
The verb−preposition／adverb combination， the materials of which are taken from
Gγ鋤、鋤2θγ‘cα％S加γτS’oγゴ召s，⑥ will be studied in the following chapters． The pre−
positions and the prepositional adverbs taken up here are‘about，’‘after，’‘against・’‘along・’
‘around（round），’‘at，’‘by，’‘down，’‘for，’‘from，’‘in，’‘into，’‘of，’‘off，’‘on（upon），’‘out，’
‘over，’‘through，’‘to，’‘up，’and‘with．’ The number at the end of the sentences quoted
here is the number of the page on which the sentence is found in the book．
32 0samu Ido
II． Verb
According to the kinds of verbs， adverbs and／or prepositions， their combinations
may be classified into five groups as follows：
（1）Intransitive Verb十Preposition
（2） Transitive Verb十Preposition
、
（3） Intransitive Verb十Prepositional Adverb
（4）Transitive Verb十Prepositional Adverb
（5）Verb十Adverb十Preposition
2．11ntransitive Verb十Preposition （vi十p）
Agreat many combinations belong to this group． Though intransitive verbs and
prepositions serve for transitive verbs， they do not compose very close combinations． The
verbs and the prepositions have their own meanings respectively．
Nothing reproachfulατταo舵sτo you by being here．132
He used to tell his story to every stranger thatα7プ勿ε4α》Mr． Doolittle’s hotel．50
These combinations are not so close that some adverbs or adverb phrases are
sometimes inserted between the verbs and the prepositions．
Our glances， however，γεsτ杉4κoZ》oη9ψoκthe dead……83
She勿‘912τ〃s’θηbεττε7オo the latter measurment，……182
without discovering that it 4θα1Z oκ1yω∂〃 the highest circles．185
When the combinations are used with a connective word， the preposition can
be separeted frcm the verb．
the pitiable condition ゴκZo ωノπ6乃 1 乃α4ノ辺〃θ夕z，…… 85
1 doubtedτo z〃乃o〃z I sZ）o〃θ．…… 74
This separation cf the preposition from the verb does not happen when an
コ ロ サ ロ
1nterrogatlve pronoun ls use（」．
“What in the hell youτα1㌦gαbo碗？”490
“Who you斑吻gオo nowア”407
The three verbs，‘come，’‘go，’and‘look，’make many combinations with various
kinds of prepositions and functionally serve for transitive verbs， though there are many
lntranSlt1Ve OneS．
Transitive Intransitive
Doω％the aisle cα勿杉the Negro porter．382 1wondered how those streets ever cα祝ε
Avague feeling of disapPointment cα勿ε 40卿κagain．224
°蹴hi讐・344 ． ・W。n・・y。u，。批。物。ndj。inu，？・
1ぽ’蕊，pl＝f忠〉；蒜竺he a・k・d・386
side 294 A man in a dirty uniform cα勿θ〃カ・393
We％翻40耽αhill in the darkness，331 The sun微∫幽κ940蹴．432
‘‘
fo碗that joint and have beer，”…484 No one saw himgo i勿．374
1 zoθηZ oγz that．…321 things can’t 800〃like this．252
The Verb AdverblPreposition Combination in Contemporary American English 33
He z〃ozz14100〃αδo％τthe ring of black faces……396
／4夕θyou Zoo〃仇gノ泣the silent man？133
After I went up to my room I loo〃θ40励the window・227
0ther verbs which make combinations with good many kinds of prepositions
are as follows．
call at the place／call on him／fall in love／fall doWn the hillside／hang，about
astation／hang down the side／lay down the stocking／lay into his work／1ean
out his window／1ean over the table／run after a woman／run across each other
／stand for different things／stand over her／
‘T・’i・u・ed m・・t f・eq萌tly・nd‘f・・，’‘・n・’‘・t・’‘d・wn・’‘in・’‘int・・’b・… up…’
・about，・and‘of’follow in the prepositlons which make these combinations with verbs．
・Across，・・around，’‘round，，‘by，’‘off了and‘through’are not frequently used・
2．2 Transitive Verb十Preposition（vt十P）
The number of this kind of combinations is very small． This may be traced to the
fact that transitive verbs can combine with objects without prepositions．
all these bγoz￠9カτro rest for an eternity… … 318
1τoo〃％カoκme，……96
Although the following two examples also can be considered‘vt十P・’it seems to be safe
to consider them‘vt十a．’
It cαγγ‘￠s o多z an extensive trade in stoves…… 233
His coat吻4∫α舵κoηafew more faded shades of color，……239
There are several examples in which it is difficult to judge whether verbs of
these combinations belong to transitive verbs or not． Though such phrases as‘catch at a
straw，’‘ №浮?唐刀@at’and‘hold to’seem to be regarded as transitive verbs with preposi−
tions，⑦they belong to intransitive verbs inπε6sτθ〆s T厄γ4 A化ωヵ舵γ％硫07zα11万彪oκαγy．
It is not important， however， to judge the verbs are transitive or not in this
synchronic study． It may be important to establish the patterns of verb−prerosition／
adverb combinations． The number of the verbs is too large to do so， and then it is easy
to decide the patterns on the bases of the prepositions， for the numbef of the prepositions
is rather sma11． The patterns on the bases of prepositions and adverbs will be treated
in the next two chapters． A pattern should have a common form， function， and meaning．
And the smaller the number of the patterns is， the more useful they may be・C．C． Fries
says about the pattern， which may contain‘word forms or inflections・’‘function words・’
and‘word order，’as follows：
Another of the basic assumptions of our approach here to the grammatical analysis
of sentences is that the formal singnals of structural meanings operate in a sys｛em
−that is， that the items of form and arrangement have signalling significance
only as they are parts of幽in structural whole． （7’舵S〃％c仇グθo／Eκg1‘⑰，
