Smarr Publishers
English
for
Classical Studies
A Student’s Companion to
Macbeth
by Robert W. Watson
Copyright © Watson Educational Services, Inc., 2006
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information,
please write Smarr Publishers, 4917 High Falls Road—Suite 201, Jackson, Georgia 30233 or call
(678) 774–8374.
Any edition of the text is compatible with the study guide.
$9.95 IN USA
Macbeth / 1
T
Introduction to Macbeth
HE story of Macbeth is based on historical
records. Shakespeare uses the events surrounding
two murders in order to create his Macbeth: the
murders of King Duff (967) and King Duncan (1040). The
play is arguably the darkest of all of Shakespeare’s
tragedies with its obsession to explore fear and cruelty to
its limit. The use of the witches in the play was no fairy
tale to audiences in 17th-century England. The belief in
evil men consorting with familiar spirits was a common
belief held by both king and commoner. Nevertheless, in
the play hope now exists since Scotland is in its darkest
hour and that a new light will dispel the darkness.
Many scholars agree that the purpose of Macbeth was to
provide a “history” of the establishing of the first Stuart king, of whom King James I (James VI
of Scotland) descended. The tragedy reminds all people that great men even to this day are
subjected to evil. Yet, while Shakespeare’s audiences appreciated the presence of personified
evil, whether in the witches or the Devil, modern readers have a problem with recognizing the
sort of evil that Macbeth encounters. Indeed, Macbeth was tempted by the witches, but he did
not have to yield to the temptation. In order to kill King Duncan, Macbeth has to ignore all of
his scruples, something that is difficult to believe, even with the most wicked of men.
However, it is not hard to believe that good men are deceived. Since this is true, then the
witches in Macbeth represent an evil that deceives and mocks the human will. The power of the
“weird sisters” is the ability to persuade, not to coerce. This is why the most important
possession of the individual is his heart, the seat of his affections. Macbeth had ambition, an
ambition that is quelled as he realizes that he had advanced as far as he could in his society. In
spite of his gallant deeds in battle, Macbeth could never rise above the title of thane. In his
heart, Macbeth wanted more, but he was willing to allow events to unfold naturally, until his
wife attacks his manliness. Lady Macbeth gives herself completely over to evil; but she too can
only persuade Macbeth to usurp the throne, because she cannot force him against his will.
Macbeth has the makings of being a great man, who possesses courage and devotion to duty;
but he also possesses a tragic flaw: he is too easily moved by his anger and fears. At the same
time, Macbeth is contrasted with the king whom he murders. Duncan has children; Macbeth
does not. Duncan is a peaceful and benign king; Macbeth is a warrior accustomed to blood and
becomes a tyrant. With Duncan, there is orderliness arising out of chaos; with Macbeth, there is
chaos arising out of orderliness.
What makes Shakespeare’s tragedies truly great, however, is that evil is always extinguished in
the end. Evildoers receive their just recompense for their wicked deeds. Time is on the side of
good, and good triumphs because evil has to eventually burn out. The Macbeths not only upset
their internal souls, but they upset the external social structure as well. Social structures cannot
remain out of balance forever. Justice will properly realign the social, political, and religious
spheres, because these human activities belong to the providence of God, not to impersonal
chance, witches, or even welfare states. Therefore, one of the many lessons to be learned from
the reading of Macbeth is that tyranny is ultimately doomed, because time is against it.
ROBERT W. WATSON
2 / Macbeth
Macbeth
Lesson One
1.1 Vocabulary
hurly-burly n.
compunctious adj.
art n.
trammel v.
1.2 Vocabulary Exercise
1. The fact that Philip could never save enough money while living in the city seemed to
________________ his desire to buy a small farm in Alabama.
2. When the wildcat got inside the house, you can imagine the ____________ as lamps were
knocked down, curtains were ripped, and the women were screaming.
3. After Sam took the money off the coffee table, his __________________ thoughts made
him return the money, because he knew stealing was wrong.
4. As mayor, my father had a natural __________ for mediating satisfactorily the demands of
the several factions in our small town.
1.3 Reading Assignment: Macbeth, Act I
1.4 Recall Questions
1. Who does Macbeth kill during the battle?
2. Whose army surrenders after Macbeth’s and Banquo’s forces defeat it?
3. With what three titles do the three “weird sisters” greet Macbeth?
4. What is the fate of the previous thane of Cawdor?
5. To whom does Malcolm refer when he states “nothing in his life / Became him like the
leaving it”?
6. Who does the king of Scotland, Duncan, announce as his successor to the throne?
7. As Macbeth gets ready to leave, to whose castle does Duncan say he will visit?
8. What does Lady Macbeth fear the most about her husband’s nature?
9. What does Macbeth mean when he states that King Duncan is at Inverness “in double
trust”?
Macbeth / 3
10. What does Lady Macbeth propose to do to the two soldiers who guard Duncan?
1.5 Critical Thinking

