Chapter 10 - Physical Characteristics of Gases
10-1 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Matter
A. - Intro
1. The kinetic-molecular theory is based on the idea that _________________ of _________________ are
always in _________________. The theory can be used to explain the _____________________ of solids,
liquids, and gases in terms of the ____________________ of particles and the __________________ that
act between them.
B. - The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases
1. The theory provides a _____________ of what is called an _______________ ____________.
2. An ideal gas is an ______________________ gas that _____________________ fits all the assumptions
of the kinetic-molecular theory.
3. The kinetic-molecular theory of gases is based on the following _____________ assumptions:
a. Gases consist of ______________ numbers of __________ particles that are _______ _________
relative to their ______________. Gases typically occupy a volume about __________ times
greater than the volume in the _______________ or _____________ state. Most of the volume
occupied by a gas is ______________ _______________.
b. _____________________ between gas particles and between particles and container _________
are _____________________ collisions. An elastic collision is one in which there is no ________
__________ of __________________ ___________________. The total __________________
__________________ of the two particles remains _______ __________ as long as the
temperature is ______________________.
c. Gas particles are in _________________, _______________, _______________ motion. They
therefore possess ___________________ energy, which is the energy of ____________.
d. There are no forces of _______________________ or _____________________ between gas
particles. When they collide, they do not ____________ ________________, but immediately
________________ ______________.
e. The __________________ kinetic energy of gas particles depends on the ____________________
of the gas. Write the equation for kinetic energy, and label all of the variables:
All gases at the same ______________________ have the same _________________ kinetic
energy.
C. - The Kinetic-Molecular Theory and the Nature of Gases
1. Many gases behave _____________ ideally if pressure is not _________ __________ or temperature is
not __________ __________.
2. Expansion: Gases do not have a _________________ shape or a __________________ volume. They
_________________ fill any container in which they are enclosed, and they take its ____________
3. Fluidity: Because the __________________ forces between gas particles are
________________________, gas particles ______________ easily past one another. Because liquids and
gases flow, they are both referred to as __________________.
4. Low Density: The density of a substance in the gaseous state is about __________________ the density
of the same substance in the liquid or solid state.
5. Compressibility: The volume of a sample of gas can be _____________ ____________________.
6. Diffusion and Effusion: Gases ______________ __________ and ________ with one another, even
without being _________________.
a. Diffusion is the _______________________ mixing of the particles of two substances caused by
their ________________ motion. The rate of diffusion of one gas through another depends on
____________ properties of the gas particles: their _____________, their __________________,
and the __________________ forces between them
b. Effusion is a process by which gas particles under _________________ pass through a ________
____________________. The rates of effusion are ___________________ proportional to the
___________________ of their particles. Molecules of ________ mass effuse _______________
than molecules of ____________ mass.
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D. - Deviations of Real Gases from Ideal Behavior
1. All ___________ gases deviate to some degree from ___________-gas behavior.
2. A real gas is a gas that does not behave _______________________ according to the ________________
of the kinetic-molecular theory. At very high ________________________ and low ___________________
the deviation may be _______________________.
3. The kinetic-molecular theory is more likely to ___________ ___________ for gases whose particles have
little __________________ for each other. The more _______________ a gas's molecules are, the greater
the ______________________ forces between them and the more the gas will _______________ from
ideal gas behavior.
10-2 Pressure
A. - Pressure and Force
1. Pressure is defined as the ______________ per unit of _________ on a surface. Write the equation
defining pressure:
___________ = _____________
2. Gas molecules exert pressure on any _________________ with which they _______________. The
pressure exerted by a gas depends on _______________, ______________________, and the number of
______________________ present.
3. A barometer is a device used to measure _________________________ pressure. The first barometer
was introduced by Evangelista ___________________ during the early ____________.
4. From experiments like ______________________, it is known that at _______ level at ____ °C, the
average pressure of the _____________________ can support a __________mm column of mercury.
5. A common unit of pressure is ___________________ of ________________, symbolized ____________.
6. Pressures are often measured in units of ________________________.
a. One ___________________ of pressure (_______) is defined as being exactly _______________.
7. In SI, pressure is measured in derived units called _______________.
a. One _______________ (_____) is defined as the pressure exerted by a force of one
______________ acting on an area of one _______________ _______________.
b. 1 atm = _______________kPa
8. For purposes of ______________________, scientists have agreed on standard conditions of exactly
___________ pressure and ________. These conditions are called Standard Temperature and Pressure
and are commonly abbreviated ___________.