P．61）
2．3 1ntransitive Verb十Prepositional Adverb （vi十a）
2．3．1 Though the word ‘up’is originally an adverb in ‘‘I went up，”‘went’
34 0samu Id。
perforrrls the function of a transitive verb with‘up’and has the object，‘the hill’in ‘‘I
went up the hill．”Generally only a few intransitive−verl）−adverb combinations， however，
have objects， and many others are used as intransitive verbs by themselves or with
other adverb phrases．
VI十A
The tongue∫1ic〃ε4仇ακ40％τ．419
He ］！α1〃θ4 0κ αγz40η α〃4 0クz． 391
VI十A十A． P．
So he bεητ40z〃1z for a look．140
He〃o〃4加〃εsZαツθ4鋤all night．314
VI十A 十〇
I ain，t goin， to g⑫θ24ρbeat yet a while．200
Robert spread his palms， with a smile， and閲α1ゐε4∂oωκthe hall．507
2・3・2 1t is said that these combinations do not usually have other adverbs
between the verbs and the prepositional adverbs，⑧ but in not a few cases adverbs do
occur between the elements， though they do not have objects．
she初α1〃ε4 slowlyα10ηg．287
they s〃z4τright 40z〃ηand leave．137
2・3・3Even if the combinations are used with relative pronouns or inter−
rogative pronouns， however， the adverbs are not separated from the verbs． Therefore it
may be said that the verb−adverb combination is a closer combination than the verb−
preposition combination．
He say， Look here z〃乃碗1’〃z％α1〃‘7zgγo％η4仇．488
They are also used in gerund forms as foUows：
And so I keptρε〃碗gαbo％τ．120
The cool breeze which usually sprang up with the 80仇940ωπof the sull……145
2・3・4Most of the verbs used in these combinations are monosyllables． There
are a few exceptions as follows：
’bustle off， to／flicker out／follow around／flutter down／linger on／lumber
along ／合catter round／echo up
Most of them end in‘−er．’And the richest in the combination of these verbs are the
followings：
go／come／run／fall／turn ／stand／get／take／look／put／blow／break／
bring／set／1ay／call／give／hold／let／make／work
It is exactly from these abstract verbs such as‘get，’‘go，’‘take，’in combination with
adverbs and prepositions of abstract direction， says Smith，⑨that we derive thousands
of the vivid colloquialisms and idiomatic phrases by means of which we describe the
greatest variety of human actions and relations．
2．4 Transitive Verb十Prepositional Adverb（vt十a）
2．4．1 Transitive verbs combine with prepositional adverbs to form transitive
verbs or intransitive verbs as units． Only a few combinations， however， are used in一
The Verb Adverb’Prepos三tion Combination in Contemporary American English 35
transitively in spite of A． G． Kennedy’s remarks．⑩ 、
VT十A＝VI
‘‘Oh， c乃εεγ ％ヵ！”435
He C1￠αγε40碗．322
2．4．2 The following combinations are used as both transitive and intransitive
verbs：
they危40％τwhat that somewhere “Well， you’11吻40％τ・”209
was．498
She go云仇the car without She crossed to the car and
answering．509 80彦仇．510
get through／get off／break up／get out／get up／turn out
2．4．3 The number of verb＋adverb＋object combinations is as much as that of
verb＋object＋adverb combinations， and the two−thirds of‘v＋o＋a’combinations have pro−
nouns as their objects． The pronouns used as objects are usually put between the verbs ．
and the adverbs．
Luis J2αη4ε4 it oτ戊εγ．435
・Other object−words are often placed after adverbs as A G． Kennedy and G．0． Curme
say in their books．⑪Approximately the one−fifth of the noun−objects is placed before
the adverbs in contemporary American English．
It is also said that noun−objects are placed before the adverbs；⑫
（1）When the noun−objects are short；
Why aren’t they setting men to bγ仇gaboat o％彦∼272
（2）When the adverbs make combinations with other adverbs；
They go on up the street， s吻〃仇g the rain oノアand oπthem like birds・491
（3）When the adverbs have connections with the following words；
The waitress， sεττ吻g the tray of beer 40ωηoηaback table， comes up…486
He s㍑c〃his tongue o協ατher and left．374
（4）When the adverbs are emphasized；
He 〃εZ）彦his gloves oη．373
（5） Or when the adverbs have a prepositional character．
which，……，〃2α4εits way 40ωκthe wall……72
She tried to〃θ砂her mind oガit……355
2．4．4 There are， however， several sentences in which longer object−words
are placed before the adverbs， though we feel more or less emphasis whenever the
adverbs have post−positions．
The wolf 1αs㌘4 his hind quartersα70％η4 so that he faced Julio，……445
1’ll be coked to the gills when I b％〃ψthat old buzzard oガ．374
The adverbs having a prepositional character may be placed after the object−words not
to confuse them with prepositions． ケ
until we肋〃θ1εプτthis Christian woman bθ砺η4．57
11e εαn 1θα4 the bull oび6γtoday．361
36 、 Osamu Ido
Some writers often Use the post−posed adverbs and others do not， though it
may depend on the sty】es of their stories．
THE POSITION OF THE ADVERBS
l V＋A＋・
V十〇十A
V十〇十A’V十A十〇
out
474
15
up
on
151
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1／25
25
2
1／13
down
15
3
1／5 1
off
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6
1／4
in
around
over
abOllt
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under
1／32
18
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2．4．5 Adverbs are often mllch emphasized when other adverbs are put be−
tween the verbs and the adverbs．
Very slowly he勿11θ4 himselfα〃仇￠初αy仇and stood up．507