In Act I, discuss some of the things that are “foul” and some of the things that are “fair.”

Discuss the witches’ prophesies as religious truth. Can the Devil speak truth?

Discuss some of the irony associated with Duncan’s opinion of Inverness and of Lady
Macbeth.
1.6 Bonus Thoughts

Witches and the Totalitarian State: Witchcraft is the attempt to control the future outside
the providence of God, and thus means a rebellion against God. In the Bible we find the
interesting account of King Saul who consorts with the witch of Endor. Such is the way of
men who merely have the façade of conforming to God’s commandments, because in times
of crisis, they will appeal to anything but the true and living God. This is especially true
when the state claims to have total jurisdiction (totalitarianism) over its citizens. At this
point, the state becomes a god itself, while demanding total sacrifice to it and while
attempting to influence the future of its citizens by controlling all social, religious, and
political affairs through education, science, and technology. Notice as you read how the
witches in Macbeth seem to control not only the future events of the play, but Macbeth as
well.

Trochaic Meter and Supernatural Creatures: The English language has a natural rhythm
that resembles the iambic foot, a metric foot with two syllables where the first syllable is
unstressed, followed by a stressed one. For an example, this is the first line spoken by
Duncan:
What BLOOD-y MAN is THAT? He CAN re-PORT
However, Shakespeare generally uses trochees for dialogue whenever supernatural or otherworldly characters speak. The trochaic foot has two syllables with the accent on the first
syllable, which gives the verse a sing-song rhythm like all nursery rhymes. Notice the
following example.
FAIR is FOUL, and FOUL is FAIR.
HOV-er THROUGH the FOG and FILTH-y AIR.
It is common with the trochaic foot for the last foot to have only an accented syllable and to
drop the unstressed one.
 Wyrd, or weird (wîrd) is an Anglo-Saxon and Nordic concept roughly corresponding to
fate. The word comes from the Anglo-Saxon verb meaning “to become.” In its literal sense,
wyrd refers to the past, or “that which has become.” However, more broadly wyrd refers to
how past actions continually affect and influence the future. The stress is upon the
interdependence of all actions, and how they influence each other. This is not like
predestination, however, because the concept of wyrd implies that while we are affected and
constrained by our past actions, we are constantly creating our own wyrd through how we
respond to present situations. In Greek mythology, three sisters called the Fates controlled
the course of men. Shakespeare’s three weird sisters, who control the course of Macbeth’s
life is an allusion to these three sisters in mythology.
4 / Macbeth
Macbeth
Lesson Two
2.1 Vocabulary
largess n.
marshal v.
surfeited adj.
equivocator n.
2.2 Vocabulary Exercise
1. The substantial donation was an unexpected ____________ during the time when the small
school was struggling to continue its educational mission.
2. The modern politician is a true ____________________, because he refuses to make any
explicit statement about how he believes on any issue.
3. The trouble with modern welfare states is their ________________ budgets provide for
functions that are not in the domain of civil government and their having an insatiable desire
to centralize all power.
4. There is no denying that the way the councilman ___________________ the facts, his
report proves that the city is on the verge of bankruptcy.
2.3 Reading Assignment: Macbeth, Act II
2.4 Recall Questions
1. About whom does Banquo tell Macbeth he dreamed the night before?
2. After Macbeth dismisses his servant, what does he think he sees before him?
3. What is the signal used by Lady Macbeth that informs Macbeth to kill Duncan?
4. What is the reason Lady Macbeth offers for her not killing Duncan herself?
5. Who takes the daggers and returns them to the sleeping guards?
6. According to Lady Macbeth, a little of what will clear Macbeth and herself of murder?
7. According to Lennox, what strange things happened during the night?
8. Who killed the two guards outside of Duncan’s room?
Macbeth / 5
9. Where do Duncan’s sons, Malcolm and Donalbain, decide to go after learning of their
father’s murder?
10. According to the Old Man and Ross, what did the horses of Duncan do?
2.5 Critical Thinking

Explain how the conscience becomes an accuser to both Lady Macbeth and Macbeth.