10-3 The Gas Laws
A. - Boyle's Law: Pressure-Volume Relationship
1. Boyle's Law states that the __________________ of a fixed mass of gas varies _________________ with
the pressure at _________________ temperature. Mathematically, Boyle's law is expressed as:
______ = k
a. The value of ____ is constant and depends only on the ___________ of gas and the
_____________________.
2. The graph of the Boyle's law relationship is (circle one): linear
parabolic
hyperbolic
3. Write the equation relating P1, V1, P2 and V2:
___________ = ___________
How many of the variables must be known in order to solve for one unknown?_______
*** On a separate piece of paper, answer Chapter Review Problems #20 - 24 from page 328. Attach your work
and answers to THIS PAGE!
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B. - Charles's Law: Volume-Temperature Relationship
1. The experiments of Jacques Charles showed that all gases ________________ to the same extent when
__________________ through the same temperature interval. Charles found that the volume changes by
___________ of the original volume for each ______________ degree, at constant __________________
and an initial temperature of ________.
a. Given that you have 1 liter of a gas at 0°C, what would be the new volume of the gas at 15°C?
New volume = __________________liters
2. The same regularity occurs if a gas is _____________________ at constant pressure. At this rate of volume
____________________, a gas cooled from ______ to __________ would have ________ volume, which is
not _____________ _________________.
3. The Kelvin temperature scale is a scale that starts at a temperature corresponding to ____________. That
temperature is the _______________ one possible. It is also referred to as __________________ zero and
is given a value of _________ in the Kelvin scale. For theoretical calculations in this book, _________ is
rounded off to ___________.
Convert each of the following:
0.°C = ________k
27 °C = ________k
-50 °C = _______k
237 K = ________°C
350 K = ________°C
100 K = _______°C
-273 °C = ________k
20. K = ________°C
4. Gas ______________ and _______________ temperature are ________________ proportional to each
other.
5. Charles's Law states that the volume of a ____________ mass of gas at constant _________________
varies directly with the _______________ temperature. It may be expressed as:
V = k______
or
_____ = k
The value of _____ is the Kelvin temperature and ______ is a constant.
6. The form of Charles's law that can be applied directly to most _______________-___________________
problems involving gases is as follows:
_____ = ______
*** On a separate piece of paper, answer Chapter Review Problems #25 - 27 from page 328. Attach your work
and answers to THIS PAGE!
C. - Gay-Lussac's Law: Pressure-Temperature Relationship
1. Gay-Lussac's law states that the pressure of a fixed mass of gas at ________________
_______________ varies directly with the _________________ temperature. Mathematically, Gay-Lussac's
law is expressed as follows:
P = k ___
or
______ = k
2. Unknown values can be found using this form of Gay-Lussac's law:
_______ = ________
*** On a separate piece of paper, answer Chapter Review Problems #28 - 30 from page 236. Attach your work
and answers to THIS PAGE!
3
D. - The Combined Gas Law
1. The combined gas law expresses the relationship between ____________________,
___________________ and ________________________ of a fixed amount of gas. It can be expressed as
follows:
_______ = k
2. Relating original conditions P1, V1, T1 to new conditions P2, V2, and T2 requires this variation on the
combined gas law:
_________ = _________
*** On a separate piece of paper, answer Chapter Review Problems #31, 32, 36, and 37 from page 328.
Attach your work and answers to THIS PAGE!
E. - Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
1. The pressure of each gas in a _________________ is called the ________________ pressure of that gas.
2. Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the ____________ pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to
the ________ of the partial pressures of the component gases. Dalton's law may be expressed as follows:
PT = _______________________________
3. Gases produced in the laboratory are often collected over ______________. Water vapor, like other gases,
exerts a __________________, known as ____________-_____________ ____________________.
4. According to Dalton's law of partial pressures, the following is true:
Patm = P_____ + P_____
5. You need to look up the value of P_____ at the __________________ of the experiment in a standard
reference table like that in Table A-8 of this book.
*** On a separate piece of paper, answer Chapter Review Problems #39 - 43 from page 329. Attach your work
and answers to THIS PAGE!
Problem Answers:
20.
a) 100. mL
21.
142 mL
22.
38.8 kPa
23.
a) 225.0 mL
24.
6.05 x 105 mL
25.
a) 93.3 mL
26.
121 K or -152°C
27.
406 mL
28.
0.360 atm
29.
540. K or 267°C
30.
127°C
31.
3.41 L
32.
485 torr
36.
243 L
37.
-43°C
39.
166.190 torr
40.
712 mm Hg
41.
699.8 mm Hg
42.
168 mL
43.
109 mL
b) 280 mL
c) 1.4 mm Hg
b) 1800. mL
b) 588 K or 315°C
c) 29.9 mL
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