1f they’dτ〃η￠θ4 meγ‘9カτoz6τfair and square，…… 199
Some adverbs or adverb phrases are sometimes placed between the object−words and the
adverbs without emphasizing the adverbs．
we can’t expect horses to c1‘〃功s〃α’、9功％1）cliffs like that over there！432
“Take a telegram！” Powerhouse ∫加％τs s％44θ％1y μカ into the rain over the
street．490
2．4．6 1t hapPens that the almost meaningless impersonal pronoun‘it’is
inserted before the adverb．⑬
and loγ4’κ9πozノθγthe surrounding country．33
2．4．7When the combinations are used with a relative prolloun， the adverbs are
not separated from the verb， as we have seen in 2．3．
Her usual apPearance was like a curtainω万c乃she could 4γαωμカat request for a
capital performance．176
The antique volume％万仇 1カα∂τα〃θκ鋤was the Mad Trist of Sir Launcelot
Canning．86
2．4．8 They are used as adjectives in past participle forms and placed before
the nouns． They are all tied up with hyphens．
He was just a sc夕εωε4＿％1りkid．510
aburned−out−looking nickelodeon ／beautifully cared−for hands
2．4．g They are also used as gerund as follows：
Th。 V。，b Ad。。，b1P。ep。，i，i。n C。mbi。・ti・rl i・C・nt・mp−y Am・・i…E・gliSh 37
“Tθαγ仇g％ρthe pea patch”meant going on a rampage．369
they enjoy“∫乃oz〃れzg oノア・” 136
the original 4γαz〃i％g z4カof legal document・96
Thi・p・・ve・th・t th・v・・b−・d…b・・mbin・ti・n・a・e c1・・e・th・n th・v・・b−P・ep・siti・n
combinations． The prepositional adverbs，‘upノ‘out，’‘off，’‘down，’andζon’are frequently
used in‘vt十a’as well as in‘vi十a！
2．4．10 The verbs in these combinations are monosyllables except the fo1一
lowings：
carry around， off， on， out／argue over／empty out
2．5Verb十Adverb十Preposition
Complex combinations such as‘keep up with’in‘‘I can’t keep up with these
doctors，”can be taken up in this section． They can be replaced with single verbs． The
patterns of these combinations will be discussed in detail in the Chapter V．
There isn’t everybody he’〃〃zα〃ε％ヵz〃‘仇．359
2．6 Passive Voice
2．6．1 The followings are the intransitive−verb−preposition cornbinations
which are close enough to be put into passives as functionally single transitive verbs．
“Are theyτoん8りτ仇the shops∼”166
he lzα4 bεθ夕z乃θα7∂o兎sカo〃εフzτo， seen．320
be decided upon／be laughed over／be lived in／be looked after／be rebelled
against／be reasond with／be referred to／be thought of
（Tomohichi Konishi says that the passive of‘hear of’is not found in an affirm−
ative selltence in his“Verb−Preposition Combination．”）
2．6．2 Gaaf says that the passives of intransitive−verb−preposition combinations
might be produced partly because people felt that the transitive verbs in passive voice
closely combined with the prepositions．⑭ In fact most of the passives of the verb−
preposition combinations are those of transitive−verb−preposition combinations・
‘‘1可e z〃ε夕ε1εZ‘％at once，” she said．255
He初αs plainly「仇γo％κ‘κZo gloomy retrospection，……211
2．6．3 The number of the sentences which are usually used in passive voice is
not smal1．
So αbsoγbθ4ωαs she初her owll thoughts that・・…・304
he z〃αS Soτzκ〃θγθ40zzτ．140
be impressed with／be troubled with／be busied in／be clothed in／be dressed
in／be amused at／be engaged to／be married to
I worked off at first some of the episodes仇ω万cカthe hero and the heroine
z〃θγθ κo］！ εoηc杉γηθ4． 182
Some adverbs such as‘extremely，’‘quite，’and‘still more，’are put between‘be’and‘past
participle，’and it may show the fact that verb−preposition combinations are rather close．
The preposition is separated from・the verb， however， a relative pronoun being used in
the last example．
38 0samu Ido
2．7 1diomatic Phrases
2．7．1 There are not a few verbs which are difficult to judge transitive or
not． Although a tentative classification of transitive and intransitive verbs is given here．
for I ought to 8＠τγo％κ4 that．184
As L． Kellner mentions， however， it may not be important to decide the verbs are transi−
tive or not．⑮ The followings had best be treated as idiomatic phrases．
V十〇ne十P
And she boκ碗苗〃20η仇θεαγs， hard．385
Miriads of his school−fellows吻4仇∫0物ε4乃伽oゾthe soldier’s plight，……277
V十Noun十P
He’s been revolving his coat ever since he cα％ψτs‘8勿oゾus．272
catch hold of／take care of／give birth to／draw attention to／shake hands
with／get hold of／take hold of
V十P（orA）
My mind‘s％4θ％カ．59
get under way／rise to his feet／get on his feet
Get ＋Adjective（or P．P）＋P
get rid of／get clear of
III． Preposition
3．1 Kinds of the Prepositions
The following is the list of the most frequently used prepositions in the verb−
preposition combinations：
about／across／after／against／around（round）／at／down／for／from／in／
into／on（upon）／of／out／over／through／to／up／with
3．2 Nature and Function
Prepositions limit the force of the verb as to some circumstances of place，
time， manner， degree， cause， condition， exception， purpose， means， and etc． An adverb
limits the force of the verb in itself， while a preposition requires the assistance of a
dependent noun or some other words． Where the prepositions stand in a very close
relation to verbs， they make up the verb−preposition combinations with the verbs．
Nothing reproachfulατταc加s∫o you by being here．132
‘Along’and‘by’are omitted here， because they do not seem to compose‘combinations．’