Discuss the use of the supernatural in Act II. How do these events add to the tone of the
play?
2.6 Bonus Thoughts

“I have not heard the clock”: According to historical records, we know that 11th-century
Scotland did not have clocks. Did Shakespeare make a mistake? Actually, the playwright is
using poetic license, a device that John Dryden expresses as “the liberty which poets have
assumed to themselves, in all ages, of speaking things in verse which are beyond the
severity of prose.” In other words, poets can get away with saying some things that writers
of prose cannot. Typically, this license extends to the words and syntax of the poem, but it
also includes putting events and persons in the wrong time period. This form of poetic
license is called anachronism, a device that is common in Shakespeare’s plays, like the
clock’s striking in The Tragedy of Julius Caesar and the Egyptian queen’s using a corset in
Antony and Cleopatra.

Hecate: One of the lesser goddesses in mythology, Hecate was the goddess of the Dark of
the Moon, believed to rule on the nights when the moon did not shine. The deeds of
darkness are associated with her, and she reigned over the Crossways, a place of evil magic.
Oddly, Diana, the goddess of the Moon and Hunt, is identified as Hecate in later ancient
poetry. Thus, the goddess is both good and evil, much like the Sumerian deity, Ishtar, who
was the goddess of Love and War. In the Bible, Diana is referred to in Acts 19.

Comic Relief: Because of the great tension in tragedies, the playwright will employ the
device called comic relief. In Macbeth, the audience knows that a “murder most foul” is
taking place. The imagination is much more powerful than the actual seeing of the act.
Therefore, to break the tension, the scene with the porter helps the audience to laugh, to
momentarily forget about the murder. In addition to this, comic relief helps to give variety
to the play, and the most successful use of comic relief is when the scene is a part of the
overall plot, as in the case with the porter and later with Lady Macduff and her son.
6 / Macbeth
Macbeth
Lesson Three
3.1 Vocabulary
verity n.
parricide n.
avouch v.
rue v.
3.2 Vocabulary Exercise
1. The _____________ of the expression, “Beauty is in the eye of the beholder,” is arguably
wrong, because beauty is connected with God’s holiness, which cannot be modified by
subjective reasoning.
2. Having known Mr. Kittle for many years, I was able to _______________ his sincerity and
truthworthiness.
3. Fewer crimes are more heinous than when a child commits _______________, because it
shows an ungrateful and unthankful heart for one’s parents.
4. John ___________ the day when he drank his first beer; his life has been marked by sorrow
and troubles ever since that first drink.
3.3 Reading Assignment: Macbeth, Act III
3.4 Recall Questions
1. Before Banquo comes to supper, what activity does he decide to participate in?
2. What does Macbeth mean when he states, “Upon my head they place a fruitless crown /
Thence to be wrench’d with an unlineal hand”?
3. How is Macbeth able to persuade the murderers to kill Banquo?
4. The murderers are to kill Banquo and who else?
5. Why does Macbeth tell his wife that Duncan is better off than he is?
6. During the attack of the murderers, who escapes?
7. After Macbeth speaks with the murderer, who visits the feast?
8. Who was bidden to the feast, yet did not show?
9. Who goes to England to help Malcolm to reclaim the throne of Scotland?
Macbeth / 7
3.5 Critical Thinking

Support or criticize the following statement: “Scene 5 in Act III was probably added later by
another writer other than Shakespeare, because the scene is out of character with the rest of
the tragedy.”

Explain how the initial orderliness of Scene 4 deteriorates into chaos.
3.6 Bonus Thoughts

Genius: In the Roman religion, it was believed that every man had his own Genius. The
Genius was a guardian spirit who gave the individual his life and being. For women, they
had a Juno. These guardian spirits came into the world at the time of the birth of the child.
Therefore, the celebration of birthdays was important with fresh white garments being
worn, friends making visits or letters of congratulation being sent, the receiving of presents
from friends and family, and the eating of a feast. However, the honored individual was to
offer gifts of flowers, wine, and cake to his Genius. This practice seems better than the
modern birthday party where the emphasis is on getting, and the neglect of the true and
living God who gives all of us life. Nevertheless, the “birthday party” only shows that there
are many things we do that have a pagan origin.

Rook: Macbeth refers to “rooky woods.” The rook is a bird that is found only in Europe,
and it resembles the North American crow. Rooks create colonies by making their nests in
the tops of trees.

“Admired disorder”: This paradoxical combination of words is called an oxymoron, a
combining of two terms that in ordinary usage are contraries.

“The most pious Edward”: The lord tells Lennox that Macduff had gone to England,
which was being ruled by Edward the Confessor (1042–1066). Edward was known to live a
saintly life. However, his one failing was that he spent many years in Normandy before
coming to England as king. Therefore, Edward was foreign in his ways and received most
of his advice from his Norman friends, rather than the Anglo-Saxon lords. Dissatisfied with
Edward, Godwin, the earl of Wessex, created a political faction that tried to pressure
Edward to recognize the noblemen as having a role in the affairs of England. Edward dies in
1066, leaving no heir to the throne. Godwin’s son, Harold, claimed the throne, but he had to
repel two invasions. The first invasion came from Norway, because King Harold Hardrada
of Norway claimed England under the lineage of Canute. Harold defeated the king of
Norway at Stamford Bridge near York. However, the Duke of Normandy, William, also
claimed the crown, saying that Edward had given it to him. William of Normandy defeated
the Anglo-Saxon forces of Harold in 1066, thus marking the end of Anglo-Saxon rule in
England.
8 / Macbeth
Macbeth
Lesson Four
4.1 Vocabulary
cauldron n.
apparition n.
niggard n.
homely adj.
4.2 Vocabulary Exercise
1. When truth is presented, it is most _____________, but at the same time, it is the most
attractive.
2. “Be not a _______________of your speech: how goes’t?”—MacDuff.
3. One of our favorite sports as children was to go inside the old, “haunted” house; our friend
Albert always claimed to see ghosts, but these ___________________ we figured came
from his vivid imagination.
4. The Pilgrims were surprised to find an English-made ______________ in the deserted
Indian village near the shores of the new land.
4.3 Reading Assignment: Macbeth, Act IV
4.4 Recall Questions
1. What is the warning of the first apparition to Macbeth?
2. What does the second apparition say to Macbeth?
3. What does the third apparition say to Macbeth?
4. What does Macbeth plan to do to those at the castle of Fife?
5. According to Lady Macduff, what makes us traitors?
6. What paradox does Lady Macduff express before the entry of the murderers?
7. To what does Malcolm refer when he states, “It weeps, it bleeds, and each new day a gash is
added her wounds”?
8. How does Malcolm test the loyalty of Macduff?
9. According to Malcolm, Macduff should convert his grief into what?
Macbeth / 9
4.5 Critical Thinking

Discuss how the fleeing of the several characters from the presence of Macbeth gives the
appearance of evil. Consider the proverb, “The wicked flee when no man pursueth; but the
righteous are bold as a lion” (Proverbs 28:1).
4.6 Bonus Thoughts

Apostrophe: In Act IV, you have read several passages where the characters addressed
Scotland directly. This device is a rhetorical figure called an apostrophe, which is the direct
address either to an absent person or to an inanimate entity. However, if the address is
directed to a god or a muse, then the rhetorical figure is called an invocation, like in John
Milton’s Paradise Lost: “And chiefly Thou, O Spirit….”
Macbeth and the Three Weird Sisters
10 / Macbeth
Macbeth
Lesson Five
5.1 Vocabulary
perturbation n.
mortified adj.
weal n.
oblivious adj.
5.2 Vocabulary Exercise
1. Having been expelled from college, the _____________ young man feared to go home,
because he realized that he had brought shame to his family.
2. Since Mr. Lucas lost his wallet, he has suffered a dreadful _____________, which is
understandable since he had over five thousand dollars in it.
3. As Patsy walked along the lane, she became _______________ to the cold, because the
falling snow created a winter wonderland for her to admire.
4. The citizens of Smallsville believe that they enjoy an uncommon ___________ for a small
town, a prosperity that promoted the common good for everyone.
5.3 Reading Assignment: Macbeth, Act V
5.4 Recall Questions
1. Whom do the doctor and gentleman observe sleep-walking?
2. What does Lady Macbeth always have near her at all times?
3. What does Lady Macbeth appear to be doing while she is asleep?
4. After Macbeth asks whether the doctor can “minister to a mind diseased,” what is the
doctor’s reply?
5. What order does Malcolm give to his troops regarding Birnam Woods?
6. How does Lady Macbeth die?
7. What report is given to Macbeth concerning Birnam Woods?
8. What does Macduff mean when he states that he was “from his mother’s womb / Untimely
ripp’d”?
Macbeth / 11
9. When Macduff sees Malcolm and Siward again, what is he holding in his hand?
5.5 Critical Thinking