‘Along’does not make a combination with‘coming，’but makes a combination with‘the
boards’and modifies‘coming’in‘‘There were footsteps coming along boards．” And we
may regard‘along’as an adverl）in‘‘He’s walklng along，”where the object−words are
omitted．
3．3 Stress of the Verb＿Preposition Combination
The Verb Adverb／Preposition Combination in Contemporary American English 39
3．3．1 0ne of the structural features of the verb−preposition combinations is
stress． It is found that the verbs of this combination receive secondary stress， and the
prepositions receive tertiary stress．⑯ When they are used medially with an object， the
prepositions receive tertiary stress：
1160〃ε4∂カ∂η44δz｛〃zthξ…str6et l 299
λ夕θy△u1∂o〃ノ〃9プbγthe si16nt m6nll
When they are used before a terminal juncture，⑰ they also receive tertiary stress：
Thisistheh6use l h61動θ4初＃
This combination may receive the stress pattern／〈＼／both in medial position with an
object and before a terminal juncture・
3．3．2 The stress pattern is the same in verb＋object＋preposition construc一
tion．
1勿6τ》oηθ∂him〕尻δth61awy6r’s r60m l 128
c∂ク〃zε6τthe bay z〃2彦〃the 6cean l
Passives of the construction also receive the stress pattern／∧＼／・
Theyωeγθ1ε彦τδtheir s6ns6s＃ 433
3．4 Word Order
The other structural feature of verb−preposition combinations is their word一
order．
3．4．1 The preposition usually stands immediately after the verb in the com−
bination． Some adverbs or adverb phrases are sometimes inserted between the verbs and
the prepositions・
Nothing reproachfu1αττα612θsτo you by being here・132
The boy stood s彦αγ仇g wonderinglyαオher・204
3．4．2 When the object governed by a verb−preposition is a connective word
and is consequently shifted to the beginning of the clause or the sentence・ the preposi−
tion is generally shifted with it．
the pitiable condition∫ητo z〃カ‘cカ1”α4プα”θ％・…… 85
The vague sentiments o∫ωカi沈1 肋〃εalready sカo”θη・…73
The preposition at the end of the clause can be explained as the omission of the personal
pronoun， the object of the preposition． The clause is closely related to the antecedent，
so that the situation makes the thought clear without the expression of the personal
pronoun．⑱
3．4．3 When the object governed by a verb−preposition is an interrogative・
the preposition does not generally accompany it・
What in the hell you’τα1〃仇gαboμ彦∼490
Who you’α1〃ゴ％gτo now∼407
1n this case the emphatic words， interrogatives， are put at the beginning of the senteDce
and the unimportant prepositions are put at the end， though originally this construction
was impossible．⑲
It is said that in formal speech the preposition is often shifted with the object
40 0samu Id。
and retains its place before the object， as in ‘‘ノ1τω乃碗αγθyou looん仇g∼” This kind
・fw・・d・・d・・w・・n・七f・und， h・weve・；・x・ept・u・h・ent。nce・a，；
砂oκz〃1zατbasis it 7ε∫τθ4， I could never ascertain． 134
1 doubted Zo z〃1zo〃z I sカoゐε． 74
3・4・4 When emphatic words are put at the beginning of the sentence， the
preposition is put before them．
Do％7￠the aisleτα〃zθthe Negro Porter．382
andτo that very fact it o％θ4 an enormus part of its deliciousness．332
3．5 1Meaning of the Prepositions
3・5・1 These prepositions have their original meanings in many combinations，
th・ugh th・i・meani・g・in・he c・mbin・ti・n・are・・m・tim・・fig・・ative and n。t・lea・．0。ly
・f・w・・mbi…i・n・a・e cl・・e en・ugh t・miss th…igi・・l m・ani・g・。f th。 p，ep。，iti。n，．
Play at ninepins／call on him／wait on table
3．5．2 ArouIld， roulld
In the United States， says Evans，‘round’is used to describe an object， as in
‘this round world，’but otherwise the form‘around’is preferred， as in・they flew around
the world’and‘the earth turns around．’⑳This tendency was clear in my materials，⑳
though there is such an example as‘the gentleman loo〃ε4γo協4 the room（161）．・
3．5．3 0n， upon
‘On’and‘upon’may be interchangeable， though it is said that‘on’is colloquial
and informal and that‘upon’is all emphatic form of‘on．’ The usage of‘on’and‘upon’
may depend on euphonic or metrical reasolls．
depend on that member；depend upcn him／call on him；call upon hinl／wait on
table；wait upon the table
3．5．4 0n， onto
As‘on’10st its old meaning of directlon toward‘on−ness，’this had to be sup−
plied by the preposition‘to，’as in‘climb on to the box．’Asingle word‘onto’did not
become general until this century．⑳ This is now customary when the two prepositions
‘on’and‘to’have a single object， as in‘climb o物the box．’When‘on’is simply a
qualifying word attached to the verb and not part of a prepositional phrase， as in ‘they
went oητo victory，’it must not be joined with‘to．’
She held o多z Zo the door …… 204
They came up o励o the crossing under the light，……477
3．6 Prepositioロal Combination and its Usage
3．6．1 About
（a） around
heωoz多14100んαboz∂the ring of black faces …… 396
hang about a station／dodge about the village
（b） concerning， in connection with
What in the hell youτα1〃仇gαb碗？
worry about another thing／hear about all／know about it
The Verb Adverb／Preposition Combination in Contemporary American English 41
（c） go about his work／set about the task
3．6．2 Across
（a） into contact with
run across each other／come across two variations
3．6．3 After
（a） abOUt， cOnCerning
I was going to have him sent down−country where he co〃4 bε100〃θ4αカεγ・322
（b） she劫〃εsαプZθグme，・・…・356
3．6．4 Against
（a） in opposition to
knock against a panell／proceed against him
（b） in contact with
stand against a wall／lean against the wall
3．6．5 Around， round
（a） on every side
／1γθyou scγα力初9αγo脇4 the bottom of the pickle barrel了368
100k round the room／look around the living room
（b）s・as to encircle or encl・se ．
walk round and round the hole ・
3．6．6 At
（a） cause of feeling
I s加444εγατthe thought of any，…… 75
be bewildered at the fact／be amused at tllem
（b） an aim or direction
wink at each lother／bark at him／smile at him／rush at them／peer at the
window／wave at us／run at his heels
（c） pull at a line of grass／puff at the cigars／play at ninepins／assist at
their sports 、
3．6．7 Down
（a） downwards with or along or over or into
Do初ηthe aisle cα勿εthe Negro porter．382
fall down a hillside／ride down the road／run down the walk
3．6．8 For
（a） to get， reach， or belong to
apPly for such poor pay／inquire for her／try for a glinlpse／be bound for／be
intended for
（b） in the direction of
depart for towrl／reach for it／watch for him
（c） in place of
do for them／what they stood for／pass for the real thing
（d） listen for sounds／account for such feelings
42 0samu Ido
3．6．9 From
（a） separation
abstain from writing／cease from rattling／keep from running
（b） starting Point， source， or cause
die from natural causes／hear from them／be derived from
3●6・10 1n
（a） inclusion or position within limits of space or time
land in a museum／reach in the cage／fail in any attempt／100k in my face／
get in bed／abound in ladylike views
（b） be十P．P．十in
you could tell itωαs bθiηg 1勿θ4仇， this year， today， tomorrow．
be busied in／be clothed in ／be plunged in／be rooted in
3．6．11 1nto
（a） motion to a point within
But before going out she asked me what she was to∼吻沈∫o this time．171
come into contact／drop into his chair／go into the details／get into a fight／
reach into the pocket／retreat into seclusion
（b） Change tO a State
break illto a hard run／hiccup into crying／merge into fear
3．6●12 0f
（a） objective relation
Mary醐s instantlyαs酩％40∫her outburst……296
approve of me as a superior／admit of no other／complain of ill health／despair
of all efforts／dispose of him
（b） Origin Or CaUSe
he 4ゴθ40∫the consumption at Sing−Sing．133
（c）concern or reference
that is all I吻o卿o∫him，…… 92
（d） material
Iam aware that something more痂8伽bε初α4杉oゾthis episode，……143
3・6・13 0ff
（a） away or down or up from
Coat， trousers， shirt， everything∫了伽magically oゾアhim．284
blow off the chicken house／step off the train
3．6．14 0n， upon
（a） contact or touch
“But y’α沈’τcα1c’1ατε40％no sleepers nor hotel bills．”217
bet on that／lean on his stick／
climb upon his back／gaze upon him／operate upon the temper
（b） support
depend on that member／land on its feet／legs to stand on／he said that he肋∂
， The Verb Adverb’Preposition Combina†ion！n Contemporary American English 43
、4εci4ε4％1りoηdoing no more writing．117
1depend upon him／resolve upon this／be determined upon
〈C） abOUt， COnCerning
・Often it had occurred to me in myカoη4θγ仇gs％カoκthe subject，……122
・muse on this scene／ponder on it／be spent on／
deleberate upon the events／ speculate upoll the influence
（d） movement
』his strange fear of the storm肋460勿θoηhim again…… 471
call on him／go on doing／keep on feeling／
℃all upon him／come upon an inheritance／wait upon the table
3．6．15 0ut
（a） out of
I’11元％〃ψo協the window then・487
1ean out one’s window／look out the window
3．6．16 0ver
（a） on or to the other side of
As he walked home now heω￠励o彬γit again．367
fly over the road bed／100k over the end of
〈b） above or at all or various Points uPon
Avague feeling of disapPointmept cα〃2θo秒θγhim・344
1ean over the table／stand over her／sweep over her
（C） concering
sit over our wine／something to be laughed over
3．6．17 Through
（a） from one end to the other
break through the wall／pass through the plantation
（b） from beginning to end
fight through that agony／get through the winter
3．6．18 To
〈a） direction or movement or contact
lay so much of change that I doubtedτo whom I sρoゐθ・74
approach to nudity／bring to rest／come to no harm／
come to glow／get to know her／get to thinking
〈b） relation
But I was the girl heωαsε〃9α望4τo．253
amount to so little／compare to it／object to everything
〈c） addition
this would onlyα44’o the dignity of his reception，……473
3．6．19 Up
（a） to a higher point of
it乃α41召τfar％ρthe old snow gullied road to Treasuエe Hill，……464
44 、 Osamu Ido
run up the stairs／toil up the rocks／walk up the hall
（b） at a higher part of
I loo〃ε4励and down the street……229
3．6．20 VVith
（a） relation：company or antagonism
The fact that Diana was dead 12α41ittle to 40初‘Zカit……324
mix with this／reason with her／
（b） agreement
Itωo％144isα9γεθ碗仇me．133
（C）caUSe
I ωαs 61zαγ勿ε4 2〃‘］！ノ2 it． 199
be delighted with／be perplexed with／be troubled with
（d） material
The whole forestωαs 1）θ0ρ1θ4ωi仇frightful sounds・・…・62
Four of them初θγεsoα〃ε4励仇seawater．266
IV． Prepositional Adverb
4．1 Kinds of the Adverbs
The following is a list of the most frequently used prepositional adverbs． In
respect both of form and meaning， there is a close analogy between these adverbs and