Compare and contrast the reactions of Macbeth and of Siward upon hearing the deaths of
their wife and son respectively.

Discuss how Macbeth could have been so easily influenced by the witches. Consider
Macbeth’s irrational fears and bouts of anger.

Agree or disagree with the following statement: “Macbeth represents the typical human
being.”
5.6 Bonus Thoughts

Cesarean Section: You read where Macduff was delivered by being pulled from the womb
of his mother. It is not clear whether his mother suffered an accident (“untimely ripped”) or
underwent a surgical procedure. It is believed that Julius Caesar was delivered by this
method, and therefore the operation is named after him.
12 / Macbeth
Glossary for Macbeth
art (ärt) n. Skill arising from the exercise of intuitive faculties; stratagems, and tricks; cunning
apparition (²p”…-r¹sh“…n) n. A ghost; a specter; an appearance
avouch (…-vouch“) v. To declare the provable truth or affirm; to accept responsibility for;
acknowledge
cauldron (kôl“dr…n) n. A large vessel, such as a kettle, used for boiling; figuratively, a state of
great distress or unrest
compunctious (k…m-p¾ngk“-sh…s) adj. Characterized by a strong uneasiness caused by a sense
of guilt; guilty of wrongdoing or the prospect of wrongdoing
equivocator (¹-kw¹v“…-k³t”) v. One who uses vague language intentionally and who avoids
making an explicit statement
homely (h½m“l¶) adj. Not attractive or good-looking; of an unpretentious nature; plain
hurly-burly (hûr”l¶-bûr“l¶) n. Noisy confusion; tumult
largess (lär-zhμs“) n. Generosity of spirit or attitude; liberality in bestowing gifts, especially in a
lofty or condescending manner; money or gifts bestowed
marshal (mär“sh…l) v. To arrange, place, or set in methodical order
mortified (môr“t…-fºd”) v. To cause to experience shame, humiliation, or wounded pride;
humiliate; to discipline by self-denial or self-inflicted privation
niggard (n¹g“…rd) n. A stingy person; miser
oblivious (…-bl¹v“¶-…s) adj. Lacking all memory; forgetful; lacking conscious awareness;
unmindful
parricide (p²r“¹-sºd”) n. The murdering of one’s father, mother, or other near relative; one who
commits such a murder
perturbation (pûr”t…r-b³“sh…n) n. The state of being upset; agitation
rue (r›) v. To feel regret, remorse, or sorrow for
surfeited (sûr“f¹-tºd) adj. Characterized by eating or supplying to excess, satiety, or disgust;
overindulged
trammel (tr²m“…l) v. To hinder the activity or free movement of
verity (vμr“¹-t¶) n. The quality or condition of being true, factual, or real; something, such as a
statement, principle, or belief, that is true, especially an enduring truth
weal (w¶l) n. Prosperity; happiness; the welfare of the community; the common good
Macbeth
Vocabulary Quiz
Instructions: Match the word with its definition.
A. hurly-burly
D. trammel
G. surfeited
J. parricide
M. cauldron
P. homely
S. weal
B. compunctious
E. largess
H. equivocator
K. avouch
N. apparition
Q. perturbation
T. oblivious
C. art
F. marshal
I. verity
L. rue
O. niggard
R. mortified
1. _____ to hinder the activity or free movement of
2. _____ stingy; miserly
3. _____ the murdering of one’s father, mother, or other near relative
4. _____ to cause to experience humiliation; to discipline by self-denial
5. _____ a strong uneasiness caused by a sense of guilt
6. _____ lacking memory or awareness; unmindful
7. _____ to arrange, place, or set in a methodical order
8. _____ not attractive; plain
9. _____ quality of being true, factual, or real
10. _____ a ghost; a specter
11. _____ prosperity; happiness
12. _____ liberality in bestowing gifts, especially in a condescending manner
13. _____ to feel regret, remorse, or sorrow for
14. _____ one who avoids making explicit statements
15. _____ large vessel, such as a kettle, used for boiling
16. _____ noisy confusion; tumult
17. _____ state of being upset; agitation
18. _____ to feed or supply to excess; to overindulge
19. _____ to declare the provable truth or affirm
20. _____ skill arising from the exercise of intuitive faculties; cunning
Answer Keys to Macbeth
Vocabulary Exercise, Lesson 1
1. trammel
2. hurly-burly
3. compunctious
4. art
Lesson 1
1. Macbeth kills Macdonwald.
2. The army was the troops of the king of Norway.
3. Macbeth is called “thane of Glamis,” “thane of Cawdor,” and “king.”
4. The thane is to be executed for his part in the rebellion against the king of Scotland.
5. Malcolm is referring to the thane of Cawdor.
6. Duncan names his oldest son, Malcolm, to be the next king.
7. Duncan is to visit with Macbeth, whose castle is in Inverness
8. Macbeth “is too full o’ the milk of human kindness.”
9. Duncan is related to Macbeth, and Duncan is a guest, both relationships should secure a
man against the treachery of murder.
10. Lady Macbeth proposes to get the guards drunk (she will drug them).
Vocabulary Exercise, Lesson 2
1. largess
2. equivocator
3. surfeited
4. marshaled
Lesson 2
1. Banquo dreamed about the three weird sisters.
2. Macbeth believes that he sees a dagger.
3. Lady Macbeth uses a bell as the signal.
4. Duncan looked too much like her father as he slept.
5. Lady Macbeth takes the daggers back.
6. Lady Macbeth says a little water will clear them of the deed.
7. Lennox said that chimneys were blown down, screams of death were heard, and an owl
clamored all night long.
8. Macbeth kills the two guards.
9. Malcolm is to go to England, and Donalbain is to go to Ireland.
10. The horses turned wild and ate each other.
Vocabulary Exercise, Lesson 3
1. verity
2. avouch
3. parricide
4. rued
1
Lesson 3
1. Banquo will go “riding.”
2. Macbeth has no heir to the throne, and Banquo was told that his sons would rule Scotland,
who is not of the lineage of Macbeth.
3. These particular men were the enemies of Banquo.
4. The murderers are to kill Fleance, the son of Banquo.
5. Duncan can no longer fear treason, weapons, poison, or anything else.
6. Fleance escapes.
7. The ghost of Banquo visits the feast.
8. Macduff was absence from the feast.
9. Macduff goes to England.
Vocabulary Exercise, Lesson 4
1. homely
2. niggard
3. apparitions
4. cauldron
Lesson 4
1. Macbeth is to beware of Macduff.
2. Macbeth is not to fear any man born of a woman.
3. Macbeth will remain king until Birnam Woods moves to the hill of Dunsinane.
4. Macbeth plans to kill the wife and children of Macduff.
5. Our fears make us traitors.
6. Lady Macduff expresses that in this world those who do evil are praised, and those who do
good often must suffer.
7. Malcolm refers to Scotland.
8. Malcolm states that he will be a worse tyrant than even Macbeth by taking many women, by
taking the nobles’ lands, and by destroying all peace on earth.
9. Macduff’s grief should be converted into anger.
Vocabulary Exercise, Lesson 5
1. mortified
2. perturbation
3. oblivious
4. weal
Lesson 5
1. Lady Macbeth was observed walking in her sleep.
2. Lady Macbeth has to have light nearby.
3. Lady Macbeth appears to be washing her hands.
4. In such cases, the patient must minister to himself.
5. The soldiers are to cut down branches in order to disguise themselves as they approach
Dunsinane.
6. Lady Macbeth commits suicide by jumping from the castle’s wall.
7. The servant thought he saw the woods moving towards Dunsinane.
2
8. Macduff was not born by normal childbirth, but by cesarean section.
9. Macduff is holding the head of Macbeth.
Macbeth
1. D
2. O
3. J
4. R
5. B
6. T
7. F
8. P
9. I
10. N
11. S
12. E
13. L
14. H
15. M
16. A
17. Q
18. G
19. K
20. C
3
4