certaln preposltlons・
about／across／ along／around（round）／behind／by／down／in／off／on／
out／over／through／under／up／
4．2 Nature and Function
Adverbs are used as modifiers． In older English certain adverbs had also
prepositional force， so that they were not only stressed as adverbs but governed a case
like a preposition：‘‘God him com to．”（God came to him．） In Old English， as in this・
example， the prepositional adverb might follow its object．⑳ Prepositional adverbs are
so closely related to verbs that they often form verb−adverb combinations with them
with somewhat altered or figurative meanings of the components．
4．3 Stress of the Verb−Adverb Combination
The verbs of the intransitive construction receive tertiary stress， whereas the
adverbs receive secondary stress ill a medial position， or primary stress before a terminal
juncture．（⑳
This may be indicated by the following sample sentences：
Th6 sanω元s gδ膓κg 46ωκ＃ 432
i wδnd6redl h△w thδse Str6etsさver c∂〃2ε允ωηagain＃ 224
Transitive co§凄tructions receive secondary stress on the verbs， and secondary
or primary stress on the adverbs． When they are used medially with an object， the
adverbs receive secondary stress：
The Verb Adverb／Preposition Combination in Contemporary American English 45
R6b6rtz〃∂1〃θ46〕6鋤zth6h611＃ 507
Sh696τ2多z th6 c6r＃ 509
When they are used before a terminal juncture， the adverbs receive primary stress：
L｛iis〃功z4ε4 it 6泥γ＃ 435
H61z⑳τhis g1δves 6κ＃ 373
The intransitive construction may take， then， either the／＼∧／stress＿pattern，
when it occupies medial position， or／＼／／when it occurs before a terminal juncture． The
transitive construction， on the other hand， may receive the stress pattern／〈∧／in medial
position with an object， or／∧／／before a terminal juncture．
The stress pattern of a transitive verb followed the adverb contrasts with that
．of an intransitive verb foUowed by the preposition． This contrast may occur in media1
POSltlon：
Th6 hδrs6s 1）η〃ε44δzのz th6 hill＃（adverb） 、
The hδrs6s Z）滋〃θ4 14δzのz th6 hill＃ （preposition）
．Or it may occur in final position：
This is the hill th6 h△rs邑sヵ〃1θ446ω％＃（adverb）
This is th邑hill th6 hδrs6sヵ〃1θ44δμ戊κ＃（preposition）
4．4 Word Order
4．4．1 When the sentence contains no object， the adverbs are placed immedi一
ately after the verb：
So he∼）θ％τ40z〃％for a look． 140
And so I keptびθ￠γ吻gαbo％1． 120
4．4．2 When the sentence contains an object in the form of a persoDal pro−
noun， they are placed immediately after the pronoun：
Luis 12α夕Z4ε4 it o〃θγ．
‘‘S〃杉τclz her o∬， you know，”……162 。
4．4．3 When the sentence contains an object other than a personal pronoun，
・they may be placed immediately after the verb：
Tz〃7z ozzτthe light …… 384
Gθτoガthat shirt andカ％τo？z another，…… 358
工nsentences where the object is a long phrase， this contiguous order is the common
』practlce：
Theyノ仇∂o励what that somewhere was．498
But she couldn’t●γθα〃μカher residence term anyway・506
0r they may be placed after the direct object in some cases：
へ
21s飢τmy sick child46ガ212amδng str‘ngers1＃ 364
21b｛imp thatδld3 b6zzard2146ffl＃ 374
1n cases such as these， Pitch／4／is put on the adverbs． （⑮
4．4．4 1n some instances， this choice in order is accompanied by a clear
diStiCtiOn in meaning：
H6ノ伽ψθ∂∂δ2槻th6 h6rse＃（i． e．， he jumped down from the horse．）
46’ @ Osamu Ido
He元2勿ヵε4 the hδrse 4δ卿κ＃（i． e．， he forced the horse to jump down．）
4．4．5 1n exclamatory sentences， they are placed at the beginning of the
sentence． In such cases the subject is placed before the verl）when it is a personal
prono皿， and the sul）ject is placed after the verb， when it is not a personal pronoun：
Doz〃〃プセ11 the bear，…… 451
1勿they z〃θκ’！
4．4．6 The adverbs may be modified by‘right’or some other adverbs：
Step夕∫gヵτタη， suh． 239
Powerhouse shouts s％44εκ1y％φinto the rain over the street．490
4．4．7 Whatever the order of verb−adverb combinations may be， the verb and
the following adverb always fall together in the same layer of structure， as the result of
grouping these combinations into their immediate constitutions and layers of structure． In
contrast with such constructions， the preposition in the adjective or the adverb phrases
falls in the same layer of structure with the noun−object rather than with the verb．
This result is reveald and confirmed by the structural signals of stress，
juncture， and pitch． All these evidences indicate that a verb−adverb construction is a
combination of a verb and an adverb． And a verb−preposition construction is also a com−
bination of a verb and a preposition， though it may be a looser combination than a verb
−adverb combination．
4．5 Meaning of the Adverbs
In addition to one or more fairly stable and specific meanings， many of these
adverbs express ideas difficult to define．⑳ ‘About，’‘across，’‘along，’‘around（round），’
‘at，’‘behind，’‘by，’and‘through，’however， express rather distinct and independent ideas
in the combinations， and they enter into a few combinations． The adverbs， which have
astrong adverbial character，‘out，’‘up，’‘down，’‘over，’and‘off，’make up a great many
combinations with verbs， most of which express the acts， motions， and attitudes． And
these combinations have acquired an enormous number of idiomatic significations． The
relations of things to each other， and a great variety of the actions， feelings， and thoughts
are translated into“kinaesthetic images”⑳by means of the significations． Phrases
like‘on the rocks’or‘under a cloud’are visual images；the combinations like‘gather up，’
‘keep up，’are kinaesthetic metaphors， arousing imagined sensations of muscular effort．
‘For，’‘to，’and‘with’as prepositional adverbs might not be found in my materials，
though A． D． Kennedy takes up‘come to，’‘turn to，’‘put to，，‘done for，’‘go for，’‘stand
for，’and‘go with．’（⑳
These combinations are devided into the four groups according to the veriety
of meaning as follows：the combinations， which belong to（1）and（2）， might be made
up in the early period， and those in（4）may l）e typical and true combinations：
（1） The adverbs emphasizing the idea of the verb：
fall down／hang down／sink down／start out／clear out／stick out／pass off
／turn round／grow up／wake up
The Verb Adverb／Preposition Combination in Contemporary Amcrican English 47
（2） Combination of the meanings of verbs＆adverbs：
hang about／hang around／come along／sit by／run down／go in／fall off／
run on／go out／come up／sit up
（3） The adverbs giving the shades of meanings to the ideas of the verbs：
settle down／come on／find out／ring out／fix up／dry up／shut up／pich
up／gather up／eat up／fill up
，（4） Compound meanings of the combinations
You can’t g逐’抄θ勿（＝surrender）like that， Joe！ 393
When the time comes I also shall be∫θτ伽g o％τ（＝starting），293
put down（destroy）／put by（save）／put in（add）／put off（postpone）／put on
（adopt） ／ put out （extinguish） ／ put up（build， pay） ／
get down（depress）／get in（enter）／get on（enter）／
get out（produce）／get over（finish）／
get down（establish）／set in（insert）／set off（adorn）／
set out （issue， engage） ／ set on （attack） ／ set up （found， post）
4．6 Adverbial combination and its Usage
・ 4．6．1 About
（a） somewhere round here and there
go about／come about／dance about／look about／
4．6．2 Across
（a） from side to side
I zσα1〃θ4α6γoss and sat down on it carelessly，……329
4．6．3 Along
（a） onward， in proPgress
go along／lumber along／stroll along／stumble alon9
（b） in company， with one
he吻46αγ夕‘ε4 his hammer and even his drillα10η9，……466
4．6．4Around， round
（a） on every side， all round
come around／carry around／100k around／run around
（b） by circuitous way
heぬ6τ4 gradually 6γo％9カτγo％η4 his chair，…… 88
（c） figurative meaning
“So much the worse for you． That means she can’tτ％夕ηγo耽4．”173
4．6．5 Behind
（a） in the rear
we加〃ε1θ∫τthis Christian woman加〃％4．57
4．6．6 By
（a） near， at hand
Mr． Fetweiler吻4 sατ砂， nodding apProva1．371
’ （b） past
48 0samu Ido
aweek went by／the miles streamed by／pass by
4．6．7 Down
（a） towards a lower place or position
Adna can g滋40ωκfor Sunday．364
bend down／come down／kneel down／sit down
（b） toward diminition or completion
they sカ％τright∂oz〃ηand leave． 137
4．6．8 1n
（a） motion to point within
She crossed to the car and 80∫‘κ． 510
call in／come in／let in／throw in／wander in
（b） figurative rneaning
‘‘
xou can’t g初ε吻like that， Joe！”
when the rainy season fairly∫θ；仇，……152
4●6．9 0ff
（a） separation， departure
carry off／cut off／get off／move off／put off
（b） release， relief
turn you off（＝dismiss）／show off
（c） orderiness， completion
go off／ pay off ／ set off
（d） removal
drift off／knock off／ shut off／ shake the rain off
（e） riddance
I struggled to γθαso銘oノアthe nervousness … … 84
4．6・10 0n
（a） on something
catch on the branch／keep his gloves on
（b） towards something， in operation or activity
hurry on／move on／start on／switch on the lamp
（c） continued movement or action
pass on／1abor on／walk on／write on
（d） figurative
try on jackets／how thing is getting on／get on the gown
4．6．11 0ut
（a） to the outside
Let’s望彦o％オ and see． 509
cry out／draw out／grow out／jump out／pay out
（b） removal， separation
pick out／ start out／steal out／turn out the light
（c） completeness， finality
The Verb Adverb／Preposition Combination in Contemporary American English 49
his marriage wouldτ％γηo％7 badly！ 300
carry out／empty out／work out／stay out all垣ght
（d） openness， publicity
cry out／1augh out／open out／talk out
（e） exhaustion
wear out／my voice has given out
4．6．12 0ver
（a） outward＆downward
hang over／1ean over／fall over／move over
（b） pass across something
go over／pull over／run over／hand them over／bring over sorne
（c） turn over／think over／talk it over
4．6．13 Through
（a） from end to end ．
get through／come through／pass through／read it through
4．6．14 Under
（a） tack the fingers under
4．6．15 Up
（a） to or in a higher place， amount， or value
bring up／come up／fly up／get up／grow up／jump up／raise up／sit up／
spring up／tune up／walk up
（b） bring together
gather up／sum up ／save up／tie up her business
（c） completely， effectually
do up／fill up／mix up／make up／shut up／work up
（d） figurative
cheer up／echoe up／give up／phone her up／wake him up
V．Verb十Aderb十Preposition
5．1 Verb十Adverb十Preposition combination5 show a feature of tlle analytical
t。nd。n。y。f Engli・h． ln Am・・i・an Engli・h th・numb…fth・m h・・mu・h in・・ea・ed in
thi， centu，y，・ing1・p・ep・・iti・n・b・ing n・t・n・ugh t・・P・・f・m th・i・fun・ti・n・⑳“In
respect to these・compound’function worbs・” @says Friese・‘‘it is difficult to set precise
boundaries because they extend over a wide range of possible combinations such clear
cases asゴητo， μη∫o， ％ρo多z， τ乃γo％9カo％τ， z〃i彦カゴ％， z〃i〃20％ちto such doubtful and free expres−
sions as初αちo∬ρo勿， o〃εγ吻，〃ヵτゴ〃，の〃s勿c杉．”⑳ He adds that this addition
of function words seem to be especially frequent in the Vulgar English materials．
5．2 The richness of these verb−adverb−preposition combinations in American
Engli・h m・y b・d・・…he an・1・gy・f 1・ng・・ge c・n・i・u・ness・The c・mbin・・i・n h・・at・n−
d。n，y t。 bec・me a p・tt・・n・nd t・9・t int・th・v・・b−P・ep・・iti・n・・ve・b−ad…b・・mbi一
50 ’ Osamu Ido
natlons：
brush up→brush up on／call on→call in on
5．3 These verb−adverb−preposition combinations， （especially in ‘or1’and
‘with’）， also have a tendency to get a function of single transitive verbs and to corre−
spond to the verb−adverb combinations as intransitives：
come down into the street；come down／cut down’on everything；cut down／
look down on her；look down／sit down on the stump；sit down／
go down to the canon；go down／look out upon the place；look out／
100k up at the house；look up
5．4 Stress
The verbs of the verb−adverb−preposition combination receive tertiary stress，
the adverbs receive secolldary， and the prepositions receive tertiary stress．
hδld△n t△th6 c6blel
the f691that cδmes in frbm th66c6anl
The combination may take the／＼∧＼／stress pattern， which is the compound of the stress
in tlle verb−adverb and the verb−preposition combination．
5．5 Meaning of the Complex Combination
（a） Down into＝movement into a lower position
the dim tarn仇τo which they all loo舵440％κ．76
There itωθπち the street he loved， steeply 40％η仇オo the bottom of the canyon．
（b） Down on＝movemeDt toward a lower place， oppression
They・c％τ40耽oηeverything， but Mrs． Whipple kept saying there are things you
can’t 6励40ωκoκand they cost money．360
（c） Down to＝movement toward a lower position
run down to the track／bring him down to a walk
（d） Off to＝movement to a farther place
drive off to the country／go off to the wars
（e） On to ＝attaching to
go on to the station house／hold on to the door
（f） Out for＝starting for an object， aiming for
get out for home／100k out for him／reach out for the halter
（g） Out on＝movement to the outside
run out on me／came out upon a country road
（h） Out to＝movement to the outside
call out to me／100k out to the window／run out to the road
（i） Over to ＝＝ across to
cross over to the city／go over to the old chair
（j） Up at＝upward
fly up at him／peer up at him／look up at the house
（k） Up in＝upward， completion of movement
perk up in a setting position／the woods to land up in
The Verb AdverblPreposition Combination in Contemporary Amcrican English 51
（1） Up on＝apProach， relation
ride up on the stallion／set up on the highroad
（m） Up to＝apProach， arrival
go up to that house／point up to the higher world
Notes
「1． H．Bradley，τ舵ルZα〃仇g oゾEη91‘sぬ， PP．123−4．
2．W． Van der Gaaf，丁舵P已∬∼oθo∫α吻b Ac60〃吻η‘θ4卵αP吻os仇oκ， Sec．15．
3．The term‘Verb−Adverb Combination’is used by A． D． Kennedy， but G．0． Curme，
H．Sweet and H． Bradley use‘Compound Verb，’and L． Smith uses‘Phrasal verb．’
，4． A．D． Kennedy，τ加ルZo46γηEη91‘∫カVεグb一ノ4吻6γb Co〃2b仇αガoκ， Sec． 27．
：5．W． Van der Gaaf，τ舵．P已ss吻o∫αWb Acεo吻励ε4 byαP晒os偽oκ， Sec・27．
6．GグεατA批γゴ6ακSo励Sτo酩s， edited by Wallace and Mary Stegner， Dell， New
York， 1957．
‘7．小西友七 「動詞＋副詞結合」 英語青年 1965年 10月号
Sα％∫ε‘40’s1）ゴcガo％αタ’二y 6ゾEκg1‘sカGγα〃2〃2α夕， p．960．
8．小西友七 「動詞＋副詞結合」 英語青年 1965年 10月号
g． L．P． Smith， Woγ4∫α〃41励o〃2∫， p．254．
ユ0． A．D、 Kennedy，τん1％oθγκEη91‘s〃W夕b一ノ14〃〃b Co勿b仇ατioη， Chap． IV．
ユ1． 1万4．，Chap． V．
G．0．Curme， Pγ沈c句1θsακ4 PグαcZ‘τθoゾEκg〃動G夕α勿勿αγ， Sec．132．
ユ2．F． T． Wood，“Velb−Adverb Combination：The Position of the Adverb，”Eη9〃s〃
Lα％9％α望 丁θαc加κ9，Vol， X， No．1．
13． O．Jespersen， E∬θ励‘α1s oプEπ91ゴsぬGγα〃2〃2αγ， 16．18． To lord it， queen it．
14．W． Van der Gaaf，τ加P已∬勿ε（ゾαWb Acco励α痂4 bツαP吻o甑o〃， Sec．12．
15． L．Kellner，1ガsroガcα10％〃沈εs oプEη91‘s乃Sy〃τακ， Sec． 339．
16． There are four different phonemic levels of stress， in descending order：primary
／／／，secondary／〈／， tertiary／＼／，and weak／）／．
ユ7． The characteristics of these terminal junctures are as follows：／1／indicates terminal
sustention；／ll／indicates terminal rise；and／＃／indicates terminal fall．
ユ8． G．0．Curme， Pγ仇c幼1ぴακ4 PγαcZ比εoプEη91おカGγα勿勿αγ， P．284
ユ9． 1b‘4．， P．284
20． B．Evans and C． Evans，ノ11万cガoηαγ二y oゾCo励e〃2ρoγαγy／1〃2〃’6α〃σsα9ε， P．41．
21． Cf．3．6．5 Aro皿d， round．
22． B．Evans and C． Evans，ノ1 DicガoκαγツoゾCo励θ〃2カoγαタツノ1〃2εγ〆cακ乙なα8ε， P．41．
23． G．0．Curme， S吻∫αx， P．569．
24．A． K． Taha，“The Structure of Two−Word Verb in English，”Rθα励gs仇Aρカ1ゴθ4
Eηg1仇L仇g％isrlcs， edited by H． B． Allen， pp．130−6．
52 0samu Ido
25． Pitch levels：／1／，／2／，／3／， and／4／for low， mid， high， and extra−high respectively．
26． Cf． 4．6．8， 4．6．9，4．6．10， and 4．6．13．
27． 1．e．， Sensations of the muscular efforts which accompany the attitudes and motions
of the body．（L．P． Smith，πoγ4∫α〃41励o勿s， P．251）
28． A．D． Kennedy，τ乃θMo4〃κEπ91『s〃γεγb−∠44〃〃b Co〃2b‘％碗’oη， Chap． III．
29． G．0．Curme states that seventy per cent of three hundred prepositions are these
combinations and they contain‘along with，’ ‘over against，’‘on to，’‘up at，’‘up to’
（Syητακ， pp． 526−66．）
30． C．C． Friese， ノ1〃zθ夕icαηEκ91’s〃Gγα〃2〃2αγ， P．117．